MLA格式论文范文
m’la 格式参考文献模板
m’la 格式参考文献模板
MLA（Modern Language Association）格式是文学类论文常用的引用格式。
以下是MLA格式的参考文献模板：
一、书籍引用
1. 独著
姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Bambrugh, R. The Philosphy of Aristotle. New York: Free Press, 1962.
2. 合著
姓，名，同另一姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Gass, W., and P. Hendrix. The American Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
二、期刊文章引用
1. 一位作者写的文章
姓，名. "文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Stewart, D. "What is an English Major, and What Should It Be?" College English, 50 (1988), .
2. 多位作者写的文章
第一作者的姓，名，同第二作者的姓，名等."文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Johnson, R., and E. Smith. "The State of the Disciplines." English Journal, 88 (1998), 41-48.
请注意，在MLA格式中，使用完整句子形式在论文中出现引用观点的地方写出参考文献。
同时，务必确定老师要求的格式版本。
中文论文范文MLA格式关于XX论文mla格式问题
中文论文范文MLA格式关于XX论文mla格式问题首先，你的老师很可能不认为维基百科是一个可靠的资料，引用之前最好先问一下一般MLA引用句子就在引用部分外面加双引号就好了，句子的结尾要加一个in text citation，格式是（作者名字，页数）如果不是从书中引用，括号里的东西可能会不同。
Owl purdue网站上有很多例子题主可以看一下朋友写英文论文时，需要用MLA格式写作。
MLA格式有什么要求？特地找到关于MLA格式的规定，希望对朋友有帮助。
MLA（Modern Language Association）为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
一、MLA简明论文格式(以下word格式可参用附加档已设定完成，套用即可)1. 内容分封面、正文、注释。
2. 规格：A4纸，计算机打字，横打，上下左右空4.5cm，标题与内文字距离0.5cm；字大小：照相打字15- 16级(Windows 文书软件10- 11pt)，内文字请用细明或新细明体，标准行距(Windows 文书软件0.6- 0.7cm)，25pp以内。
3. 横式(由左至右)写作。
4. 关键詷4-6个。
5. 提要300-500字。
6. 请用新式标点符号。
「」用于平常引号，《》用于书名，〈〉用于论文及篇名。
古籍之书名与篇名连用时，可省略篇名符号，如《史记?刺客列传》。
7. 中文正文用细明体，注脚用楷书。
8. 英文正文用Times New Roman; 章节用Arial。
9. 英文书名用Italic; 论文名用“”。
10. 独立引文每行低三格(楷书)。
11. 注释号码请用阿拉伯字数码之上标字(右上方)，如9、25。
12. 标题编码层次：一、 (一) 1. (1)13. 征引书目编写方式:(1)中日文部分依作者姓名笔划排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文(2)西文部分依作者姓名字母排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文14. 不可使用“同上”、“同前引书”、“同前书”、“同前揭书”、“同注几引书”等。
MLA格式范文
Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S. as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” ().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
英文文献mla格式
英文文献mla格式Title: The Evolution of the Digital World: A Study in MLA Format.Abstract:This paper examines the significant transformations in the digital world, particularly focusing on the advancements in technology, social media, and the impact on modern society. The discussion is structured in accordance with the Modern Language Association (MLA) formatting style, emphasizing academic rigor and clarity.Introduction:The digital world has undergone a remarkable evolutionin recent years, shaping the way we live, communicate, and interact with one another. From the advent of the internetto the proliferation of smartphones and social media, technology has revolutionized our daily lives. In thispaper, we delve into the key developments that have shaped the digital landscape and assess their impact on contemporary society.Body Paragraph 1: Early Stages of the Digital Revolution.The early stages of the digital revolution can be traced back to the development of the internet in the late 20th century. Initially, the internet was a slow and cumbersome tool, primarily used by researchers and academics. However, as technology improved, the internet gradually became more accessible and user-friendly, paving the way for its widespread adoption.Body Paragraph 2: The Rise of Social Media.The rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has been a pivotal moment in the evolution of the digital world. These platforms have revolutionized the way we share information, connect with others, and consume media. Social media has also given riseto new forms of communication, such as hashtags and emojis, further enhancing the digital experience.Body Paragraph 3: Impact on Modern Society.The impact of the digital revolution on modern society is profound. It has changed the way we work, learn, and socialize. People are now more connected than ever before, with the ability to stay in touch with friends and family across the globe. Additionally, the digital world has provided unprecedented access to information and resources, enabling individuals to learn and grow in unprecedented ways.Conclusion:The evolution of the digital world has been transformative, shaping the way we live and interact with one another. From the early stages of the internet to the rise of social media, technology hascontinuously pushed the boundaries of what is possible. The impact on modern society is profound, with the digital world playing acrucial role in how we work, learn, and socialize. As we continue to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it is important to remain aware of the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.Works Cited:[Reference your sources in accordance with MLA formatting style.]Please note that this is a sample article and may not meet the exact requirements of your assignment. It is recommended that you consult your instructor or theofficial MLA Handbook for specific guidelines and requirements.。
MLA 格式论文范文
MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即（作者姓氏+页码）.Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs，h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19）而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列）,则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息.包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分.三个部分之间用“"分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe，195引语（Quins）的格式- 用方括号（sque bkes“[ ］")和省略号(ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明.—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语.—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词)：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“；"）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(blk quin)。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行.—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB)的距离。
- 如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离.—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
- 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
3．夹注（Penheil Ciin）的格式:引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
MLA格式范文
M L A格式范文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除M L A格式范文(总11页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the . as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchevat that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it preventanother United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantinegreatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” .When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy: On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentionsof the Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
MLA格式说明（5篇）
MLA格式说明（5篇）第一篇：MLA格式说明MLA 2009 Formatting and Style GuideGeneral FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition).Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition).The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries;it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site.See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.Paper FormatThe preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual.Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General Guidelineswhite 8.5 x 11-inch paper.•Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font(e.g.Times New Roman).Whateverfont you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another.The font size should be 12 pt.• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin.MLA recommends that you use the T ab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page.Always follow your instructor's guidelines.) •Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.•Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,before your Works Cited page.Entitle the section Notes(centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your Paper • If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate pageDo not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.your instructor's name, the course, and the date.Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.•Double space again and center the title.Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks;write the title in Title Case(standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.•Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking”•Double space between the title and the first line of the text.•Create a header in the upper right-hand corner thatincludes your last name, followed by a space with a page number;number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals(1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.Section HeadingsWriters sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability.These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.Essays MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1.Early Writings 2.The London Years 3.Traveling the Continent 4.Final YearsBooksMLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books.If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,one another grammatically.For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases(and not, for example, full sentences).Otherwise, the formatting is up to you.It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings(some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample SectionHeadingsThe following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference.You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:1.Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing2.Water Conservation3.Energy ConservationFormatted, unnumbered:Level 1 Heading: bold, flush leftLevel 2 Heading: italics, flush leftLevel 3 Heading: centered, boldLevel 4 Heading: centered, italics How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:Entire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008.Web.27 Dec.2008.Individual ResourcesPurdue OWL.“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008.Web.15 Nov.2008.All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:1.MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide2.MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics3.MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations4.MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes5.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format6.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books7.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals8.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources(Web Publications)9.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources10.MLA 2009 Additional Resources11.MLA 2009 Abbreviations12.MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page13.MLA 2009 Sample Papers14.MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples15.MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation16.MLA 2009Undergraduate Sample Paper第二篇：MLA格式Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine aroundCuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles awayfrom Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international wate rs.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Unionsubject to United Nations’ verification”().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferredoutcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” .Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.第三篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
MLA正文格式样例
introduces the main character Santosh, who is a cook from Bombay, India. In Bombay, he is complimented by people everywhere for his employer ’s status and his capacity for cooking. However, when he leaves for Washington, he makes a lot of mistakes and can ’t adapt to that place in every aspect. He experiences the loss of dignity, identity, II. Edward Said’s O pinion on C ulture and O rientalismEdward·W Said was born in a Christian family in November 1st , 1935 in Jerusalem. People can know Said’s opinion clearly. First, he revealed the relationship between culture and imperialism. For example, from a variety of novels he cited, infer his thought in can observe his Culture and Imperialism.Although the western people think that the eastern world is backward and the My a political doctrinewilled over than the West,which elided a culturaland Said has studied What ’s more, he is Said’s work also has clear political describes various degrees.C. Said’s C riticism of O rientalismOrientalism is a book published in 1978 by Edward Said that has been highly influential and controversial in post-colonial studies and other fields. In the book, heⅢ. The Analysis ofPerspectiveThe above chapter has introduced what is orientalism and Said’s attitude towards orientalism. This chapter aims at analyzing One Out of Many from Said’s orientalism perspective. The main character of One Out of Many is Santosh. He is a cook in Bombay, India. 后几段已省略A. The Reappearance of Orientalism and Its Analysis of One Out of ManyClaiming to be a citizen of the world, V·S·Naipaul is one of the most famous writer in Britain who is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 2001. 后几段已省2. The Loss of IdentityAlthough the Washington people show contemplation to Santosh, he doesn’t abandon the pursuit for freedom. He makes great efforts to make him adapt to the life in Washington. First, He buys a green suit and he decides to not tell his employer.以后部分省略当文中出现两个作者共同写的一本书时，格式如下：In the 1970s the Great Pyramid inspired a fad of pyramid enthusiasts, who . . . (Schul and Pettit 159). 或者Schul and Pettit draw attention to the fact that in the 1970s the Great Pyramid . . . (159).如作者姓名在文中出现，在括号中只写页码。
英语专业毕业论文MLA格式模版
The cultivation of cross-cultural communication in business negotiationByA Thesis Presented Tothe School of Foreign LanguagesChina West Normal UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement Forthe Degree of Bachelor of ArtsUnder the Supervision of Prof./Mr.李刚Mar 2015OutlineI. IntroductionII. The case analysis of business negotiations. Cultural difference and conflictsIII. The feature of American culturefeature of Brittan cultureThe feature of the Middle East culturefeature of the Japan and KoreaThe feature of the Europe cultureIV. Cultural different on the influence of international business negotiationscommunication processnegotiation stylevaluesV. How to cultivate business negotiations and cultural differences. VI. Reference:[1] Cao Ling editor:”business English negotiations”“foreign language teaching and be search press”, 2004Your Title Goes HerePaper HaSchool of Foreign Languages, CWNU, Nanchong, China, 637002Abstract : How to write an abstract (The research background, the research method, the research results, limit it within 250 words) Keywords : happy, fun, money, intelligence (3-5 words orThe institution is responsible for the work (Lastname 38). This template contains pre-settings for the essential features of MLA format: margins, indentations, font, line spacing, and widow/orphan control (桂 21-26). To use this template, 冯志伟 [Feng Ziwei] selects "File--Save As" (106) and saves the template under a new name. Then 程曾厚 [Cheng Zenghou] uses type-over insertions toreplace the header, information block, and title (68). Finally, replace the text in the body of the template by using type-over insertions (Doe 112-28), or delete the body text in blocks (“plagiarism”). (Hint: Leave the sample block quotation in place to preserve its paragraph indentation as a model. Use type-over insertions in the bibliography to preserve the hanging indentations.) Here, then, is a sample block quotation:A quotation that occupies more than four typed lines shouldbe indented one inch (or ten spaces) from the left margin.It should be double spaced, without quotation marks at thebeginning and end of the quoted material. Its right marginshould be set at 1". Its parenthetical citation should beplaced after the block's last item of punctuation. (Dole16)Manner’s Women and Eighteenth-Century Literature suggests printing this template to make sure that your printer is properly configured to produce an MLA page. It should produce 27 lines onthis page, plus the header.Doe, John R. "Title of an Article." Title of a Scholarly Journal 18 (1987): 112-28.Dole, Jane Q. "Title of an Article." Title of a Magazine 12 Aug.1999: 16. Lastname, Firstname.Title of a Sample Book. City: Publisher, 2006.Maner, Martin. "Women and Eighteenth-Century Literature." 14 Apr.1999. Wright State University. 9 Aug. 1999 <" Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. . 26 Jul. 2007 <程曾厚. “普通语言学教程选读”. 胡明扬主编. 西方语言学名着选（第2 版).北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 1999.冯志伟.现代语言学流派(修订本). 西安桂灿昆.（1963）:21-26.。
mla格式中文范文举例
mla格式中文范文举例一、引言：MLA格式简介及用途MLA格式（Modern Language Association Format），即现代语言协会格式，是一种广泛应用于人文学科论文、报告和文学作品的写作规范。
MLA格式起源于美国，主要用于文学批评、社会科学、人文科学等领域的研究成果呈现。
在我国，随着国际学术交流的不断深入，MLA格式也逐渐被广泛接受，成为学术论文写作的重要参考规范。
二、MLA格式的基本规则：标题、作者、正文、引用1.标题：文章、论文或报告的标题应简洁明了，能反映文章主旨。
标题字体大小一般比正文大一号，居中排列。
2.作者：如果文章有作者，应在标题下方居中排列作者姓名。
作者姓名后可加括号，内附单位、职位等信息。
3.正文：正文部分采用左对齐，段落之间无需空行。
每段首句首字母大写，除连续引用外。
4.引用：在MLA格式中，引用分为直接引语和间接引语。
引用时要注明出处，包括作者、出版年份、出版社等信息。
具体引用格式如下：直接引语：作者.出版年份.书名.出版社.间接引语：作者.出版年份."文章标题." 期刊名称.卷号(期号).出版社.三、MLA格式的具体应用：中文范文举例以下是一篇采用MLA格式的中文范文举例：张三，《红楼梦》解读，2021，北京：人民出版社。
在这本书中，张三对《红楼梦》进行了深入解读，分析了作品中的主题、情节、人物关系等。
书中指出，《红楼梦》是一部具有深刻内涵和丰富文化内涵的作品，作者曹雪芹通过讲述贾宝玉、林黛玉等人的故事，反映了当时社会的风俗、道德观念及家族衰落的历史变迁。
四、MLA格式中引用的注意事项1.引用要准确：确保引用的信息与原文一致，避免误导读者。
2.引用格式规范：遵循MLA格式的引用规范，统一格式。
3.引文标注清晰：在文章中引用他人观点或研究成果时，要注明出处，以便读者查阅。
4.适当引用：避免过度引用，以免影响文章的可读性和原创性。
五、结论：MLA格式在中文写作中的实用性MLA格式作为一种国际通用的写作规范，在我国中文写作领域的应用越来越广泛。
mla论文格式范文
mla论文格式范文篇一:MLA毕业论文格式MLA格式是什么,我们在留学写作业和论文的时候，经常会遇到外教要求用MLA格式写作。
MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于在外国,文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用,所以MLA 格式很严谨。
MLA引用格式。
Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
与MLA格式相似，常用的还有APA格式、哈佛格式等等，下面我们详细解读一下MLA格式，我们也为文章末尾大家准备了MLA格式的论文写作规范WORD和PDF两个版本供大家下载和使用～关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature”1.The thesis is written in English, including thecitation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。
)2.What are some essential standard of a MLA paper?(MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set themargins of your thesis to one-inch(2.54 centimeters)on all1sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。
mla格式范文
mla格式范文MLA格式范文：身体健康的重要性在现代社会中，身体健康对于一个人的生活质量和幸福感至关重要。
然而，由于生活节奏加快、工作压力增大以及不良的生活习惯，越来越多的人面临着身体健康问题。
因此，我们需要重视并采取措施来维护和促进我们的身体健康。
首先，良好的身体健康可以提高我们的生活质量。
当我们身体健康时，我们能够更好地享受生活带来的乐趣。
我们可以尽情参与各种活动，如户外运动、旅行、社交等。
此外，身体健康也有助于提高我们的精神和情绪状态。
研究表明，锻炼能够释放内啡肽和多巴胺等神经递质，从而提高我们的情绪和心理健康。
其次，保持身体健康对我们的工作和学习也有积极的影响。
一个健康的身体意味着更高的能量水平和更好的注意力。
当我们身体健康时，我们能够更好地专注于工作和学习，并保持较高的工作效率。
此外，身体健康还能够提高我们的抵抗力，减少患病的机会，从而减少因病假而导致的工作或学业中断。
然而，要保持身体健康并非易事。
我们需要采取积极的生活方式和良好的生活习惯。
首先，定期锻炼是至关重要的。
每周进行适度的有氧运动和力量训练可以增强我们的肌肉和心肺功能，提高身体的整体健康水平。
其次，良好的饮食习惯也是必不可少的。
我们应该保证摄入足够的营养物质，并避免过多的高糖、高脂食物。
此外，充足的睡眠和压力管理也是保持身体健康的重要方面。
总之，身体健康对我们的生活质量和幸福感至关重要。
我们应该重视并采取措施来维护和促进我们的身体健康。
通过采取积极的生活方式和良好的生活习惯，我们能够享受更好的生活，并在工作和学习中取得更好的成绩。
只有拥有健康的身体，我们才能在生活中充分发挥我们的潜力。
MLA-writing-style-(MLA论文格式)
MLA Documentation: Non-Electronic SourcesModern Language Association (MLA) documentation is used primarily for English papers and uses a parenthetical format. This is a system of using parentheses within the body of the paper, instead of footnotes or endnotes. Don't forget to also include a Works Cited list at the end of the paper. Only a few typical references are offered below. Consult the MLA Handbook, on reserve at the Boatwright Library's circulation desk, for complete information. Be certain you are using the 5th Edition; many changes have taken place, especially in the preparation of the works-cited list. 1.Books with Single AuthorIf you use the author to introduce the quotation, then only the page number would appear in the parentheses:Ex.According to R. Lewis, "When Thoreau would sit outside his house . . ."(93).If you don't use the author to introduce the quotation, state the author's last name and the page number within parentheses:Ex. Thoreau believed that, since America was a new nation, it had an abundance of natural resources; but he could see something had to be done to preserve them. He had traveled to Europe and observed firsthand how abused and depleted the land of the Old World had become (Fussell 152). Note: In both cases, there is no comma within the parentheses, and the period for the sentence follows the citation.Long QuotationsIf a direct quotation is set-off from the text, skip two spaces after the concluding punctuation mark, then add the parenthetical reference. Note carefully: the period for such quotations appears before the first parenthesis, not after, as with shorter quotations. Do not use quotation marks for these long quotations. For poetry, mimic the original line breaks if possible.Ex. In "Song of Myself," Walt Whitman lavishes praise on the earth, as if he were addressing a lover:Smile, o voluptuous, cool-breathed earthEarth of the slumbering and liquid treesEarth of departed sunset, earth of mountains misty-toppedEarth of the vitreous pour of the full moon, just tinged with blue. . . .Smile, for your lover comes. (87)Note: In set-off quotations the quotation should be at least four lines long and should be indented one inch, or at least 10 spaces, and double-spaced.2.Books with Multiple AuthorsIf your book has more than one author, use the authors' last names as they appear on the title page. Include each name, up to three authors:Ex.In the 1970s the Great Pyramid inspired a fad of pyramid enthusiasts, who . . . (Schul and Pettit 159).Schul and Pettit draw attention to the fact that in the 1970s the Great Pyramid . . . (159).If there are more than three use "et al." showing there are others: Ex.The editors of Writing About the World set an agenda for their textbook. They intend to "include the study of women as well as men, and people of color as well as Western European figures in university courses" (McLeod et al. iii).3. Articles from journalsUse the name of the author and the title of the essay in the text; place the page number within the parentheses:Ex. In "Criticism and Sociology," David Daiches insists that "sociological criticism can help increase literary perceptions" (17). 4. Music, FilmTitles of film and recording titles should be underlined or put into italics. A song's title would be placed in double quotations, however Ex. In "Vague Directions," a song from McMurtry's album Candland, an old man asks the main character about his mother who moved away. The old man sounds a bit like the intolerant men in Easy Rider when he asks, "Did she show you how to curl that hair?/ A grown man would have never dared/ WhenI was just a boy" ("Vague Directions").5. Indirect Quotation within a cited workAlways try to quote from the original source. When that is not possible, and you are referring to a quotation within a work not made by the author, write "qtd. in . . ." within the parentheses following the quotation. Ex.Bernard Baruch states that "Mankind has always thought to substitute energy for reason" (qtd. in Ringer 274).Note: On your Works Cited page you would use Ringer as the author of the work cited, then the title of his book, etc.6. Citing two or more works by the same authorWhen using more than one book by the same author, provide a shortened title of the book in each citation. The "Works Cited" or "Bibliography" will have two separate entries for this author.Ex. Feodor Dostoyevsky declares that the "underground rebel is representative of our society (Underground 3). He seems to confirm this view in Raskolnikov's superman speech (Crime 383-84).When the author's name does not appear in the text, it is placed first within the parentheses followed by a comma, the shortened title, and the page number.7. Multivolume WorkWhen citing a work that has more than one volume, put the author, the volume followed by a colon and a space, and the page number within the parentheses:Ex. It is interesting to note that while Johann Sebastian Bach composed in the modern era, his use of the polyphonic style was a regression to medieval music (Wallbank and Taylor 2: 67).MLA Bibliography: The Works-Cited ListThis document should be titled "Works Cited" if it includes those works actually cited in your paper. If it includes works consulted but not actually cited, use the title "Bibliography" or "Works Consulted."•Double-space between and within entries•Type the first line of each entry flush with the left margin; indent each additional line 1/2 inch•Arrange entries alphabetically by authors' last names, with anonymous works included by title (ignoring the articles a, an, & the).In the following examples, note that Barnes' article comes from a weekly magazine, and thus uses the same form as would a newspaper article. Cook's article is from a "scholarly journal." Lannon's work is a book, while Leap's article comes from a book containing the works of several authors. Can you spot the differences between the citations?Works CitedBarnes, Fred. "Finest Hour." New Republic 11 Feb. 1991: 14-16.Cook, Eleanor. "Reading Typologically, For Example, Faulkner." American Literature 63 (1991): 693-711.Hopper, Dennis, dir. Easy Rider. Columbia Pictures, 1969.Lannon, John M. Technical Writing. Glenview: Scott- Foresman, 1988.Leap, William L. "American Indian Languages." Languages in the USA. Eds. Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.McMurtry, James. Candyland. Columbia, 1992.Works ConsultedGibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (Fifth Edition). New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1999. Winkler, Anthony C. & Jo Ray McCuen. Rhetoric Made Plain. NewYork: Harcourt Brace, 1988.Works CitedThe alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of your paper contains more information about all of the sources you've cited allowing readers to refer to them, as needed. The main characteristics are: The list of Works Cited must be on a new page at the end of your textEntries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no authorTitles are underlined (not italicized) and all important words should be capitalizedEntries are double-spaced (for the purposes of this page,single-spacing is used)Below are some examples of the most common types of sources including online sources (web and databases).Book with one authorMumford, Lewis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938.Book with two or three authorsFrancis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History Since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000.Book with more than three authorsBaldwin, Richard et al. Economic Geography and Public Policy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003.Two or more books by the same authorReplace the author's name by three hyphens and arrange alphabetically by the book's titlePostman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New York: Viking, 1985.---. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994.Anthology or compilationAbate, Corinne S., ed. Privacy, Domesticity, and Women in Early Modern England. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.Work in an anthology or an essay in a bookNaremore, James. "Hitchcock at the Margins of Noir." Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays. Eds. Richard Allen and S. Ishii-Gonzalès. London: BFI, 1999.Book by a corporate authorAssociations, corporations, agencies and organizations are considered authors when there is no single authorOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Action Against Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond. Paris: OECD, 1999. Article in a reference book or an entry in an encyclopediaIf the article/entry is signed, include the author's name; if unsigned, begin with the title of the entryGuignon, Charles B. "Existentialism." Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig. 10 vols. London: Routledge, 1998.A translationKafka, Franz. Metamorphosis. Trans. and Ed. Stanley Corngold. New York: Bantam, 1972.A government publicationCanada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Freedom From Fear: Canada's Foreign Policy for Human Security. Ottawa: DFAIT, 2002. United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. Charting the Progress of Populations. New York: UN, 2000.Book in a seriesBloom, Harold, ed. André Malraux. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1988.Article in a journal - for articles retrieved online, see below Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49.Man, Glenn K. S. "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." Literature Film Quarterly 21.3 (1993): 171-178.Article in a newspaper or magazineSemenak, Susan. "Feeling Right at Home: Government Residence Eschews Traditional Rules." Montreal Gazette 28 Dec. 1995, Final Ed.: A4. Driedger, Sharon Doyle. "After Divorce." Maclean's 20 Apr. 1998: 38-43.A reviewKirn, Walter. "The Wages of Righteousness." Rev. of Cloudsplitter, by Russell Banks. New York Times Book Review 22 Feb. 1998: 9. Kauffmann, Stanley. "A New Spielberg." Rev of Schindler's List, dir. Steven Spielberg. New Republic 13 Dec. 1993: 30.Television or radio program"Scandal of the Century." Narr. Linden MacIntyre. The Fifth Estate. CBC Television. 23 Jan. 2002.Sound recordingEllington, Duke. "Black and Tan Fantasy." Music is My Mistress. Musicmasters, 1989.Film, videorecording or DVDThe Shining. Dir. Stanley Kubrick. Perf. Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall. Warner Bros., 1980.Macbeth. Dir. Roman Polanski. Perf. Jon Finch, Francesca Annis, and Nicholas Selby. 1971. DVD. Columbia, 2002.Musical composition, published scoreBeethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2001.Work of art, photographed, in a bookCassatt, Mary. Mother and Child. 1890. Wichita Art Museum, Wichita. American Painting: 1560-1913. By John Pearce. New York: McGraw, 1964.Slide 22.In-Text CitationsNormally in works that are printed, in-text citations include, in parentheses, the author's last name and the page cited, as in "(Roever 355)." However, because electronic documents have no pagination or other type of reference markers, the MLA Handbook recommends that such parenthetical references be avoided if possible. More preferable are direct references in the text to the name of the author or sponsoring organization.Example of an In-Text Citation of an Electronic Publication With a KnownAuthor:William J. Mitchell's City of Bits discusses architecture and urban life in the context of the digital telecommunications revolution.Example of an In-Text Citation of an Electronic Source Without a KnownAuthorbut With a Known Sponsor:More companies today are using data mining to unlock hidden value in their data. The data mining program "Clementine," described at the SPSS Web site, helps organizations predict market share and detect possible fraud.In the works-cited list, the reader will be able to find a fuller version of each of these brief references by locating the author's name or the organization's name.Works-Cited ListTo refer to electronic sources, include print information, if available,along with other information necessary for a reader to locate a source. Underline the title of a database, periodical, or Web site. For sites without titles, include a description such as "Home page" (not underlined).Although MLA style does not require the insertion of the word "Retrieved"or the word "Accessed" before the access date, you may wish to include one of these words to distinguish a retrieval date from a publication date.Use a hanging indent for each entry; that is, indent the second and succeeding lines five spaces.Divide an electronic address only at a logical place, such as at a slash ("/"), period, or hyphen.The word "online" may be written as "online" or "on-line." Select one of these alternate forms and then use it consistently.MLA style requires that the years of journal publications be shown inparentheses. The dates of newspaper publications are not to be shown in parentheses.The use of italics in references can result in ambiguities. For printedstudent writing submitted for grading and for printed writing submitted for professional editing, the MLA therefore suggests the use of underlining. If you wish to use italics instead, check with your instructor or organization before doing so.Either one or two spaces may be left after concluding punctuation marks.The use of a single space after a concluding punctuation mark is becoming increasingly common, however. That is the style followed in our forms and examples below.MLA style recommends that Web addresses (URLs) and e-mail addresses beenclosed by angle brackets.MLA style suggests that writers avoid showing network and e-mailaddresses as hyperlinks, unless the document containing them is to be read on screen.(To follow this suggestion, turn off your word processor's automatic hyperlink function.)[This Web page was specifically designed for viewing with a Web browser. Some students who print a copy of it may find that, if the browser they are using is currently configured to print pages with large margins, their printed copy varies in minor ways from what they saw on their computer screens and from what MLA has recommended. For example, the lines of the format examples may occasionally break at non-standard places. With this contingency in mind, we have also prepared a Microsoft Word version (mla.doc; 19K) of this page that students are invited to download and print.]1. WORLD WIDE WEB SITE (HOME PAGE)Basic FormName of author or creator (if given). Title of Web site. (If no title is available, provide description such as name of site plus Home page, neither underlined nor in quotation marks.) Name of any institution or organization associated with the site. Access date <URL>.Gesterland, Richard. WorldBizaaa Page. Retrieved 1 May 2001<bbb://aaaworldbizaaa/>.Edmundsaaa. Home page. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2000<bbb://aaaedmundsaaa/edweb/>.Business Ethics Resources on WWW. Centre for Applied Ethics. Retrieved 2 May 2001 <bbb://aaa ethics.ubc.ca/resources/business/>.2. WORLD WIDE WEB (SECONDARY PAGE)Basic FormName of author or creator, if available. "Title of topic or article" (if given). Title of page (if named). Name of any institution or organization associated with the site. Latest update (if given). Access date<URL>.ExampleAnderson, Greg. "Can the Trooper and SLX Stand Up?" Edmundsaaa. Retrieved 12 Mar. 2001<bbb://aaaedmundsaaa/edweb/anderson/rollover.html>."Privacy Protection in Other Countries." Media Awareness Network. Updated Nov. 1999. Retrieved 2 May 2001<bbb://aaamedia-awareness.ca/eng/issues/priv/laws/lawintl.htm>."Data Mining Makes the Difference." SPSS, Inc. Retrieved 2 Feb. 2001 <bbb://aaaspssaaa/datamine/>.3. BOOK (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor. "Chapter." Book Title. Publication information for printed source (if available). Date of electronic publication, of the latest update, or of posting, if given. Name of any institution or organization sponsoring or associated with the Web site. Access date <URL>.ExampleStrunk, William, Jr. "Elementary Rules of Usage." The Elements of Style. Project Bartleby Archive,Columbia University. Retrieved 20 Aug. 2001 <bbb:///acis/bartleby/strunk/strunk.html#11>.4. BOOK REVIEW (ONLINE)Author of review. Review of Book Title by Author. Journal or Magazine Title: Volume, Issue, or other identifying number (Year of publication in parentheses): pages (if given). Access date <URL>.ExampleHansen, Richard. Review of A Pragmatic Approach to Business Ethics by Alex Michalos. The Online Journal of Ethics 1.1 (1995). Retrieved 5 May 2001 <bbb://condor//ethics/michalos.html>.5. ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor (if given). "Title of Material Accessed." Date of material (if given). Title of Encyclopedia.Publication information for any print version of the source if available. Date of electronic publication, of the latest update, or of posting (if known). [search term if necessary for retrieval]. Access date <URL>.Example"Stock Market Crash of 1929." Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April, 1998. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 1999<bbb://aaaebaaa:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/567/22.html>.6. ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE (CD-ROM)Basic FormAuthor (if given). "Title of Material Accessed." Date of material (if given). Title of Encyclopedia. Edition, release, or version (if relevant). CD-ROM. Name of vendor (if relevant). Electronic publication date.Example"Genetic Engineering." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Version 2.0. CD-ROM. Compton's NewMedia, Inc., 1994.7. JOURNAL ARTICLE (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume.Issue or other identifying number (Year of publication in parentheses): paging. Access date <URL>.ExampleKoehn, Daryl. "The Ethics of Handwriting Analysis in Pre-Employment Screening."The Online Journal of Ethics 1.1 (1995). Retrieved 2 June 2001<bbb://condor//ethics/hand.html>.8. MAGAZINE ARTICLE (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date: page (for magazines published every month or two months, do not give volume and issue numbers even if they are listed). Access date<URL>.ExampleMurphy, H. Lee. "Saturn's Orbit Still High With Consumers." Marketing News Online. 31 Aug. 1998. Retrieved 1 Sept. 2001<bbb:///pubs/mn/0818/n1.htm>.9. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Date, edition, section: page (if given). Database name (if applicable). Access date <URL>.ExampleVerhovek, Sam Howe. "Some in Seattle Believe Two Microsofts Might Be Better Than One." The New York Times. 1 May 2000. Retrieved 3 June 2001 <bbb://wwwnytimesaaa/library/tech/00/05/biztech_articles/01seat.htm l>.10. DOCUMENT WITHIN DATABASE (ONLINE)Basic FormName of author (if given). "Title of material." Name of database. Name of sponsoring institution or organization (if relevant). Access date <URL>.Example"Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc." Hoover's Online. Hoover's Company Information. Retrieved 20 Jan. 2001<aaahooversaaa/co/capsule/3/0,2163,12763,00.html>.11. POSTING (ONLINE)Basic FormAuthor (if given). "Title of document" (as given in subject line). Online posting. Date. Name of forum (if known). Access date <URL>.ExamplesManning, Kelly Bert. "E-Businesses and Privacy Leadership." Online posting. 7 Apr. 2001. Society Privacy Forum. Retrieved 26 Apr. 2001<altaaap.society.privacy>.Stevens, Melissa. "Take Our Daughters to Work Day." Online posting. 24 Apr. 2001. Career and Workplace Issues Forum. Retrieved 2 May 2001<bbb://forums.nytimesaaa/webin/WebX?13@@efded73>.12. DISCUSSION LIST MESSAGE (ARCHIVED)Basic FormAuthor. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. Access date <URL>.ExampleSandwen, Janice. "GSA's Airline City-Pair Contracts." 8 May 2000. Online posting. Travel. Retrieved 11, Aug. 2001<LISTSERV@/Get950809>.13. PERSONAL E-MAIL MESSAGEBasic FormSender (sender's e-mail address). "Subject of Message." E-mail to Recipient (recipient's e-mail address). Message date.ExampleOmar, Bill W. (bomar@aolaaa). "Excellent Web Sites for Job Seekers." E-mail to Mary Ellen Guffey (meguffey@westwordsaaa). 10 Apr. 2001。
mla论文格式模板
mla论文格式模板【篇一：mla论文格式】正文主体两边对齐，双倍行距，标题小三号，正文小四号字，全部使用times new romancross-referencing in mla formatquotation format 引用格式? 引用任何不是自己的想法/观点时when quoting any words that are not your own? 总结某一出处的事实和观点时when summarizing facts and ideas from a source? 总结是指从某一来源的大篇幅资料中提取想法，并用自己的语言压缩。
summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words? 解释某些资料时when paraphrasing a source? 解释是指使用某些来源的观点，但是用自己的话来表达，格式发生改变。
paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words有以上的情况时，都要使用加注形式！即来源作者的性与来源的页码必须出现在你的论文中。
you should use parentheticalcitations! that is:author’s last name and page number(s) of quote mu st appearin the text比如：引号中的内容romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneousoverflow of powerful feelings” (wordsworth 263).这句话没有指出引文作者是谁，所以括号中要有作者的姓+页码。
mla格式英文范文举例
mla格式英文范文举例MLA格式是一种常见的学术论文写作格式，它要求作者在论文中使用一定的格式来引用和格式化文章中的信息。
这篇文章将会以一个英文范文为例，展示MLA格式的使用方法。
首先，我们来看一下这篇英文范文的题目和作者信息。
Title: The Impacts of Social Media on Adolescent Mental HealthAuthor: Jane SmithSchool of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles接下来，我们可以看到这篇文章的开头和引言。
In recent years, social media has become increasingly prevalent in the lives of adolescents. While its impact on their social lives and relationships has been studied extensively, less attention has been given to the potential effectsof social media on mental health. This paper aimsto explore the various ways in which social mediacan impact adolescent mental health, and to examine the current research on this topic.在这个例子中，作者已经使用了MLA格式来包括她的姓名以及学校的名称。
此外，她还引用了一些相关的研究，并在文中提到她将要探讨的主题。
接下来，我们可以看到该文的主要部分，其中作者详细讨论了社交媒体对青少年精神健康的影响。
One of the most significant impacts of social media on adolescent mental health is the increased risk of depression and anxiety. Studies have shown that adolescents who spend more time on social media are more likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety than those who spend less time on these platforms (Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2017).另一个影响是社交媒体的滥用会对学业造成负面影响。
英文论文 MLA 格式范文
英文论文 MLA 格式范文以下是一篇使用MLA格式的英文论文范文:Smith, John. "The Effects of Social Media on Teenagers." Journal of Adolescent Psychology, vol. 7, no. 2, 2019, pp. 45-60.Abstract:This paper examines the impact of social media on teenagers and their psychological well-being. The study analyzes various studies conducted in the field and provides an overview of the current state of knowledge. The results indicate that excessive use of social media can lead to negative psychological effects such as low self-esteem, depression, and social isolation. The paper concludes with recommendations for parents, educators, and society as a whole to address these issues and promote healthier social media habits among teenagers.Introduction:In today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of teenagers' lives. With the widespread use of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, teenagers are constantly connected to their peers, celebrities, and the world at large. While social media has transformed the way we communicate and interact, there is growing concern about its impact on teenagers' well-being. This paper aims to explore the effects of social media on teenagers' psychological health by analyzing existing research and providing recommendations for addressing these issues.Literature Review:Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between social media use and teenagers' psychological well-being. Astudy by Johnson et al. (2018) found a direct correlation between the amount of time spent on social media and symptoms of depression and anxiety in teenagers. Similarly, Smith et al. (2019) found that excessive social media use was associated with lower self-esteem and increased feelings of social isolation. Conversely, a study by Thompson et al. (2017) found that positive social media experiences, such as supportive online communities, can have a positive impact on teenagers' mental health.Methodology:This study employs a literature review approach, analyzing existing research on social media and teenagers' psychological well-being. The researcher conducted a comprehensive review of scholarly articles, books, and reports published between 2010 and 2018. Relevant studies were selected based on their methodology, sample size, and ability to contribute to the understanding of the topic. The review included both qualitative and quantitative studies conducted in various countries. Results:The findings of this study indicate that excessive use of social media can have negative effects on teenagers' psychological well-being. It has been found to be associated with low self-esteem, depression, and increased feelings of social isolation. Moreover, cyberbullying and online harassment are prevalent on social media platforms and can further exacerbate these negative effects. However, positive experiences on social media, such as support from online communities, can have a protective effect on teenagers' mental health. Conclusion:In conclusion, the impact of social media on teenagers' psychological well-being is a complex issue with both positive and negative aspects. It is crucial for parents, educators, and society to promote healthy socialmedia habits among teenagers to mitigate the negative effects. This can be achieved through education on digital literacy, promoting self-regulation, and fostering open communication about social media use. By addressing these issues, we can help teenagers navigate the digital world and promote their overall well-being.。
mla基本论文格式
mla基本论文格式mla是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，下面是小编精心推荐的一些mla基本论文格式，希望你能有所感触!mla基本论文格式1、题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字;3、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。
4、目录：写出目录，标明页码。
5、正文：论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上。
论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言(引言)是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。
前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析(讨论)等。
在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。
其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
6、谢辞：简述自己通过做论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
7、参考文献：在论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
8、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
9、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。
关于养生的论文范文山水“话”养生摘要：我国传统山水画博大精深，其修身养性之功效，自古以来受到文人雅士的推崇，在社会压力和心理压力日益增大的今天，当代人把目光关注到中医的文章将通过对山水画的笔墨、气韵、构图等方面的研究，分析其与心灵养生的联系，从而提出如何养心的方式方法。
关键词：山水画;精神;技法;养生;功效中图分类号：J212 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5312(2012)33-0021-02一、中国山水画的养生渊源中国山水画美学在先后接受了儒、道的思想，摄取了有关的佛理，三家兼收并蓄以来，形成了“重性说”的独特概念，即人品决定画品，画如其人。
mla英文论文范文
mla英文论文范文mla的英文论文你们会写吗?不会的话，可以看下面，这是小编为大家精心推荐的mla英文论文范文，希望能够对您有所帮助。
mla英文论文范文篇一Discuss the Gricean account of the semantics and pragmatics ofconjunctive utterancesIntroductionSemantics studies the meaning and it is concerned with the literal meaning of words and sentences. Semantics focuses on the relationship between signifiers, such as words, phrases, symbols and signs, and what they stand for. While the transmission of meani ng doesn’t only depend on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. lexicon, grammar etc.) of the listener and speaker but also depend on the context of the utterance, the inferred intent of the speaker, knowledge about the status of those involved, and so on. (Shaozhong, Liu, 2009) Pragmatics is the study of the contributions of context to meaning, and it encompasses conversational implicature, speech act theory, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in sociology, philosophy, and linguistics. (Mey, Jacob L, 1993)The semantics and pragmatics of conjunctive utterancesGenerally many semantic theories (Russell 1905, Frege 1892, Davidson 1967, Kaplan 1977/89, Segal and Larson 1995) concern truth conditions (Carston, 1999). Grice’s (1967) influenti al concepts showed in addition to what a speaker says, that is both largely conventional and the content on the basis of which her utterance will be judged true or false, and a speaker may also convey implicatures which don’t affect the truth-value of whatshe says; so these conversational implicatures are calculated by assuming speakers are being cooperative and adhering to the certain expected standards of informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and manner of expression (Grice, 1975). That suggests a natural way of drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction that is semantics will correspond to the truth-conditional content of theutterance, and the pragmatics to the conveyed meaning which falls outside the truth-conditional content.So semantic content could be equated with Grice’s what is said, and it has two features. Firstly it is the truth-conditional content of the utterance, and secondly it is determined almost entirely by the encoded, conventional meaning of the linguistic expressions used. And as Grice acknowledged, the truth-conditional content isn’t completely free of contextual input, and in some brief comments on the utterance of “He is in the grip of a vice”, one says, “for a full identification of what the speaker has said, one will need to know (a) the time of utterance, (b) the identity of x, and (c) the meaning, on the particular occasion of utterance, of the phrase in the grip of a vice” (1975/89: 25). But he seemed not to see these processes of reference assignment and disambiguation as requiring appeal to the conversational maxims; instead, the concept seems to be that they are resolved more automatically, and the requisite values being something like objective features of the utterance’s context (Carston, 2002).A particular division of labor between semantics and pragmatics of Grice (1967) has prevailed in the account of what is communicated by utterances of and-conjunctions. For instance:a. It’s autumn in New Zealand it is spring in England and.b. He handed her the scalpel and she made the incision.c. We spent the day in town and I went to Harrods.d. She fed him poisoned stew and he died.e. I left the door open and the cat got in.“And” is taken to be pretty well semantically empty and it’s taken to be the natural language equivalent of the truth-functional logical conjunction operator. The pragmatics focuses on variety of cause-consequence, temporal and other sorts of relationships understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described, some of that come through in the asymmetrical examples in (1b)-(1e). For example, we all understand the making of the scalpel and the interval of a few seconds to have intervened; and a quite different temporal relation is understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described in (1c), and the event of going to Harrods interpreted as contained within the period of time that is spent in town. The different sorts of consequence relationships are understood in (1d) and (1e): and the feeding of poisoned stew is the sufficient cause for death the leaving open of the door is just one of the range of factors contributing to the cat’s getting in.These relationships are taken to be derived inferentially via the interaction of the decoded-semantic content with the general knowledge assumptions about the way things connect up and relate in the world, the interaction constrained by some general criterion and criteria of rational communicative behavior.An interpretation has the two properties as following:An utterance, on a given interpretation, is optimally relevant:(a) it achieves enough effects to be worth the hearer’s attention;(b) it puts the hearer to no gratuitous effort in achievingthose effects.(Wilson and Sperber, forthcoming) Once the listener has accessed an interpretation consistent with the expectation he looks no further but takes this to be the interpretation the speaker intended. The utterance, on a given interpretation is consistent with the presumption of optimal relevance if the speaker can rationally have expected it to be optimally relevant to the listener on that interpretation. The implications of the definition are fully discussed elsewhere.As with any utterance there is a range of possible interpretations of (1d) that are compatible with the linguistically encoded, semantic and content. Two of the logical possibilities for (1d) are as following:a. She fed him poisoned stew and as a result he died shortly after.b. She fed him poisoned stew and he died years later in a car crash.Though these are both possible and consistent, the first sentence is absolutely more likely to be recovered by the listener, and to have been intended by the speaker, than the second sentence. That’s because everyone knows that poison can cause the death and that one who knowingly feeds someone poison is most likely doing that with the intention of killing the person. And the relevance-theoretic pragmatic account captures the intuitions without seting up any special principles telling listeners to interpret in accordance with their standard stereotypic assumptions.ConclusionThe current state of the debate relating the interface between semantics and pragmatics is the upshot of therevolutionary period in the research of meaning known as radical pragmatics and aided by the views of ordinary language philosophers. The two relatively separate disciplines, the formal research of sentence meaning and the relatively informal research of the properties of speech acts became more and more intertwined as a result of the adoption of the semantic underdetermination and the admittance of the pragmatic inference about the speaker’s intentions, as well as other contextbound informations, into the semantic content. That facilitated the shift of the centre of attention from the sentence to the utterance. But the direction of change hasn’t been steady throughout the past three decades. Attempts keep semantics and pragmatics apart either through denying that semantics has to provide the propositions and hence truth-conditional content, or through keeping the objectives of the semantics and pragmatics apart and stressing the theoretical utility of the sentence’s truth conditions, just like minimalists of the syncretic flavour do. And the dominant orientations are however various forms of contextualism. The state of affairs is undoubtedly aided by the overall desideratum to stay faithful to the speakers’ intuitions about meaning and to the view that the aim of the semantic theory is to cater for these intuitions. Whether contextualism will retain its power, succumb to the minimalism, or evolve into the radical form of occasion-meaning of the meaning eliminativism remains to be seen.ReferencesCarston, R. 1999. The semantic-pragmatics distinction: A view from relevance theory. In The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View (CRiSPI 1), ed. K. Turner, 85-125. Oxford: Elsevier.Davidson, D. 1967. Truth and meaning. Synthese 17: 304-323. von Fintel, K. and Gillies, A. 2011. Might made right. In Epistemic Modality, eds. A. Egan and B. Weatherson, 108-130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Frege, G. 1892. Über Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik 100: 25-50.Grice, H. P. 1975/1989. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, eds. P. Cole and J. Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press; reprinted in Grice, H. P. 1989, 22-40.Grice, H. P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Kaplan, D. 1977/89. Demonstratives. In Themes from Kaplan, eds. J. Almog, J. Perry and H. Wettstein, 481-563. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Larson, R. and Segal, G. 1995. Knowledge of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantic Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. mla英文论文范文篇二The theories which proposed by Eugene and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles.The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor X, both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in Applied Foreign Language Department, whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career.I am also very grateful to my classmates, who have given mea lot of help and courage during my stay in the University and throughout the process of writing this thesis.Last but not the least; big thanks go to my family who have shared with me my worries, frustrations, and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.has become more and more important for it is always used as the way to promote the sales of goods. The excellent advertisement is not only understandable for everyone, but also has an elegant style. It can easily encourage people to buy the goods. Therefore, a good translation of an advertisement is also important to promote the sales of the goods in the country of the target language.Most which is systematically 1 That is to say, the adequacy of translations is judged on the basis of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target languages.Functional equivalence is a powerful weapon for information exchange. The translation work which follows the principles of functional equivalence is much easier to understand.However, functional equivalence is very abstract to most people. In order to make it clear, this paper chooses advertisement translation to analyze its every aspect. Due to the differences between English and Chinese, the advertisement translation from English to Chinese should be undertaken in different translation techniques with the guidance of functional equivalence.The similarity of the thoughts of human aremore than the differences between English and Chinese. The equivalence of languages makes it possible to convert the source language into the target language. However, the convert is not just a process to translate the words from one language toanother language. Translation should be a task to recur the information of the original work in a most natural way. That is to say, translation should rebuild the surficial forms of the original information, convert the views of expression and replace the meaning of the original work with the meaning of the translated work. Therefore, equivalence is the most important basis for translation. The translated work can be of higher quality if it achieves more equivalence with the original work.Functional equivalence is originally termed as dynamic equivalence, which is to be defined by the degree where the receptor of the source language message should respond in substantially the same way as the target language receptor to the translated version. It is very important to all kinds of translation. The reason is that English and Chinese have many differences in their forms, grammars, sentence structures and so on. Therefore, in the process of translation, to convey the information of the original work is the focus and the most difficult part. After all, the receptors of the translated work expect to know the content of the original work.Functional equivalence also emphasizes the cultural elements. If a translated work does not reflect the cultural elements of the original work, it must be a failure. Therefore, the translator should be bilingual and bicultural.Nida always holds a view that syntax and lexeme are the biggest barriers for the translators.2 The translators devoted to English-Chinese translation may agree with him. Most of them have learned English through the is often the concept of kernel sentence and the concept of sentence to a translator. Third, isomorphism can 6 In the 1950s, for example, while Ellington was still alive, Raymond Horricks compared enquiring mind ofEllington…has sought to extend steadily the since the Ellington’s earliest attempt to move beyond the three-minute limit received …Figures in literature are either flat characters (one dimensional figures, figures with ----with office.after myfather, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War.However, F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeds in changing these flat figures into round ones through his master-hand writing skills and in-depth characterization.B. Different FunctionsThe theory of functional equivalence involves nine functions: expressive, cognitive, interpersonal, informative……With the rapid development of the international trade, advertisement has become an indispensable part in our life. To some extent, it has become our guide in the aspect of consuming. No doubt, we are now living in the age of advertisement. Therefore, to translate a good and effective advertisement is increasingly important for attracting the potential customers and promoting the sale of the products in the international market.Since Chinese and English are two quite different languages, the translation from English to Chinese is not an easy task. The translator should learn well the cultural and social background of the original work, the differences of their sentence structures and also their habits of expression. Although there are so many differences between the two languages, the functions of all the languages are the same. That is to name the reality and to communicative with the people. It is just the basis for the translation from English to Chinese.…, …Through a relative thorough analysis of functional equivalence and advertisement translation, the readers of the essay may have a clear understanding of the details and aspects of advertisement translation. The readers may appreciate the advantages of functional equivalence in the process of advertisement translation. Functional equivalence helps the translators overcome the barrier of translation. That is the forms and structures of the language of the original work. Advertisement translation has its special aims. It is not only for information exchange, but also for encouraging the customers to buy the products. This is the ultimate aim of advertisement translation. Therefore, the translators should not only express the accurate meaning of the original work, but also pay attention to the diction of words and the cultural elements. The translation work will fail to realize its aims if it neglects the cultural elements such as the tradition, customs and habits of the target country. The analysis of these aspects in this essay may give the readers a little enlightenment.。
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.MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处，即（作者姓氏+页码）。
Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs, h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19)而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列），则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。
包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分。
三个部分之间用“”分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe, 195引语（Quins）的格式—用方括号（sque bkes“[ ]”）和省略号（ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。
—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。
—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示（书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词）：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段（blk quin）。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行。
—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。
—如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。
—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
—引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
）的格式：Penheil Ciin．夹注（3'..引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
正文中，括号夹注（作者姓氏+页码）放在句末标点以内，但不得放在引文的引号以内。
引语段（blk quin）的括号夹注不属于单句，因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。
直接引语都必须标明页码，以便读者查找。
31 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时一般不用标注页码，有两种情况，—一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Chle nd Eily Bne ee pl ppsies, n nly in hei pesnliies bu in hei sues f inspiin f iing (Tyl)—另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：Tyl lis h Chle nd Eily Bne ee pl ppsies, n nly in hei pesnliies bu in hei sues f inspiin f iing在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Fng, 1)3 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。
若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复。
Ading Muse, Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs, h lived in he sixh enuy BC (19)31 引用多位作者写作的同一文献二至三位作者：Ang ineninl spneiss, he “punlike ehesis f disinive feues y seve eld gehe ds eylgilly uneledbu lse in hei sund nd ening”(Jkbsn nd Wugh 34)（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Aln, Dvies, nd Rie 56)。
）The sudy s exended f yes, nd nly fe esuls ee evieed by n independen pnel did he esehespublish hei findings (Bline e l 35)3 引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：'..Alhugh se edil ehiiss li h lning ill led designe hilden (R Mille 1), hes ne h he dvnges f edileseh ueigh his nsidein (A Mille 46)引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：(SR Wng 6) (JX Wng 3)3 3 引用团体作者（pe uh）引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：I s ppen h he Aein helh e syse needed “be fixed nd pehps dilly dified”(Publi Agend Fundin4)34 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：An nnyus Wdsh ii ne gued h his pes ee einl (“Wdsh Is A Lse”1)在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标出。
35 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。
例如：Jesse Me (elephne nvesin, My 1, 1989) died he need f n in-deph nlysis f he heness expessedin he k36 引用同一作者的多篇文献按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lighen hs gued h pues e n useful ls f sll hilden (“T Sn”38), hugh he hs knledged h ely expsuepue ges des led bee sll skill develpen (“Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)或者Cpues e n useful ls f sll hilden (Lighen, “T Sn”38), hugh he hs knledged h ely expsue pueges des led bee sll skill develpen (Lighen, “Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)或者Lighen hs gued h pues e n useful ls f sll hilden, hugh he hs knledged h ely expsue pue ges'..des led bee sll skill develpen (“T Sn”38 nd “Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)3 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：The dnges f unin lins huns hve been ell duened (Ryhnvsky 4; Seidensike 114; Willis 3)在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见4）。
38 引用非直接文献（indie sue）论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献sendy sue），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献piy sue）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：Suel Jhnsn died h Edund Buke s n “exdiny n”(qd in Bsell : 45)（注意：“qd in”中的字母“i”不得大写。
）引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Bsell”和“Muzynski & Degeln, 1996”）。
39 引用文学作品和经典文献按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：In his fus dvie plyes, Shkespee's Hle defines he pupse f hee, “hse end, bh he fis nd n, snd is, hld, s ‘ee, he i up nue”(31-3)（也可用IIIii3，来表示第三幕的第二场的第3行）这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的1至3行。
（注意标点的使用。
）在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When He's Odysseus es he hll f Cie, he finds his en “ild / in he sf spell, fed n he dug f evil”(19-11)这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第1节的9至11行。
对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。
例如：第一次引用：(lines 5-8)以后的引用：(1-13)'..在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One f Kingslve's ns, eenge Rhel, pushes he vbuly beynd is liis F exple, Rhel plins h being fedlive in he Cng ih he issiny fily is “shee pesy f jusie”beuse he hnes f finding byfiend e “dullnd vid”(11; bk , h 1)例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第11页。
（注意标点和缩略语的使用。
）在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：Cnside he ds f Sln: “If yu eneies e hungy, give he fd e If hey e hisy, give he e dink”(Bible,Pv 51)例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第5章第1节。