华中科技大学眼科学2016年考博真题试卷
(完整版)眼科学试题附答案
眼科学试题参考答案一、判断题（共5小题，每题1分，共5分）1.角膜组织结构分5层，其中上皮细胞层和前弹力层可以再生。
（ⅹ）2.巩膜的厚度各处不同，后极部视神经周围最厚，直肌附着处最薄。
（√）3.对于树枝状和地图状角膜炎的治疗原则为采用有效的抗病毒药物，同时局部应用糖皮质激素，减轻病毒抗原的免疫反应造成的角膜炎症破坏。
（ⅹ）4.视网膜后极部有一直径约2mm浅漏斗状小凹区，称作黄斑。
它位于视乳头的鼻侧。
（ⅹ）5.眼外肌共6条，其中外直肌由展神经支配，上斜肌由滑车神经支配，其余四条肌肉均主要由动眼神经支配。
（√）二、选择题（共5小题，每题2分，共10分）1.眼的屈光系统不包括．．．下列哪项？EA.角膜B.房水C.晶状体D.玻璃体E.视网膜2.沙眼是由何种微生物引起的？DA.细菌B.真菌C.支原体D.衣原体E.真菌3.视觉器官是人体最重要的感觉器官，失明会给人们的生活工作带来许多不便和痛苦。
其中全球第一致盲眼病是下列的哪个？CA.角膜炎B.眼部肿瘤C.白内障D.青光眼E.近视4.以下对于急性闭角型青光眼急性发作时应用的药物哪项是错误．．的？AA.阿托品B.毛果芸香碱C.地塞米松D.甘露醇E.乙酰唑胺5.青光眼中心视野的损害表现不包括．．．下列的哪项？EA.旁中心暗点B.鼻侧阶梯C.弓形暗点D.环形暗点E.颞侧视岛三、填空题（共5小题，每空1分，共10分）1.眼球壁中层为葡萄膜，这一层共包括（虹膜）、（睫状体）和（脉络膜）两部分。
2.中国人正常的眼球突出度为（12-14mm），两眼相差一般不超过（2mm）。
3.泪膜是通过瞬目运动将泪液图布在眼表的一层超薄膜，从外向内分别由（脂质层）、（水样层）和（粘蛋白层）构成。
4.世界卫生组织（WHO）从群体防盲治盲的角度出发，将晶状体混浊且矫正视力低于（0.5）者才成为白内障。
5.青光眼是一种重要的致盲眼病，其视功能的改变主要表现为（视野缺损、缩小甚至失明）。
四、简答题（共5小题，共40分）1.请简述房水的生成和主要的流出途径。
四川大学华西医学院眼科学2016年考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
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四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5*5分=25分） 1. ICE 2. ansiometropia 3. BKC 4. 颈动脉海绵窦漏 5. 囊袋收缩综合征
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二、问答题（5*15分=75分） 1. 青光眼视神经损伤机制，种类，研究进展。 2. 角膜移植的供体来源，适应症。 3. 维持正常双眼视觉的条件及斜视后的病理改变。 4. 甲状腺相关眼病的临床特征和治疗原则。 5. CNV的常见病因目前主要的治疗方法，从发病机制探讨未来的治疗趋势。
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历年考博专业课真题
中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。
2013~20016年中山大学眼科考博试题
最新2016年中山眼科中心博士考核试题
1、先白进展
2、眼表健康维持的因素
3、眶蜂窝织炎诊治
4、糖网黄斑水肿的诊治进展
5、难治性青光眼治疗进展
2016年中山眼科中心考博真题：
1、前房积脓的原因和鉴别诊断
2、干眼、MGD和睑缘炎的角膜结膜病理改变、临床表现和治疗之间的关系和展望
3、青光眼局部用药机制、适应症和禁忌症
4、晶状体病的分类、临床表现和治疗
5、息肉样脉络膜血管病的诊断和治疗进展
附送2015年眼科中心博士中期考核试题：
1、抗VEGF治疗进展
2、白内障手术并发症及处理
3、青光眼滤过手术的早、晚期并发症临床表现和处理
4、脉络膜肿瘤鉴别诊断（至少3个）
5、先天性白内障的治疗进展
2015年考博真题（2015年没有六选五，只有五个题目，每题20分）
1、晶状体源性青光眼临床表现和诊治
2、糖网的眼部并发症及并发症的分型
3、脉络膜新生血管疾病的诊断和治疗进展
4、眼挫伤的临床表现
5、3岁男童被家长发现右眼瞳孔黄白色反光，间有哭闹，如何鉴别和诊断2014年真题
1、感染性角膜炎分类及治疗。
2、近视眼治疗进展
3、青光眼检查进展及应用。
4、眼化学伤的分期与治疗。
5、玻璃体积血的病因、检查和治疗。
6、老年人视网膜下黑色隆起的鉴别诊断及检查。
2013年的中山眼科中心考博真题：
1、玻璃体手术新进展
2、高度近视诊治新进展
3、干眼诊治新进展
4、眼内出血并发青光眼至少5种原因及处理
5、白内术后并发眼内炎原因和治疗原则
6、屈光手术进展。
眼科考博历年真题答案解析
眼科考博历年真题答案解析近年来，眼科考博成为越来越多医学学子的追求目标。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对眼科考博历年真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握考试内容。
一、眼科领域真题解析首先，我们来看一道眼科领域的历年真题，并进行解析。
题目如下：题目：白内障手术常见并发症及处理？该题属于眼科手术的基础知识，其中考查了考生对白内障手术并发症的认识和处理策略的掌握情况。
解析：白内障手术是一种常见的眼科手术，但并发症的发生仍然是不可忽视的。
常见的白内障手术并发症包括：术后感染、后囊膜混浊、视网膜脱离等。
对于这些并发症的处理，要根据病情的严重程度和具体病因进行相应的治疗。
术后感染可以使用抗生素进行治疗，后囊膜混浊可以通过激光治疗或手术治疗来解决，视网膜脱离则需要进行手术复位。
二、眼科疾病真题解析除了眼科手术的相关知识外，眼科疾病的诊断和治疗也是考博重点内容。
以下是一道关于眼科疾病的历年真题：题目：糖尿病视网膜病变的病理变化及防治策略？该题考查考生对糖尿病视网膜病变病理变化和防治策略的理解。
解析：糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病的常见并发症之一，病理变化主要包括微血管病变和视网膜出血、渗出。
根据不同阶段的病变，治疗策略也不同。
在早期阶段，通过控制血糖、血压、血脂等因素，可以减缓病变进程；在中晚期阶段，需要进行激光光凝治疗或手术治疗，以防止病变进一步恶化。
三、眼科研究方法真题解析眼科考博除了考查医学知识外，还涉及到一定的研究方法。
下面是一道与眼科研究方法相关的历年真题：题目：眼动仪在眼科研究中的应用？该题目考查考生对眼动仪的了解以及其在眼科研究中的应用。
解析：眼动仪是一种专门用于测量眼球运动轨迹的仪器。
在眼科研究中，眼动仪可以被用于研究人眼在不同条件下的注视模式和眼球运动规律。
通过观察和分析眼动仪的数据，可以揭示眼睛对特定刺激的反应和认知过程。
例如，眼动仪可以用于研究青少年近视的发展机制，或者研究眼动过程中注意力的变化等。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
眼科学考试题(附参考答案)
眼科学考试题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共88题，每题1分，共88分）1.患者,女,55岁,右眼胀痛,视力锐减,虹视,伴恶心、呕吐、同侧头痛一天。
既往曾有类似发病史,多在劳累后,晚上发作,睡觉后第二天缓解。
检查:右眼视力0.06,混合充血,以睫状充血为主。
角膜雾状混浊,尘状KP,前房浅,瞳孔中度散大,直径6mm,光反射迟钝,晶体前囊下可见4个白色混浊斑块,眼底窥不清。
最可能的诊断是:()A、青光眼睫状体炎综合征B、缺血性视神经病变C、晶状体源性青光眼D、正常眼压性青光眼E、急性闭角型青光眼正确答案：E2.凋亡(apoptosis)是指细胞:A、有计划性的细胞死亡B、增生C、异生D、再生正确答案：A3.最易引起凝固坏死的原因是:A、缺血或缺氧B、消化酶外漏C、结核杆菌感染D、化脓性细菌感染正确答案：A4.对糖尿病性视网膜病变的早期诊断最有帮助的辅助检查是( )A、荧光眼底血管造影(FA)B、视野C、视网膜中央动脉血压D、暗适应E、视网膜电图(ERG)正确答案：A5.均属于上消化道的是?A、口腔,胃,回肠B、口腔,十二指肠,胃C、口腔,食管,空肠D、食管,胃,十二指肠正确答案：D6.色觉敏感度最高的是:A、黄斑B、赤道部视网膜C、视盘D、周边部视网膜正确答案：A7.下列哪项不是磺胺硫尿类(sulfonylureas)口服降血糖药物的作用机转?A、增加胰岛素接受器的数目B、增进胰岛素在体內的作用C、抑制肠胃道对糖分的吸收D、直接刺激β細胞分泌胰岛素正确答案：C8.岁以上患者反复发生的霰粒肿,要考虑A、基底细胞癌可能B、眼睑黄色瘤可能C、皮样囊肿可能D、睑板腺癌可能E、鳞状细胞癌可能正确答案：D9.患者男,52岁,1月前曾被树枝擦伤左眼。
现主诉左眼视力下降,眼红眼痛,体检发现左眼混合充血,角膜灰白色干燥溃疡,则诊断应高度怀疑()A、真菌性角膜炎B、病毒性角膜炎C、蚕食性角膜溃疡D、细菌性角膜炎正确答案：A10.预防糖尿病足的发生,下列对患者选择鞋子的建议,哪项不适合?A、每次穿鞋前应先检查鞋內有无异物B、新鞋每次最多穿2小时C、为能使足部充分透气,应多选择穿涼鞋D、至少有两双鞋轮流交替穿正确答案：C11.患者,男性,26岁,因“双眼反复红痒伴异物感半年”就诊,查体:双眼眼睑睫毛根部见头皮样鳞屑附着,部分皮脂集中于睫毛根部呈黄色结痂,睑缘肥厚,睫毛排列尚规则,双眼球结膜充血,角膜透明。
眼科出科考试理论试题及答案
眼科出科考试理论试题及答案一、单选题1. 正常眼压的范围是多少？A. 1-5mmHgB. 10-20mmHgC. 20-30mmHgD. 30-40mmHg答案：B2. 散光的成因是什么？A. 晶状体混浊B. 角膜或晶状体曲率不规则C. 玻璃体混浊D. 视网膜脱落答案：B3. 青光眼的主要治疗方法包括哪些？A. 药物治疗B. 激光治疗C. 手术治疗D. 所有以上选项答案：D4. 白内障的主要症状是什么？A. 视力下降B. 眼红眼痛C. 眼球突出D. 视野缺损答案：A5. 近视眼的光学特征是什么？A. 眼轴过长或屈光力过强B. 眼轴过短或屈光力过弱C. 晶状体混浊D. 玻璃体混浊答案：A二、多选题6. 以下哪些是干眼症的症状？A. 眼睛干涩B. 视力模糊C. 眼睛瘙痒D. 眼球突出答案：A, B, C7. 哪些因素可能导致视网膜脱落？A. 高度近视B. 眼部外伤C. 长期使用电脑D. 视网膜裂孔答案：A, B, D8. 以下哪些是急性结膜炎的传播途径？A. 空气传播B. 接触传播C. 食物传播D. 血液传播答案：B9. 哪些是近视防控的有效措施？A. 规律作息B. 减少近距离用眼C. 增加户外活动D. 定期检查视力答案：A, B, C, D10. 以下哪些是白内障的常见类型？A. 先天性白内障B. 老年性白内障C. 并发性白内障D. 外伤性白内障答案：A, B, C, D三、判断题11. 近视眼镜的镜片是凸透镜。
（错）12. 糖尿病患者不需要定期进行眼底检查。
（错）13. 长时间使用电子产品是干眼症的一个诱因。
（对）14. 所有类型的白内障都可以通过手术治疗。
（对）15. 佩戴隐形眼镜不会增加感染风险。
（错）四、简答题16. 请简述近视的成因。
答：近视，或称为近视眼，是一种常见的视力问题，其成因主要包括遗传因素、环境因素和不良的用眼习惯。
环境因素中，长时间进行近距离用眼活动，如阅读、写作、使用电子设备等，会导致眼睛的调节系统持续紧张，进而可能导致眼轴过度伸长，使得光线聚焦在视网膜前方，造成远处物体看起来模糊。
眼科学题库(附参考答案)
眼科学题库（附参考答案）一、单选题（共88题，每题1分，共88分）1.有关糖尿病的诊断标准,下列哪项正确?1、出现多喝、多尿与不预期的体重减轻症状;2、葡萄糖耐受试验1小时后血糖值超过200mg/dL;3、禁食超过8小时以上,血糖值超过126mg/dL;4、随机血糖值超过200mg/dL;5、糖化血色素(HbA1C)低于7%A、1、2、3B、1、2、4C、1、3、4D、2、4、5正确答案：C2.正常平视时,上脸遮盖角膜上部:A、1.5-2mmB、2-3mmC、1.5-2.5mmD、0.5-1mmE、0.5-1.5mm正确答案：C3.下列关于脑死亡的意义说法不正确的是()A、为器官移植创造条件B、可以确诊为植物人状态C、有利于判定死亡时间D、确定终止复苏抢救的界限正确答案：B4.先天性心脏病或消化器官有疾病的儿童,影响生长发育,其主要理由是()A、不能得到父母很好的照顾B、情绪不佳C、细胞得不到充分的营养D、心脏负担太大正确答案：C5.患者,女性,27岁,1周前搬入新装修好的新房后出现双眼上睑红肿,伴有眼睑皮肤刺痒、烧灼感,查体:双眼上睑充血水肿,皮肤增厚、粗糙,球结膜水肿,角膜透明。
以下哪一项处理是错误的()A、10%葡萄糖酸钙静脉推注B、口服抗组胺药物C、局部热敷D、局部使用皮质类激素E、3%硼酸溶液湿敷正确答案：C6.人体主要进行养分吸收作用的器官是?A、小肠B、肝C、胃D、大肠正确答案：A7.正常人眼球向前方平视时,一般突出于外侧眶缘约:A、12—13mmB、11一12mmC、14—15mmD、13—14mmE、12—14mm正确答案：E8.真菌性角膜炎的病因有()A、长期大量使用广谱抗生素所致B、长期大量使用糖皮质激素所致C、植物性角膜外伤D、长期大量使用免疫抑制剂所致E、以上均对正确答案：E9.甲狀腺亢进的症狀,不包括下列何者?A、经常感到烦躁B、个体异常消瘦C、智力減退D、容易紧张正确答案：C10.有关高血糖、高渗透、非酮性昏迷的叙述,下列哪些正确?1、病人昏迷乃是因为脑细胞脱水所致;2、常见于胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的年轻患者;3、病人会出现多食、多渴、多尿、休克等症状;4、为糖尿病患者可能发生的急性合并症A、1、2、4B、1、3、4C、2、3、4D、1、2、3正确答案：B11.眼眶由7块骨构成,不包括下面那一项.A、颞骨、额骨B、泪骨、颧骨C、上颌骨、颧骨D、额骨、筛骨E、蝶骨、腭骨正确答案：A12.阑尾的体表标志是?A、左髂前上棘与肚脐连线中外2/3B、右髂前上棘与肚脐连线中外2/3C、左髂前上棘与肚脐连线中内1/3D、右髂前上棘与肚脐连线中外1/3正确答案：D13.骨髓移植可有效治疗下列哪种贫血?A、海洋型贫血B、再生不良性贫血C、镰刀形血球贫血D、恶性贫血正确答案：B14.成年时的眼球前后径约:A、24mmB、25mmC、26mmD、27mm正确答案：A15.有关糖尿病的诊断标准,下列哪项正确?①出现多喝、多尿与不预期的体重减轻症状②葡萄糖耐受试验1小時后血糖值超过200mg/dl③禁食超过8小时以上,血糖值超过126mg/dl④随机血糖值超过200mg/dl⑤糖化血色素(HbA1C)低于7%A、①②③B、①②④C、①③④D、②④⑤正确答案：C16.以下不属于泪液排出系统的是()A、泪总管B、泪腺C、鼻泪管D、泪小点E、泪小管正确答案：B17.一孕妇因跌倒而致骨折,经检查发现胎儿正常,但母亲肺功能异常,后证实为肺栓塞.最有可能是:A、血栓栓塞B、气体栓塞C、脂肪栓塞D、羊水栓塞正确答案：C18.老年性白内障膨胀期,在进行散瞳检查时,应慎用阿托品,其理由是:( )A、阿托品散瞳时间长,给工作带来不便B、老年人身体较弱不宜用阿托品散瞳C、具有青光眼素质者可能导致青光眼发作D、以上全项正确答案：C19.口渴、多尿,常有饥饿感,这些现象是下列哪一种疾病常有之症状?A、尿毒症B、糖尿病C、高血压D、心脏病正确答案：B20.针对糖尿病患者的饮食设计,下列敘述哪项错误?A、饮食之调理宜用植物油B、饮食的热量以維持标准体重为原则C、教导个案采高脂饮食补充热量D、应多选择含纤维的食物正确答案：C21.AMD(年龄相关性黄斑变性)的说法,下述错误的是:A、是我国中老年人致盲的首位原因B、与种族、性别、家族史以及吸烟史等因素有关C、干性AMD主要以外层视网膜、RPE、玻璃膜以及脉络膜毛细血管的萎缩变性,drusen出现为特征D、湿性AMD除了有干性AMD的病理改变,还有RPE下CNV长入的特征性改变E、目前尚无确切方法预防干性AMD正确答案：A22.耳前淋巴结肿大和压痛见于:A、过敏性结膜炎B、细菌性结膜炎C、病毒性结膜炎D、免疫性结膜炎正确答案：C23.下列哪兩項系統负责人类面對外來刺激的反应与协调?A、神经系統、免疫系统B、循环系统、免疫系统C、內分泌系統、循环系统D、神经系統、內分泌系統正确答案：D24.患者,男,45岁。
2016华中科技大学考博阅读真题答案1
Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions of the community would be focused. This central business district (CBD) is the source of so-called high-order goods and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry, and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets, such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded goods, such as groceries and housewares, andlow-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century, and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility to the CBD of various kinds of economic entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus, wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city (say, the east side) becomes a common residential area for higher-income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express these and other emerging trends of urban growth.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effecton patterns of urban growth(B) emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urbangeography(C) analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areaswithin and around the metropolis(D) describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations(E) show the importance of the central business district as a focus for urbangrowth2. It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model,law firms are commonly located near the center of a city mainly because(A) law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental servicesthat a center city location provides(B) the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firmsin the outer districts of the city(C) law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses thatprovide a major share of their clientele(D) the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal servicesdemand easy access to the firms’ offices(E) the specialized service personnel required by a law firm are often interested inresiding as close as possible to the city center3. According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders (fromthe center of the city outward) would the areas of the typical city be arranged?(A) central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, high-income housing(B) central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses,low-income housing, high-income housing(C) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district,low-income housing, high-income housing(D) central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, low-income housing(E) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, centralbusiness district, high-income housing4. According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring modelprimarily in that it(A) stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urbandevelopment(B) emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urbandevelopment(C) recognizes the importance of focal points of urban growth other than thetraditional central business district(D) assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the maindeterminant of urban developmental patterns(E) takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urbangeographical patterns5. The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model(A) inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’scities(B) need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth(C) have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth(D) represent older cities more accurately than they do newly foundedmetropolitan areas(E) fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recentyears6. According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicatethe(A) phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districtsbeyond the limits of the city itself(B) recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographicalpatterns of urban growth(C) growing importance of urban business and service centers located away fromthe central business district(D) clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts areturned into residential areas(E) gradual displacement of older urban centers by new, more highly specializedcities in geographically dispersed locations7. All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growthdescribed in the last paragraph of the passage EXCEPT(A) the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall wheremany of the local residents do most of their buying(B) the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city(C) the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteenmiles from a downtown business district(D) the building of a residential development near a suburban tool factory tohouse the factory workers and their families(E) the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty milesfrom the center of a city8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph ofthe passage?(A) It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs anddraws some conclusions.(B) It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favorof its adoption.(C) It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.(D) It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates thedevelopment of a third model.(E) It compares one model unfavorably with another and develops thecomparison by citing examples.。
2016华中科技大学同济医学院骨科博士【精选文档】
同济医学院—普外、骨外、神外、泌外、儿外、器移、胸心外2005年博士研究生入学考试试题公共部分：一名解SIADH SIRS二问答：1 成分输血的种类及适应症2 肠源性感染的发病机制3 代酸的分型及常见原因普外：一名解Retzinz静脉丛MEN慢性胰腺炎四联征二问答1 PMC及其目；前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法3 争性重症胰腺炎的诊断标准4 直肠Ca保肛手术的理论基础5 溃结的手术治疗适应症和手术原则6 肝脏储备功能的评价的研究进展骨外：1 颈椎病的手术方法有哪些，请阐述各方法的适应症及优缺点2 阐述人工全髋关节翻修术中骨缺损的分类和处理方法3 何谓骨不连，如何处理4 骨肿瘤切除方法有哪些，如何定义神外：一名解颅内压增高弥漫性轴索损伤二问答1 简述急脑疝病理2 简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3 简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4 简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5 简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现泌外：一名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二问答1 简述BPH的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2 上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3 前列腺癌的治疗4 肾结核的鉴别诊断儿外：一名解梅干综合征kasabach-Merritt征落日征先天性巨结肠同源病Barlow试验二问答1 小儿最常见的哪三种肿瘤，哪一种的患儿尿VMA阳性，为什么？2 新生儿消化道梗阻伴呕吐常见有哪些疾病，请列出最常见的五种并鉴别诊断3 小儿先天性肾积水的常见病因及鉴别诊断要点4 先天性巨结肠是一种基因突变的疾病，目前认为最常见与哪几种基因突变有关，家族性与散发性有何区别5 小儿胆总管扩张症的病因与哪些因素有关，请列出几种目前治疗胆总管囊肿的常用手术方式并描述一种目前公认最好并普遍应用的手术器移：一名解DGF GVHR 中心耐受与外周耐受PRA 急性细胞性排斥反应背驮性肝移植二问答1 为什么说诱导临床免疫耐受是器移研究追求的理想目标，你认为如何诱导临床免疫耐受比较有前途2 目前不少学者倾向于用“慢性移植物失功”替代“慢性排斥反应”来表述同种移植物的功能的减退，为什么？3 异种移植临床应用需克服哪些免疫学与生理学的主要障碍4 试述同种移植物急性排斥反应的机理及预防的处理措施，举例说明5 试述目前阻碍器移进一步发展面临哪些问题，你认为应如何解决6 为什么说目前使用免疫抑制剂是“双刃剑”，举例说明胸心外：一名解碱剩余McGoon比例心肌顿抑心脏指数毁损肺二简答1 二尖瓣关闭不全的手术指征2 试述永存动脉干的临床分型3 冠状动脉主要分支及供血范围4 心内直视手术后钙超载的发生机制及预防措施5 支气管扩张的手术适应症、禁忌症以下是附加文档，不需要的朋友下载后删除，谢谢高二班主任教学工作总结5篇高二班主任工作总结1本学期，我担任高二(14)班班主任。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
四川大学华西医院眼科学2013,2016--2017年考博真题
2.角膜移植的供体来源，适应症。
3.维持正常双眼视觉的条件及斜视后的病理改变。
4.甲状腺相关眼病的临床特征和治疗原则。
V的常见病因目前主要的治疗方法，从发病机制探讨未来的治疗趋势。
四川大学华西医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
3、恶性青光眼的治疗方法。
4、近视的科研进展。
5、视交叉的神经纤维特点。
6、视网膜母细胞瘤的治疗原则和方法。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：临床眼科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
名解
青光眼睫状体炎综合症
棉绒斑
FORST Kedeney综合症
后发障常见的体征之一（忘记英文怎么写）
还有一个视光名解的不熟悉
二、简答题
角膜移植成败
眼科常见肿瘤鉴别
虹膜角膜内皮综合症
间歇外斜视
Rb治疗进展
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（5*5分=25分）
1.ICE
2.ansioBiblioteka etropia3.BKC4.颈动脉海绵窦漏
5.囊袋收缩综合征
二、问答题（5*15分=75分）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1、新生儿视网膜病变
2、眶尖综合征
3、Bruch膜
4、Ratio to AC/A
华科考博真题
Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines47-48) differed from other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-costreimbursement EXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partlyattributable to the fact that(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access tohealth-care services(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put backtogether again” means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery ofhealth-care services would the author most likely agree?(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and secondparagraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphspresent two horns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third apossible solution.9. The author’s primary concern is to(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in techno-logically advanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assesstheir severity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has notimproved since World War II(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inability to provide qualitycare to all segments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are thecauses of spiraling medical costs1. C2. E3. B4. B5. A6. E7. D8. C9. B 10.Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heatproduction and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodilytemperature than innate mechanisms(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects ofmicrowave radiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those ofother forms of radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodilytemperature in a changing thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internaltemperature of an organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms forheat production?I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organismrather than at the surface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take upin the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves onanimals and human beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it isdangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on humanbeings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiationacts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based theirconclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenon1. C2. B3. A4. A5. B6. E7. A8.9.10.Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, norexpect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount neededfor subsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source ofrevenue in medieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assetsimmediately available for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III4. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government andthe Church in medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas wasbeginning to increase(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in thepopulation of cities(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed tosurvive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage oftenants’ annual yields5. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a newbell tower as from a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which ofthe following theoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expectto receive from public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, orlaborer controls a large enough share of the total market to influence marketprice.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnelthe resulting savings into the creation of capital.(D) A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give upproducing another good.(E) There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply,to increase in a geometric progression.7. The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “requiredconsiderable economic sacrifice” (lines 59-60) primarily for which of thefollowing reasons?(A) Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.(B) The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.(C) Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did HenryII.(D) Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyardexpansion, the vineyards had not yet begun to produce.(E) Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not veryfar above the minimum required to sustain life.8. The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend tomedieval men and women relative to its cost?(A) Warfare(B) Vineyard expansion(C) Water mill construction(D) Castle building(E) Cathedral building9. Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?(A) Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed bycalculating the number of castles and cathedrals built during the period.(B) Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds createdby agricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth ofmedieval France.(C) Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commercein medieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.(D) Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with thedemands placed on the agricultural surplus.(E) The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medievalFrance gives evidence of a rapidly expanding economy.1. C2. B3. E4. D5. A6. C7. E8. A9. D 10.Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional”configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz’ work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) comparing Abramowicz’ work to the work of earlier astrophysicists(B) providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant newwork(C) defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observed(D) exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central objectof an accretion disk(E) describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing severalconflicting theories of their origins2. It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretiondisks were based on which of the following?(A) A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitationalrelationships(B) A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity andstandard Newtonian gravitational relationships(C) A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact star(D) Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact stars(E) Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings aroundcompact stars3. The author’s attitude toward Abramowicz’ work can best be described as one of(A) uncertain approval(B) unqualified respect(C) mild interest(D) careful dismissal(E) hostile skepticism4. The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledgeof the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?(A) Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments inx-ray astronomy.(B) Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.(C) It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.(D) It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.(E) It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.5. The passage suggests that Abramowicz’ work was motivated by which of thefollowing assumptions?(A) The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is onlyif the disks are stable.(B) Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilitiesoccurring in accretion disks.(C) The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggeststhat predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.(D) Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars andblack holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.(E) The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.6. The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge inastrophysics?(A) Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities ofastrophysicists and restricted progress.(B) Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significantbreakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.(C) Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining andsolving restricted problems.(D) Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes ofstars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what isalready known.(E) Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thuslimiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.7. The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study ofaccretion disks is(A) derivative(B) more sophisticated(C) less clearly focused(D) at an earlier stage of development(E) more dependent on technological advances8. According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in(A) an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary star(B) a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron star(C) a collision between two stars(D) the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact star(E) the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star9. It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz’ work isthat it(A) provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron stars(B) opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomy(C) proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disks(D) proposes a new system of classification of stars(E) suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction andactual observation1. B2. A3. B4. C5. C6. C7. D8. E9. E 10.1. 英译中主要讲未来太阳和地球距离会缩短，太阳光辐射地球，会使得海洋水分都蒸发，水蒸气作为温室气体会使得地球温度达到100度或更高，只有微生物才能适应极端环境。
中南大学湘雅医学院眼科学2013,2016年考博真题
2.试述眼钝伤（非破裂）的主要眼部损害及其后果和处理。
3.试述眼局部用药的角膜毒性机制。
2.先天性白内障手术原则
专业题
1.视网膜中央静脉阻塞的治疗原则
2.葡萄膜炎治疗原则
3.脉络膜新生血管的病因及治疗
4.糖尿病性视网膜病变的国际分期
5.玻璃体切除术的适应症
6.晶体源性青光眼分类
7黄斑水肿的病因及治疗
中南大学
2016年攻读博士ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
中南大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.photopic vision
2exotropia
3.bullous keratphathy
4.PVR
5.trabeculoplast
公共问答题
1.单眼急性视力下降的原因
4.感染性视网膜脉络膜疾病的诊断和治疗。
5.试述诊断及治疗糖网的进展。
一、病例分析：两个病例，六个选项，共30分，每题6分。
简答题（青光眼专业）每题14分，共70分：
1.简述实验动物的眼压测量。
2.简述抗VEGF药在青光眼手术中的应用。
3.简述微创青光眼手术（MIGS）研究进展。
4.简述精准医学在青光眼治疗中的应用。