高级口译专八阅读文化常识必读
专八考试之文学常识
Common Sense on English LiteratureAuthor(Comment)Works England’s national epic The Song of Beowulf(3182lines)Geoffrey Chaucer—“father of Englishpoetry”The Canterbury tales General Prologue;Popular Ballads; Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale;Get Up and Bar the Door;Sir Parrick SpensHumanist Thomas More(Renaissance)Utopia Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)The Fairy QueenWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)37plays,154sonnetsThe4great tragedies:Hamlet,King Lear,Macbeth&OthelloThe Comedy of Errors,Love’s Labour’s Lost,A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Merchant of Venice,(Shylock,evil; Portia,judge)Much Ado About NothingThe Merry Wives of WindsorAs You Like It,All’s Well That Ends WellTimon of Athens,The Winter’s Tale,The TempestFrancis Bacon(1561—1626)Philosophical works:Advancement of LearningLiterary works(Of Truth;Of Studies; Of death;Of Revenge,Of Friendship)Maxims of the Law; Reading on the Statute of Uses(the largest and most important of his professional works.John Milton(1608—1774)Paradise Lost(12books)Paradise RegainedSonnet:On His BlindnessSonnet:On His Deceased Wife John Bunyan(1628—1688)The Pilgrim’s Progress Daniel Defoe(1661—1731)Robinson Crusoe(1719) Johnathan Swift(1667—1745)Gulliver’s Travels;A Modest Proposal Joseph Addison(1672—1719)The Tatler;The Spectator Henry Fielding(1707—1754)The History of Tom Jones,a FoundlingThomas Gray(1716—1771)Elegy Written in a CountryChurchyard(the best poem in Emglish)Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774),a versatile authorThe Vicar of Wakefield(novel) She Stoops to Conquer(comedy) The Citizen of the World(essays) The Traveler&The DesertedVillage(two poems)Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)The School for ScandalThe Rivals(comedy)The critic(Farce)William Blake(1757-1827),the most independent and the most original romantic poet of the18th centuryThe Songs of ExperienceThe Songs of Innocence London;The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns(1759-1796),whose poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the Scottish common people My heart’s In the Highland John Anderson,My JoA Red,Red RoseTo A MouseWilliam Wordsworth(1770-1850)Romancist Lyrical Ballads:Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey;The Prelude;The Excursion;The Solitary Reaper; She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways;I Wandered Lonely As a CloudGeorge Gordon,Lord Byron(1788-1824)Don Juan(satire masterpiece) She Walks in Beauty Childe Harold’s Pigrimage Manfred,Cain(dramas)Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)Ode to the West WindTo a Sky-lark;Ozymandias;Men of EnglandPrometheus Unbound John Keats(1795-1821)Ode to a NightingaleOde on a Grecian UrnOn First Looking into Chapman’sTo Autumn;Bright Star;Homer(sonnet) Walter Scott(1771-1832)Ivanhoe;Rob RoyJane Austen(1775-1817)Pride and PrejudiceCharles Lamb(1775-1834)Tales From Shakespeare(Last)Essays of Elia—Dissertation on Roast PigDream-Children:a ReveriePoor RelationOliver Twist;Little Dorrit;Charles Dickens(1812-1870)Pickwick Papers Great Expectation A Tale of Two Cities;Hard Times David Copperfield; The Old Curiosity ShopWilliam Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)Vanity Fair(Novel Without a Hero) George Eliot(1819-1880)Adam Bede Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)Jane EyreEmily Bronte(1818-1848)Wuthering HeightsThomas Hood(1799-1845)The Song of the Shirt;The Bridge of Sighs Alfred,Lord Tennyson(1809-1892)Ulysses;Break,Break,Break;Crossing The Bar Robert Browning(1812-1889)My Last Duchess;Home-Thoughts,from Abroad Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861)Sonnets from the PortugueseThomas Hardy(1840-1928)Tess of the D’Urbervilles Jude the Obscure The Return of the Native The Mayor of CasterbridgeJohn Galsworthy(1867-1933)The Forsyte SagaThe Man of PropertyOscar Wilde(1854-1900) Aestheticism.Art for Art’s SakeThe Portrait of Dorian Gray Comedies:Lady Windermere’s Fan;A Woman of No Importance;An Ideal Husband;The Important of Being EarnestGeorge Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Arms and the ManMrs.Warren’s Professionwrence(1885-1930)Lady Chatterlay’s Lover;The Rainbow;Sons and Lovers Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)Mrs.Dalloway;Jacob’s Room;To the Lighthouse;The Waves;The Common Reader James Joyce(1882-1941)Araby;Dubliners;UlyssesCommon Sense on American Literature Author(Comment)WorksCaptain John Smith(the first American writer)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony;A Map of Virginia:with a Description of the CountryWilliam Bradford The History of Plymouth Plantation John Winthrop The History of New England;Journal Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)Poor Richard’s AlmanacAutobiography;Collected Works Thomas Paine(1737-1809)(Great Commoner of Mankind)American Crisis;The Age of Reason Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependencePhilip Freneau(1752-1832)Father of American Poetry The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground To a Caty-DidWashington Irving(1783-1859)The Author’s Account of HimselfThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)Leatherstocking Tales:The Deerslayer,The Last Mohicans,The Pathfinder,The Pioneers;The PrarieWilliam Cullen Bryant(1794-1878)Thanatopsis；To a WaterfrowlEdgar Allen Poe(1809-1849)To Helen;The Raven;Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher Tales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueRalph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)Nature;Self-Reliance;The American scholar;The Divinity School Address; Representative Men;English TraitsHenry David Thoreau(1817-1862)Walden;Civil Disobedience Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville(1819-1891)Moby-DickHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)A Psalm of Life;The Slave’s dream; My Lost Youth;The Song of HiawathaWalt Whitman Song of Myself;I sit and Look Out;Beat!Beat!Drums!Emily Dickinson I taste a liquor never brewed;I felt a Funeral,in my brain;A Bird came down the Walk—I died for Beauty—but was scarceI heard a fly buzz—when I diedBecause I could not stop for Death Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s CabinMark Twain The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn O.Henry The Cop and the AnthemHenry James The Portrait of A ladyJack London The sea Wolf;Martin Eden Theodore Dreiser Sister CarrieEzra Pound A Virginal;Salutation the second;A Pact;In a Station of the Metro The River-Merchant’s Wife;A LetterEdwin Arlington Robinson The House on the Hill;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy Robert Frost After Apple-PickingThe Road Not Taken;Departmental;Design;Stopping by Woods on a SnowyEvening;The Most of ItCarl Sandburg Chicago;The Harbor;Fog; Cool Tombs;Flash Crimson; The People,yesWallace Stevens Peter Quince at the Clavier Anecdote of the JarThe Emperor of Ice-CreamThomas Stearns Eliot The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Journey of the MagiA Penny for the Old GuyF.Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath William Faulkner A Rose for Emily。
专八人文知识文学背诵系列
英国文学~《贝奥武甫》（The story of Beowulf）代表着古英语的最高成就，是英国文学中现存的最古老的头韵史诗（alliterative epic),是一首异教诗（pagan poem),展现了部落社会（tribal society）的景象威廉.朗格拉（William Langland）主要描写下层人民生活，《耕者皮尔斯》（Piers the Plowman）--与《坎特伯雷故事集》并称为早期英国文学的两大巨作杰弗里.乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）被誉为；“英国诗歌之父”（the father of English Poetry）“英国小说之父”（th father of English Fiction）《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）--未完成，只有24个故事托马斯.怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt)他是第一个将十四行诗（sonnet）引进英国文学的人.埃德蒙.斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）被誉为“诗人中的诗人”（The poets’poet），并有“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）的称号《牧羊人日记》（The Shepherd's Calendar)《新婚喜歌》（Epithalamion）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）--开创了“斯宾塞诗体”（Spenserian Stanza）托马斯.莫尔（Thomas More）《乌托邦》（Utopia）--为其代表作弗朗西斯.培根（Francis Bacon)《论说文集》(Essays)--是英国文学史上第一部散文题材作品。
是英国散文发展的里程碑。
里斯托夫.马洛（Chriistopher Marlowe）马洛是莎士比亚之前最伟大的剧作家，是“大学才子派”(University wits),他首创戏剧的创作手法“无韵诗”（blank verse）,他的作品为莎士比亚的戏剧铺平了道路。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级人文常识
1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
英语专业八级考试建议阅读参考书目
英语专业八级考试建议阅读参考书目英语专业八级考试建议阅读参考书目【文学类】一、英国文学Kingsley Amis Lucky JimJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceArnold Bennett The Old Wiveds’TaleElizabeth Bowen The Death of the HeartCharlotte Bronte Jane EyreEmily Bronte Wuthering HGeightsAnthony Burgess A Clockwordk OrangeSamuel BVutler The Way of All FleshA.S.Byatt PossessionLewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in WonderlandAngela Carter The Com pany of WolvesAgatha Christie Mdurder on the Orient ExpressIvy Compton-Burnett A Fdamily and a FortuneJoseph Conrad Heart of Darkness, Lord JimDaniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeCharles Dickens David CopperfieldSir Arthur C. Ddyle Adventure of Sherlock Holmes Margaret Drabble The WaterfallDaphne Du Maurier RebeccaGeorge Eliot MiddlemarchE.M.FGorster Howards End, A Passage to IndiaJohn Fowles The French Lieutenant’s WomanJohn Galsworthy The Man of PropertyWilliam Golding Lord of the FliesGraham Greene The Human FactorThomas Hardy Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure Aldous Huxley After Many a SummerHenry James Daisy MillerJames Joyce A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Rudyard Kipling KimCharles Lamb Tales from Shakespearedwrence Sons and LoversJohn Le Carred The Spy Who Came in from the ColdDoris Lessing The Grass Is SingingDavid Lodge Nice WorkW.Somerset Maugham The Moon and Sixpence, Of Human Bondage Iris Murddoch The Black PrinceGeorge Orwell Nineteen Eighty-fourSalman Rushdie Midnight ChildrenSir Walter Scott IvanhoeC.P.Snow Thed AffairMuriel Spark The Prime of Miss Jean BrodieRobert Louis Stevenson Treasure IslandJohathan Swift Gulliver’s TravelsWilliam M.Thackeray Vanity FairEvelyn Waugh A Hand ful of DustH.G.Wells The Invisible ManOscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian GrayVirginia Woolf Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse二、美国文学Sherwood Anderson Winesburg, OhioJames Baldwin Go Tell It on the MountainSaul Bellow Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain KingWillam S.Burroughs The Naked LunchWilla Cather My AntoniaKate Chopin The AwakeningStephen Crane The Red Badge of CourageTheodore Dreiser Sister Carrie, An American TragedyRalph Ellison Invisible ManWilliam Faulkner Go Down, Moses, The Sound and the FuryF.Scott Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyAlex Haley RootsNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterJosph Heller Catch-22Ernest Hedmingway The Sun Also Rises, Thed Old Man and the Sea James Jones From Here to EternityMaxine Hong Kingston The Woman WarriorHarper lee To Kill a MockingbirdSinchlair Lewis Main StreetJack London The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden Norman Mailer The Naked and the DeadCarson McCullers The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter James A. Michener CentennialMargaret Mitchell Gone with the WindToni Morrison The Bluest EyeVladimir Nabokov LolitaFrank Norris The OctopusJ.D.Salinger The Catcher in the RyeErich Segal Man, Woman and ChildUpton Sinclair The JungleJohn Steinbeck The Grapes of WrathHarriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin William Styron Sophie’s ChoiceMark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Alice Walker The Color PurpleRobert Penn Warren All the King’s MenEdith Wharton The Age of InnocenceThornton Wilder The Bridge of San Luis Rey Thomas Wolfe Look Homeward, AngelHerman Wouk The Winds of WarRichard Wright Native Son三、加拿大文学Morley Callaghan That Summer in ParisNorthrop Frye The Great CodeMargaret Laurence The Stone AngelStephen Leacock Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town Malcolm Lowry Under the VolcanoHugh MacLennan The Watch That Ends the NightL.M.Montgomery Anne of Green Gables四、澳大利亚文学Martin Boyd Lucinda BrayfordPeter Carey Oscar and LucindaMiles Franklin My Brilliant CareerThomas Keneally Shindler’s ArkAlex Miller The Ancestor GameHenry Handel Richardson The Fortunes of Richard Mahony Christina Stead The Man Who Loved ChildrenRandolph Stow To the IslandsPatrick White Voss, The Tree of Man五、中国文化Yung Ming My Life in China and AmericaChiang monlin Tides from the WestTcheng Ki Tong The Chinese Painted by ThemselvesKu Hung Ming The Spirit of the Chinese PeopleFei Hsiao Tung Peasant Life in ChinaLin Yu Tang My Country and My PeopleA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical Poetry A Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical Prose A Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Classical Fiction A Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modern PoetryA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modern ProseA Retrospective of Chinese Literature: Modorn Fiction。
专业八级 文学常识
一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、 allegory体非常盛行2、 Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、 Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、 Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、 Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、 George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、 Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、 Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
英语专业八级必考文学常识
英国各时期特点要看书，只罗列作家作品时期：1The Old and Medieval Period中古英语文学8世纪-15世纪2The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期16世纪-17世纪莎士比亚时期或是伊丽莎白时代3The period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期17世纪Form：Poetry4The Age of Enlightenment启蒙运动时期—Neo-Classicism新古典时期18世纪Form：prose Pope时代5The Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期18世纪-19世纪中期6The Victorian Period维多利亚时期19世纪早期-20世纪初期Novel小说Charles Dickens 7The Modern Period现代主义时期19世纪末开始普通英国人的生活，象征主义、stream of consciousness意识流-James Joyce、自然主义代替了现实主义。
之父：1Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里·乔叟the father of English poetry英语诗歌之父the father of English fiction英国小说之父2King Alfred（英国散文之父3Francis Bacon培根（唯物主义哲学奠基人，England’s first essayist英国第一个散文家4Edmund Spencer斯宾塞the poets’poet诗人中的诗人5John Donne the founder of the Metaphysical School玄学派诗人代表人物6John Dryden德莱顿forerunner of the English classical school of literature古典主义的先驱Heroic couplet英雄双韵体father of English criticism批评文学之父7Alexander Pope蒲白（18世纪最伟大诗人，representative of the Enlightenment新古典学派的代表人物，first introduce rationalism to England理性主义8Daniel Defoe笛福the discoverer of the modern novel现实主义小说奠基人，Father of English and European英语和欧洲小说之父9Henry Fielding Father of the English novel英国小说之父10Jane Austin简·奥斯丁（英国第一位女性小说家）11Alfred Tennyson丁尼生Poet of the people人民的诗人桂冠诗人：Edmund Spencer斯宾塞John Dryden德莱顿William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯Robert Southey罗伯特·骚塞苏格兰：Robert Burns;George Bernard Shaw爱尔兰：Oscar Wilde;William Butler Yeats;James Joyce1The Old and Medieval Period中古英语文学8世纪-15世纪P82大多数是口述，14世纪被称为乔叟的时代Old English/Alliteration/Epic/Romance/BalladAnglo-Saxon Period异教pagan《Beowulf贝奥武夫》被认为是古代英语文学的开端，也是英语语言的最古老的诗歌。
专八人文知识
1、英语国家地理概况4分2、英美文学部分3分3、词汇部分3分这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！人文知识总结,希望在临考前有最好的冲刺状态.加油!美国概况:1.The traditional dividing line in America between " east" and " west" is The Mississippi River.2.The traditional dividing line in America between "South " and "North" is The Missouri River.3.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is Africa Americans .5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by The World War 2.7.In the United States, primary education requires6 years.8.Most college students in the United States are in public institutions.9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court.10.Louisana (which state ) is not governed by the common law.11.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.12.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Mid-west, West.13.The New England (Northeast)region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.14.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.15.＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American film.16.The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a Typical Continental climate.17.Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its Automobile industry.18.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.19.New York is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.20.Washington D.C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.21.American and British English are two varieties of the English language.22.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincon.23.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rohode Island.24.The number of the Representatives (众议院)from each American state depends on the population.25.The statue of liberty was given to American people by French as a gift in 1884.26.John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.27.In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ,opened in Massachusetts to serve the “ Muslim sex”.28.The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.29.Seattle is Washington’s largest city.30.Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the Potomac River banks.31.When did the American Civil War break out? 1861.32.In which day is Halloween celebrated? 31 October.33.The founding fathers of the American Republic :George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin.34.The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.35.The United States was rated 4 in the world in terms of land areas.36.The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by boards of education.37.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 .38.The United States produces as much as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.39.Televison invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”.40.The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John Locke.41.The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.42.The seats in the Senate(参议院) are allocated to different states equality (have two seats).43.The Rocky Mountains is located in the Northwest of America,44.Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles.45.Newsweek is American newspaper, The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph is England, The International Herald Tribune is French.46.The U.S. is called a “melting pot” because people from different races live there together .47.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.48.Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those who have given their life for country.(阵亡将士纪念日)49.“Trick or Treat” is a phrase that children often use when they celebrated Halloween.50.The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associated with Easter,are considered to present fertility and new life.51.The world-famous Havard University is in Massachusetts (Cambridge).52.Broadway (百老汇) is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.53.Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园), Grand Canyon(大峡谷), St. Patrick’s Cathedral(圣派翠克大教堂) are the tourist attraction in the United States.54.Ronald Reagan was an actor before he became the President.55.New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which come to stand for all Americans.56.On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in New York, which housed the government then.57.Henry Fond was the first man to mass production.The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
专八人文知识
1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empi re that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语专业八级人文知识
顺序是：Celts--Roman--Anglo Saxon
答案： BBBAD DACAC
Vowel Glide 又称元音过渡，指的是双元音组成的，前一个音为纯元音，后一个音为短促的滑音。 New York City
With a metropolitan population of around 16 million, New York, called the “Big Apple”, is the largest city in the United States, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation center.
7____is the first American professional writer and the first writer of detective story in the world.
A Ezra Pound B Washington Irving C Nathaniel Hawthorne D Edgar Ellen Poe
A novels B poems C short stories D dramas
6.The island of Lilliput can be found in ___
A Robinson Grusoe B Gulliver's Travels C Adventures of Tome Sawyer D Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
专八人文知识
（一）重要文学术语诙谐短诗（Epigram）：诙谐短诗短小机智，表达一个耐人寻味的简单思想或观察。
奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）以他的诙谐短诗著称。
An epigram is a brief,clever,an usually memorable statement现实主义（Realism）：现实主义指艺术或文学中客观地将事物、行为或社会状况按照现实的本来情况进行表述，而不是用抽象的或者理想化的形式来表现。
Realism sought to portray familiar characters,situations,and settings in a realistic manner.This was done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.（二）名家名作查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens,1812-1870）狄更斯是19世纪最伟大的小说家，批判现实主义的杰出代表。
其作品广泛而深刻地描写社会生活的各个方面，鲜明而生动地刻画了各阶层的代表人物的形象。
狄更斯作品的广度和深度远远超过了同时代的任何文学作品。
马克思将狄更斯列在英国19世纪批判现实主义小说家的首位。
在初期作品中，狄更斯对许多社会问题的解决还抱着比较乐观的态度，认为资本主义社会中的那些罪恶是可以补救的。
Sketches by Boz《波兹特写》Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》-----小说中的奥利弗（Oliver）是狄更斯笔下的第一儿童形象。
The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》在中期作品中，狄更斯对社会的乐观态度开始改变。
David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》-----全书采用第一人称叙事语气，其中融进了坐着本人的许多生活经历。
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结专八人文知识总结英国概况专八人文知识英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral 在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Refor mation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英语专业八级考试人文知识
英语专业八级考试人文知识Introduction:The English Major Level 8 Examination, also known as the TEM-8, is a crucial test for English language learners, especially for those majoring in English. Besides language proficiency, one essential aspect of this examination is the knowledge of humanities. In this article, we will explore various topics related to humanities that are frequently tested in the TEM-8.I. Literature:A. Literary Movements:Literary movements encompass various styles and trends that emerged throughout history. Understanding these movements is vital for comprehending literary texts and analyzing their themes, techniques, and societal implications. Some significant literary movements include:1. Romanticism: Originating in the late 18th century, Romanticism emphasized individualism, emotions, and nature. Poets such as William Wordsworth and Lord Byron were key figures in this movement.2. Realism: Arising in the mid-19th century, Realism focused on portraying everyday life, often addressing social issues. Famous Realist authors include Leo Tolstoy and Gustave Flaubert.3. Modernism: Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism rejected traditional forms and experimented with new narrative techniques. Prominent Modernist writers are T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf.B. Literary Devices:Literary devices are tools employed by writers to enhance the meaning and impact of their works. Familiarity with these devices is necessary to analyze and interpret literary texts. Some common literary devices are:1. Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares two unrelated things, highlighting their similarities.Example: "Life is a journey."2. Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities beyond their literal meaning.Example: In "The Great Gatsby," the green light symbolizes Jay Gatsby's aspirations and dreams.3. Irony: A literary technique that conveys a meaning opposite to what is expected.Example: In Orwell's "Animal Farm," the pigs proclaim the equality of all animals while subjugating them.II. Art and Architecture:A. Art Movements:Art movements reflect changing trends and styles in visual art. Recognizing various art movements helps interpret artworks and understand their historical and cultural contexts. Some notable art movements include:1. Renaissance: This period, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, witnessed a renewed interest in classical art and literature. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo thrived during this time.2. Impressionism: Originating in the 19th century, Impressionism focused on capturing a moment's fleeting impression through light and color. Claude Monet and Edgar Degas were prominent Impressionist painters.3. Cubism: Developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century, Cubism presented objects from multiple viewpoints, fragmenting and reassembling them in abstract forms.B. Architectural Styles:Architecture reflects the cultural, social, and historical background of a society. Familiarity with different architectural styles aids in understanding their purpose and significance. Some well-known architectural styles include:1. Gothic Architecture: Prominent in medieval Europe, Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and intricate details found in cathedrals such as Notre-Dame in Paris.2. Renaissance Architecture: Inspired by ancient Greek and Roman styles, Renaissance architecture is characterized by symmetry, harmonious proportions, and domes. Examples include St. Peter's Basilica and the Florence Cathedral.3. Modernist Architecture: Appearing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism emphasized functionality, simplicity, and the use of new materials such as glass and steel. Architects like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were prominent figures in this movement.III. Philosophy:Philosophy encompasses the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, and more. Some influential philosophers and their areas of focus are:1. René Descartes: Descartes delved into epistemology and metaphysics, famously stating, "I think, therefore I am."2. Immanuel Kant: Kant explored ethics and developed the categorical imperative, emphasizing moral duties based on reason.3. Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche questioned traditional values and morality, advocating for the affirmation of life and the individual's pursuit of power.Conclusion:Having a solid understanding of humanities is crucial for success in the English Major Level 8 Examination. Literature, art, architecture, and philosophy are all integral aspects of humanities, and familiarity with their various elements and movements allows for a comprehensive understanding of English literature and culture. By delving into these topics, English majors can enhance their knowledge and appreciation of the humanities, ultimately improving their performance in the TEM-8.。
高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读
高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读第一篇：高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。
想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。
坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、Democracy means: “exercise of power by the whole people”, but by “the whole people”, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odysseyth4、Drama developed in the 5 century B.C Tragedian 悲剧作家Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)—Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛)/ Trojan 特洛伊women Comedist 喜剧作家Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps5、Philosophy Socrates苏格拉底 : Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
英语专业八级人文知识
黑死病（the Black Death）是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫是流行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。
1348年夏天横扫全英国。
英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。
《大宪章》（Great Charter）是约翰国王（King John）1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的，总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3) 教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；(4) 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。
大议会（The Great Council）是当今英国议会（BritishParliament）的原型。
1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院（House of Lords）和下议院（House of Commons）。
其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。
著名的诺曼底征服（The Norman Conquest）发生在1066年。
诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。
他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子，也是独生子。
1066年1月，英王爱德华去世，9月，威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位，遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士，在罗马教皇的支持下，率军渡过海峡，在英格兰南部佩文西登陆，入侵英国。
哈斯丁一役，威廉大败英军，不久攻占伦敦，于12月自立为英王，称威廉一世（WilliamⅠ）。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。
威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。
相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。
文化方面，英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融；大量的新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到了长足发展。
同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
专八人文常识
5. Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain? A. The Times B. The Guardian
C. The Observer D. The Financial Times
C 《观察家报》创刊于1791年，是英国创刊最早的星期日 报纸。 The Times 《泰晤士报》 The Guardian《卫报》 The Financial Times 《金融时报》
B 英法百年战争爆发于1337年到1453年间，中间还发生了 黑死病Black Death（大规模的鼠疫）。 两国受到战争和疫病双重打击，普遍经济重创，民不聊 生。但战争胜利使法国完成民族统一，更为日后在欧 洲大陆扩张打下基础。英格兰丧失所有的法国领地， 但也使英格兰的民族主义兴起。之后英格兰对欧洲大 陆推行“大陆均势”政策，转往海外发展，成为全球 最大的帝国。
12级英语4班
组员：高肖雅 官香 胡杨 鲁晓燕 宋小凤 齐思莉 王宗鑫 杨波
1. William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous for A) his poems.
B) his plays. C) his short stories.
的秘密恐怖组织。1866年首建于田纳西州Pulaski,旨在 破坏南北战争后南部的重建，对黑人采取绑架，鞭打 和私刑等恐怖行为。反对给黑人以平等的权利，对他 们进行野蛮的暴力袭击。Ku Klux源自希腊字Kuklos意 为“圈子，集团”Klan来自clan意为苏格兰高地人氏 族，根据该氏族惯于高举火十字架驰骋原野，骁勇善 战。其党旗微微三角型，黄底红边，上有黑龙。党徒 们(Klansmen)穿蒙头的白色罩袍，壮如魔鬼，喜欢在 恐吓对象住房前点燃木十字架以示威胁。
英语专业八级人文知识
Task based teaching method
03
By designing real or simulated tasks, students can learn English while completing the tasks.
English teaching methods
English Education Assessment
Linguistics definition
Linguistics branch
Linguistic research methods
Fundamentals of Linguistics
Schools of Linguistics
Structuralist linguistics emphasizes the analysis of language structure, believing that language is a symbolic system composed of vocabulary and grammatical rules that combine sound and meaning.
Culture of other English speaking countries
03
English Linguistics
Linguistics is the science of studying language, involving the essence, structure, evolution, and relationship between language and culture, society, psychology, and other aspects.
专八人文知识
PART ONE 人文知识New Zealand1.无成文宪法；议会只设house of representatives；2.1642荷兰阿贝尔塔斯曼新泽兰；英国james cook 新西兰3.Cook strait 沟通南岛与北岛james cook 英国；4.The Antarctic 南极洲；5.the north island the south island Stewart island (斯图尔特岛)；6.Southern Alps 南阿尔卑斯山新西兰最高大山脉；Mt. Cook 最高峰；7.惠灵顿市wellington 大洋洲国家人口最多的首都；世界上处于最南端的国家首都；<Auckland 他们都在北岛；8.Auckland （city of sails）风帆之城；主要的港口和工业中心；第一大城市；9.Christchurch 南岛城市；hamilton 汉密尔顿百慕大首府；10.2月6日新西兰国庆日（waitangi Day）;1月26日澳大利亚国庆日；7月4日美国；7月1日加拿大；11.新西兰长白云之乡；12.Treaty of Waitangi 英帝国版图2月6日；13.The monarch of the united kingdom ----the governor-general（代表女王）–prime minister；14.畜牧业为经济基础，世界上最大的农场。
羊肉、奶制品世界第一；粗羊毛出口占世界25%；第四大专属经济区；乳制品>旅游创汇；15.University of Auckland x新西兰规模最大、科系最多；university of Otago(奥塔哥) 历史最悠久；Harvard university 1636年美国历史最悠久；university of Edinburgh 英国大学；16.The Sun 太阳报英国报纸；Evening Post 晚邮报惠灵顿市独家每日晚报；the globe andmail 加拿大唯一全国性报纸最具权威影响《环球邮报》；Australia1.1月26 国庆日2.Aborigines3.ACT 首都领地堪培拉Canberra4.New South Wales 全国第一州人口最多5.国旗星星为七角，有一个为五角星；6.1月26日为国庆日;7.世界上最小的陆地，世界上最大的岛屿；俄罗斯>加拿大>中国>美国>巴西>澳大利亚；8.The Murray river 墨雷河最长河流；艾尔湖最大湖泊Lake Eyre; Great barrier reef 世界上最大最长；9.澳大利亚有六个州两个领地；新南威尔士州New south Wales 全澳洲人口最多的州、工商业最发达地区，Sydney 为其首府，澳大利亚最大城市和港口；10.Queensland 阳光之州；Victoria 花园之州Melbourne 墨尔本为其首府，第二大城市；western Australia Perth 珀斯为其首府阳光之城；首都领地Australian capital territory Canberra 堪培拉11.荷兰人威廉詹茨第一个到达澳大利亚；James cook 命名为new south wales; 1788年port jackson 第一个英属殖民地；1901年澳大利亚联邦12.Sydney 与melbourne 成为世界著名羊毛集散中心；13.Prime minister 主持内阁元首为英国女王总督governor general 为法定最高行政长官；总督由总理提名，女王任命；house of representatives /lower house 及参议院the senate/upper house ；联邦、州和地方三级政府；主要政党：australian labor party Julia Gillard ;liberal party 自由党；national party ; the Australian democrats ；14.澳大利亚农牧产品羊毛和牛肉世界上最大出口国；服务业是澳大利亚经济最重要和发展最快产业；15.The Australians 澳大利亚最具影响力的全国性报纸The age 世纪报墨尔本最大的地方报纸；sydney gazette 《公报》最老刊之一；the Australian woman’s weekly 澳大利亚发行量最大刊物；australian broadcasting company ABC ; SBS special broadcasting service；the Toronto star 加拿大发行量最大的报纸；news weekly 加拿大杂志；CBS Columbia broadcasting system 美国；NBC national broadcasting company 美国;16.悉尼》墨尔本（维多利亚州）17.1972.12. 21 与我国建交；有成为宪法；18.众议院参议院lower senate representatives; 直接选举；19.TAFE technical and further education;Canada1、因纽特印第安人；法国1535 Jacques Cartier ；法国塞缪尔port royal 最早定居点；英法七年战争法战败；2、1970.10 13 建交；3、多伦多原名york 为当时首都；4、Maple leaf ;5、7月1日national day;6、998万平方公里世界第二位；Arctic ocean 北冰洋；7、世界上海岸线最长的国家24万多公里；8、Ontario 安大略省Quebec 魁北克省人口最密集；森林覆盖仅次于俄罗斯，矿藏仅次于俄罗斯和美国；9、Mount Logan 最高山脉；Mackenzie river 马更些河加拿大最长的河流；10、Ottawa 首都第四大城市；安大略和魁北克交界处；Toronto 最大城市安大略省Hogtown 公猪之城Big Smoke 雾都；11、Montreal 玛利亚城city of saints、白塔之城第二大城市魁北克最大城市；12、温哥华Vancouver 第三大城市工业中心西部城市；13、国歌O Canada 新西兰国歌God defend new Zealand 国鸟为奇异鸟kiwi ；英国国歌God save the queen ；美国国歌the star-spangled banner;11、1535年法国Jacques Cartier 杰克斯·卡蒂埃尔圣劳伦斯海湾；1605 塞缪尔portroyal 最早的定居点；1608年魁北克省；12、英法两国七年战争法国战败1756-176313、1926年获得独立外加权；1931 statue of Westminster 获得完全自治地位，正式成为独立主权国家英联邦一员；14、Norman Bethune 白求恩1938年；15、联邦议会federal parliament 国家最高权力和立法机构由senate 和house ofcommons 组成；16、liberal party 代表小企业等；conservative party of Canada 代表银行保险业能源工业大农场主利益；17、加拿大国家元首由总督代表；澳大利亚和加拿大国家元首是女王；总督身份只是象征执政最高权力为总理；18；加拿大西方七大工业国之一group of seven ；渔业发达，最大鱼产品出口国；资源工业、初级制造业和农业为国家支柱；19、Laval university 1663 加拿大历史最悠久魁北克市；多伦多大学安大略省最大大学；蒙特利尔大学最出色的语法大学；20、The Toronto star 发行量最大的英文报纸；the globe and mail 唯一的全国报纸最具影响力；蒙特利尔日报加拿大发行量最大的法文报纸；News weekly Maclean’s 杂志；ＣＢＣ加拿大广播公司；CBS Columbia broadcasting system 美国；21、国歌O Canada 7月1日国庆England1、英格兰与苏格兰以哈德良长城Hadrian’s Wall 为界；首府为伦敦2、苏格兰北有Grampian Mountains 中有Clyde river; 首府为Edinburgh；3、威尔士首府为卡迪夫Cardiff；4、北爱尔兰首府为贝尔法斯特Belfast；5、English channel 又称拉芒什海峡；6、Severn river 赛文河英国境内最长的河流；7、Thames river 第二长河英国母亲河；8、Lake district 湖区国家公园最大一个；Scafell Pike 英格兰最高峰斯科菲峰英格兰最大的湖Windermere Lake 温德米尔湖；9、Lake Neagh 内伊湖北爱尔兰淡水湖不列颠岛上最大的湖泊欧洲西部第三大湖泊；10、Ben Nevis 本尼维斯山不列颠最高峰苏格兰；11、英格兰：London、birmingham 、manchester 、liverpool 、york 、oxford；12、苏格兰：edinburgh 、glasgow（格拉斯哥）；13、威尔士：cardiff、swansea （斯旺西）；14、北爱尔兰：belfast、londonderry（伦敦德里）；15、London 英国最大城市第一大港、世界三大金融中心之一；16、London：the tower of London / Big Ben/Buckingham Palace/Westminster Abbey(西敏寺教堂)/圣保罗大教堂St.Paul’s Cathedral;格林威治皇家天文台the Royal Observatory in Greenwich；17、Downing Street 10 英国首相官邸内阁会议召开；18、Birmingham 次于伦敦第二大城市工业城市；19、Manchester Cottonopolis 棉都；纺织业中心；20、Liverpool river Mersey 英国主要港口；兰开夏Lancashire 工业区的出海门户；21、York Yorkshire 首府river Ouse 乌斯河；22、Glasgow 格拉斯第三大城市苏格兰最大城市；苏格兰最大的工商业城市和港口；23、Cardiff 英国乃至欧洲最年轻的首府；24、贝尔法斯特北爱尔兰最大港口；Londonderry 北爱尔兰第二大城市。
专八必背人文知识
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
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高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。
想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。
坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、Democracy means: ―exercise of power by the whole people‖, but by ―the whole pe ople‖, the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights w hich a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey4、Drama developed in the 5th century B.CTragedian 悲剧作家Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/ Persians / Agamem non阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)—Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊womenComedist 喜剧作家Aristophanes—Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps5、PhilosophySocrates苏格拉底: Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录/ the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the RepublicPlato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论/ Rhetoric修辞学重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happines s in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reaso n, goodness and contemplation沉思.6、Cynics 犬儒主义P29Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。
说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖in Greek, he rejected all conventions –whether of religion, of manners, dress, ho using, food, or of decency.7、Roman history P38The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustu s. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediter ranean地中海, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotami a in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bureaucracy官僚机构to exert t heir rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjo yed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman罗马帝国统治下的和平.8、 Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》.9、About Bible P52The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, th e doctrine教义of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂means ―agreement‖ –namely the agre ement between God and man.10、Rise of Christianity P73At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死?Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and b ehave like God’s children and love another. ―everyone is equal‖ before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as被认作a dangerous man that threaten the cliq ue派系in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem耶路撒冷for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and cr ucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、Translations of the Bible P86Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语Hebrew 希伯莱Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经12、What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal t o his lord and respect women of noble birth贵族出身. These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.13、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主and the empero r of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted准予religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and o utlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.14、 The crusades 十字军名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sa cred神圣的places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was J erusalem耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who u nlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold man y others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in west ern Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东侵which we nt on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣as symbol of obedience顺从to God.Significance:1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an imp ortant effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer con tact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.15、National Epics P105The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的― 英雄时代‖1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12th A.DIt is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes. P11116、Dante但丁Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy《神曲》P11817、Renaissance文艺复兴means? 14th~mid 17th P129The word ―Renaissance‖ means revival,specifically in this period of history, revival of inte rest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Subject: humanity人权/ Christianity神权18、文艺复兴时期的新文学Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘, Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的1 00个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire讽刺文学on the hypocrisy伪善of the priest and the aristocrat贵族.19、Martin Luther路德，马丁：(1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。