外文翻译电子商务与旅游业中英文版完整版

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电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。

相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。

因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。

专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。

网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。

虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。

那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。

我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。

体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。

收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。

同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。

学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。

目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。

因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。

零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。

重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。

旅游专业外文翻译2篇

Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。

which combines tourism and the。

has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。

and as society advances。

it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。

This has XXX accelerates。

online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。

and merce。

It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。

including booking flights。

n。

and activities。

Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。

with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。

online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。

One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。

关于旅游电子商务网站的市场调查和分析英文版商务英语

Market research and analysis of tourism e-commerce Background:With rapid development of technology, internet has made great achievements. Global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. So commercial tourism industry receives great challenges. As the network consumers and traveling market are increasing, e-commercial traveling show a huge advantage.The size of the online travel booking market continues to grow, and the growth rate is about 40%。

The size of 2014 is 24560 million yuan,about eight times over 2008.After more than ten years of exploration, there have been quite a number of travel sites with information service ability, mainly including the regional websites, professional websites and portal travel the increasing competition in tourism market, traditional tourism industry must turn to tourism electronic commerce based on the internet to meet the needs of different the rapid growth of the Internet users directly led to the rapid development of online travel. China's online travel booking market scale will continue to increase.Today we conduct an investigation about e-commercial to statistics of the survey, so many conclusions are obtained.Discussion and summary:We receive 93questionnaires in total. There are 57 men and the others are women. As most traveling consumers are young, the majority of respondents’age is between 21 to 30. When asked about the education background, more than a half of people hold undergraduate degrees, while the others hold college degrees and graduate degrees. Two thirds of respondents are not satisfied with the commercial traveling with a group. A plenty of tourists are seeking a new model of traveling to meet individual requirements. Before we plan to travel, there are many factors we will put into concern. Most people focus on traveling route, price, security, the quality of service and travel agents credit. Most respondents seek traveling information in different ways, such as surfing the internet, watching the advertisements of television and magazines, consulting the travel agency and seeking information from relatives. % of people are willing to receive information by the help of information. And almost all the people will seek the traveling destination information through the internet. When asked what kind of websites they will surf, most people choose the searching engine and the professional traveling website. However, 57% of people are not satisfied with international introduction of traveling attractions. While there are many factors that induct us to make decisions to choose the traveling destinations, most people think that the price, traveling route, accommodation and traffic are mostly important. While almost all the people search traveling information through the internet, only a few of them decide to buy holiday products directly. The majority of them surf internet to seek information or book hotels. What elements that restrict the purchase of tourism products are unreliability of online travel information, security problem and imperfect network service.The rise of tourism e-commerce is the inevitable trend of global economic integration of information, a real change for the tourism industry. Traditional tourism enterprises are gradually increasing tourism electronic commerce, and most enterprises have realized that the online business development is the trend of The Times. Part of the strong enterprises, such as some star hotels, travel agencies, begin to self-built website or use electronic travel agencies to develop network marketing contains infinite opportunities and challenges, improves the tourism service,and reduces transaction cost. High accessibility of tourism electronic commerce leads new competitors to join at any time, making the competition more fierce.China's tourism electronic commerce will continue to develop in the future. All kinds of online travel service providers, such as way of cattle and ctrip,have got the favour of venture investment, and capital strength boosts its rapid a word, with the development of the network, the prosperity of tourism will go demand of tourists for online query, online booking will the influence of the surge in tourism industry scale,the growth of travel spending ,the improving domestic e-commerce environment, China's online travel booking market will continue to grown.。

电子商务中英对照E-commerce Chapter11

2
Learning Objectives
• How electronic wallets work
• 电子钱包是如何工作的
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic commerce
• 电子商务储值卡的使用
• Internet technologies and the banking industry
• 哪个支付方式同时对公司和用户都有利
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Four different payment technologies
• 4种不同的支付方式: 1. Payment card 2. Electronic cash 3. Software wallets
–现金、支票、信用卡、借记卡 • 90% of all United States consumer payments
• 90%的美国消费者使用的支付方式
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Electronic transfer: small but growing
segment
Payment Cards 支付卡
• Single-use cards 一次性卡 –Cards with disposable numbers –有一次性号码的卡 • Addresses concern of giving online vendors payment card numbers • 适合担心给供应商卡号的用户 • Valid for one transaction only • 有效期为一项交易
Payment Cards 支付卡

电子商务的兴起的旅游业的影响(英文版)

Impact of E-commerce on Tourism in ChinaI．The development of Chinese tourismFrom the sustained and rapid developing of Chinese tourism, the international tourism industry has been generally optimistic about the Chinese market, and predicted that China will be the most popular tourist destination in the 21st century. In a market economy, the demand is the most important resource, demand is the biggest advantage. In China, the demands for inbound tourism, domestic tourism and outbound tourism are heating up, it has become the world's highest growth rate for years.Especially for recent years, the growth of world economy, and the economic recovery in Southeast Asia, has greatly encouraged the rising of international tourism demand. Meanwhile, as the main tourist economy and an important force in stimulating domestic demand, the domestic tourism has showed up a huge marketing potential in the past two years. It can be expected in the next 20 years, China's economic development will further accelerate the people's living standard, and the tourism demand will continue to expand. Therefore, China, which is the world's first domestic tourism market, has the potential to achieve a world tourism power. It’s the time for China to seize opportunities, meet challenges, and use the high-technology to transform traditional tourism to a modern toursim.II．The analysis of the tourism industry value chain under e-commerce environment"E-commerce" is spread with the popularity of the Internet. Tourism is a labor-intensive and information technology-intensive industry.In the tourism market, n on-material goods as a trade-oriented tourism activities in the tourism market is not the driving force in the flow of material in the form of a commodity,but the transmission of information on tourism products caused by the flow of tourists. From this point of view, the core of tourism circulating is information. The introduction of tourism e-commerce has brought new opportunities for the development of tourism industry.E-commerce has been introduced to tourism industry just for a few years, but its momentum is verystrong.E-commerce has become new model for tourism trade in the information age. In 2002,global tourism e-commerce sales exceeded$ 63 billion,five consecutive years of more than350%growth rate. According to theWorld Tourism Organization expected in the next five years,tourism e-commerce will account for25% of all travel transactions, and tourism e-commerce in the proportion of e-commerce will reach20% to 25%.In China, tourism e-commerce website appeared in 1996, to the present, it has reached more than 5,000, among which, there are more than 300 professional travel sites, including three categories, regional sites, professional sites. Regional sites are mainly about local attractions, scenic beauty of the introduction, the overall strength is poor with less information, it’s difficult for them to guarantee their financial income. The professional sites mainly carry out professional travel agency business, including traditional travel agencies and professional web site e-commerce website. The former has CYTS network, CITS net. Comfort Travel also opened the first outbound tourism web site that provide the service for outbound tourism registration, passports, visas, border control, customs and other knowledge. The latter has Ctrip Travel Network, e long net, China travel net. E-commerce is the most important way for China's tourism industry to participate in international competitions. The National Tourism Administration attaches great attention on this.III．Tourism and tourism E-commerceAs an advanced e-commerce trade, e-commerce consists of three parts: information consulting services system, currency payment system, logistics and distribution system, in short, that is: information, capital and logistics. Compared with other traditional industries, besides the huge amount of information service, high reliability, "online travel" has another advantage, it’s has very conven ient logistics and distribution.General travel sites just released some tourist information, not using the online electronic commerce, that’s why they have not achieved much breakthrough. From the second half of 1999, the travel e-commerce was officially activated, which was marked by a large number of IT professionals entering travel sites. At present, "CYTS Online" website officially opened as a large, traditional travel agency, which marks the China Youth Travel Service's travel e-commerce industry officially kicked off.The most powerful method for online travel agency, is the implementation of e-commerce, via the network platform, to beat the traditional tourism industry by information services, product sales, payment and settlement and other aspects (travelers can make a online booking, reservation, set group provide for tourist routes, etc.). This will not only greatly change the traditional tourism industry, reduce travel costs, but also quickly change the traditional concept of tourism, so that the "network" and "travel" can be displayed and promoted to the maximum values.IV．The status of the tourism e-commerce in China4.1 No enough tourism business websites, the low development of tourism e-commerce.At present, there are thousands of tourism websites, which can integrate the six elements of tourism-food, transportation, lodge,travelling, shopping, entertainment, but few of them can provide those personalized, technology, travelling services with special season requirements. Due to lack of the support of professional resources, even there are many tourist information sites, the professional tourism websites are still not enough, and the real tourism e-commerce sites are even less. Most of tourism websites stay with publishing simple tourist routes, tourist information, attractions,travel tips and other travel information, the information can’t be updated in time,not closely follow the market demands, can’t provide enough tourism information.As the tourism business websites do not attach to tourists demands, it is difficult to form a true sense of the tourism business, can’t attract many tourists. The tourism e-commerce in China started late, there are no much companies realize the importance of tourism e-commerce development, many companies are still watching and waiting. Few companies which are in the f orefront of e-commerce remain in the lower stage because the macro-environment is not mature, they can not achieve a real sense of online transactions, there is no real connect between network and the real life. So, they can not create a real tourism e-commerce.4.2Transaction security is still the major factor in the development of tourism e-commerceAs the rapid growth of the internet, tourism e-commerce has attracted wide attention, it is considered as one of the most promising new growth point in the IT industry. However,how to ensure the security of data transmission in an open network environment has become one of the most important factor to tourism e-commerce’s popularity. There were some online researches about t ourism e-commerce’ prospects, about the question that why not shop online, the vast majority of people are worried about hackers attacks resulting in loss of credit card information. Therefore,some people are worried about security issues and refuse to use tourism e-commerce.Security has become the biggest obstacle in the development of tourism e-commerce.V.The main problem in the development of tourism e-commerce in chinaThe reasons of restricting the development of tourism network in China are not only technical problems, but also the traditional tourism business environment and the socio-economic development.5.1Lack of CreditEspecially in the domestic B to C (that is, vendor to customer) tourism e-commerce, how’s trade credit of the tourism enterprise? Are they consistent between the internet commodity and the real tourism service? How’s the service quality? The re are even some problems with the credibility of the current television advertising, let alone the online travel products, the customers will be worried more.5.2The development of tourism e-commerce lack of confidence because laws and regulations are lagged behind.Because of e-commerce related laws and regulations lagging behind, the parties involved in transactions lack of self-discipline and strict oversight, the authenticity of the information can not be guaranteed.5.3The limitation of online payment become the constraint of the development of tourism e-commerce.Currently, online payment has not really solved, there are still a lot of payment models of "online trading, reality pay", which make it difficult for e-commerce break the constraints. No security of credit commitments, the parties involved in tourism e-commerce do not fully trust each other, it makes the tourism e-commerce development in large scales also too early.5.4Lack of compound talents make the current tourism e-commerce websites stay in a low level.The development of tourism e-commerce lacks of a large number of compound talents who know not only the technology but also the management. The operation of tourism e-commerce website involves a wide range of comprehensive knowledge which has the high requirements from both customers and companies. It is the truth that many tourism sites are facing very difficult conditions. The lack of talent is the most important reason that impact of the development of tourism e-commerce.5.5Most of the businesses in tourism websites are overlapped with the traditional tourism companies.It lacks of new tourism e-commerce products which are suitable for online trading. During the development of e-commerce, the tourism projects published by most of tourism sites lack of pertinence and not personalized, they are mainly copy the traditional tourism products and services to the websites, no any features and sellingpoints.5.6The tourism websites are behind the demands in China, the overall development of tourism e-commerce is too low.The tourism commerce websites which can integrate the six elements of tourism -food, transportation, lodge, travel, shopping, entertainment, personalized and timely offers, information, and season tourism products, are far behind the demands. Due to lack of the supports of professional resources, and the mature macro-environment, the e-commerce features are mostly stuck in a low level, it’s difficult for the connection between network and reality, of course, there is no way to create a real tourism e-commerce.VI．The strategies of the development of tourism e-commerce in China6.1 Support from government to build the platform for tourism e-commerce.Tourism is a government-led industry. Government departments should be the organizers for the applications of tourism e-commerce at the macro aspects, to support the development of tourism electronic commerce from the many aspects, to improve thee-commerce software and hardware environment and the legal environment. Use the tax and other price leverage to push the development of tourism e-commerce, meanwhile, strengthen the Internet infrastructure, and accelerate the establishment, refinement and modify of tourism e-commerce-related policies and laws, eliminate those policies and systems which restrict the development of tourism e-commerce.6.2 The traditional tourism companies should change the traditional concept, to integrate the resources and carry out the personalized services.The integration and the strategic alliance between the t raditional tourism enterprises and the tourist sites are the common way and the new growth point for the both parts. In the tourism e-commerce website development, the most constraining issues are integration of resources, the tourism sites must rely on the rich resources from traditional tourism industry. Tourism enterprises can achieve the scalized and networking development by changing the traditional marketing concept, establishing their own internal business management information systems which has a high degree of integration with Internet and developing their own brands.In addition, personalized tourism products become more and more popular, the greatest benefits of personalized service is that the company can provide customers with more satisfactory alternative. This requires a comprehensive collection, extraction and integration of the different characteristics of consumer demand, then fractionize those information, and provide products and services so that consumers can freely choose travel destinations, hotels, transport and so on. In short, tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce; the quality and quantity of information is the key to the development of tourism e-commerce; network traffic is the development of tourism e-commerce market indicators.6.3Tourism enterprises should strengthen the coordination and communication with the related parts.Tourism e-commerce is inseparable from social parties, especially the IT industry, financial services, transportation departments and industry associations. In order to achieve the real e-commerce, tourism online enterprises should strengthen the cooperation with the tourism industry, authorities, industry associations, regulateChinese tourism industry standards, and must actively cooperate with the transport sector, implement the electronic ticketing (tickets, tickets, tickets) to seize market share.China should actively study suitable electronic ticketing, create a new booking system, and as soon as possible connect with international standards. There is also software design companies which can not be ignored, it should provide the tailored IT products and services for different enterprise, build the platforms for the existing tourism information release system, hotel reservation system, airline reservation system, immigration and travel distribution system, domestic travel sales systems, outreach marketing systems, billing systems, and team schedule management system. Furthermore, tourism enterprises should actively cooperate with the banks, draw on the experience of developed countries, universe the payment methods of credit card, electronic cash, electronic checks and other electronic payment methods, make the online payments become safe, convenient, fast and efficient.6.4Improve the staff quality, cultivate compound talentsTravel site construction, operation and management involves a wide range of knowledge, it requires their employees not only have higher network technology, e-commerce knowledge, also have more professional tourism knowledge and tourism marketing, management knowledge. Therefore, in order to meet the high-tech development, the employees in the tourism authorities and tourism businesses should improve their knowledge of e-commerce, in particular, strengthen the training for the leadership.6.5Improve the level and quality of the website service of tourism businessThe website is the most important part of the e-commerce, the key to the success of tourism e-commerce operation, depends on whether the site are attractive, and fully display the characteristics of natural resources and cultural landscape. Travel site construction should avoid duplication, fragmentation. It should take full advantage of the network to achieve the scale of operations, highlight the overall competitiveness of tourism products. Tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce, we should strengthen the tourism database development, so as to detail the tourism resources, and improve the quality of tourist information.6.6Enhance the security of transactionsWe should build secure and reliable communications network, effectively protect the information systems on the network to prevent data theft or misappropriation. Meanwhile, we should train tourism e-commerce talents to learn how to protect their information systems and data security. Taking into account the risk and decentralization of the internet, online data security and integrity must be guaranteed the same as in the database. In addition, we must ensure the long-term integrity and security for tourism e-commerce records, avoid fraud, so as to provide the credibility which is a must in a wide range of tourism e-commerce. Finally, we must stay away from a wide range of threats from the Internet to ensure the integrity of the computer system itself.6.7Strength the brand competitionBusiness on the Internet can’t grab market share only if their service reach the first class level, at present, the competition between well-known tourist site has crossed the competition stages of financial strength, information richness, and interactivity degree, enter into the brand competition period, such as the quality of customer service, marketing processing, advertising etc, that is to establish services credibility and reputation. A study on the network find that many transactions are generated from the returning customers, which indicates these networks have a high level of credibility and reputation, brand strength plays an important role.VII．ConclusionE-commerce is essentially the integration of network information and business operation process, it changes the traditional network information flow mainly through modern information technology, and guides the business flow, capital flow and talents flow with the net work information flow, quickly match transactions, effectively achieve lower costs and improve benefits. Although the application of e-commerce is still new developed, there are no uniform understanding for many problem, and lack of wholly satisfactory in the technical aspects, but the unique of tourism products make the tourism as the most suitable industries for the development of e-commerce. The emergence of e-commerce challenge traditional tourism, meanwhile, it also provides the tourism industry an opportunity to take off. For this, we must attach great importance of tourism e-commerce on the technological innovation of traditional transactions methods,fully aware that the innovation of tourism e-commerce brings the new market efficiency, and the impact on the change of production and management in tourism enterprises.At the same time, tourism is a highly information-based industry. The application of e-commerce realize the accessibility and non-destruction of information and communication, which result that a number of tourism enterprises think the information is the interest, they equal the process of obtaining the information to the process of achieving the interests . In fact, the transmission of tourism commercial interest is much less smooth than the transmission of net information, the access to tourism business interests is a complex and extensive process, in which the information is a highly refined, and it’s development process of the cooperation among a variety of factors. Therefore, we should rationally look on the tourism e-commerce.References：[1] 李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社参考文献：[1]李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社。

电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。

但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。

这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。

而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。

网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。

一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。

在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。

占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％。

同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排。

预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。

然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。

这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。

但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。

然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。

特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。

一、关于这个行业旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游委员会)；2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确认的旅行者；4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electronic commerce and physical distribution relations First, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution pattern1. The use of EMS services in the logistics model.The enterprise either the business obtains information and so on consumer's shopping list and home address from the website or the hypothesized website, then goes through the special delivery formalities to the nearby post office to mail out the cargo, the customer receives the post office to take the goods notice, brings back to the locus post office the cargo, or delivers directly by the mailman the cargo in the customer hand. The use of EMS services with a convenient, fast characteristics. But, High fees, and very difficult to ensure that consumer receives goods within the time expecting that2. Corporate self-distribution logistics model station.The enterprise establishes own cargo allocation spot in the land's the customer crowded area, after obtaining the shopping information, delivers goods to the doorstep by an allocation personnel. This kind of physical distribution pattern may satisfy the customer “namely to buy namely results in” the shopping psychology demand. But it also has following problem: An allocation layout, the population equipment, the commodity reserve and so on determined reasonably very difficultly.3. draws support from the third party physical distribution enterprise's pattern. The third party physical distribution is the enterprise completes part or the complete physical distribution activity request for other specialized physical distribution company. The physical distribution company itself does not have the commodity, but forms the cooperation alliance with the enterprise, provides the service for the customer. Selects this physical distribution method, the service is the specialization, multi-purpose and omni-directional. But if the delivering goods quantity is too small, the delivery expense must be higher than generally other form service expense.Second, under the electronic commerce environment physical distributionexistence's question the1. The theoretical study of the logistics system and in-depth enough .Our country physical distribution management's researcher just contacted these new theories, waits for in further digests and absorbs.2. Lack of infrastructure, backward technology and equipment, the logistics industry is relatively backward.Our country Enterprise in the physical distribution aspect's Information technology, the integrated management and the computer applied technology level is generally low. Transport capacity can not meet the needs of industry, the main transport corridors are still prominent contradiction between supply and demand.3. Related the logistics of e-commerce environment laws and regulations remain to be improved.4. The logistics industry and logistics management training should be strengthened .The physical distribution talented person and the Information technology are realize the physical distribution modernization basic condition, the physical distribution talented person lack seriously, are unable to provide the enough intellectual support for the new physical distribution system's establishment.Third, physical distribution under electronic commerce environmental effect trend of development more than1. Multi-faceted - the direction of development of the logistics industry .In electronic commerce time, when the physical distribution develops the intensified stage, the integrated allocation center not only provides the warehousing and the transportation service, but must develop distributes orders, the allocation and so on each kind to enhance the added value the circulation processing service items. The modern supply chain management, through from supplies the chain to enable the physical distribution to consumer's synthesis operation to achieve the optimization. The enterprise pursues the comprehensive system's comprehensive effect more and more, from this kind of strategic angle embarking, physical distribution many are the logistics development direction.2. First-class services - the pursuit of logistics enterprises. Under the electroniccommerce influence, the logistics is situated between the suppliers and buys between the supplier the third party, is take serves as the objective. The physical distribution enterprise not only needs to serve for this area, must carry on the long distance service, not only because the customer the hope obtains the good service, moreover the hope service point is not, but are many places. Therefore, how to provide the high grade service then to become the physical distribution business management and the development core topic. Also only then has the first-class service physical distribution enterprise, can impel the electronic commerce truly the development.3. Information technology- the only way to modern logistics industry .In the electronic commerce time, must provide the best service, the physical distribution system must have the good information processing and the transmission system. When the cargo transports from the world, the customer then may place information and so on obtain the arrival time, receipt, so that the warehousing, the Transport company can prepare for, causes the commodity, in does not pause nearly in situation fast flowing, thus raises the service level greatly, reduces the cost, enhances the competitive power, also manifests the electronic commerce to depend on the convenience which well the network platform brings to be quick .electronic commerce and the physical distribution take the modern circulation two big methods, has the close relation. Electronic commerce takes the network time one kind of brand-new transaction pattern, is opposite in the tradition trading mode is a revolution. But, electronic commerce must have the modernized physical distribution technology support, can manifest its incomparable sophistication and the superiority. Only then develops the modernized physical distribution vigorously, electronic commerce can a better development. Along with the 21st century Information technology, the network development, will certainly to promote the electronic commerce and the physical distribution organic synthesis, the modernized physical distribution computerization will become the populace to live the indispensable important part.Fourth, e-commerce model of logisticsUnder electronic commerce the physical distribution and the allocation, are the Information technology, modernized, the socialized physical distribution and theallocation. Refers to the logistics and distribution network of enterprise computer technology and modern hardware devices, software systems and advanced management tools for social needs, strictly, keep the land in accordance with the user's order request, to conduct a series of classification, allocation, sorting , division of labor and distribution of work, such as cargo handling, timing, fixed-point, there is no quantitative way to limit the scope of the various types of users, to meet their demand for goods. We can see that this new type of logistics and distribution is based on a new look, becoming the vanguard of innovation in circulation Basin, on behalf of the modern marketing of the main direction. New type of logistics and distribution will enable the circulation of commodities in a more traditional way of logistics and distribution of information more easily, automation, modernization, social, intelligence, rationalization, simplification, which reduces the production of inventory, speed up cash flow and improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, also stimulated the social needs of society as a whole is conducive to macro-transfer space, but also to enhance the economic benefits of the whole society, and promote the healthy development of market economy. Traditional logistics and distribution centers can be divided into the following types: the main manufacturers in the distribution center to wholesalers as the main distribution center to retail distribution centers as the main body to the main storage for the transport of the distribution center. The traditional distribution model can be divided into the following: Set-based distribution model of cargo, bulk-type mixed distribution model and distribution model. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns of the previous advantages, can the flow of goods to carry out effective control of the entire process. Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns in front of the merits of, may carry on the active control to the commodity circulation entire process. Uses this kind of allocation pattern the circulation enterprise, like regional physical distribution allocation center. This kind of operation pattern comparison meets the new physical distribution allocation requirement (Especially e-commerce logistics and distribution under).20th century 80's, the Western developed countries, such as the United States,France and Germany put forward a theory of modern logistics integration, application and guide the development of its logistics achieved significant results. Logistics is the logistics system integration as the core business from production through logistics, marketing companies, until the whole supply chain, consumers and systematic.Logistics integration is the development of logistics industry form, it must be fully developed third-party logistics and perfecting basis. Logistics integrated logistics management is a real problem, that is, specialization in logistics management and technical staff make full use of specialized logistics equipment, facilities, play a specialized logistics management experience, in order to obtain the best overall results. At the same time, Trends in the logistics integration has provided the good development environment and the giant market demand for the third party physical distribution's development.Fifth, the development of e-commerce can not be separated from objects of modern logisticsThis has become the people's consensus, that is why so many e-commerce company after years of exploration and the conclusions arrived at after. Today in e-commerce in full swing, many companies are still not solve the problem of logistics, freight service is still the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce. Claiming to solve the problem of a small number of logistics companies, but also made use of the national postal system, post office, city Express system, the delivery of books, audio-visual products such as small items. The more electronic commerce company adopted has requested the way which the factory, the business delivered goods to complete the customer.Sixth, e-commerce and modern logistics difficult to matchE-commerce enterprises to establish a match with the modern logistics enterprises is not an easy task, first of all, business investment as a result of a huge logistics, land, warehouse, loading and unloading, sorting, distribution, and management need to invest a lot of money. China's logistics enterprises in most of the existing facilities behind the shortage of funds, a heavy burden, unable to transform quickly and e-commerce, security, reliable fall far short of the requirements. Secondly, the segmentation of logistics enterprises in the industry seriously, there is no unifiedlogistics logistic management policies and practices. The transport sector ministries belong to different managements, warehousing sectors belong to different ministries and local. Circulation of documents caused by non-standard, non-uniform, non-GM, turbulent flow of goods, road toll stations, and charges a large amount of smooth flow of goods can not. Therefore, in order to make China's e-commerce to become new economic growth point and an important pillar of the national economy, the state and enterprises must pay great attention to the development of modern logistics and construction companies. In a sense said that the physical distribution facility's quality and physical distribution unobstructed, is a national comprehensive national strength and the economic development symbol.Seventh, electronic commerce and the modern physical distribution difficult to match solutionThe construction of modern logistics facilities, it is necessary to the actual situation in our country. States should establish the authority of the logistics management agencies, logistics development of China's future direction, speed, policies, facilities, systems, etc.; co-ordination to resolve ports and terminals, railways, highways, waterways, aviation sites, the hub of the sector issues and policy division ; the implementation of the work of the standardization of logistics; the logistics industry as the basic industry of the national economy, by providing loans, taxation, the introduction of such preferential treatment. And medium-sized cities should be planning the construction of an integrated logistics center to reduce the storage and transportation enterprises scattered phenomena. At the same time, the basis of logistics enterprises in China's poor, can not copy the developed countries of modern logistics equipment and mode of business. Attention should be paid to the existing storage area and the existing organization and integration of transport, logistics enterprises to mobilize existing positive factors and multi-channel transformation of the existing logistics facilities funding.E-commerce and modern logistics as the two major means of circulation, between closely related. E-commerce and logistics between the "actual situation accordingly," the relationship between the status of the logistics industry will greatlyenhance the supply chain will be a short circuit, and third-party logistics e-business environment will become the main form of logistics, procurement will be more convenient, the price will be lower, as a business flow, information flow and pooling of logistics centers, the implementation of centralized inventory, transport is divided into a transport and secondary transport, more convenient, "multimodal transport services" has been widely available, open-loop flow Information has become the main basis for logistics. However, e-commerce must have a modern logistics technology, it has to reflect the nature and the incomparable superiority to the maximum extent possible so that the two sides has been to facilitate transactions, access to benefits.电子商务与物流的关系一、电子商务环境下物流模式1、采用邮政特快专递服务的物流模式。

商务旅游(中英文版)

一、商务旅游定义：商务旅游涉及得就是那些因工作关系而旅行得人们，因此就是最古老得旅游类型之一。

商务旅游包括商务旅行者经历得所有方面，离开家至少一晚上。

Business tourism is concerned with people travelling for purposes which are related to their work，so it is one of the oldest forms of tourism、Business tourism is the broader term which encompass all aspects of the experience of the business traveller。

Stay away from home at least one light。

二、商务旅游得分类（a typology of business travel and tourism）：1.各类会议（meetings，conferences and conventions）会议得定义：一次使人们聚集在一起讨论她们所共同关心得话题得、有组织得活动。

An organised event which brings people together to discuss a topic of shared interest、各类本地、地区及全国性得会议：各种协会、公司。

各类重大国际会议。

小型会议一般称为meeting，大型会议在英国称为conference，在美国称为convention，在欧洲大陆称congress。

Meeting 会议conference 会议convention 公约congress美国国会2.展览（exhibitions）旨在向受邀观众展示产品或服务项目并以销售或向来访者提供信息为目得得活动。

Presentations of product or service to an invited audience with the object of inducing a sale or informing the visitor、3.培训（training courses）指那些参与者在特定时间与地点聚集在一起获取信息或接受帮助以掌握某些技巧得活动。

电子商务外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。

电子商务中英对照E-commerce Chapter6

6.1.2 早期的网上社区 p247
• 1995: Tripod virtual community –Offered free Web page space, chat rooms, news, weather updates, health information pages –Revenue source: sold advertising • 1995: Cornell University class project –Included bulletin boards, chat rooms, discussion areas, personal ads • Added more features –Revenue source: sold advertising • Most early Web community businesses closed
随着博客等新的网上交际工具的出现用户可以通过网
站上创建的个人主页来分享喜爱的信息。
6.1.3 社交网络的出现 p250
1. Web blogs 网志、博客 2. Social networking web sites for shopper 社交购物网站 3. Idea-based social networking 分享信息、想法的社交网站 4. Virtual learning networks 虚拟学习网站
with suppliers
6.1 从虚拟社区到社交网络 p246
Combine Internet’s transaction cost-reduction potential with a communication facilitator role 网络：作为交流设施，减少成本 Companies has develop a new way to make

电子商务-商务英语-外文翻译汇编

附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务战略1、隐私隐私权的问题是网上环境和电子商务战略的辩论，也是当今最热门的话题之一。

隐私不仅影响消费者的在线信心和信任，而且还可能造成潜在的法律问题和伦理问题。

如果消费者不熟悉电子的隐私，对企业的在线做法感到不满意，很难想像电子商务将有一个繁荣的未来。

事实上，根据最近的一项民意调查显示...美国人说，他们对医疗保健和犯罪的关注比不上他们对网上个人隐私损失的关注。

并根据全球的DMA沃思林所进行的研究，近百分之六十的购物者说，立法会需要使企业保持良好的隐私政策。

互联网行业是建立在企业与客户之间的信任之上 - 隐私是信任的最重要的成分。

除非他们有效地解决了隐私问题，否则互联网公司将会失去信任，以及他们客户的生意。

世界之窗万维网是一个巨大的有方便信息的数据库，是可以轻松的获得人，公司，机构和许多其他组织的资料来源。

这带来了关于互联网上的隐私问题。

消费者的隐私得到了实质性的关注，因为我们进入了新时代的在线商务环境。

互联网的发展制定出了有关未来保护消费者的隐私权的许多新问题。

新技术，可以提高数据的收集，不断变化的市场趋势和新的电子商务全球市场正在促使越来越重要的信息在全球经济中的重要作用。

由于有关资料显示，特别是已成为了一种有价值的商品，可以带来更多的就业机会，企业和客户服务。

因此，这些因素带来了越来越大的压力，收集、保存、处理和使用个人数据比以前更多了。

这些因素也减少了消费者隐私和消费者信心水平在这样的环境中的缺乏。

在某些情况下，公司没有披露的基本技术和数据收集的特点已经成为了他们自己的网站关注的焦点。

用户认为该网站提供者并没有通知他们正在发生的事情对他们幕后的数据有多大的作用。

站在公司的角度想，说明他们是在监测未经授权的目的，这种做法很可能造成严重的信誉问题，并且会阻止网络用户访问其网站和参与建议。

对于这些关系着未来营销方法和隐私问题的解决方案，有的技术战略已经发展到有助于预防和防范并且可以识别网站和网友称其为数据磁铁。

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。

电子商务数字化转型和运营外文文献翻译

文献信息文献标题：Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational Capabilities（电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用）文献作者及出处：Nadeem A, Abedin B, Cerpa N, et al. Digital transformation & digital business strategy in electronic commerce-the role of organizational capabilities[J]. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 2018, 13(2): i-viii.字数统计：英文2652单词，16575字符；中文4797汉字外文文献Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational CapabilitiesOverviewDigital transformation is widely affecting various industries particularly healthcare, telecommunications, automotive, banking and manufacturing sectors. It enables innovation practices, improved designs, and new business models, and shapes how organizations create value on the Internet. Companies can leverage robust customer relationships and increase cross selling opportunities through successful digital transformation. Digital transformation is not solely about acquiring and deploying the fit for purpose technologies; rather it is a significant approach in tackling managerial issues such as human resources, business efficiency, and business process redesign.According to Hess, digital transformation has become a high priority on the leadership agenda of many organizations. Almost 70% of reported organizational transformation practices fail to meet organizations ambitions, the timeline for thetransformation, or both, emphasizing the importance of the need for more research in this field. However, while the term digital transformation is increasingly being used in the electronic commerce research and practice, it has rarely been defined in the extant literature and professional articles. Thus, the first objective of this study is to review current understanding of this notion in the extant literature, and to explore what digital transformation entails.Past studies in the information systems and electronic commerce literature have already reported the influence of various isolated technical factors such as technology use, data integration, and type of digital technologies, as well as non-technical factors like digital leadership and human resource management, and business process management on digital transformation of organizations. The next objective of this editorial emphasizes the importance of digital strategy and organizational capabilities in successful digital transformation of organizations. Past research shows that business digital strategy, digital capabilities, and implementation of right set of organizational capabilities, are critical requirements for an effective and efficient enterprise transformation towards creating superior electronic-commerce customer-centric services in the digital era. Currently there is an inconsistent understanding of what constitutes organizational capabilities and a digital business strategy in a digital transformation process. Thus, this study conducts a systematic literature review on a selected set of journals to explore what entails organizational capabilities and digital business strategy, and uses current empirical evidences for proposing a framework for future research on how these two factors may affect organizations’ digital transformation.MethodologyWe have conducted a systematic literature review on selected leading Information Systems journals (see Table 1) for papers published from the year 2000 to 2017. We used combinations of three key terms for conducting the search on titles, abstracts, and keywords of each paper: Digital business strategy, Digital transformation, Business digitalization.Table 1: Selected Journals for systematic literature reviewFollowing Bandara’s guidelines, two main steps were conducted: (i) selecting the relevant sources to be searched, and (ii) defining the search strategy in terms of a time frame, search terms, and search fields. Figure 1 shows the process of relevant article selection.Figure 1: Process for selecting articles through systematic literature review The first stage of our search resulted in 292 articles. After that, we checked the relevancy of the each paper to the research objectives in two stages: Firstly, we assessed this using each article’s title, abstract, and keywords; this resulted in selection of 54 articles. Secondly, we examined the body of the selected articles, which led us to a final set of 28 articles. We then analysed these selected 28 articles thoroughly for their demographic information such as location, industry, and researchmethods, and then used Wolifswinkel’s guidelines for discovering the underlying dimensions of organizational capabilities, digital business strategy, and digital transformation.Wolifswinkel’s guidelines involve a systematic reading and application of codes to the final set of published articles, which would lead to identification of categories, sub-categories and core categories or themes. Figure 2 shows the qualitative process of analysing the systematic literature review final set of articles. We carried out the analysis of the articles in a stepwise mode. Initially, we read all the papers in detail, and highlighted sentences that seemed relevant to the research questions and research scope. The highlighted part from every article was termed as Excerpts. We then read the excerpts repeatedly and noted in the logbook for future reference. During this process of excerption open coding takes place.Figure 2: Process of analyses of systematic literature review articles With open coding as the first step, we initiated the abstraction stage through reading all the papers and extracting dimensions. We used the term dimensions instead of categories (as shown in figure 2) to reflect a characteristic or feature. Next, axial coding was conducted, in which dimensions were sub divided into sub-categories called attributes. Attributes would be characteristics of each dimension. Each attribute of a dimension would be a unique feature and essential part of the dimension. Lastly, the process of comparative analysis took place, where linking and mapping of dimensions with attributes was carried out. This last stage of selective coding involved identification of core dimensions. The core dimensions represent the central phenomenon behind the study. It identifies the main idea the literature review represents. In this stage, we highlighted dimensions with a poor explanation or withno specific attributes representing, and we either eliminated them or merged them with another similar dimension.This above literature data coding process was carried out by going forward and backward between the articles as suggested by Wolifswinkel’s. Once the data was exhausted or fully saturated only then the process of theory building starts. Therefore, if any new dimensions or attributes emerged in this stage, we reviewed the data again starting from the excerptions process until the data was saturated.Outcomes of the Systematic ReviewAs Figure 3 shows, the level of publication activity in this field started to increase from 2009 and then increased considerably in 2016. Furthermore, results also demonstrate that research on digital transformation has extensively been focusing on automotive industry, banking sector, telecommunications and healthcare, oil and gas and manufacturing sectors as shown below in Figure 4. Moreover, the literature review portrays that a large number of studies has concentrated on the US and European countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and UK, and in comparison, less work has been so far undertaken in Asia other regions like the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.Figure 3: Publication trend of reviewed articlesFigure 4: Selected papers by industry sectorIn this study, we discuss the outcomes of the systematic review in two groups: firstly, we present what the notion of digital transformation entails and identify its underlying dimensions. We also discuss what digital business strategy and organizational capability may mean and what their underlying dimensions are based on past studies in the literature. Secondly, we aggregate the current empirical evidences to demonstrate how these three concepts may relate.The Underlying DimensionsFollowing Wolifswinkel’s guidelines and after completion of the coding process, the core dimensions and attributes for digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capability were extracted and identified as shown below in Table 2. The final set of dimensions for digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities were given a specific code as shown in the table below for proper identification and presentation.Table 2: Underlying Dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, andorganizational capabilityTable 2 delineates the dimensions the each of the three concepts along with theirdescription. We identified twelve dimensions of digital transformation. Similarly, we identified six dimensions of digital business strategy and ten dimensions of organizational capabilities. This was to address the gap in the literature in terms of providing a synthesis of the literature for identification of underlying dimensions for each of the three factors. The above table summarizes the findings from the extant literature and gives a guideline to the upcoming researchers and industry professionals.Next, we assessed how the dimensions in Table 2 may overlap. It signifies the common dimensions that have overlapped, and highlights how they are related. This graphical representation depicts that the common dimension shared by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is collaborative ecosystem of digital platform. And the common dimension shared by digital transformation and digital business strategy are named as use of technology and structural changes whereas the common dimensions shared by digital transformation and organizational capabilities are names as digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digitally enabled customer service unit (CSU) & digital artefacts. Moreover, the common dimension shared by digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is dynamic capabilities as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5: Conceptual framework depicting the graphical representation of organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategyPrevious literature has not presented the inter-relationship of the digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. Thus, Figure 5 is what our review resulted in proposing a relationship between digital business strategy, and digital transformation, are organizational capabilities. It suggests that digital transformation is the digital business strategy in action. If deployed successfully, digital business strategy is only the blueprint that can lead to digital transformation. This framework shown in figure 5 signifies and highlights the organizational capabilities that an organization need to acquire for deploying digital transformation and digital business strategy. Although digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities are termed as three different concepts, they actually have inter-relationships as shown in figure 5. The external collaboration of ecosystem of digital platforms shared by all the three concepts highlights that developing the collaboration with external partners is significant in today’s digital world for co-creating value and better organizational performance. The firm’s digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digital enabled customer service unit (CSU) and digital artefacts, can manifest organizational capabilities required for pursuing the digital transformation to align with the changing external environments. Digital leadership describes that organizations should acquire more recent and updated digital skills and competencies whilst introducing new leadership roles to match the electronic commerce’s changing external environments. Likewise, building flexible and vigorous operations would assist in overcoming the previously embedded legacy systems further assisting the organization in deploying the digital transformation to make the firm’s electronic commerce remaining relevant. Furthermore, digitally enabled CSU is another important element in response to changing customer, as it assists with analysing customers value proposition in the electronic commerce context, which would be achieved by developing and implementing the digital processes and infrastructures that would be beneficial in handling large amount of data. Digital capabilities facilitated by digital artefacts would therefore enable the firm to create or adapt new products / services for its electronic commerce to fulfil the desired digitally enabled CSU to fit with thechanging customer needs.It is noted that digital business strategy requires the development of new organizational capabilities that are developed and reconfigured on a continuous basis. Additionally, in order to seize the benefits of digital transformation, more efforts need to be focused on the development of a competitive digital business strategy -i.e. specifically digital strategy initiatives need to be defined for the execution of the digital transformation. In addition, past literature also highlights that market-alignment drivers of organizational capabilities would help identify the organization’s drivers for digital transformation in electronic-commerce, which in turn would lead to better business performance. Figure 6 below represents the relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy.Figure 6: Relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation & digitalbusiness strategyConclusionThis study explores the inter-relationship between the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy, which further led to the emergence of the conceptual framework. It explains and demonstrates how therequisite set of organizational capabilities and unique dimensions of digital business strategy would drive an organization towards digital transformation. The digital transformation framework described by Figure 5 together with the causal interrelationship between organizational capabilities and digital transformation (moderated by digital business strategy) as shown in Figure 6 would represent a new important body of knowledge on the fundamental managerial practices for digital transformation towards a successful electronic commerce.The analysis resulted in distinctive dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. This study provides a broader and substantial theoretical contribution on digital transformation literature and it enriches the literature by providing a framework of the inter-relationship of the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy. This research also represents the unique set of dimensions entailed by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities.The findings would assist organizations’ CEOs and CIOs (C-suite management) who are looking for an effective framework depicting the inter-relationship between the digital transformation, organizational capabilities and digital business strategy. Companies usually hire consulting firms to assist them in developing and deploying fit-for-purpose organizational capabilities for pursuing digital business strategy that further leads to digital transformation. However, they would often end up investing a huge amount in implementing digital technologies instead and would still be unable to achieve effective digital transformation throughout the organization. Therefore, this study would guide them in determining and deploying the right organizational capabilities for their organization for digital transformation leading to better performance.Another stakeholder of this study would be the IS researchers, who are in the search for a step forward in developing and implementing digital business strategy and digital transformation. IS researchers have previously published many articles on this topic in various journals and therefore have shown a growing concern for an awareness of this field. The IS researchers would gain an improved understanding ofthe challenges faced in digital transformation.中文译文电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用概述数字化转型正在广泛影响各个行业，尤其是医疗、电信、汽车、银行和制造业。

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

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附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务之花正在绽放如果我有计算机我能做些什么?有了正确的软件并且用猫连接在因特网上,只需要花比本地通话花费稍微多一点的钱你就可以实现一天二十四个小时在网上做业务,这是简单的,有效的和便宜的.坐在你自己的PC面前,你可以轻松得传送资金到财务处,还可以发薪水,写报告等等一切事务,再也不用你频繁得去跑腿,只要动一动你的手指.当电子商务风行的时候, 我们在网上几乎能买到任何东西. 它是新生的发展前景很广阔的行业. 商人把能想象得到的任何一种商品放到网上出售. 从书, 家具, 食品, 甚至是汽车-能叫出名字得都可以在因特网买到它.因特网已使我们的活的更容易. 但是仅管寄予很高的希望, 它不能完全改变我们购物的传统方式. . 那些预言那因特网将会瓦解传统的贮藏业和零售业可能决不全是正确的. 我们仍然要用传统的方式去买东西-到商店去.因此,那因特网泡沫爆裂并不令人惊讶. 大批.com网站的倒闭表明不是全部商品都能在因特网上做得好的.亚马逊不是世界第一家电子书店. Yahoo 也不是第一个站点. Google 不是第一个搜寻引擎. 但是. 但是这些都是最好的电子商务网站,使用者可以发现他们的产品要比别人的产品服务要好得多了.亚马逊网站理解消费者的消费心理要比别人好. 他与周围的消费着建立了良好的关系并因此而得到较高得回报. 今天有超过3500万买主和二次买家比率超过65%, 他们建立的关系是不能随便地被破坏的.Yahoo理解消费者对商家是重要的. 因而他们优化他们的办事效率: 它的页面大小没有Excite 或 Lycos的页面一半那么大, 因此页面载入较快. 因而, 在网上冲浪的人就会在五分钟之内, 看Yahoo站内的其他两个或者更多的页面. 进一步说, 他们使用简捷的页面带来的利润要比那些欠上广告的网页带来的回报多Google是一个真正的好东西.使用者想要的是快速的, 广泛的搜寻. 用世界上最简捷的页面实现了这样的功能.同样的方式挤进offline世界.质问一下你自己, 坦白地,关于你的产品和服务有哪些东西特属于你自己?自己能说出多少来?. 你的爱人是否将它推荐给他的或她的朋友? 新闻记者会报道关于它的新闻吗?你会销售著名品牌的商品吗? 产品的运费是否很高? 消费者是否需要直接看到商品?很多电子商务, 甚至那些有很强管理能力的商家都关闭了他们的店铺, 因为他们不能的适应因特网的特点. 他们没注意到事实上有些产品在因特网上销售并不像想像中那么简单.如果你想要到打开在线商务, 你能避免的错误其他互联网零售商人所犯的错误. 当你想在网上出售你的商品时, 你需要认识到因特网不是出售产品最好的的平台..如果你想知道你的产品能否在因特网上做好,那用下面的问题来问一下自己:在因特网购买你的商品比在零售商那更方便吗?因特网自身的优点是一般不在零售商和食品商那出售的商品可以在网上出售. 以eBay为例. eBay是成功的因为它提供的在线商品即使在大型购物中心也很难找到. 如果你在找印度的绢画, 艺术deco 灯, 或稀罕的棒球卡, 你在eBay购买到的几率就比在大型购物商场高的多.然而, 它并不能让你感到能在隔壁邻居小店买到的东西能在网上买到. 一个网站能持续不断的出售香烟吗? 我不这么认为. 为什么要为你几乎能在任何地方买到的东西多付2美元运费?狗食是不宜在网上销售的另外的一个例子. 还记得过去的宠物食品零售店吗? 不管, 怎么做广告都无法让人们在网上购买狗食. 为什么要出额外的费用在互联网上买宠物食物?产品的高额的运输成本更使人们不愿在网上购买宠物食品.没有人为的消亡感到惊讶.我并不是说那些能在食品商, 商店和大型购物中心出售的商品都不能在因特网上出售. 关键是要为客户创造额外的价值. 根据Nick Earle和 Peter Keen的书上说的从.com到. profit, 那些成功的在线商务都懂得怎样建立关系,后勤管理,寻找渠道和调整资本与成本之间的平衡来为他们的客户带来额外的价值. 在外行眼里, 你必须给你的消费者在基本便利基础上带来更多的好处.拿为例,网上商务Tony Roeder在他的家里开使了他的网上商务. 他把红色玩具车飞行器发布在因特网上. 当巨型玩具零售商例如ToysRUs和eToys也进位红色飞鸟货车, 他的竞争者也买了他们的一两件产品的模型. 为了增强在offline和online的竞争, Tony在全部的生产线生产各式各样的飞鸟货车. 他的努力获得了回报. 之后三年, 他的在线商务去年超越百万-元指标.网上商务, 信誉是至关重要的.产品只能在计算机屏幕上看见, 所以在线商务应该取得客户的高度信任但是又有谁能让自己的信誉的威名超过自己的品牌名呢? 人们已经知道一家公司的信誉, 就尝试购买他们的产品, 相信他们会像他们承诺的那样送货.Tony成功的建成了他的以通信飞鸟为商标的电子商务. 在贩卖商标产品, 成功来到加快和更容易的为了. 他依照无线电通信飞鸟; 通过品牌的策略,使得.的成功来得非常迅速.按照他的意思,通信飞鸟是知名品牌. 我们以良好的信誉建立了许多的稳定的客源.我的祖父有无线电通信. 我的父母有无线电通信. 我有无线电通信飞鸟. 我的孩子将有无线电通信飞鸟. 它是知名的商标. 别人知道这个牌子知道这种产品与我们的推广作用密切相关. 当我们说是在网上经销这种商品时,他们说哦知道, 我们知道有这种产品. 多么好的想法. 我们不断得推广这个商标,成功之门就向我们打开了.当然, 像我们这样家族式的企业并不总是有机会有出售品牌. 我们的产品在一些大的公司里并不怎么受到青睐. 也不做行销和树立品牌,这就能代表家族式的经营就不能在网上进行了吗?当然不是,有许多家族式的公司就在网上经营.为了能更好的经营, 在你的网站里就要包含能让人感到你是可信的任何因素.你应该让顾客感到他们是在和正统的商家打交道,不会有人会盗取他们的信用卡号和卡里的钱和不有人谁将偷他们的纸牌和货币. 害怕被人盗去信用卡仍是许多消费者不愿在网上购物的原因,从这个方面来说,即使是小额买卖也要提供安全保障.你的联系方式应该在你的网站上的任何一个页面都能看到, 因而消费者遇到问题时就知道怎么和你联系了.而且当顾客要买东西时也可以方便得付款.顾客喜欢在一些看起来简捷的站点买东西. 如果你没有好的软件能直接告知客户要交的费用就告知客户在第二天把费用发到他们的邮箱里. 是诚实的有你的消费者. 你的公司的退货政策应该是明确地说明这样既有利于保护你也有助于保护消费者的利益.运输费用是很高的. 事实上, 研究表明运费要产品所有成本的11%. 因此, 如果你要从事网上销售, 你就必需让你的产品成本和运费之和不要超出产品在市场的价格.许多网上零售商不应该出售那种不适合家递的货物. 再以为例, 出售量很大的思考贩卖重的,便宜的小猫食物联机的是个好的想法. 错误的是不唯仅运费抬高了成本的价格,而且这些产品利润也太低,这些都是最终关闭的原因.为了吸引顾客并且建立稳定的客户关系, 一些网上经销商采用低价,价格变动不大和隔天即送的促销手段. 免费传递事实上是在最近二年才风行起来的. 然而,根据AMR最近的报告.经研究表明那买主根据契约经销,最低的价格, 制造小的买, 也不能保证稳定的销量.不要说那些小的商品消费者不愿去花费运费,就是那些大件也不愿去在运费上花费太多,一些网上经销商尽量降低价格以保证自己的产品在网上价格是最低的(包含运费),潜在地高额运费并没有阻止大量的产品销售. 当他们的货车运费很高的时候他们也能保证良好的服务, 他们得到补偿补偿就来自于高度的服务质量. 是的我们的产品确实要花费的高额的运费, Tony说, 但是我们去掉了这部分仍然能保持很强的竞争力. 他承认说有些人在大型玩具商店发现有跟我们卖的一样的商品但是只有很少的一部分. 当有人要送礼品时我们就向他们推荐我们的产品,没有人送的礼物需要用卡车来拖. 但是只要通过刷卡我们将他们买的任何东西送到国内的任何一个地方并且运费和你自己把在本地买的运到家的运费一样多.如果你去ToysRUs并且买买了自己想要的东西, 他会在三小内送到,并且花的钱和自己运是一样的我们有绝对的优势来为您运输物品,所以客户选择我们为他们服务是明智的,.我们因而能轻松地在竞争中获胜.有些产品是不适合在因特网上发布的,. 特别是那些消费者需要在购买之前先要看到的那些产品. 一些产品在说服消费者购买之前必须要能让消费者先看到或先试用.在网上面要想把生意做的兴隆,就要大幅度得改变消费者的购物习惯. 一些大的电子商务可能改变消费者的购买习惯, 但是可以证明那已经花费了很多时间和金钱.拿买鞋来说, 人们需要先穿上它,走几步才能知道是否舒适并且知道样式是否另他们满意,但在因特网上人们可能买到的就不是自己想要的那种鞋子.那些在网上看到很好的鞋子不一定能适合他们的脚.因为人们买鞋子的习惯,这就使我们对网上购物的退货率并不感到奇怪.. 事实上, NFO 互动调查得知有20% 网上购物者退回了女式的衣服和装饰品, 包括鞋子.选择正确的产品到在因特网上出售符才能走向成功或把握住你的网上商务的命运. 关键的规则要记得是成功的网上商务都是那些利润空间很大的产品--例如衣服,美食, 和新颖的礼品. 如果你的产品没有高额利润, 如果它需要运费, 并且几乎能在各处方便地买到同时也没有品牌形象---你就要重新考虑是否需要创建那个网站了. 当没有人能预言你的生意是否能成功的时候, 以往的经验就会让你清楚哪些应该在网上出售那些不该放到网上.利用好因特网吧,一旦你用好了因特网,并能够了解一些关于www的知识,你就能使你的商业飞黄腾达!附件2：外文原文（复印件）E-Business IssuesIf I have got a computer, what else can I do?With the right software and a modem connected to a standard telephone line, and for little more than the cost of a local phone call from anywhere in Australia, you can do your banking 24 hours a day. It is simple, efficient and inexpensive.Sitting at your PC in your own office you can transfer funds between accounts, transfer funds to other financial institutions, pay salaries and invoices, create customised reports, and of course keep a check on your account balances. In some cases, bank fees may be reduced when you use On-line Banking.When e-commerce exploded, we can buy just about anything on the Web. It was to be the new big thing. Merchants scrambled to bring every sort of products imaginable online. From books, furniture, and groceries, even cars - name it and the Internet has it.The Internet made our lives easier. But despite high hopes, it did not fully change the way we shop. Those who predicted that Internet would eclipse the brick-and-mortar stores and spell the death of traditional retail could never be more wrong. We still go shopping the good old-fashioned way - by going to a store. It was, therefore, not surprising that the Internet bubble burst.The dot-com massacre has shown us that not all products do well on the Internet Many e-businesses, even those with deep pockets and management prowess, have closed shop because they were not able to match their offerings with the nature of the Internet. They overlooked the fact that some products are simply not meant for the Internet.Amazon was not the world’s first e-bookshop. Yahoo wasn’t the first portal. Google wasn’t the first search engine. But each of these were the best to execute against consumer needs in each of these niches. Each of these understood, better than anybody else, what users wanted from their product – and offered it better than anybody else.Amazon understood the importance of consumer delight earlier and better than anybody else. And built their entire business around having happy customers and making them come back to buy more. With over 35 million buyers today and a repurchase rate in excess of 65%, they’ve built a position that is incredibly hard to attack.Yahoo understood before anybody else that consumers wanted a fast, comprehensive guide to the websites out there. So they optimized their site for speed: its page file sizes are still almost half that of other portals like Excite or Lycos, and hence load quicker. So, in any given five minutes of surfing, a user will see twice as many pages of Yahoo as he’ll see elsewhere. Further, they used opinionated reviewers to rate sites objectively, rather t han give in to a “Your Ad Here” Yellow Pages mentality. Users like that.Google understands one thing really well. All that its users want is fast, comprehensive search. And there’s anamazing amount of technology behind the world’s simplest-looking website to do just that.The same rules work in the offline world.Ask yourself, frankly, is there anything unique about your product, service or offering that people will talk about it by themselves. Will your spouse recommend it to his or her friends? Will journalists clamour to write about it?If you intend to open an online business, you can avoid the mistakes of other Internet retailers. When thinking of selling a product online, you need to realize that the Internet is not the best medium for every product.To know if your product will do well on the Internet, ask yourself thefollowing questions:Is it easier to buy your product over the Internet than in a retail store?The Internet lends itself well to products that are not commonly sold inretail stores and groceries. Take eBay for example. eBay is a success because it provides a venue for online shoppers to find products that may not be easily available in the shopping mall. If you are looking for an Indian silk painting, an art deco lamp, or a rare baseball card, you have a higher chance of securing these items on eBay than in the mall.However, it doesn't make much sense to sell on the Internet products that can be bought easily from neighborhood stores. Can a Web site be sustained by selling cigarettes? I don't think so. Why pay an additional $2 shipping fee for a product you can purchase just about anywhere? Dog food is another example of a bad choice of online product. Rememberthe now-deceased sock puppet? Despite heavy advertising by , people did not come in droves to buy dog foodonline. Why buy pet food online and pay extra for shipping costs for a product that every grocery and pet food shop sells? The product's high shipping costs further hindered people from buying pet foods online. No one was surprised that eventually perished.I don't mean to say that all products sold by groceries, stores and shopping malls cannot be sold on the Internet. The key is to create additional value for your customers. According to Nick Earle and Peter Keen,in their book From .com to .profit, the online businesses who successfully provide value to their customers are those who know how to build relationships, manage logistics, mesh their channels, and transform their financial capital and cost structures. In layman terms, you must provide your customers with additional benefits, beyond the basic convenience.Take , an online store that Tony Roeder started out of his home. He distributes Red Flyer toy wagons on the Internet. While giant toy retailers such as ToysRUs and eToys also carry Red Flyer wagons, his competitors carry only two or three models of the product. To stand out from both his offline and online competition, Tony provided his customers with a wider variety of Red Flyer wagons by carrying the entire product line. His efforts paid off. After three years, his online business surpassed the million-dollar mark last year.Will you be selling a famous brand-name product? On the Internet, trust is a key factor. With products seen only through the computer screen, online businesses should entice a high level of trust from the customer. And who can better bring trust than the brand name products? People already know the reputation of the company, have tried their products, and believe that they deliver what they promise. Tony built hissuccessful e-business on the brand name of Radio Flyer. By selling a brand name product, success came faster and easier for . According to him, The Radio Flyer name is a known name. It has built a strong business based on trust from many generations of consumers. My grandfather had a Radio Flyer. My parents had a Radio Flyer. I had a Radio Flyer. My child will have a Radio Flyer. It is a known brand. We have leveraged that name because people know that name. They know the product. When we say we're the Internet retailer of that product, people say Oh yes, I remember that product. What a great idea. So we leveraged that name and saw the doors opening for us.Of course, home business entrepreneurs like us do not always have the opportunity to sell a brand name. Our own products do not have the kind of brand recognition enjoyed by the big companies. Nor do we have the marketing muscle to develop and nurture a brand. Does this mean that home businesses cannot make it on the 'Net? Of course not! There are a number of home businesses out there that are doing great business on the Web. To rise above this constraint, your site must contain all the elements that are needed to create a feeling of trust among your users. You have to make your customers feel confident that they are dealing with a legitimate business, and not someone who will steal their card and money. Fear of credit card fraud remains a top reason why many consumers do not shop online. In this aspect, even the little things count. You need to use a secure server for the checkout process. The contact information should be clearly placed on every page of your site, so customers know where and how to reach you in the event of a problem. You can also direct customers wary of ordering online to just send out the check or moneyorder to your address. Clearly state what users can expect when buying from your site. If you do not have expensive software that automatically computes the shipping cost of the order, tell your customers that the full cost will be sent through email. Be honest with your customers. Your company's return policy should be clearly specified to protect you as well as the consumer.Is it expensive to deliver?Shipping is expensive. In fact, studies estimate that shipping amounts to11 percent of sales for online retailers. Hence, if you are planning to sell on the Internet, you need to make sure that the shipping costs will not price you out of the market. Many Internet retailers made the mistake of selling products that aren't suitable for home delivery. , for example, thought selling heavy bags of cheap kitty litter online was a good idea. Wrong. Not only did the shipping costs jack up the price, but also there is so little profit margin to start with in kitty litter products. That ultimately killed . In an attempt to attract and build a customer base, some Internet retailers offer low-cost, flat rate or next-day delivery. Free shipping was in fact the rage in the last two years. However, a new report by AMR Research shows that buyers attracted to bargain-basement shipping tend to shop around for the lowest prices, make small purchases, and tend not to remain very loyal. You don't necessarily have to limit yourself to small items. Even big items do well on the Internet - if it creates such a value in the mind of a customer that he or she is willing to ignore the cost of shipping. Some online retailers adjust their pricing to keep the total cost of the product (including shipping) lower. Potentially high shipping costs of their bulkyand big wagons did not deter Tony of . While their wagons may be bulky and potentially expensive to ship, they were able to offset this constraint by having the selection and maintaining a high quality of service. Yes, our products are kind of expensive to ship, Tony says, but we cut our margin so we can stay competitive. He admits that if somebody goes to a big toy store and find an item similar to what they sell, many times they will find it for less. Where we blow everyone out of the water is when he or she gives it No one will gift wrap these wagons because they're too large. But we will gift-wrap them, put a card, and ship them anywhere in the country for the same costs as you would have it shipped to your house. If you go to ToysRUs and get the wagon for less, and have it gift-wrapped, first it would take you about three hours to do it and it would cost you the same amount of money. We have the extreme advantage when you are trying to send it as a gift. While shipping is a potential turn-off for Tony's customers, convenience wise, we can blow the competition out of the water.Does the customer touch or need to feel the product? Some products are simply not suited for distribution over the Internet, particularly those where customers need to experience the product before buying it. Some products are meant to be touched or tried on before customers can be convinced to buy. For a business to thrive online selling these kinds of products, it must first drastically change the buying habits of people. A large e-business may be able to change consumer behavior, but even the Internet has proven that it takes time and a lot of money. Take shoes for example. When people buy shoes, they want to fit it and walk on it to test how comfortable it feels and how it looks on their feet. Buying shoesonline implies that a consumer takes on a greater risk in terms of fit, look and comfort. What may look good on the screen may not necessarily feel good on their feet. Because of consumer behavior in buying shoes, it is not surprising that shoe online retailers normally experience higher returns than other shops on the Internet. In fact, NFO Interactive finds that 20% of online shoppers returned women's apparel and accessories, including shoes.Conclusion Choosing the right product to sell on the Internet spells the success or doom of your online business. The key rule to remember is that successful online goods are those that carry big profit margins -- such as apparel, gourmet foods, and novelty gifts. If your product cannot be sold with a high profit margin, if it is expensive to ship, readily available just about everywhere and does not enjoy brand recognition --- you better think twice before creating that web site. While no one can predict the success of your business, past lessons have clearly shown what works and what doesn't on the web.Using the Internet ,Once you have a basic understanding of what the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are all about, and you have spent a bit of time using them (there is no better way to learn!), you will be far more aware of how the Internet can help your business!。

电子商务中英对照E-commerceChapter5

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Direct vs. Indirect materials purchasing
Products that companies buy on a recurring basis are called maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies. 很多企业经常性地采购的那些间接物料称为 MRO产品（办公用品集中采购）
• Purchasing activities include:采购活动包括： –Identifying vendors 寻找卖主/供应商 –Evaluating vendors 评估卖主/供应商 –Selecting specific products 选择特定产品 –Placing orders 发送订单 –Resolving any issues that arise after receiving the ordered goods and services –解决收货后出现的问题
Offshoring 离岸外包： The outsourcing is done by organization in other counties 扩展到海外的外包。主要有外包、创建全资子公司或与当地企业创办合资公司。
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Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities
An emerging characteristic of purchasing, logistics, and support activities is that they need to be flexible. 采购—物流—支持活动的一个新特征就是要求这些活动具备灵活性。
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Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities

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中文4915字毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别电子商务系专业电子商务姓名学号外文出处E-Business: The E-Business Legal Survival Kit(用外文写)（Writer: J.T.Westermeier and Lee J. Plave）附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。

但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。

这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。

而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。

网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。

一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。

在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。

占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％（根据区域与旅游研究，www.crt.dk丹麦中心）。

同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排（见/surveys/）。

预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。

然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。

但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。

特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。

例如,在欧盟的饭店和餐厅部门占了超过130万个企业,这些8.5都是欧洲的企业。

95%的企业是非常小的,例如有的企业只有1 - 9名员工；5.供给与需求面形成一个世界范围的网络，两种生产和分配规律是基于合作。

6.该产品是具有阶段性和复杂性的，（1）一个宾馆房间的床上，不卖一晚代表一个失落的收入。

供应商面临着潜在危险，而这种危险通过获得的信息的可能得意减少；(2)旅游产品本身是一种“捆绑型”的基本产品。

支持相当复杂的捆绑产品必须有很好定义与尊重对消费者需求、价格或者还经销渠道的接口。

旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，给予一个先于体验的综合评价它的特质是不可能的。

游客不得不离开自己的日常环境消费产品。

此刻的决策，只可得到一个基于一系列的信息通过后天的多套频道(网络、电视、小册子或朋友) 的产品的抽象模型。

这一特点的旅游产品信息都需要消费者和供应商两个方面，面对高信息搜寻成本，导致信息市场的不完善。

所有这些反过来使其建立起相应的信息和价值的长链。

图1.市场结构视图[12]图1区分了供给和需求侧和各自的中介。

链接标记的关系以及信息的流动。

它仅仅显示最相关的链接，节显示点的参与者在各自区域的相关类型。

在供应方面，我们与“主要的供应商”指企业如酒店或餐馆里，大部分中小企业。

对于这些公司在泛函数微分在同一水平为“大”的成员，像航空公司。

旅游经营者可以被看作是产品汇集者，旅游代理充当信息经纪人，提供最终用户提供有关信息和订的设施。

CRS / GDS(中央预订系统/全球分销系统)，出于航空订票系统已经发展了他在60年代，还涉及其他产品，如打包度假，或者其他方式的交通工具。

而中介机构在右边可以被看作是“专业”连接供给与需求之间(主要是基于电子基础建设和功能的CRS /(GDS)，左侧是相关的管理、规划和品牌的一个目的地。

这些国家、地区和地方旅游组织通常是政府资助的，以及代表所有的供应商在目的地和不从事预约的过程。

上游流按照图1的流程构成产品信息，而下游流动报告主要在于在市场行为，主要表现在条款的统计上。

两个信息流动创造一个旅游信息网绑在一起，而且很明显地反映了所有市场参与者之间的经济关系。

二、层业务正在改变（一）新的产品和服务网络引导两个新的方法来满足改变消费习惯——他们并不忠诚，往往会使更多但更短的假期、决策之间的时间和消费减少，整个旅游价值链的“信息化”也是如此。

这允许不同的策略来产生价值[11]：1.增加价值的提取效率，降低物流成本，如：自动化的具体进程或外包给客户，自我入住酒店的客人或航空公司的乘客。

2.价值捕获：客户端和销售数据用来支持营销，例如，数据挖掘的预报或产量的管理。

3.价值增长：一个线性组合价值的产品及服务，创造更丰富的产品捆绑，例如，新服务品质为消费者通过将无线服务，以现有的网站给游客建议购买他们的服务。

4.价值创造：把重点放在网络效应，例如，游客们在一个目的地参与服务的定义和规划。

这样，不但过程变化，而且能自行设计新服务延伸的范围和配置选项来定制产品。

定制过程在基于互联网技术的规模定制下进行了描述有个性的产品或服务。

配置是指产品或服务捆绑的不同成分的综合，公司结合他们的核心产品与层附加的服务。

（二）新商业网络动力学和部门的已经很有竞争力的电子市场，几乎所有的利益相关者已经实施了他们的策略。

同样，旅游业也成为了新入者的发展领域，不论是初创企业还是公司来自媒体和IT领域。

自从旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，它非常适合各自的背景。

一个可以观察进一步专业化的趋势并不断解构由成员和产品并联集成的价值链。

最新评论的竞争和合作的同时，在边界行业内是模糊的，所有类型的市场参与者都受影响。

1.游客们被更多的成员访问，但是他们同样也在说明它们的服务例如，用反向拍卖网站中扮演更积极的角色。

2.旅行社在销售渠道看到一个渺茫的权力，后果是他们将重点更多地放在咨询和更复杂的产品上。

3.进一步提高网络旅游网站提供了新的市场功能和技术，焦点集中在对旅行者的个性化智能工具见在主要网站使用的建议功能)。

目的地管理机构在目的地开发合作模式，在那里他们会占据一个新角色作为经验和集成服务商，例如爱尔兰。

4.旅游经营者基于规模化定制和灵活的配置(例如，意大利操作员科斯塔Crociere已经开发了一种个性化的巡航建造者)，总是将个体之间和包装旅游的边界模糊。

5.CRS / GDS显示了一个“英特尔内置”的营销战略，利用链接到主要旅游网站提高其交易额，同时进行直接销售以增加零售环节。

6.供应商将日益形成同盟和支持电子直销，增加价格竞争和价格，重新分化过程，如电子的票务客户或自动登机手续。

这导致了市场的一种进化，形象地描述为一个进行中的相互影响的集中(例如，如美国与全国各大网站，例如Expedia在线旅行，Orbitz或Travelocity)和同步的新进入的新成员。

增加了复杂性，但是也生成了需要新的服务项目，如提供透明访问，市场概览，或价格的比较，这反过来又会促进创新，将更加强调技术创新。

三、IT系统：特点和发展趋势新兴的商业场景是基于灵活的网络结构和一个消费者不断提高的整合。

如果一个人增加旅游生命周期——考虑到流动性方面的旅游者——可以得出以下的简化图中的链接各自的旅游阶段与公司的过程。

图2.旅游生命周期和公司的进程(供应商和中介机构)很明显，公司合伙人得交叉过程促进了了分布式的b2b2c的形成，并且支持移动通信公司和消费者之间的合作。

技术——基于一种普遍深入人心的基础设施——将变得透明，对消费者来说是无形的；信息就会出现在家中、工作中和在旅行中。

在这样一个场景的IT系统应该具有以下特点：1.支持异构数据格式和业务功能以及分布式数据来源，因为他们必须考虑的不同类型的参与主体与他们的功能差异；2.有弹性和开放性，关于地理和功能扩展。

他们会支持整个消费生命周期和所有商业阶段；3.使各自的参与者拥有充分的自主权，而是增强合作行为，为供应商提供复杂工具以及进行动态的网络配置；4.移动和固网服务的整合，促成服务的多渠道访问，提供像先前描述的所有不同类型的成员；5.支持细心的用户界面和通过广泛的开发的用户模型的个性化，考虑到用户的行为、认知以及感情方面。

交叉的研究和开发工作已经在着手解决旅游及旅游业应用上述主题，并取得了一些显著的成绩。

很自然地，很多这些活动遵循一个基于AI途径。

接下来，我们参考他们中的一些人，集中关注于那些更有影响力，已经或即将有重大作用的途径。

这些都是具有相当水平的技术，它能在不同的应用中被开发，如旅游规划与调度、来访者导引系统、个人定价、反向拍卖，或工作流管理支持合作的市场中。

1．信息提取。

旅游信息门户网站仍然很大程度上基于非结构化的信息。

因此，发展中的一个关键问题在于存取数据的分布式系统为人类使用格式化并把它们转换成一个结构化的数据格式，如XML。

这个问题通过包覆技术得到妥善解决来学习高度精确提取规则，适应结构的改变网站确保正确的抽取数据([5]，[6])。

2．信息集成。

包装器可以利用顶部或结构化信息来源的半结构化来建立。

这为解答基于多重包装的数据的结合与提取的疑问的系统[4] 搭建了舞台。

旅游相关资讯来源代表一个完美的应用等技术。

例如，TheaterLoc是一种信息集成的应用程序，可以让用户检索在美国的剧院和餐馆的信息，这些信息来自5个不同的线上资源[1]。

这个应用程序的核心部件是一个开发AI规划技术的媒介，是一个领域模型(含一种本体论)，它结合一套公理描述之间的映射关系与综合性数据来源。

当查询时，系统原因提出关于领域的模型的描述和来源，建立一个计划数据检索和整合。

3．信息的简报。

旅游是一种特殊的文化遗产，是一个享有特权的应用领域为智能信息介绍技术[10]。

自然语言技术被用来建造语境演讲，演讲和手势识别以及动画角色支持一条增量互动性涉及用户在欣赏文化遗产。

应用已经开发出来，因为这才是真正的展览的信息，即用户混合，监测，一组感测器，能在移动设备上活化个性化的窗户，那里提供在展的的信息(例如，在一个博物馆)。

此外，即使是不请自来的对进一步话题或对象设想都可以提供交付。

4．建议。

建议系统建会推荐产品并未消费者提供建议的产品信息以便于决策。