英汉语对比与翻译

There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
Impersonal vs. Personal
What
has happened to you? 你出什么事了？ Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。
C-E: from personal to impersonal
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱 歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
Chinese:
analytic English: synthetic-analytic
1. 英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形 态变化。 （conjugation, gender, number, case, tense, aspect, voice, degree of comparison, person, part of speech） 2. 英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定。 A very important question A question of great importance
C-E: from dynamic to stative
一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核
武器，彻底销毁核武器。 All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. 他赢得起，输不起。 He’s a good winner, but a bad loser.

……的是
Fra Baidu bibliotek
推荐我的是一位教授。 I was recommended by a professor. ……加以/予以 这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。 This question will be discussed in the next chapter.
Static vs. Dynamic
English being static Nominalization is a common phenomenon in English. Agentive noun He is a good eater and a good sleeper. (C. Eckersley) 他能吃能睡。 You’re all clock-watchers today! 你们今天老是看着钟表等着下班啊！
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，
这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言， 春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂， 这日子是如此安静，然而并非安静， 因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动、 或摇、或震、或起、或伏。
Compact vs. Diffusive
英语句型分类： SV – The telephone rang. SVP – We are students. SVO – The news surprised me. SVoO – She sang us a song. SVOC – He painted the door green.
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
Eng: 关系词、连接词、介词 Chi: 语序：人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we’re attacked. 反复、排比、对偶、对照： 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap.
你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你 的问题吗？ 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你 能回答吗？
化简为繁
我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园
就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方， 汹涌的河水滚滚流过。 Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.
汉语动词常常重复或重叠
说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others say “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉 快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.

Passive vs. Active
English Syntactic passive 结构被动句 Notional passive 意义被动句 -- These products sell like hot cakes. -- This kind of cloth washes very well. -- She dresses beautifully.

Noun attribute
Space shuttle flight test program 航天飞机试飞计划 名词优势导致介词优势 用形容词或副词表达动词的意义。 He was unaware of my presence. 他当时不知道我在场。
Chinese being dynamic 动词连用是汉语常见的现象 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算 账吧。 动词/动词词组可以充当句子的各种成分。 实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。 To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.
紧缩句：有饭大家吃。
Let everybody share the food if there is any. 四字格 远交近攻 Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.
C-E (passive):
处置式 不要把这些问题混在一起。 These questions should not be confused. 为……所…… 她被花言巧语所陶醉。 She is intoxicated with sweet words. 是……的 这些产品是中国制造的。 These products are made in China.
In
the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大 小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把， 五颜六色，大小不一。
Can
you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
3.
It
was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
Synthetic vs. Analytic
A
synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.” An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than that of inflected forms.”
Chinese: 被、让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙 当然被动句（receptor subject） 困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。 The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problems solved. 这锅饭能吃十个人。 A pot of rice like this can feed ten people.
英汉都有大量虚词，但各有特点。 Take the chair Take a chair 4. 英语是语调语言，汉语是声调语言。 You may NOT go. You MAY not go. 汉语的双音节化和四音节化 （predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables over monosyllables and trisyllables）
Complex vs. Simplex
“中国人作文虽讲究炼句，然其所谓 炼句只是着重在造成一个典雅的句子， 并非要扩充句子的组织。恰恰相反，中 国人喜欢用四个字的短句子，以为这样 可以使文章遒劲。由此看来，西洋人做 文章把语言化零为整，中国人做文章几 乎可以说是化整为零。” ----- 王力
化繁为简
汉语句型分类： 话题句（话题语+评论语） – 开车他没有经验。 施事句（施事语+动作语） – 他在学习开车。 关系句（复句） -- 只要虚心，就会进步。 呼叹句（相互呼唤、应对、感叹的句子） -- 多么新鲜的水果啊！
祈使句（表达要求、命令、请求的
句子） -- 请勿酒后驾车！ 存现句（人/事物存在或消失） -- 黑暗中来了一部车子。 有无句（领有者+有/没有+被领有者） -- 她有热情、有朝气。 描写句（主题语+描写语adj.） -- 房间干干净净。 说明句（主题语+说明语n.） -- 我上海人。
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌