Intercoms-2010中英对照
NUUO产品路标-2010
Value-add : IVS software
An add-on application for video analytics and compatible with all NUUO recorders, including PC based software, NVRmini, Hybrid standalone and up coming products
• •
* Recording, live view, playback and backup is taken into account when evaluating the throughput If the application is mainly required only recording, the throughput will be higher.
NVRmini
NV-4080S /4160S
• • 4080S: 65Mbps (8ch @1.3M, H.264, 10fps) 4016S: 55Mbps (16ch @1.3M, H.264, 10fps)
Hardware upgrade without price changed
Q1 2010
V3.0*
• • • • Emergency recording Manual recording Boosting record Multiple servers (web)
* In planning stage – not committed
IP+ Software
Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Product Roadmap
2010Q1 ~2011Q1
NVRmini SUPER
INTERCOM中文系统说明书
F 款4.3寸门口机使用说明书V1.0.1浙江大华技术股份有限公司前言适用型号DH-VTO6421F、DH-VTO6441F●DH-VTO6421F不带人脸和二维码功能，仅是普通门口机。
●DH-VTO6441F带人脸和二维码功能。
设备升级说明设备在升级过程中请勿断电，必须待设备完成升级且重新启动后才能断电。
通用按键说明●确定/保存：用于保存配置。
●恢复默认：用于将当前界面中的所有参数恢复至系统默认配置。
●刷新：将当前界面中的参数恢复为系统当前的配置。
符号约定在本文档中可能出现下列标识，代表的含义如下。
标识说明表示有高度潜在危险，如果不能避免，会导致人员伤亡或严重伤害。
表示有中度或低度潜在危险，如果不能避免，可能导致人员轻微或中等伤害。
注意表示有潜在风险，如果忽视这些文本，可能导致设备损坏、数据丢失、设备性能降低或不可预知的结果。
窍门表示能帮助您解决某个问题或节省您的时间。
说明表示是正文的附加信息，是对正文的强调和补充。
修订记录使用安全须知下面是关于产品的正确使用方法、为预防危险、防止财产受到损失等内容，使用设备前请仔细阅读本说明书并在使用时严格遵守，阅读后请妥善保存说明书。
使用要求●请在设备布控后及时修改用户的默认密码，以免被人盗用。
●请不要将设备放置和安装在阳光直射的地方或发热设备附近。
●请不要将设备安装在潮湿、有灰尘或煤烟的场所。
●请保持设备的水平安装，或安装在稳定的场所，注意防止本产品坠落。
●请勿将液体滴到或溅到设备上，并确保设备上未放置装满液体的物品，防止液体流入设备。
●请安装在通风良好的场所，切勿堵塞设备的通风口。
●仅可在额定输入输出范围内使用设备。
●请不要随意拆卸设备。
电源要求●产品必须使用本地区推荐使用的电线组件（电源线），并在其额定规格内使用！●请务必使用设备标配的电源适配器，否则引起的人员伤害或设备损害由使用方自己承担。
●请使用满足SEL V（安全超低电压）要求的电源，并按照IEC60950-1符合Limited Power Source（受限制电源）的额定电压供电，具体供电要求以设备标签为准。
Intercoms-2010中英对照
Intercoms-2010中英对照Incoterms®2010ICC rulesfor the use of domestic andinternational trade termsEntry into force: 1 January 2011Copyright○C 2010版权○C 2010International Chamber of Commerce国际商会All rights reserved. This collective work was initiated by ICC which holds all rights as defined by the French Code of Intellectual Property. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means –graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording, taping, or information retrieval systems –without written permission of ICC Services, Publications Department.版权所有，违者必究。
本作品由国际商会集体发起创作，国际商会享有法国知识产权法典所规定的所有权利。
未经国际商会服务中心出版社允许，不得以任何形式或方法对本作品任何一部分进行复制包括以印刷、电子或机械的形式进行复印、扫描、记录、录音或者用于信息检索系统等。
ICC ServicesPublications38 Cours Albert 1er75008 ParisFranceICC Publication No. 715EISBN:978-92-842-0080-1CONTENTS目录Foreword 4前言 4Introduction 5船边交货79FOB 87船上交货87CFR 95成本加运费95CIF 105成本运费保险费105Incoter ms○R 2010 Drafting Group 119国际贸易术语○R2010 起草小组119ICC Dispute Resolution 124ICC争议解决124Copyright notice and synopsis of trademark usage rules 125版权声明和商标使用规则简介125ICC at a glance 126ICC一览126Other Incoterms○R 2010 products 127其他的国际贸易术语○R2010产品127ICC publication for global business 128ICC全球商业出版社128ForewordBy Rajat Gupta，ICC CbairmanThe global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted.The Incoterms® rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearlydefines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.前言国际商会主席Rajat Gupta全球经济一体化使得商业通向世界各地市场的途径空前宽广。
Incoterms2010-In...
INCOTERMS®20101 – Introduction to changesfrom INCOTERMS 2000The ICC reviews INCOTERMS from time to time to ensure that they reflect and respond to current trade practices and trends. INCOTERMS® 2010 will be the eighth revision of INCOTERMS since their inception in 1936.IN GENERALWhat is INCOTERMS?A series of internationally recognised standardised trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and widely used in international contracts of sale. They are also increasingly used in domestic trade.Why INCOTERMS® 2010 are called “Rules”?This is to recognize their contractual nature and also to be in line with general ICC policy – which calls its publications “Rules” (UCP 600, URDG 758, etc.).What do INCOTERMS cover?Who does what, who pays for what, when risk in the goods passes from seller to buyer, when delivery occurs, as well as issues such as insurance, export and import clearance and the allocation of other costs pertaining to the delivery of goods.What do INCOTERMS not cover?There is nothing on ownership/title to the goods, nothing in detail on payment obligations (when, how, what security, against what documents), nothing on detailed vessel requirements, force majeure, termination, insolvency. In short INCOTERMS do not constitute a complete contract of sale, but rather provide convenient, internationally recognised rules for the sale of goods. They work well as general outline of the contract of sale which is to be specified and adjusted with further terms and conditions of the contract.How are they used?They are incorporated into contracts of sale by express reference (e.g. "FCA 38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France Incoterms® 2010”).1 …Incoterms“ is registered trademark of International Chamber of Commerce – see Why are they changing?To take account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increase in use of electronic communications, concerns about security following 9/11 and latest developments in global transport and trade since the 2000 version.When are they changing?The new rules are coming into force from 1 January 2011.What about contracts already entered into?For existing contracts, INCOTERMS 2000 will continue to apply (when incorporated into the contract) even if performance of the contract will be made in 2011 or even later.After 1 January 2011, it might be assumed any reference to "INCOTERMS" in new contracts is a reference to INCOTERMS 2010 but whether actually Incoterms 2000 or 2010 will apply will depend on all circumstances of the contract of sale. Any uncertaintity and possible disputes are to be ruled out by the clear incorporation of INCOTERMS 2010 into the contract of sale!Can we still use INCOTERMS 2000 after 1 January 2011?Certainly you can. Incoterms (whether 2010 or 2000) are contractual rules, it is up to contract parties (the seller and the buyer) to decide to use them and thus expressly incorporate them into their contract of sale. They can choose whichever revision they want!However it is strongly recommended to start using the new Incoterms 2010 as early as possible, as they represent modern, upto date rules, which take into account last developments in global trade. Previous revisions are outdated and lack the precision of the new Incoterms 2010!Do I really need to bother about INCOTERMS 2010?You will need to:•check your standard contract forms;•consider changes in 2010 INCOTERMS;•make any necessary consequent changes (for example changing DES or DDU INCOTERMS 2000 to DAP INCOTERMS 2010) to your standard forms for new contracts; and•publicise the changes to your counterparties and to your traders and execution people;•start using INCOTERMS 2010 as your standard in your new contracts of sale.What are the main changes in INCOTERMS® 2010 that you should be aware of?1. Removal of four terms (DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU)and introduction of 2new terms (DAP - Delivered at Place and DAT - Delivered at Terminal).2. Formal creation of two classes of INCOTERMS - (1) rules for any mode ormodes of transport and (2) rules for sea and inland waterway (INCOTERMS 2000 had four categories).3. Formal recognition that these rules are to serve both domestic andinternational trade(as the case maybe). Term EXW is clearly stated to be suitable only for domestic trade.4. Express reference to the use of "equivalent electronic records",if theparties agree or it is customary.5. Amended insurance cover to reflect the alterations made to the InstituteCargo Clauses (as per recent changes to Institute Cargo Clauses LMA/IUA2 made in 2009).6. Allocation of parties' respective obligations to provide or render assistance inobtaining any documents and information in order to obtain security-related clearances.7. Responsibility for Terminal handling charges expressly allocated.8. Including an obligation to "procure" goods to reflect current practices in stringsales (sale of goods afloat – i.e. when already on board of a vessel).IN DETAIL1. Removal of four terms from INCOTERMS 2000The onward march of containerisation and point-to-point deliveries appear to have persuaded the ICC to make significant changes and introduce two new "Delivered" terms:•Delivered At Place (DAP) which should be used in place of DAF, DES and DDU;and•Delivered At Terminal (DAT) which replaces DEQ.These terms may be used irrespective of the agreed mode of transport.Part of the reasoning for fewer terms, simplification was that traders often chose the "wrong" term or muddled terms, leading to contradictory or unclear contracts.2 Lloyd's Market Association (LMA) and International Underwriting Association of London (IUA).Incoterm 2000 …DAF“ was no longer satisfying the needs of the trade and actually created a problem when the buyer could not examine the goods before arrival of the goods at the place of destination, which was usually beyond the delivery point (i.e. the frontier).For both the new terms – (DAP) and Delivery at Terminal (DAT) – delivery takes place at a named destination.The new Incoterm 2010 rule …DAP“ (Delivery at Place) covers all situations in which the seller delivers the goods to the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded,which is the situation covered before by DAF, DES as well as all deliveries at the buyer´s premises or other place of destination in the buyer´s country covered before by DDU.For DAP, the …arriving means of transport“ may be also a ship, and the …named place of destination“ may be the port of discharge.With the new Incoterm 2010 rule …DAT“ (Delivered at Terminal“) delivery occurs when the goods have been placed at the buyer’s disposal at the named terminal at the port or place of destination unloaded from the arriving means of transport.Incoterm 2010 DAT replaces the former Incoterms 2000 DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) which was suitable only for the commodity trade.Incoterms 2000 gave no satisfying solution within the …D“ terms for the situation, where the goods are delivered unloaded from the arriving means of transport in a terminal. The new Incoterm 2010 DAT (Delivered at Terminal) solves this problem and covers all situations formerly governed by the DEQ. The …named terminal“ in DAT may be, for instance, the quay at the port of discharge or a container terminal at the port of discharge.2. Creation of two, rather than four categories of termsThe 11 terms have been categorised under two categories:•deliveries by any mode or modes of transport(sea, road, air, rail, multimodal) - EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DAT and DDP; and•deliveries by sea/inland waterway mode of transport- FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF.3. Adapted RulesThe new INCOTERMS are expressly stated to be for"both domestic and international trade". This is achieved by statements within the rules that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities only exists where applicable.For trade blocs (eg. the EU) where "border" formalities have largely disappeared and in the US, where there has been an increasing willingness to use INCOTERMS rather than the former Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery, the new terms are now easier to apply.4. Electronic RecordsThe buyer's and seller's obligations to provide contractual documentation may now be by "electronic record if agreed between the parties or customary", reflecting recognition by the ICC of the increasing importance and contractual certainty (owing to speed of transfer) provided by electronic communication. This will also "future-proof" INCOTERMS 2010 as electronic procedures/communications develop over time.INCOTERMS 2000 required the seller and the buyer to have expressly agreed to communicate electronically for an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message to be acceptable as a proof of delivery/transport document.5. Institute Cargo ClausesWhere an INCOTERM requires the seller to obtain insurance, the insurance requirements have been amended to reflect the changes to the Institute Cargo clauses. The parties' obligations regarding insurance have also been clarified: only under CIF and CIP the seller has the obligation to contract for insurance in favour of the buyer, however under all delivery terms the parties have relevant obligations to provide the other party, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance or any additional insurance (by itself in its own favour).The Incoterms 2010 rules have placed information duties relating to insurance in articles A3/B3, the articles dealing with contracts of carriage and insurance. These provisions have now been moved from the more generic articles found in articles A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules. The language in articles A3/B3 relating to insurance has also been altered with a view to clarifying the parties’ obligations in this regard.6. SecurityThe issue of security of goods/vessels, etc, is now at the front of most people's minds when considering international trade. Given that many countries now require heightened security checks, the rules now require that both parties are obliged to provide all necessary information (e.g. chain of custody information) in order to obtain import/export clearance. They also clearly allocate the associated cost.In the A2/B2 and A10/B10 rules of each Incoterm, the obligations of the seller and the buyer regarding information to be given to the other party or assistance to be given for obtaining such information is specified.The previous INCOTERMS did not require this degree of co-operation.7. Terminal Handling ChargesWhere the seller is required to arrange and pay for the carriage of the goods to an agreed destination (CIP, CPT, CFR, CIF, DAT, DAP and DDP) it may be the case that terminal handling charges are passed on to the buyer as part of the contractual price for the goods. However, historically, in some cases, the buyer also had to pay the terminal for this service (i.e. a double charge).INCOTERMS® 2010 has attempted to remedy the situation by clarifying who is responsible for terminal costs. It remains to be seen, however, whether this will put an end to the double charging previously experienced.8. String SalesIn contracts for the sale of "commodities", as opposed to manufactured goods, it is often the case that a cargo is on-sold a number of times during transit (i.e. a “string sale”, also called “sale of goods afloat”). In such situations, sellers in the middle of the string do not ship the goods, as the goods have already been shipped by the seller at the top of the string. As such, the obligation on sellers in the middle of the string is to procure goods that have been already shipped. The new INCOTERMS clarify this by including an obligation to "procure goods shipped" as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods.This is relevant in case of FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF as it is technically only possible when a bill of lading or another type of document of title is used.9. Guidance NoteIn the Incoterms® 2010 publication, you will find a …guidance note“ before each term. This note explains the fundamentals of each term. The guidance notes are not part of the actual Incoterms 2010 rules, but are merely provided for ease of understanding of the rules.For example, the guidance note for the CPT and CIP Incoterm 2010 highlights that under these terms the seller fulfills its obligation to deliver the goods when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. These rules have two critical points, because the risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. The risk in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier, however the seller is also obliged to contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination.Likewise with Incoterms 2010 CFR and CIF the risk and cost are transferred at different places.10. Point where risks transfer from the seller towards the buyer in cases of FOB, CFR and CIFIn Incoterms rules of FOB, CFR, and CIF all mention of the ship’s rail as the point of delivery has been omitted in preference to the goods being delivered when they are “on board” the vessel. This more closely reflects modern commercial reality and avoids the rather dated image of risk swinging to and from across an imaginary perpendicular line (ship´s rail).11. Usage of the term “packaging”Packaged: This word is used for different purposes:•The packaging of the goods to comply with any requirements under the contract of sale.•The packaging of the goods so that they are fit for transportation.•The stowage of the packaged goods within a container or other means of transport.In the Incoterms 2010 rules, packaging means both the first and second of the above. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not deal with the parties’ obligations for stowage within the containers and therefore where relevant the parties should deal with this specifically within the sales contract.Incoterms 2000 were not so clear in this respect.。
英汉对照有线电视网络常用缩语
英汉对照有线电视网络常用缩语作者：包头樊龙祥葛雪琴来源：慧聪广电商务网发布日期：2002-05-22点击次数：177由于有线电视网络术语大多数由国外翻译而来，中国现已是世贸组织（WTO）成员，国内外技术交流（包括技术资料互译）肯定会不断加强，有线电视网络技术人员不但需要掌握中文术语，而且需要掌握外文（主要是英文）术语。
鉴于目前查阅英汉有线电视术语的资料缺乏，笔者经过收集、对照、翻译，形成如下较全面的“英汉对照有线电视网络专业术语”（以英文术语字母为序），以满足大家的需要。
【正文】AAL(ATM Adaptation Layer)———————异步转移模式适配层AC（Alternating Current）———————交流Access Network ———————接入网ACI（Adjacent Channel Interference）———————邻频干扰Additional Channel:增补频道Adjacent Channel Transmission ———————邻频道传输ADSL（Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line）———————不对称数字用户线路AGC（Aotomatic Gain Control）———————自动增益控制AIC（Auxilliary Information Channel）———————辅助信息信道ALC(Aotomatic Level Control) ———————自动电平控制AM（Amplitude Modulation）———————幅度调制（调幅）AML（Amplitude Modulated Microwave Link）———————调幅微波链路Amplifier ———————放大器Application Layer ———————应用层ARP（Address Resolution Protocol）———————地址识别协议ASC(Aotomatic Slope Control) ———————自动斜率控制ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode）———————异步传输模式（协议）BAL（Bit ALlocation）———————比特分配Bandwidth ———————带宽BB（Basis Band）———————基带BBER（Background Block Error Rate）———————背景块误码率BC（Broadcast Channel）———————广播信道BCN（Broadcast Communication Network）———————广播通信网BDC(Block Down Converter) ———————下变频器BER(Bit Error Rate) ———————误码率B－ISDN（Broadband－Integrated Services Digital Network）———————宽带综合业务数字网络Bit Stream ———————比特流（码流）BPF（Band Pass Filter）———————带通滤波器BPS(Bits Per Second) ———————比特／秒，也写作b/sBRI（Basic Rate Interface）———————基本速率接口Broard Band Communication ———————宽带通信BRR（Bit Rate Reduction）———————比特率压缩C/CSO（Carrier to Composite Second Order beat ratio）———————载波复合二次差拍比C/CTB(Carrier to Composite Triple Beat ratio)———————载波复合三次差拍比C/I（Carrier to Inter－modulation ratio）———————载波互调比C/N（Carrier to Noise ratio）———————载噪比CA（Conditional Access）———————有条件存取（有条件接收）Cable Router ———————线缆路由器CAC（Conditional Access Control）———————条件接收控制CAID（Conditional Access IDentifier）———————有条件存取（接收）标志CATV（Cable TeleVision）———————有线电视CATV（Community Antenna TeleVision）———————共用天线电视CCIR（International Radio Consultative Committee）———————国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT（Consultative Committee of International Telephone and Telegraph）———————国际电报电话咨询委员会CCU（Communication Control Unit）———————通信监测单元CDMA（Code Division Multiple Access）———————码分多址Channel ———————频道Channel ———————信道Chirp ———————附加调频CIF（Commom Interleaved Frame）———————公共交织帧CII（China Information Infrastrcture）———————中国信息基础设施（计划）Circuit Switching ———————电路交换CLI（CATV Leakage and Ingress）———————有线电视泄漏与窜入CM（Cable Modem）———————电缆调制解调器又名线缆调制解调器CM(Cross Modulation) ———————交扰调制CMCI（Cable Modem to CPE Interface）———————电缆调制解调器至用户屋内设备接口CMTRI（Cable Modem Telephone Return Interface）———————电缆调制解调器中回传电话接口CMTS（Cable Modem Termination System）———————电缆调制解调器（Cable Modem）端接系统Coaxial Cable ———————同轴电缆COFDM（Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）———————编码正交频分复用Communication ———————通信Community Reception ———————集体接收CPE（Customer Premises Equipment）———————用户屋内设备CS(Communication Satellite) ———————通信卫星CSMA/CD（Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection）———————公共载波复用通路/冲突检测（用于以太网），也叫带碰撞检测的载波侦听多址、载波侦听多重接入/碰撞检测CSO(Composite Second Order Beat)———————复合二次差拍CTB(Composite Triple Beat)———————复合三次差拍CW（Control Word）———————控制字Data———————数据DAVIC(Digital Audio Video Council)———————数字音视频理事会DB（Data Broadcasting）———————数据广播dB（deciBel）———————分贝DBS（Direct Broadcast Satellite）———————直播卫星DC（Direct Current）———————直流DCF（Dispersion Compensation Fiber）———————色散补偿光纤，也叫色散位移光纤DC-SMF(Dispersion Compensation Single Mode Fiber)———————色散补偿单模光纤DCT（Discrete Cosine Transform）———————离散余弦变换DFB（Distributed FeedBack）———————分布反馈（激光器）DFB-LD（Distributed FeedBack－LD）———————分布反馈型－激光二极管DFT（Eiscrete Fourier Transformation）———————离散傅里叶变换DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol）———————动态主机配置协议DIB（Digital Integrated Broadcasting）———————数字综合广播Digital———————数字的Distribution Point———————分配点DLL(Data Link Layer)———————数据链路层DLS（Dynamic Label Segment）———————动态标记段DMB（Digital Multimedia Broadcasting）数字多媒体广播DOCSIS（Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification）———————有线电视网络上的数据接口规格Downstream———————下行DQDB(Distributed Queue Double Bus)———————分布队列双总线DRC（Dynamic Range Control）———————动态范围控制DSCTy（Data Service Component Type）———————数据业务成分类型DSF(Dispersion Shift Fiber)———————色散位移光纤DSL（Digital Subscriber Line）———————数字用户线路DSM（Digital Storage Media）———————数字的存储或传输器件DSP（Digital Signal Processor）———————数字信号处理器DTV（Digital TV）———————数字电视DVB（Digital Video Broadcasting）———————数字视频广播DVB-C（Digital Video Broadcasting－Cable）———————用于电缆的数字视频广播DWDM（Denseness Wavelength Division Multiplexing）———————密集波分复用DXC（Digital Cross Connection）———————数字交叉连接（设备）EBU（European Broadcasting Union）———————欧洲广播联盟Echo Rating———————回波值ECM（Entitlement Checking Message）———————授权校验信息EDFA（Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier）———————掺饵光纤放大器EDTV（Enhanced definition Television)———————增强清晰度电视EIA（Electronic Industries Association）———————电子工业协会EIRP（Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power）———————等效全向辐射功率Eld（Ensemble Identifier）———————信号群（组）标志EMM（Entitlement Management Message）授权管理信息EPG（Electronic Program Guides）———————电子节目指南Equalization———————均衡ERP（Equivalent Radiated Power）———————等效辐射功率ESR（Error block Second Ratio）———————误块秒率Ethernet———————以太（网）ETI（Ensemble Transport Interface）———————信号群（组）传输接口ETI(NA)｛Ensemble Transport Interface（Network-Adapted）｝———————网络适应的信号群（组）传输接口ETI(NI)｛Ensemble Transport Interface（Network-Independent ETI）｝———————网络独立的信号群（组）传输接口ETN（Ensemble-Transport-Network）———————信号群（组）传输网络ETS（European Telecommunications Standard）———————欧洲通信标准ETSI（European Telecommunications Standards Institute）———————欧洲通信标准学会FCC（Federal Communications Commission）———————联邦通信委员会FDDI（Fiber Distributing Data Interface）———————光纤分布式数据接口FDM（Frequency Division Multiplexing）———————频分复用FDMA（Frequency Division Multiple Access）———————频分多址FEC（Forword Error Correction）———————前向纠错Feed———————馈送Feedback Error Correction———————反馈纠错FF（Feed Forword）———————前馈（放大器）FFT（Fast Fourier Transformation）———————快速傅里叶变换FI（Frequency Information）———————频率信息FIB（Fast Information Block）———————快速信息块FIC（Fast Information Channel）———————快速信息信道FIDC（Fast Information Data Channel）———————快速信息数据通道FIDCId（Fast Information Data Channel Identifier）———————快速信息数据通道标志FIG（Fast Information Group）———————快速信息组FM(Frequency Modulation):频率调制（调频）FML（Frequency modulated Microwave Link）———————调频微波链路FP-LD（Fabry-Perot Laser Diode）———————法布里－珀罗激光二极管Frequency———————频率FTTB（Fiber To The Building）———————光纤到大楼FTTC（Fiber To The Curb）———————光纤到路边FTTH（Fiber To The Home）———————光纤到户FTTSA（Fiber To The Service Area）———————光纤到服务区GFC（General Flow Control）———————一般流量控制GI（Grated Index）———————渐变折射率（光纤）GOD（Game On Demand）———————游艺点播HDSL（High bit－rate Digital Subscriber Line）———————高速数字用户线HDT（Host Digital Terminal）———————主机数字终端HDTV(High Definition Television)———————高清晰度电视HE（Head End）:前端HFC（Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial）———————光纤同轴混合有线电视网络HomePNA(Home Phoneline Network Alliance)———————用户线接入多路复用器Hub Head End———————中心前端（分前端）IC（Interactive Channel）———————交互信道ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol）———————因特网控制信息协议IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers）———————电气电子工程师学会IM（Inter－Modulation）———————互调Information Highway ———————信息高速公路Integrated Coding and Multiplexing ———————综合编码与复用Interference ———————干扰Internet ———————国际互联网IOD（Information On Demand) ———————信息点播IP（Internet Protocol）———————网际协议IPPV（Impulse Pay-Per-View）———————脉冲式按次付费IRD(Integrated Receiver Decoder) ———————综合解码接收机ISDB（Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting）———————综合业务数字广播ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）———————综合业务数字网ISI（Inter－symbol Interference）———————符号间干扰ISO（International Standards Organization）———————国际标准化组织ISRC（International Standard Recording Code）———————国际标准记录码IT（Information Technology）———————信息技术ITU（International Telecommunications Union）———————国际电信联盟，简称国际电联ITU-R（International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications Sector）———————国际电联无线电部门Knob ———————旋钮Lacal Head End ———————本地前端Lacal Network ———————本地网LAN（Lacal Area Network）———————局域网LD（Laser Diode）———————激光二极管Level ———————电平Light Modulation Deapth ———————光调制度。
Incoterms-2010-国际贸易术语中英文对照解释(全)
EXW (insert named place of delivery)GUIDANCE NOTEThis rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or a t another named place (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller. The rule should be used with care as:a) The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a betterposition to do so. If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer’s risk and expense. In cases where the seller i s in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.b) A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation toprovide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance. Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.c) The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods. However,the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.EXW——工厂交货（……指定地点）本条规则与（当事人）所选择的运输模式无关，即便（当事人）选择多种运输模式，亦可适用该规则。
C语言程序设计的网络化立体式考核机制
2010 Second International Conference on E-Learning, E-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and E-Government978-1-4244-7689-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE EEEE 2010Based on Network Tridimensional Evaluation MechanismOriented C Programming LanguageMande XieCollege of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R.China,310018, Xiemd@Abstract —At present, the examination of C language generally employs the traditional method like the other courses and the new examination methods which take the course feature of C language into account are not presented. This paper firstly analyzes the disadvantages of existing examination methods of C language, and then according to the course feature of C language, the construction methods and content of tridimensional evaluation mechanism based on network are presented. At last, the experiment results verify the validation of the tridimensional evaluation mechanism based on network and the score and learning enthusiasm of students are greatly improved by it.Keywords —C Programming Language, Evaluation Mechanism, Non-paper ExaminationC 语言程序设计的网络化立体式考核机制谢满德浙江工商大学计算机与信息工程学院，浙江 杭州 310018摘 要 目前，C 语言基本上还是采用传统的考试模式，没有针对C 语言本身的课程特点，提出“量身定做”的考核方式。
2010-025中文资料
OPERATION
The model 2010 accelerometer produces a digital pulse train in which the density of pulses (number of pulses per second) is proportional to applied acceleration. It requires a single +5VDC power supply and a TTL/CMOS level clock of 100kHz-1MHz. The output is ratiometric to the clock frequency and independent of the power supply voltage. The sensitive axis is perpendicular to the bottom of the package, with positive acceleration defined as a force pushing on the bottom of the package. External digital line drivers can be used to drive long cables or when used in an electrically noisy environment.
元器件交易网
Model 2010 Digital Accelerometer Module
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS *
Operating Temperature (Case & Cable) . . . . -55 to +125EC Operating Temperature (Connector) . . . . . . . -40 to +65EC Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40 to +65EC Acceleration Over-range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000g for 0.1 ms Voltage on VDD to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.5V to 6.5V Voltage on CNT or CLK to GND 1 . . . . . . . . -0.5V to VDD+0.5V Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mW * NOTICE: Stresses above those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only. Functional operation of the device at or above these conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ESD CONSIDERATIONS: The model 2010 accelerometer is a CMOS device subject to damage by large electrostatic discharges. Diode protection is provided on the inputs and outputs but care should be exercised during handling of the connector or cable wire ends (without connector). Individuals and tools should be grounded before coming in contact with the connector pins or cable wire ends (without connector).
INCOTERMS2010中文版
INCOTERMS2010中文版INCOTERMS 2010中文版1. 介绍INCOTERMS（国际贸易术语解释规则）是由国际商会（ICC）制定的国际贸易术语规则，用于明确买卖双方在国际货物运输中的责任和义务。
INCOTERMS 2010是由于全球贸易环境的变化而发布的最新版本，共有11个术语，用于规范国际货物交易的常用术语和惯例。
2. EXW（装货港交货）EXW意味着卖方将货物放置在指定的地点，由买方负责所有的运输安排和费用。
在这种术语下，卖方的义务非常有限，买方需要承担所有的进口手续、装卸费用和风险。
3. FCA（运费或运输人接收处交货）FCA表示卖方将货物交给指定的运输人或承运人。
卖方负责将货物交到指定地点，并承担出口清关手续。
买方需要负责进口清关手续、运输保险和费用。
4. CPT（运费支付到目的地）CPT意味着卖方负责将货物运输到目的地，并承担货物运输费用直到目的地。
买方需要负责货物的进口清关手续、保险费用和未列入卖方义务的其他费用。
5. CIP（运费和保险费支付到目的地）CIP与CPT类似，唯一的区别是卖方还需要承担货物运输保险费用。
买方需要负责货物的进口清关手续和未列入卖方义务的其他费用。
6. DAT（到岸价）DAT意味着卖方负责将货物交付到指定目的港口，并承担货物的进口清关手续和支付关税。
买方需要承担货物的卸载费用和将货物送到目的地的费用。
7. DAP（交货地点）DAP表示卖方负责将货物交付到约定的目的地，买方需要承担货物的进口清关手续、卸货费用和将货物送到目的地的费用。
8. DDP（已交税承担）DDP意味着卖方承担所有的责任和费用，包括货物运输、保险、清关和将货物交付到买方指定的目的地。
9. FAS（船上交货）FAS表示卖方将货物交交付给指定的港口，并承担将货物装上船的费用和风险。
买方需要负责运输、装卸费用和风险。
10. FOB（船上交货）FOB意味着卖方负责将货物交付给指定的港口，并承担将货物装上船的费用和风险。
2010汇总整编国际贸易术语解释通则(中英文版)
国际贸易术语解释通则（2010）法政学院11法61许艳文11036018 目录前言. 1EXW——工厂交货（……指定地点）. 5FCA——货交承运人（……指定地点）. 7CPT——运费付至（……指定目的港）. 10CIP——运费和保险费付至（……指定目的地）13DAT——终点站交货（……指定目的港或目的地）16DAP——目的地交货（……指定目的地）. 18DDP——完税后交货（……指定目的地）. 20FAS——船边交货（……指定装运港）. 22FOB——船上交货（……指定装运港）. 24CFR——成本加运费付至（……指定目的港）27CIF——成本，保险加运费付至（……指定目的港）30国际贸易术语解释通则2010全球化经济赋予商业以空前宽广途径通往世界各地市场。
货物得以在更多的国家、大量且种类愈繁地销售。
然而随着全球贸易数额的增加与贸易复杂性的提升，因销售合同不恰当起草引致误解与高代价争端可能性也提高了。
国际贸易术语解释通则这一用于国内与国际贸易事项的国际商会规则使得全球贸易行为更便捷。
在销售合同中参引国际贸易术语解释通则2010可清晰界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷的风险。
自1936年国际商会创制国际贸易术语以来，这项在全球范围内普遍被接受的合同标准经常更新，以保持与国际贸易发展步调一致。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010版考虑到了全球范围内免税区的扩展，商业交往中电子通讯运用的增多，货物运输中安保问题关注度的提高以及运输实践中的许多变化。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了“交货规则”——规则的总数从13降到11，并为每一规则提供了更为简洁和清晰的解释。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一部使得所有解释对买方与卖方呈现中立的贸易解释版本。
国际商会商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和所有贸易领域，该委员会宽泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需要照应。
国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista （副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke （副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德国），Johnny Herre （瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas （芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert （捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty （芬兰）致谢。
INTERCOMS 2010
国际贸易术语的变化国际商会修订的《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》（Incoterms®2010）于9月27日向全球正式公布，并于2011年1月1日生效。
新版本考虑了无关税区的不断扩大，商业交易中电子信息使用的增加，货物运输中对安全问题的进一步关注以及运输方式的变化。
更新并整合与“交货”相关的规则，将术语总数由原来的13条减至11条，并对所有规则做出更加简洁、明确的陈述。
同时，国际贸易术语解释通则®2010首次在贸易术语中对买方与卖方不使用有性别差别的称谓。
它主要描述了货物由卖方交付给买方过程中所涉及的工作、成本和风险。
11条贸易术语：EXW Ex Works All types of transportationFAS Free Alongside Ship Water transportFOB Free On Board Water transportFCA Free Carrier All types of transportationCFR Cost and Freight Water transportCPT Carriage Paid To All types of transportationCIF Cost, Insurance and Freight Water transportCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid All types of transportationDAT (new delivery term) Delivered At Terminal All types of transportationDAP (new delivery term) Delivered At Place All types of transportationDDP Delivered Duty Paid All types of transportation取消四条贸易术语：DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid);DAF (Delivered At Frontier);DES (Delivered Ex Ship);DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay).参考网站：/参考文章：如何选择适合自己的贸易术语——对IncotermsRrules2010的认识《国际贸易术语解释通则》（IncotermsRrules2010）即将于2010年正式实施，新版本充分考虑到近十年贸易领域出现的新变化，内容更清晰简洁，操作性和指导性进一步加强，更符合当前贸易实务的需要。
Intercom2010之CFR(中英对照版)
COST AND FREIGHT 成本加运费CFR (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010 成本加运费（…指定目的港）GUIDANCE NOTE 序言This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。
“Cost and Freight”是指当卖方将货物运至船上或取得已按此送交的货物，即完成交货。
当货物已运至船上时，货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移。
The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.卖方还必须订立货物运至指定目的港的合同并支付成本和运费。
When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.当使用CPT, CIP, CFR 或CIF等术语时，卖方承担其将货物按照所选规则指定的方式交付承运人前所有风险和费用，而当货物运至指定目的地后，由买方承担一切风险和费用。
IPS2010目录-中文
40 37 27 13 34 43 45 44
工程设计（E）
e-pr-460 e-pr-551 e-pr-700 e-pr-750 e-pr-771 e-pr-810 e-pr-850
安全、防火、环境污染控制（SF） 二级目录 标准号 英文
中文
页数
施工与安装（C）
c-sf-550
safety boundary limit 土建（CE）
工程设计（E） e-pi-221 e-pi-240 材料与设备（M） m-pi-150
Piping material selection(on plot 管材选择（平面管线) piping)part one general Plant piping systems Flanges and fittings
工程设计（E）
e-pr-170 e-pr-190
工程设计（E）
e-pr-200 e-pr-230 e-pr-308 e-pr-360 e-pr-440
Basic engineering design data Piping & instrumentation diagram Numbering system Process design of liquid & gas transfer and storage Process design of piping systems(process piping and pipline size) Process design of pressure relieving systems inclusive saftey relief valves Process design of flare blowdown systems Process design of gas treating units Process design of crude oil electrostatic desalters Process design of compressors Process requirements of heat exchanging equipment Process design of furnaces Process requirements of vessels,reactors and separators
微软发布器2010产品指南说明书
目錄簡介 (1)Publisher 2010：快速瀏覽 (2)建立外觀出色的出版物 (2)節省時間並簡化工作 (3)適時運用正確的工具 (3)讓您更有自信分享出版物 (4)Publisher 2010：深入瞭解 (5)輕鬆存取線上範本增強設計！ (5)自訂範本並重複使用自訂內容 (6)建置組塊增強設計！ (7)與 Publisher 使用者社群共享全新設計！ (8)編輯和使用相片工具全新和增強的設計！ (10)物件對齊技術全新設計！ (12)精細印刷樣式全新設計！ (12)即時預覽全新設計！ (14)貼上時即時預覽全新設計！ (14)隱藏草稿區全新設計！ (16)頁面導覽全新設計！ (17)功能區全新設計！ (18)Backstage 檢視全新設計！ (19)整合的列印體驗全新設計！ (20)商業與數位印刷支援增強設計！ (21)發佈成 PDF 或 XPS 增強設計！ (23)語言工具增強設計！ (24)儲存和管理客戶清單 (25)傳送電子報 (25)功能位置 (27)版本比較 (33)常見問題集 (38)需求\揭露 (42)簡介Microsoft® Publisher 2010 提供簡單易用的設計工具，能讓您建立、列印和共享具有專業品質的行銷資料和出版物。
經過更新的使用者介面讓工作更有效率，增強的相片工具讓您獲得更精確的結果，視覺化的指南則能幫助您導覽出版物並查看列印內容。
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2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
中国GMP2010中英文对照ISPE翻译版
）》（2010年修订年修订）《药品生产质量管理规范药品生产质量管理规范（《Good Manufacturing Practice (2010 revision) 》Reviewed by ISPEMa Yiling, Zhang Jianye, Yang YalanInitial Translation from NNE Pharmaplan目录Table of Contents第一章 总则 (5)第一章Chapter1 General Provisions (5)第二章质量管理 (6)Chapter 2 Quality management (6).第一节原 则 (6).Section 1 Principle (6).第二节 质量保证 (6).Section 2 Quality Assurance (6).第三节 质量控制 (8).Section 3 Quality Control (8)第三章 机构与人员 (10)Chapter 3 Organization and personnel (10).第一节 原 则 (10).Section 1 principle (10).第二节 关键人员 (10).Section 2 Key Personnel (10).第三节 培 训 (14).Section 3 training (14)第四章 厂房与设施 (16)Chapter 4 Premises and facilities (16).第一节 原 则 (16).Section 1 principle (16).第二节 生产区 (17).Section 2 Production Area (17).第三节 仓储区 (20).Section 3 Storage Areas (20).第四节 质量控制区 (21).Section 4 Quality Control Areas (21).第五节 辅助区 (21).Section 5 Ancillary Areas (21)第五章 设 备 (22)Chapter 5 Equipment (22).第一节 原 则 (22).Section 1 principle (22).第二节 设计和安装 (22).Section 2 Design and Installation (22).第三节 维护和维修 (23).Section 3 Maintenance and Repair (23).第四节 使用和清洁 (23).Section 4 Usage and Clean (23).第五节 校 准 (24).Section 5 Calibration (24).第六节 制药用水 (25).Section 6 Water for Pharmaceutical Process (25)第六章物料与产品 (26)Chapter 6 Material and products (26).第一节原 则 (26).Section 1 Principle (26).第二节 原辅料 (27).Section 2 Raw materials and Excipients (27).第三节中间产品和待包装产品 (28).Section 3 Intermediate and Bulk products (28).第四节 包装材料 (29).Section 4 Packaging material (29).第五节成 品 (30).Section 5 Finished products (30).第六节特殊管理的物料和产品 (30).Section 6 Particular management for materials and products (30).第七节其 他 (30).Section 7 others (30)第七章确认与验证 (32)Chapter 7 Qualification and validation (32)第八章文件管理 (34)Chapter 8 Documentation (34).第一节原 则 (34).Section 1 Principle (34).第二节质量标准 (36).Section 2 Specification (36).第三节工艺规程 (37).Section 3 Process procedures (37).第四节批生产记录 (39).Section 4 Batch Production Records (39).第五节批包装记录 (40).Section 5 Batch Packaging Records (40).第六节操作规程和记录 (41).Section 6 Operation Procedures and Records (41)第九章 生产管理 (42)Chapter 9 Production Section (42).第一节 原 则 (42).Section 1 Principle (42).第二节防止生产过程中的污染和交叉污染 (44).Section 2 Prevention of Contamination and cross contamination (44).第三节生产操作 (45).Section 3 Production Operations (45).第四节包装操作 (45).Section 4 Packaging Operations (45)第十章质量控制与质量保证 (47)Chapter 10Quality Control and Quality Assurance (47).第一节质量控制实验室管理 (47).Section 1 Good Quality Control Laboratory Practice (47).第二节物料和产品放行 (55).Section 2 Release for Materials and Products (55).第三节持续稳定性考察 (56).Section 3 On-going stability programme (56).第四节变更控制 (58).Section 4 Change control (58).第五节偏差处理 (59).Section 5 Deviation Treatment (59).第六节纠正措施和预防措施 (60).Section 6 Corrective action and preventive action (CAPA) (60).第七节供应商的评估和批准 (61).Section 7 Audit and approal of suppliers (61).第八节产品质量回顾分析 (63).Section 8 Product Quality Review (63).第九节 投诉与不良反应报告 (65).Section 9 Complaints and Adverse Reactions Report (65)第十一章 委托生产与委托检验 (66)Chapter 11 Contract manufacture and analysis (66).第一节原 则 (66).Section 1 Principle (66).第二节委托方 (66).Section 2 The Contract Giver (66).第三节受托方 (66).Section 3 The Contract Acceptor (66).第四节合 同 (67).Section 4 The Contract (67)第十二章 产品发运与召回 (68)Chapter 12 Product distribution and recall (68).第一节原 则 (68).Section 1 Principle (68).第二节发 运 (68).Section 2 Distribution (68).第三节召 回 (68).Section 3 Recalls (68)第十三章 自 检 (69)Chapter 13Self inspection (69).第一节 原 则 (69).Section 1Principle (69).第二节 自 检 (69).Section 2Self inspection (69)第十四章 附 则 (70)Chapter 14 Glossary (70)Note:Highlight (Yellow) is the differences between EU GMP and SFDA GMP (new version). The first difference is that Chinese GMP combines all the requirements for both API and medicinal products, while EU GMP divides them to two parts.No highlight: is the similarity between the two guidelines.第一章 总则Chapter1 General Provisions第一条为规范药品生产质量管理，根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》、《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》，制定本规范。
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Incoterms®2010ICC rulesfor the use of domestic andinternational trade termsEntry into force: 1 January 2011Copyright○C 2010版权○C 2010International Chamber of Commerce国际商会All rights reserved. This collective work was initiated by ICC which holds all rights as defined by the French Code of Intellectual Property. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means –graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording, taping, or information retrieval systems – without written permission of ICC Services, Publications Department.版权所有，违者必究。
本作品由国际商会集体发起创作，国际商会享有法国知识产权法典所规定的所有权利。
未经国际商会服务中心出版社允许，不得以任何形式或方法对本作品任何一部分进行复制包括以印刷、电子或机械的形式进行复印、扫描、记录、录音或者用于信息检索系统等。
ICC ServicesPublications38 Cours Albert 1er75008 ParisFranceICC Publication No. 715EISBN:978-92-842-0080-1CONTENTS目录Foreword 4前言4Introduction 5引言5INCOTERMS○R 2010国际贸易术语○R2010Rules for any mode or modes of transport 15适用于所有运输方式的规则15EXW 15工厂交货15FCA 23货交承运人23CPT 33运费付至33CIP 41运费保险费付至41DAT 53终点站交货53DAP 61地点交货61DDP 69完税交货69Rules for sea and inland waterway transport只适用于海运和内河运输的规则FAS 79船边交货79FOB 87船上交货87CFR 95成本加运费95CIF 105成本运费保险费105Incoterms○R 2010 Drafting Group 119国际贸易术语○R2010 起草小组119ICC Dispute Resolution 124ICC争议解决124Copyright notice and synopsis of trademark usage rules 125版权声明和商标使用规则简介125ICC at a glance 126ICC一览126Other Incoterms○R 2010 products 127其他的国际贸易术语○R2010产品127ICC publication for global business 128ICC全球商业出版社128ForewordBy Rajat Gupta，ICC CbairmanThe global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted.The Incoterms® rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.前言国际商会主席Rajat Gupta全球经济一体化使得商业通向世界各地市场的途径空前宽广。
各种各样的货物被销售到世界各地。
然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强,因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。
国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。
在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则2010可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。
Since the creation of the Incoterms rules by ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms 2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transport practices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the 'delivered' rules,reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules. Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make all references to buyers and sellers gender-neutral.The broad expertise of ICC's Commission on Commercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond to business needs everywhere.自从1936年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从13条减少到了11条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。
国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需求相适应。
ICC would like to express its gratitude to the members of the Commission, chaired by Fabio Bortolotti (Italy), to the Drafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista(Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow (Germany), Johnny Herre(Sweden), David Lwee(UK), Lauri Railas(Finland), Frank Reynolds(US),and Miroslav Subert(Szech Republic), and to Asko Raty (Finland) for assistance with the images depicting the 11 rules.国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista（副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke （副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德国），Johnny Herre （瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas （芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert （捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty （芬兰）致谢。
INTRODUCTIONThe Incoterms® rules explain a set of three-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale of goods. The Incoterms® rules describe mainly the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers.How to use the Incoterms® 2010 rules1. Incorporate the Incoterms® 2010 rules into your contract of saleIf you want the Incoterms® 2010 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the co ntract, through such words as, “[the chosen Incoterms rule including the named place ,followed by] Incoterms® 2010”.2. Choose the appropriate Incoterms ruleThe chosen Incoterms rule needs to be appropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all to whether the parties intend to put additional obligations,介绍Incoterms®規則規定了一系列在貨物銷售商業合同實踐中使用的三字母系列貿易術語Incoterms®规则主要描述了货物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的责任，费用和风险的划分。