英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编21.doc

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专业英语四级(语法与词汇)历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（语法与词汇）历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGEPART III LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGEThere are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words, phrases or statements marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose one word, phrase or statement that best completes the sentence.1．In the sentence “It’s no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is ______.A．the objectB．an adverbialC．a complementD．the subject正确答案：D解析：It’s no use doing sth．中，It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的doing sth．，因此waiting for her在句子中是主语。

答案是D。

2．Which of the italicized parts functions as an object?A．He doesn’t like the idea of my speaking at the meeting.B．It is no use your pretending not to know the matter.C．Her falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.D．My parents strongly object to my going out alone at night.正确答案：D解析：考查句子成分。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编20.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20(总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.In traditional grammar, 1is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into 1words and 2words. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________4.The 1is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.There are two fields of morphology: the study of 1and the study of 2. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.A 1morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7. 1 is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8. 1is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from 2and 3. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________9.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an 1affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10. 1is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and 1. (北京邮电大学2010研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types; 1and 2root.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________14.A word formed by derivation is called a 1, and a word formed by compounding is called a 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)15.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22.A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真26.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)27.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.open-classB.closed-classC.neither open-class nor closed-class28.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words29.Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words30.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes31.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugation32.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break — daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivationpound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free34.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced35.Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.girlfriendB.televisionD.bunch36.The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending37.Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.INVENTION.B.ACRONYM.C.LEXICON.nguage has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.phonologyB.lexiconC.syntaxD.semantics39."Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing40.It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（分数：2.00）A.narrowing of meaningB.meaning shiftC.loss of meaningD.widening of meaning41.A suffix is an affix which appears______.（分数：2.00）A.after the stemB.before the stemC.in the middle of the stemD.below the stem四、简答题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)42.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 45.How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________46.A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.How to distinguish root and stem?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.What are closed-class words and open-class words?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)50.Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Stem (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 54.inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Inflection (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ pound (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 59.Allomorph (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Prefix (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.cognate(南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)63.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 64.Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 65.Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 66.What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编22.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.According to G Leech, 1meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.According to G Leech, 1meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.According to G. Leech, 1meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the 1theory. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5. 1is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are 1of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7."Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack 1a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are 1of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are 1antonyms. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.Terms like "desk" and "stool" are 1of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11. 1= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12. 1= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.In their book 1written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; 1 and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：11，分数：22.00)15.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22."Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)26.When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）A.connotativeB.conceptualC.reflected27.______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense28.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative meaning.C.Conceptual meaning.29.According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.symbol .. . referent ... thoughtB.referent . .. thought.. . symbolC.thought .. . symbol . .. referent30.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymyB.synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymyC.antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31.Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.Vowel and consonantB.Mouth and tongueC.Lexicon and wordD.Number and gender32.By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanation of______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.dieB.deadC.killD.killed33.The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymyB.antonymyC.entailment34.Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good and badB.male and femaleC.young and oldD.buy and sell35.Conceptual meaning is not______（分数：2.00）A.affectiveB.cognitiveC.logicD.denotative36.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence(b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.（分数：2.00）A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B.sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C.sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D.sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37."Socrates is a man" is a case of______.（分数：2.00）A.two-place predicateB.one-place predicateC.two-place argumentD.one-place argument四、简答题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)38.What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 42.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：14，分数：28.00)45.Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 46.Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.Concatenation (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Denotation (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 50.Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Homonymy (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Synonymy (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ponential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Entailment (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Polysemy (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.linguistic variable (北外2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)59.Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 63.How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

雅思(听力)历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（听力）历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Listening ModuleListening Module (30 minutes & 10 minutes transfer time)听力原文：CUSTOMERSERVICE REP: Hello, and welcome to “Under Pressure Enterprises”, Customer Service Department. This is Kelly. How may I help you? MR HEWITT: Yes, I’m calling about one of your rice cookers I just purchased. CR: What seems to be the problem, sir?H: Seems? There’s no seeming about it! The blasted thing shoots hot steam all over the place, that’s what! It nearly scalded my hand when I went to open it. Why it could have killed the cat or something. It could have exploded and killed my wife and me! CR: Sir, sir, please calm down. As long as the steam escapes the cooker, it won’t explode. H: So you’re telling me there’s no problem! Are you calling me a liar? CR: Sir, no one is calling you a liar.H: Yes! So I demand a full refund!CR: Under Pressure will be happy to refund your money, sir. Now I just need some basic information. H: OK, OK. Sorry. I do tend to get a little hot under the collar. My wife tells me to slow down.. .So, what do you need to know? CR: Sir, don’t worry. I just need to ask you the model number of the cooker. H: Hmmm.. .where are my glasses? Ah, here! Let’s see.. .ah. It’s R242. CR: R242. OK, and how much did you pay for the product?H: 89.99 pounds. It was on sale, I guess I should tell you.CR: Thank you, that’s honest of you. Now, where did you buy the cooker? Which store and which branch? H: At that big Electric Life appliance store downtown.CR: The City Centre Branch?H: That’s the one.CR: And you say the problem is that the steam escapes?H: Yes, it does!CR: No problem, sir. If there’s steam escaping, clearly the cooker is broken or defective. So we have a R242 cooker with an escaping steam problem. It was bought from Electric Life’s City Centre Branch for 89.99. Is that correct?H: Yes, that is correct.CR: Oh, I nearly forget. When did you buy the cooker?H: Just as soon as my wife got the crazy idea she’ll live longer if she stops eating good English food: roast beef and mash. No, all she says she wants is rice and vegetables and sauces you’d not soak your feet in!CR: Sir, sir! When did you buy it?H: Oh, there I go again. Let’s see... we bought it just six months ago! We hardly used it either. But six months? Is that too long? I mean for the warranty? CR: Very well, that’s well within the warranty period. Now, what’s your name and address. H: Name and address! What for?CR: Sir, it is company policy. If you want your money, you must inform me. H: Money you say? Oh, my name is Herbert Hewitt and my address is 84 Park Road. CR: Is that here in Coventry?H: Yes. The postal code is B0241DJ. But I don’t think sending things in the mail is very secure or very efficient. I mean... CR: Don’t worry, Mr Hewitt, don’t worry. We can credit the money to your credit card. You do have one, don’t you? H: Yes, that’s how we paid for the cooker.CR: Oh, yes. We still have the number on computer. I only need to ask your card’s expiry date. H: I’m afraid I never give that sort of information out. I mean, once you have that, anyone could go charging things and... CR: Sir! I said your expirydate, not your card’s password.H: Oh, er, yes. Foolish me. Of course, you didn’t say “password”. Let’s see. That will be April 2008. CR: April 2008. Very well, your card still has nearly two months left to go. We’ll get that refund right to you, probably by five o’clock this evening. H: You had better! If I don’t get my money.. .wait, wait. Yes, I know I’m losing my temper again. I really am sorry. I haven’t had my medicine today. CR: And sir? Just one more question for our records. How often do you go shopping at the City Centre Branch? H: Oh, well it’s hard to say. I suppose maybe once a month. But I can tell you this, if I don’t get my refund, I’ll never shop there again!(He hangs up the phone.)CR:(sigh)I think it’s time to start looking for another job!Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Product Incident ReportExample AnswerProduct: rice cookerModel Number: 【L1】______.Price of the Product: 【L2】￡______.Name of the Branch: 【L3】______.Problem: 【L4】______1．【L1】正确答案：R242解析：R242本题为数字题。

语言学历年真题试卷汇编21_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

语言学历年真题试卷汇编21(总分68, 做题时间90分钟)1. 多项选择题多项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，至少有一个是符合题意的，请选出所有符合题意的备选答案。

1.下列各组词中属于同义义场的有( )(2011年中山大学考题)SSS_MULTI_SELA 瞥、视、盯B 坚强、坚定、坚决C 充满、充实、充足D 笨、拙、傻E 滋味、味道、口味分值: 2答案:A,D2. 案例分析题1.举例说明下列五对语音特征在汉语普通话中能否成为区别特征。

(2006年南开大学考题)前：后圆唇：不圆唇送气：不送气塞：鼻双唇：齿间SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 2答案:正确答案：前：后能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／u／是后高圆唇元音，／y／是前高圆唇元音，通过舌位的前后相区别。

圆唇：不圆唇能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／i／是前高不圆唇元音，／y／是前高圆唇元音，通过圆唇与否来区别。

送气：不送气能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／p／是双唇清塞音、不送气，／p‘／是双唇清塞音、送气，通过送气与否来区别。

塞：鼻能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／p／是双唇清塞音，／m／是双唇浊鼻音，通过塞音和鼻音，清和浊来区别。

双唇：齿间不能成为汉语普通话区别特征，汉语普通话中没有齿间音。

2.分析“父亲、母亲、儿子、女儿”四个词义的义素。

(2002年山东师范大学考题)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 2答案:正确答案：直系亲属男性长辈父亲 + + + 母亲 + － + 儿子 + + －女儿+ －－下列各题有无歧义，如果有，试用适当的方法加以分析。

(2005年山东师范大学考题)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.山上架着炮分值: 2答案:正确答案：有歧义，属于语义特征不同导致的组合歧义。

“架”可以表示持续：山上正在架着炮；也可以表示存在：炮架在山上。

SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.他可以接待分值: 2答案:正确答案：有歧义，属于语义关系不同导致的组合歧义。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3

)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。

)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。

)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。

)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编7

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编7(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。

2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。

3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meanings. These words are called homonyms. There are also lots of homonyms in Chinese, for instance, the Chinese word "不过" embodies different meanings in actual usage. Take the examples provided above for example. In(1), the word "不过" expresses the meaning of "no more than". Hence, this sentence can be rewritten as "you will have nothing to be worried about after no more than two years. " In(2), the meaning is a little bit different and it means "only, just". The example can be interpreted as "one year later he became a father who was only 18 years old. " In(3), it has used another meaning of this word, namely "very, extremely". Therefore, this sentence can be interpreted like this; this is a very cute kid. However, the most commonly-used meaning of "不过" can be identified in the last example(4). In Chinese, more often than not, we use this word to indicate the change or transition of meaning. It has the same meaning with the English conjunctions "however" , "but" , "nevertheless" , etc. Therefore, the sentence in the example can be paraphrased as "I have no good suggestions, either. However, this is very urgent; there is no way that we can make sure it is perfect". Through these four examples we can observe that the meaning of the specific words is context-dependent. The meanings may vary due to the change of the context. "不过" in most cases is used as an adverb, indicating the degree, such as the example(1)—(3). It is used as a conjunction in(4)indicating transition or change of ideas.) 解析：解析：（本题考查汉语中一词多义的现象，通过分析例句指出同一词语不同意义之间的联系与区别，具有较强的灵活性。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。

)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编4

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。

)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。

显然这里用的是主位意义。

)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。

指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。

)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics.C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes6.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugationpound words consist of______morphemes.(北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free8.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?(对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced9.Bound morphemes do not include______.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words10.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words;(table—tables, day + break — daybreak.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivation11.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(Focus on the type of word formation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.burgleB.fridgeC.autoD.math12.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "-ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n)______.（分数：2.00）A.derivational morphemeB.free morphemeC.inflectional morphemeD.free form13.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand______.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesB.what constitutes the grammatically of strings of wordsC.how words and phrases form sentencesD.All of the above14.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is______Analysis.(北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate CapacityC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent15.The criterion used in IC analysis is______（分数：2.00）A.transformationB.conjoiningC.groupingD.substitutability16.In Halliday"s view, the______function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.（分数：2.00）A.ideationalB.interpersonalC.textualD.social17.The phrase " my small child"s cot" is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ______tree diagrams.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four18.In English, ______and______are often expressed by subject and predicate.（分数：2.00）A.theme and rhemeB.theme and predicateC.predicate and objectD.subject and predicate19.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on connotation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.corpulentB.statesmanC.slimD.decease20.______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense21.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech"s seven types of meaning?(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative meaning.C.Conceptual meaning.22.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of semantic relation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.school/collegeB.move/runC.furniture/tableD.mature/ripe23.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of semantic opposition)(南京大学2008研)（分数：2.00）A.wake-asleepB.inside-outsideC.teacher-studentD.right-left24.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by______respectively.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymyB.synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymyC.antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy25.By componential analysis, BECOME(x,(~ ALIVE(x)))is an explanation of______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.dieB.deadC.killD.killed。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编26.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编26(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called 1. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2."The world is like a stage" is an example of 1, and "All the world is a stage" is an example of 2. They are often used in analyzing features of literary language. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________3.At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them, 1 consists of lines in iambic pentameter which does not rhyme. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.A 1foot contains two syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.The term 1was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology (1890) to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Euphemism, which serves as a polite substitute for 1, is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears that more direct, wording might be harsh or offensive.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)7.Metonymy is a kind of figurative language which is usually classed as a type of synecdoche. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa, as the use of "hands" in "We are short of hands". (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假8.Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假9.The initial consonants are identical in alliteration. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假10.The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假11.Authorial style looks closely at how linguistic choices help to construct textual meaning. When we examine it, we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假12.The opinion that a language is primitive reflects the social judgment of the language. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)13."Formal" and "informal" are features of______. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.slangB.lingua francaC.styleD.jargon14.______is a figurative use of language which implies a comparison between two unlike elements. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.MetonymyD.Synecdoche15.The cognitive approach to literature does not include______（分数：2.00）A.Figure and GroundB.Image SchemataC.Cognitive MetaphorD.Judgment and comparison四、简答题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)16.What are the differences between simile and metaphor? (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.How to analyze dramatic language? VI. Essay questions（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)18.Foregrounding (北交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.Speech and thought presentation (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.Metonymy (北航2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.Stylistics（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.Third-person narrators（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)23.What is the relationship between language and literature? (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.What is the main difference between literal language and figurative language? (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement: "Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use." (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.List different types of Speech presentation and Thought presentation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3

)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编19

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编19(总分：158.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：17，分数：34.00)1.The sound /p/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析：／p／是双唇音，爆破音，清音。

2.The sound /b/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiced）解析：解析：／b／是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of 1and manner of articulation. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：place）解析：解析：辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

4. 1are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Consonants）解析：解析：发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编21

它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。

2. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cohesion）解析：解析：衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之问存在的一种形式上的联系。

3.Coordination and subordination belong to 1construction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：endocentric）解析：解析：向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。

从结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。

4.A 1sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but" , or . （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：coordinate）解析：解析：并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如hut，and，or这些并列连渊来连接的。

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英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编21(总分：90.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)1.IC is the short form of immediate 1used in the study of syntax. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Coordination and subordination belong to 1construction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.A 1sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but" , or .（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a 1clause.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.IC analysis emphasizes the 1structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called 1rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.Syntactic relations include 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、单项选择题(总题数：11，分数：22.00)9.______refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.Syntagmatic relationsB.Hypotactic relationsC.Paradigmatic relationsD.Paratactic relations10.For structuralists, ______is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.coordinate constructionB.subordinate constructionC.endocentric constructionD.exocentric construction11.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesB.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how words and phrases form sentencesD.All of the above12.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is______Analysis. (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate CapacityC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent13.The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to______construction.（分数：2.00）A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate14.______refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.（分数：2.00）A.ConjoiningB.EmbeddingC.Concordernment15.The criterion used in IC analysis is______.（分数：2.00）A.transformationB.conjoiningC.groupingD.substitutability16.The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ______tree diagrams.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four17.______is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as singular, dual, plural, etc. ______.（分数：2.00）A.CategoryB.NumberC.GenderD.Case18.In English, ______and______are often expressed by subject and object.（分数：2.00）A.theme and rhymeB.theme and predicateC.predicate and objectD.subject and predicate19.Which one of them is not the cohesive device______.（分数：2.00）A.ellipsisB.referenceC.substitutionD.subject三、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)20.How does modern language define "object"? Provide an example. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.What's your understanding of "Gender"? (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.What are the endocentric and exocentric constructions? (北交大2007；武汉大学2004研；西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________23.What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? (西安交通大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable centre or head (中山大学201 1年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________26.Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, usinga labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis (南开大学2011年研)(1) gentlemanliness (2) unlockable（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 27.What is move-α rule?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 28.What are theme and rheme?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、名词解释(总题数：8，分数：16.00)29.Paradigmatic relations (北交大2005研；中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 30.Immediate constituent (武汉大学2008研；武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 31.Endocentric construction (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.IC analysis (四川大学2010研；人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Concord (or: Agreement) (武汉大学2008研；中山大学2008研；上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Embedding (武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Logical subject(中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 36.anaphor(南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、1 举例说明题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)37.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? (北航2008研；四川大学2008研；北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 38.Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis). (北交大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Disambiguate the following sentences, using the tree diagram with labels or analyzing their syntactic structures. (北交大2006研)1.Times flies like an arrow.2.We got down from the duck.3.Old men and women will be served first.4.John passed the hammer and saw through the window.5.Who would you like to visit?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? If you know how, use tree diagrams to show how these sentences are ambiguous. (南京大学2006研)(1) The children put the toy in tile box.(2)The professor's appointment was shocking.(3) No smoking section is available.(4) Jack refused to change his decision.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (北外2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 42.In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2) , the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is, the hearer tends to think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom's pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why. (北外2005研)(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground. (2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What is the aim of IC (immediate constituent) analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram?My mother said Mary liked the handbag. (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other. (南京大学2006研)(1) A. His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.(2) A. A dagger killed the tourist. B. The tourist was killed with a dagger. (3) A. A hurricane killed eight people. B. Eight people died in a hurricane.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 45.In your opinion in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies? (南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。