法律英语课件-Legal English(case brief)案例摘要共66页
法律英语(刑法)ppt
Euthanasia
――曹美英 李珊珊 孔阳 刘荟 刘婷 吴永ontent
Ⅰ. What is Euthanasia Ⅱ. The Situation Ⅲ. Euthanasia and Criminal Law
Ⅳ. The Types of Euthanasia Ⅴ. Issues of Euthanasia
LOGO
Ⅱ. The Situation
LOGO
Netherlands
The Netherlands is the first country in the world where euthanasia is legal. Some twenty years ago, people in the Netherlands, well-intentioned physicians among them, began a process that has made physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia common practice there today. In the Netherlands, in April 2001, a law was passed that allows physicians to perform euthanasia but only when the patient has expressed explicitly the desire to die in order to prevent or end unacceptable suffer. Additionally, the physician must also agree with the patient that he suffers unacceptably and can only co-operate when he or she has consulted two colleagues who agree that euthanasia is acceptable in the given case and under the given circumstances. Given all these conditions, the physician needs the substances with which he can help the patient.
法律英语(Legal+English)(第二版)
法律英语（Legal English）（第二版）法律出版社，2003年•北京何家弘Lesson One Legal System1. 公诉制度 public prosecution2. 普通法系 common law legal system3. 判例法case law4. 成文法（制定法） written law (statutory law)5. 遵从前例 stare decisis6. 判例汇编 reports7. 有约束力的法律解释binding interpretation8. 法学方法论 legal methodology9. 颁布•••为法律be decreed10. 巡回法官itinerant judges11. 英国皇家法院 English Royal Court12. 令状，法院令状writ13. 诉讼请求的强制执行 enforcement of a claim14. 追诉权 recourse15. 牛津条例Provision of Oxford16. 本案令状writ upon the case17. 诉讼行为forms of action18. 衡平法 equity law19. 公平且善良 ex aequo bono20. 特定履行（实际履行）方式之救济relief in the form of specific performance21. 大法官法院 Court of Chancery22. 补偿性损害赔偿金 compensatory damages23. 强制令the injunction24. 衡平法准则 maxims of equity law25. 法律概念 legal concept26. 不动产real property/ real estate/ immovable property/ realty27. 民事诉讼 civil suit28. 衡平法院 Chancery Court29. 财产法上的所有权分割 division of title in the law of property30. 先例 precedents31. 普通法系the Common Law Legal Family/ the English Law Legal Family/ the English-American Law Legal Family32. 大陆法系 the Roman Law Legal Family/ the Civil Law Legal Family/ the Continental Law Legal Family33. 五月花号公约the Mayflower Compact34. 制宪会议 the Constitutional ConventionLesson Two Legal Profession1. 法律职业/律师职业 the bar法官职业 the bench2. 律师协会 The Bar Association3. （律师）执业 practice law4. 执业律师 practicing lawyer5. 出庭辩护/代理诉讼 advocacy6. 法律咨询 counseling7. 法律文件的起草 drafting of legal instruments8. 法律文件 legal instruments9. 单独执业者single/individual practitioner10. 合伙关系 partnership11. 薪水律师 salaried lawyer12. 律师业务 law practice13. 专职法律顾问 house counsel/corporate counsel（公司或团体法律顾问）14．辩护人/律师 advocate15. 私人开业 private practice16. 州检察官/律师 state prosecutor/state attorney17. 地区检察官/律师 district attorney18. 起诉检察官/公诉律师 prosecuting attorney19. 检察系统prosecutorial system20. 联邦检察官 federal prosecutor21. 地方检察官 local prosecutor22. 助理检察官 assistant prosecutor23. 检察行业prosecutorial profession24. 个人尊严 the integrity of the individual25. 机会均等equality of opportunity26. 职业道德规范 ethics codes27. 听证会hearings28. 社区法律服务community legal services29. 单人开业 solo practice30. 律师/法律工作者（美国）attorney/attorney-at-law/counsellor/counsellor-at-law31. 律师（英国）barrister/solicitorLesson Three Legal Education1. 法律博士 Juris Doctor(JD)我国现称“法律硕士”并有新名“Juris Master(JM)2. 法学硕士 Master of Laws(LLM)3. 法学博士 Doctor of Juridical Science(SJD)4. 法律文书写作 legal writing5. 批评性思维 critical thinking6. 案例教学法 case method7. 苏格拉底式教学法 socratic method8. 讲演式教学法lecture method9. 美国律师协会认可的法学院 ABA accredited law schools10. 案情摘要briefs11. 模拟法庭 moot court12. 模拟审判 mock trial13. 课程指南 curriculum guide14. 刑事司法 criminal justice15. 自由资本主义laissez faire/lesei’ feə/Lesson Four Judicial System1. 联邦法院federal courts2. 联邦法院的组成：联邦最高法院the Supreme Court13个联邦上诉法院 Courts of Appeals95个联邦地区法院 District Courts此外还有：索赔法院 the Court of Claims关税法院 the Customs Court关税及专利上诉法院the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals等联邦特别法院 special courts3. 各州法院系统一般包括三级法院：基层法院多称为审判法院 Trial Court或巡回法院 Circuit Court中级法院多称为上诉法院 Appellate Court or Court of Appeals高级法院多称为最高法院 Supreme Court许多州也有一些专门法院：遗嘱检验法院 Probate Court青少年法院 Juvenile Court家庭关系法院 Court of Domestic Relations小额索赔法院 Small Claims Court4．联邦和州最高法院法官称为大法官 Justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官则称为法官 Judge有些基层法院的审判人员还称为治安法官 Justice of the Peace或司法官 Magistrate5. 美国联邦最高法院首席大法官 Chief Justice其他8人称大法官 Associate Justice6. 巡回法官Circuit Judge7. 合议庭Collegiate Panel/Collegiate Bench8. 诉讼当事人 litigant9. 司法管辖区 judicial district10. 案件数量caseload11. 联邦巡回法院 the Federal Circuit12. 复审案件 review a case13. 复查判决 review a decision14. 特别法庭 tribunals15. 死刑 capital punishment/death penalty16. 调案复审令writ of certiorari17. 具有开业律师资格be admitted to practice law18. 职业法官 career judiciary19. 民众选举 popular vote20. 现任法官 sitting judges21. 严重不端行为 gross misconduct22. 正式诉讼 formal proceedings23. 负民事责任incur civil liability24. 美国律师协会的“法官行为准则”The American Bar Association’s Code of Judical Conduct25. 私人开业律师 private practitioner26. 重罪felony27. 轻罪misdemeaner28. 审查案件的事实并作出判决 review the facts of a case and render a disposition29. 终审法院 court of last resort30. 司法巡回区judicial circuit31. 保释金 bond32. 预审听证 preliminary hearings33. 杀人 homicide34. 强奸 sexual assault35. 累犯 repeat offenders36. 惯犯 habitual offenders37. 驳回上诉 deny the petition for appeals38. 发回重审remand the case back to the lower court for reconsideration39.行使广泛的自由裁量权 exercise wide discretion overLesson Five Constitution1. 法律分类 classification of law2. 普通法Common Law衡平法 Equity3. 实体法 substantive law程序法 procedural law4. 公法public law私法private law5. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union(1977年，美国联邦会议通过，美国最早的宪法性法律文件)6. 宪法修正条款amendments7. 人权法案 the Bill of Rights（美国1787宪法前十条修正条款的合称）8. 宪法至上原则 doctrine of constitution supremacy9. 基本法 fundamental law10. 通过投票选举来表示其意思 express their will through the ballot box11. 严重不法行为 extreme misconduct12. 渎职行为 malfeasance13. 弹劾程序 process of impeachment14. 第二条第四款 article II, section415. 弹劾案 bill of impreachment16. 众议院 House of Representatives17. 参议院 Senate18. 严厉措施 drastic measure19. 众议院司法委员会House Judiciary Committee20. 生效 enter into force21. 无效 have no force22. 司法解释 judicial interpretation23. 叁权分立 separation of powers24. 制衡原则 checks and balance25. 滥用职权 excesses26. 行政法令合条例 executive acts and regulations27. 马伯里诉麦迪逊案 case of Marbury vs Madison28. 司法审查原则the doctrine of judicial review29. 合宪性 constitutionality30. 酸度测试/严格检验 acid test31. 否决 veto32. 特赦grant pardons for33. 拨款 appropriate funds for34. （法规、条约等的）序言、导言preamble35. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation36. 权力的滥用 excessive power37. 英国普通法中的“自然正义原则”principles of “Natural Justice” under British Common Law。
法律英语ppt
现代英语的演进
1066年，Norman（诺曼底人）从法国北部 入侵，征服了英格兰。（Justice, sovereign, court, parliament） parliament 后来，英国人主动从法语中扩充电磁， chauffer，bourgeois，bourgeoisie （小资）
法律英语的渊源
一、法律英语写作的语法与标点符号
3.3 “不写以BECAUSE, AND, BUT 打头的 句子。” 3.4 “少用一句话段落。” 3.5 “使用 I, ME, YOU” 代词时要谨慎考虑 表达的语气。”
一、法律英语写作的语法与标点符号
4. 疑难单词
二、法律英语写作文体
1.清晰 2. 一致 3. 法律效力
Covering Letters :
Briefly introduce yourself; what job you are applying for; where you saw the advert, etc. Give reasons why you are applying for this job in this organisation. Demonstrate your enthusiasm and understanding of the job/employer Explain why you are a good candidate; highlight important points from your CV; add any relevant information or explanations not in the CV.
General Advice :
Expect to spend several hours on an application It takes on average 2 minutes to read! Know yourself Know the employer – target CV to the j律英语写作的语法与标点符号
Legal+English+法律英语(培训讲座课件PPT)
Unit 1 Introduction to Law New Words： evict vt. 逐出 【法律】 vt. 没收 enforce vt. 强迫 【法律】 vt. 强制 conformity n. 一致 administrative a. 管理 therapeutic a. 治疗的 accusatory a. 非难的 marijuana n. 大麻 pretentious a. 自负的 litigation n. 诉讼
Functions of Law
(1)Maintaining Social Control While Facilitating Social Life (2) Protecting the Public Order (3) Resolving Disputes (4) Protecting the Status Quo (5) Facilitating Orderly Change
law consists of enforceable rules governing
relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society.
This very broad definition of law implies the following:
5. Holmes, contended that law was a set of rules that allowed one to predict how a court would resolve a particular dispute: "The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by law.”
法律英语课件-legal English(2014)
组织有关信息并得出合理结论的能力
批判性地推理能力
对他人的推理进行分析和评价的能力
LSAT考试满分为180分，最低分为120分
，其计算方法是根据选择的正确的答案的数目 来确定。选对25个左右，分数大概为130分； 选对39个左右，分数大概为140分；选对55个 ，分数大概为150分；选对72个，分数为160； 选对87个，分数为170分；选对98个以上，分 数为满分180分。一般好的学校要求的成绩都在 160分以上。考试成绩一般在考后五周左右由主 办机构寄出，直接寄给考生本人。LSAT成绩在 5年内有效。
到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的
关注。TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLES
Advanced; TOLES Higher; TOLES Foundation。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知
识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等
级考试全都参加。TOLES考试每年3月、6月
、和11月举行3次
TOLES FOUNDATION EXAMINATION
ILEC作为ESOL于2008年推出的又一项崭 新的职业认证证书目前已被欧洲公司律师公会
、欧洲法律专业学生协会、国际青年律师公会 及欧洲青年律师公会认可。ILEC考察证书申请 人在法律领域运用英语的能力，分为听力（40 分钟）、阅读（75分钟）、写作（75分钟）和 口语（16分钟）四个部分。语言等级相当于雅 思（IELTS）5.0-7.0分。成绩分为三个及格等 级和两个不及格等级。
该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语 言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门 法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司 、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法 律英语水平的需要。
法律英语案例
法律英语案例Case Study: Legal EnglishIntroduction:In today's globalized world, the study of legal English has become increasingly important. With a significant number of legal cases involving international dimensions, proficiency in legal English is crucial for lawyers, judges, and legal professionals around the world. This article aims to provide a case study that showcases the use of legal English in a real-world scenario.Case Background:The case that will be examined involves a multinational corporation (Company A) accused of violating intellectual property rights. Company A, a technology giant, has been sued by a smaller company (Company B) for copyright infringement of a patented software application. The dispute arises from the alleged unauthorized use and reproduction of software code, leading Company B to suffer financial losses.Case Analysis:To analyze this case effectively, it is essential to understand the specific legal terminologies and language utilized.1. Legal Terminology:In discussing the case, certain legal terms and phrases play a vital role. These include:a. Intellectual Property: Refers to intangible creations of the mind, such as inventions, designs, trademarks, and copyrights.b. Copyright Infringement: Violation of the exclusive rights granted to a copyright owner.c. Software Code: Instructions written in a programming language that control the functioning of computer software.d. Patent: A government grant giving exclusive rights to an inventor for his/her invention.e. Damages: Financial compensation sought by the aggrieved party for losses suffered.f. Defendant: The party being sued or accused.g. Plaintiff: The party who initiates the lawsuit.2. Legal Documents:In this case, various legal documents would be involved, such as:a. Complaint: Filed by the plaintiff, it outlines the allegations against the defendant, including the legal basis for the claim.b. Answer: Filed by the defendant, it responds to the allegations in the complaint, either admitting or denying them.c. Discovery: The pre-trial phase where each party gathers evidence from the other party.d. Deposition: A formal statement, recorded under oath, to be used as evidence during the trial.e. Expert Witness: An individual with specialized knowledge who provides testimony on technical matters.f. Motion: A written request made to the court for a specific action or decision.3. Court Proceedings:Throughout the course of the case, several legal proceedings would occur. These may include:a. Preliminary Hearing: Determines the admissibility of evidence and the validity of the case.b. Trial: The presentation of evidence and legal arguments before a judge or jury to reach a verdict.c. Cross-Examination: The questioning of a witness from the opposing party to challenge their credibility or facts presented.d. Closing Arguments: The final statements made by each party summarizing their case before the judge or jury deliberates.e. Verdict: The final decision reached by the judge or jury after evaluating all evidence and arguments.Conclusion:This case study demonstrates the importance of understanding legal English in international legal disputes. Proficiency in legal terminology, comprehension of legal documents, and familiarity with court proceedings are crucial for legal professionals involved in such cases. By examining and analyzing real-world cases, law students and practitioners can enhance theirlegal English skills, ensuring effective communication and successful outcomes in their future legal careers.。
法律英语Unit.ppt
Crimes of Infringing Upon the Rights of the Person and the Democratic
Rights of Citizens侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪 The Crime of Encroaching on Property侵犯财产罪
Roles of Law
Guiding Judging Predicting Warning
Criminal Law
Three main points
Crime-------felony, misdemeanor Punishment------guidelines for sentencing Criminal liability(age 14)
What is law?
The characteristics:
1. Law is a social norm(准则) regulating social relations or human behaviors.
2. Law is a social norm reflecting the will of a state.
Legal English
Joyce
Characteristics of Legal English
1.Lengthy and complex sentences 2.Archaic words and expressions tin words and expressions 4.Passive consruction
我国刑法第13条规定：“一切危害国家主权、领土完 整和安全，分裂国家、颠覆人民民主专政的政权和推 翻社会主义制度，破坏社会秩序和经济秩序，侵犯国 有财产或者劳动群众集体所有的财产，侵犯公民私人 所有的财产，侵犯公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他 权利，以及其他危害社会的行为，依照法律应当受刑 罚处罚的，都是犯罪，但是情节显著轻微危害不大的， 不认为是犯罪。”
法律英语案例(中英文)(3篇)
第1篇Court: Supreme Court of the State of New YorkDate: January 15, 2023Facts:In the summer of 2022, John Smith, a resident of New York City, purchased a used car from Mary Johnson, a local car dealer. The car was advertised as being in "good condition" and having a clean title. Smith, relying on these representations, entered into a verbal agreement with Johnson to purchase the car for $15,000. The transaction was completed, and Smith drove the car away immediately.A few weeks later, Smith discovered that the car had several mechanical issues, including a faulty transmission and a cracked engine block. Upon inspection, it was determined that the car had been involved in a previous accident and had not been properly repaired. Smith immediately contacted Johnson, demanding a refund or a substantial discount on the purchase price. Johnson refused, arguing that the car was sold "as is" and that she had disclosed all known defects to Smith.Smith, feeling deceived and dissatisfied with the purchase, filed a lawsuit against Johnson in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, seeking damages for fraud, breach of warranty, and unjust enrichment.Legal Issues:The primary legal issues in this case are whether Johnson’s representations about the car’s condition constitute fraud, whether the "as is" clause in the agreement is enforceable, and whether Smith is entitled to damages for the defects discovered in the car.Analysis:Fraud:To establish fraud, Smith must prove that Johnson made a false statement of material fact, knew the statement to be false, intended to induce Smith to rely on the statement, and that Smith reasonably relied on thestatement to his detriment. In this case, Johnson advertised the car as being in "good condition" and having a clean title, which were false statements. The court will need to determine whether Johnson knew these statements to be false and whether she intended to deceive Smith.Breach of Warranty:Under New York law, a seller of goods is deemed to make implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. These warranties arise automatically when the seller sells goods in the course of business. In this case, Johnson sold the car as a used car dealer, and thus, implied warranties would apply. Smith must prove that the car was not merchantable (i.e., fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used) and not fit for a particular purpose (i.e., the purpose for which Smith purchased the car).As-Is Clause:The "as is" clause in the agreement may be enforceable if it is clear, conspicuous, and not unconscionable. However, if the clause is found to be unconscionable, it may be voided. Smith argues that the clause is unconscionable because it is a standard form contract that does not allow for any negotiation or modification.Unjust Enrichment:Smith may also seek damages for unjust enrichment if he can prove that Johnson unjustly enriched herself at his expense. This would require Smith to prove that Johnson received a benefit at his expense and that it would be unjust to allow her to retain that benefit.Decision:After considering the evidence presented by both parties, the court finds that Johnson’s representations about the car’s condition were false and material, and that she knew these statements to be false and intended to deceive Smith. Therefore, the court finds that Johnson committed fraud.The court also finds that the "as is" clause in the agreement is enforceable because it is clear and conspicuous. However, the courtfinds that the clause is unconscionable in light of the circumstances of the transaction, as Smith was not given the opportunity to inspect the car thoroughly before entering into the agreement. Therefore, the "as is" clause is voided.The court further finds that the car was not merchantable and not fitfor the purpose for which Smith purchased it. Therefore, the court finds that Johnson breached the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.Based on these findings, the court awards Smith damages in the amount of $12,000, representing the difference between the fair market value of the car and the amount Smith paid for it. The court also awards Smith damages for his emotional distress and the inconvenience caused by the defective car.Judgment:The court hereby enters judgment in favor of John Smith against Mary Johnson in the amount of $12,000, plus interest and costs.中文翻译：案名：史密斯诉约翰逊法院：纽约州最高法院日期： 2023年1月15日事实：2022年夏季，约翰·史密斯，纽约市居民，从当地汽车经销商玛丽·约翰逊处购买了一辆二手车。
法律英语课件
03
Case Analysis of Legal English
Case selection and background
Case selection
The cases selected for the course are typically real life cases that have been heard by a course or trial, and are there of legal significance
Grammar
The grammar of Legal English is often complex and formal, using archaeological language and legal jargon
Synthetic Characteristics of Legal English
situations
Interpretation of Case Judgman
Interpretation of judgments
The course specifically includes the judgments or decisions rendered by the course or trial in each case Students are expected to read and interpret these judgments, understanding the reasoning behind the course's decision and its impact on the parties involved
Voice and Mood
The voice and Mood of Legal English are both formal and personal, emphasizing objectivity and precision in communication
法律英语案例摘要例子(3篇)
第1篇案件名称：Smith v. Johnson法院名称：纽约州最高法院案件编号：12345678案件类型：合同纠纷一、案情简介原告Smith（以下简称“原告”）与被告Johnson（以下简称“被告”）于2010年签订了一份合同，约定被告向原告提供一批货物。
合同中明确了货物的规格、数量、交付时间以及违约责任等内容。
然而，在合同履行过程中，被告未能按照约定时间交付货物，导致原告遭受了经济损失。
二、争议焦点本案争议焦点在于被告是否构成违约，以及原告是否可以要求被告承担违约责任。
三、法院判决纽约州最高法院经过审理，认为被告的行为构成了违约。
以下是法院判决的主要内容：1. 合同有效：法院认定原告与被告之间的合同合法有效，双方均应按照合同约定履行义务。
2. 被告违约：法院认为，被告未能按照合同约定的时间交付货物，已构成违约行为。
根据合同条款，被告应承担违约责任。
3. 违约责任：法院判决被告向原告支付合同金额的10%作为违约金，并赔偿原告因被告违约所造成的经济损失。
4. 诉讼费用：法院判决被告承担本案的诉讼费用。
四、判决依据1. 《纽约州民法典》第3495条规定：“当事人应当按照合同约定履行义务，任何一方违约，应当承担违约责任。
”2. 《纽约州民法典》第3496条规定：“违约方应当向守约方支付违约金，违约金数额由双方协商确定；协商不成的，由法院判决。
”3. 《纽约州民法典》第3497条规定：“当事人一方违约，给对方造成经济损失的，违约方应当赔偿损失。
”五、案例分析本案中，原告与被告签订的合同明确规定了货物的规格、数量、交付时间以及违约责任等内容。
被告未能按照合同约定的时间交付货物，已构成违约行为。
根据《纽约州民法典》的相关规定，被告应当承担违约责任，向原告支付违约金并赔偿损失。
此外，本案也体现了合同法的基本原则，即合同双方应当诚实守信，按照合同约定履行义务。
任何一方违约，都应承担相应的法律责任。
六、启示本案提醒我们在签订合同时，应注意以下几点：1. 合同条款应明确、具体，避免产生歧义。
法律英语课件-Legal English(case brief)案例摘要
h5Leabharlann 反对意见（dissenting opinion) ___opinion offered by a judge disagreeing
with the majority panel of judges’ conclusion
配合意见(concurring opinion) ___opinion written by a judge agreeing with
h
3
1. Case Name E.g. Marbury v. Madison V. is short for versus ( 诉求） 2. Court rendering the opinion E.g. New Jersey Supreme Court 3. Citation 4. Justice wrote the opinion 5.Opinion stating the issue raised, describing the
cited reported volume, the court which issued thee decision; and 4. the prior or subsequent history, if any, of the case.
h
10
The name and the citation of the case ----names of litigants and correct legal citation
for this reported case. Name Official Citation Unofficial Sources Year
Function: to help a reader to do legal researches.
法律英语课件
Part Two
• The American legal system, like the En glish, is methodologically mainly a cas e law system.
• 判例法
Common law legal system
普通法系
Case law
形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳 大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印 度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新 加坡，香港地区也采用英美法
• Question Three: What are the difficulties in studying legal English?
A. (1)法律英语专业术语众多，有自身独特的含义/且用语正式。 action: 诉讼 consideration: 对价、约因 minor： 未成年 major： 成年 party： 当事人 instrument： 法律文件
the oldest continuous federal system the oldest practice of self-government
• The whole of its history belongs in the pe riod since the invention of the printing pr ess.
1. Legal system 法律制度 法律体系 法系
2.Reports of the United States Supreme Court 美国《最高法院判例汇编》：始于1790年亚历山大.达拉斯的
判例汇编，中间经过克兰奇、惠顿、彼德、霍华德、布莱 克、华莱士共7部以人名冠名的90卷判例汇编。 1874年后，判例援引一般只按《美国判例汇编》的卷号编排.
法律英语课件1
2021/5/4
法律英语
14
大陆法与普通法的根本区别在于其所依靠的 法的渊源.普通法系以先前的判例为其很高 的权力渊源,以其诸形式之一出现的STARE DECISIS即让判决继续有效学说,是普通法 系的精粹,该说主张,法院应遵守在本法域最 高一级法院判决的先例中所定下来的法律--但取自先例原则以在逻辑上为判决各案件所 必须且其合理合情并适宜于当代情况者为限。
2021/5/4
法律英语
17
普通法 衡平法
普通法专指英国在11 世纪后由法官通过判决 形式逐渐形成的适用于 全英格兰的一种判例法。 而衡平法是指英国在 14世纪后对普通法的 修正和补充而出现的一 种判例法。
2021/5/4
法律英语
18
The common law is historically the common general law —— with supremacy over local law ——
which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. 普通法在历史上是普 通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布 的普通综合法地位高于地方法。
2021/5/4
法律英语
19
enforcement 强制执行； claim 请求； action 诉讼行为； writ 法院令状； classical Roman law 古罗马法
法律英语案例赏析课件
法律英语案例赏析
6
• Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions, which codify their laws, and common law systems, where judge made law is not consolidated. In some countries, religion still informs the law. Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry, into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis or sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."In a typical democracy, the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.