多恩布什《宏观经济学》(第10版)笔记和课后习题详解第6章总供给：工资、价格与失业【圣才出品】

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多恩布什宏观经济学第十版课后习题答案03

CHAPTER 3Solutions to the Problems in the TextbookConceptual Problems:1. The production function provides a quantitative link between inputs and output. For example, theCobb-Douglas production function mentioned in the text is of the form:Y = F(N,K) = AN1-θKθ,where Y represents the level of output. (1 - θ) and θ are weights equal to the shares of labor (N) and capital (K) in production, while A is often used as a measure for the level of technology. It can be easily shown that labor and capital each contribute to economic growth by an amount that is equal to their individual growth rates multiplied by their respective share in income.2. The Solow model predicts convergence, that is, countries with the same production function, savingsrate, and population growth will eventually reach the same level of income per capita. In other words,a poor country may eventually catch up to a richer one by saving at the same rate and makingtechnological innovations. However, if these countries have different savings rates, they will reach different levels of income per capita, even though their long-term growth rates will be the same.3. A production function that omits the stock of natural resources cannot adequately predict the impactof a significant change in the existing stock of natural resources on the economic performance of a country. For example, the discovery of new oil reserves or an entirely new resource would have a significant effect on the level of output that could not be predicted by such a production function.4. Interpreting the Solow residual purely as technological progress would ignore, for example, theimpact that human capital has on the level of output. In other words, this residual not only captures the effect of technological progress but also the effect of changes in human capital (H) on the growth rate of output. To eliminate this problem we can explicitly include human capital in the production function, such thatY = F(K,N,H) = AN a K b H c with a + b + c = 1.Then the growth rate of output can be calculated as∆Y/Y = ∆A/A + a(∆N/N) + b(∆K/K) + c(∆H/H).5. The savings function sy = sf(k) assumes that a constant fraction of output is saved. The investmentrequirement, that is, the (n + d)k-line, represents the amount of investment needed to maintain a constant capital-labor ratio (k). A steady-state equilibrium is reached when saving is equal to the investment requirement, that is, when sy = (n + d)k. At this point the capital-labor ratio k = K/N is not changing, so capital (K), labor (N), and output (Y) all must be growing at the same rate, that is, the rate of population growth n = (∆N/N).6. In the long run, the rate of population growth n = (∆N/N) determines the growth rate of thesteady-state output per capita. In the short run, however, the savings rate, technological progress, and the rate of depreciation can all affect the growth rate.7. Labor productivity is defined as Y/N, that is, the ratio of output (Y) to labor input (N). A surge inlabor productivity therefore occurs if output grows at a faster rate than labor input. In the U.S. we have experienced such a surge in labor productivity since the mid-1990s due to the enormous growth in GDP. This surge can be explained from the introduction of new technologies and more efficient use of existing technologies. Many claim that the increased investment in and use of computer technology has stimulated economic growth. Furthermore, increased global competition has forced many firms to cut costs by reorganizing production and eliminating some jobs. Thus, with large increases in output and a slower rate of job creation we should expect labor productivity to increase. (One should also note that a higher-skilled labor force also can contribute to an increase in labor productivity, since the same number of workers can produce more output if workers are more highly skilled.)Technical Problems:1.a. According to Equation (2), the growth of output is equal to the growth in labor times the labor shareplus the growth of capital times the capital share plus the rate of technical progress, that is, ∆Y/Y = (1 - θ)(∆N/N) + θ(∆K/K) + ∆A/A, where1 - θ is the share of labor (N) and θ is the share of capital (K). Thus if we assume that the rate oftechnological progress (∆A/A) is zero, then output grows at an annual rate of 3.6 percent, since ∆Y/Y = (0.6)(2%) + (0.4)(6%) + 0% = 1.2% + 2.4% = + 3.6%,1.b. The so-called "Rule of 70" suggests that the length of time it takes for output to double can becalculated by dividing 70 by the growth rate of output. Since 70/3.6 = 19.44, it will take just under 20 years for output to double at an annual growth rate of 3.6%,1.c. Now that ∆A/A = 2%, we can calculate economic growth as∆Y/Y = (0.6)(2%) + (0.4)(6%) + 2% = 1.2% + 2.4% + 2% = + 5.6%.Thus it will take 70/5.6 = 12.5 years for output to double at this new growth rate of 5.6%.2.a. According to Equation (2), the growth of output is equal to the growth in labor times the labor shareplus the growth of capital times the capital share plus the growth rate of total factor productivity (TFP), that is,∆Y/Y = (1 - θ)(∆N/N) + θ(∆K/K) + ∆A/A, where1 - θ is the share of labor (N) and θ is the share of capital (K). In this example θ = 0.3; therefore,if output grows at 3% and labor and capital grow at 1% each, then we can calculate the change in TFP in the following way3% = (0.3)(1%) + (0.7)(1%) + ∆A/A ==> ∆A/A = 3% - 1% = 2%,that is, the growth rate of total factor productivity is 2%.2.b. If both labor and the capital stock are fixed and output grows at 3%, then all this growth has to becontributed to the growth in factor productivity, that is, ∆A/A = 3%.3.a. If the capital stock grows by ∆K/K = 10%, the effect on output would be an additional growth rate of∆Y/Y = (.3)(10%) = 3%.3.b. If labor grows by ∆N/N = 10%, the effect on output would be an additional growth rate of∆Y/Y = (.7)(10%) = 7%.3.c. If output grows at ∆Y/Y = 7% due to an increase in labor by ∆N/N = 10%, and this increase in laboris entirely d ue to population growth, then per capita income would decrease and people’s welfare would decrease, since∆y/y = ∆Y/Y - ∆N/N = 7% - 10% = - 3%.3.d. If this increase in labor is due to an influx of women into the labor force, the overall population doesnot increase and income per capita would increase by ∆y/y = 7%. Therefore people's welfare would increase.4. Figure 3-4 shows output per head as a function of the capital-labor ratio, that is, y = f(k). Thesavings function is sy = sf(k), and it intersects the straight (n + d)k-line, representing the investment requirement. At this intersection, the economy is in a steady-state equilibrium. Now let us assume that the economy is in a steady-state equilibrium before the earthquake hits, that is, the steady-state capital-labor ratio is currently k*. Assume further, for simplicity, that the earthquake does not affect people's savings behavior.If the earthquake destroys one quarter of the capital stock but less than one quarter of the labor force, then the capital-labor ratio falls from k*to k1 and per-capita output falls from y* to y1. Now saving is greater than the investment requirement, that is, sy1 > (d + n)k1, and the capital stock and the level of output per capita will grow until the steady state at k* is reached again.However, if the earthquake destroys one quarter of the capital stock but more than one quarter of the labor force, then the capital-labor ratio increases from k*to k2. Saving now will be less than the investment requirement and thus the capital-labor ratio and the level of output per capita will fall until the steady state at k* is reached again.If exactly one quarter of both the capital stock and the labor stock are destroyed, then the steady state is maintained, that is, the capital-labor ratio and the output per capita do not change.If the severity of the earthquake has an effect on peoples’ savings behavior, then the savings function sy = sf(k) will move either up or down, depending on whether the savings rate (s) increases (if people save more, so more can be invested in an effort to rebuild) or decreases (if people save less, since they decide that life is too short not to live it up).k1k*k2 k5.a. An increase in the population growth rate (n) affects the investment requirement, and the (n + d)k-linegets steeper. As the population grows, more saving must be used to equip new workers with the same amount of capital that the existing workers already have. Therefore output per capita (y) will decrease as will the new optimal capital-labor ratio, which is determined by the intersection of the sy-curve and the (n1 + d)k-line. Since per-capita output will fall, we will have a negative growth rate in the short run. However, the steady-state growth rate of output will increase in the long run, since it will be determined by the new and higher rate of population growth.yy oy1k1k o k5.b. Starting from an initial steady-state equilibrium at a level of per-capita output y*, the increase in thepopulation growth rate (n) will cause the capital-labor ratio to decline from k* to k1. Output per capita will also decline, a process that will continue at a diminishing rate until a new steady-state level is reached at y1. The growth rate of output will gradually adjust to the new and higher level n1.yy*y1t o t1tkk*k1t o t1t6.a. Assume the production function is of the formY = F(K, N, Z) = AK a N b Z c==>∆Y/Y = ∆A/A + a(∆K/K) + b(∆N/N) + c(∆Z/Z), with a + b + c = 1.Now assume that there is no technological progress, that is, ∆A/A = 0, and that capital and labor grow at the same rate, that is, ∆K/K = ∆N/N = n. If we also assume that all natural resources available are fixed, such that ∆Z/Z = 0, then the rate of output growth will be∆Y/Y = an + bn = (a + b)n.In other words, output will grow at a rate less than n since a + b < 1. Therefore output per worker will fall.6.b. If there is technological progress, that is, ∆A/A > 0, then output will grow faster than before, namely∆Y/Y = ∆A/A + (a + b)n.If ∆A/A > c, then output will grow at a rate larger than n, in which case output per worker will increase.6.c. If the supply of natural resources is fixed, then output can only grow at a rate that is smaller than therate of population growth and we should expect limits to growth as we run out of natural resources.However, if the rate of technological progress is sufficiently large, then output can grow at a rate faster than population, even if we have a fixed supply of natural resources.7.a. If the production function is of the formY = K1/2(AN)1/2,and A is normalized to 1, then we haveY = K1/2N1/2.In this case capital's and labor's shares of income are both 50%.7.b. This is a Cobb-Douglas production function.7.c. A steady-state equilibrium is reached when sy = (n + d)k.From Y = K1/2N1/2 ==> Y/N = K1/2N-1/2==> y = k1/2==>sk1/2= (n + d)k ==> k-1/2 = (n + d)/s = (0.07 + 0.03)/(.2) = 1/2 ==> k1/2= 2 = y ==> k = 4 .8.a. If technological progress occurs, then the level of output per capita for any given capital-labor ratioincreases. The function y = f(k) increases to y = g(k), and thus the savings function increases from sf(k) to sg(k).y2k1k2k8.b. Since g(k) > f(k), it follows that sg(k) > sf(k) for each level of k. Therefore theintersection of the sg(k)-curve with the (n + d)k-line is at a higher level of k. The new steady-state equilibrium will now be at a higher level of saving and output per capita, and at a higher capital-labor ratio.8.c. After the technological progress occurs, the level of saving and investment will increaseuntil a new and higher optimal capital-labor ratio is reached. The ratio of investment to capital will also increase in the transition period, since more has to be invested to reach the higher optimal capital-labor ratio.kk2k1t1t2t9. The Cobb-Douglas production function is defined asY = F(N,K) = AN1-θKθ.The marginal product of labor can then be derived asMPN = (∆Y)/(∆N) = (1 - θ)AN-θKθ = (1 - θ)AN1-θKθ/N = = (1 - θ)(Y/N)==> labor's share of income = [MPN*(N)]/Y = (1 - θ)(Y/N)*[(N)/(Y)] = (1 - θ)。

《宏观经济学》——第六章习题答案

第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线：表明了价格与产量的相结合，即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。

2、总需求曲线：描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时，产量（国民收入）与价格水平的组合。

3、总需求—总供给模型：将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上，用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定，考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。

4、古典总供给曲线：不受价格水平变动的影响，位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。

5、粘性工资模型：即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。

6、利率效应：物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。

7、税收效应：物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。

二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D．总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有：实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。

2.C．价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置，而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加，利率下降，投资需求增加从而收入增加，所以LM曲线向右移。

3.A．在凯恩斯条件下，由于供给曲线是一条水平线，扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。

y增加，则对货币的需求将增加，当货币供给不变时利率提高；当处于古典区域时，由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出，所以y不会变，扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨，从而实际货币余额将减少，利率提高。

4.A．劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资，劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系，因此价格水平越低，名义工资不变，则实际工资上升，因而劳动需求下降。

5.B．劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns（WP），W指名义工资，P为价格水平。

在短期内，实际工资率越高，劳动的供给越多，因此呈现正斜率。

6.D．古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节，从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态，因而此时古典供给曲线存在。

7.C．8.C．A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。

宏观经济学多恩布什第10版教材下载及考研视频网课

宏观经济学多恩布什第10版教材下载及考研视频网课多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第10版）网授精讲班【教材精讲＋考研真题串讲】目录多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第10版）网授精讲班【郑炳老师讲授的完整课程】【共41课时】多恩布什《宏观经济学（第10版）》网授精讲班【王志伟老师讲授的部分课程】【共28课时】电子书（题库）•多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第10版）【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【39小时高清视频】•多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第10版）笔记和课后习题详解•试看部分内容导论与国民收入核算第1章导论1.1 复习笔记1宏观经济学宏观经济学主要讨论总体经济的运行，具体包括：经济增长问题——收入、就业机会的变化；经济波动问题——失业问题，通货膨胀问题；经济政策——政府能否、以及如何干预经济，改善经济的运行。

2．微观经济学与宏观经济学的关系（1）二者的联系第一，微观经济学和宏观经济学互为补充。

微观经济学是在资源总量既定的条件下，通过研究个体经济活动参与者的经济行为及其后果来说明市场机制如何实现各种资源的最优配置；宏观经济学则是在资源配置方式既定的条件下研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化。

第二，微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

这是因为任何总体总是由个体组成的，对总体行为的分析自然也离不开个体行为的分析。

第三，微观经济学和宏观经济学都采用了供求均衡分析的方法。

微观经济学通过需求曲线和供给曲线决定产品的均衡价格和产量，宏观经济学通过总需求曲线和总供给曲线研究社会的一般价格水平和产出水平。

（2）二者的区别第一，研究对象不同。

微观经济学研究的是个体经济活动参与者的行为及其后果，侧重讨论市场机制下各种资源的最优配置问题，而宏观经济学研究的是社会总体的经济行为及其后果，侧重讨论经济社会资源的充分利用问题。

第二，中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入决定论。

第三，研究方法不同。

微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析，宏观经济学的研究方法是总量分析。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解(货币、利息与收入)【圣才出品】

（3）中央银行是国家的银行，是指中央银行对一国政府提供金融服务，同时中央银行代表国家从事金融活动，实施金融监管。
5． IS 曲线（ IS curve）
答： IS 曲线指将满足产品市场均衡条件的收入和利率的各种组合的点连结起来而形成
的曲线。它是反映产品市场均衡状态的一幅简单图像。它表示的是任一给定的利率水平上都
M P h h kbG
h 与 k 数值越小，b 与 G 数值越大，增加实际余额对均衡收入水平的扩张性效应也越大。 b 与 G 的数值大，对应着非常平直的 IS 曲线。
4．中央银行（central bank）答：中央银行指在一国金融体系中居于主导地位，负责制定和执行国家的金融政策，调节货币流通与信用活动，对国家负责，在对外金融活动中代表国家，并对国内整个金融体系和金融活动实行管理与监督的金融中心机构。中央银行具有三大职能，即它是“发行的银行”、 “银行的银行”和“政府的银行”。
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圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

（1）中央银行是发行的银行，这一职能指中央银行服务于社会和经济发展，供应货币、调节货币量、管理货币流通的职能。
（2）中央银行是银行的银行，这一职能指中央银行服务于商业银行和整个金融机构体系，履行维持金融稳定、促进金融业发展的职责。
6．货币市场的均衡曲线（money market equilibrium schedule）
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圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

答：LM 曲线即货币市场的均衡曲线，它显示能使其实际余额需求等于供给的所有利率
与收入水平的组合。沿着 LM 曲线，货币市场处于均衡状态。要使货币市场处于均衡状态，
A bi

曼昆宏观经济学第10版课后答案和笔记

曼昆宏观经济学第10版课后答案和笔记XXX的《宏观经济学》第10版是一本经典的宏观经济学教材。

本书是该教材的研究辅导书，包括复笔记和课后题详解。

第1篇导言第1章介绍了宏观经济学的科学性，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第2章讨论了宏观经济学的数据，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济第3章讨论了国民收入的来源和去向，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第4章介绍了货币系统的作用，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第5章讨论了通货膨胀的起因、影响和社会成本，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第6章介绍了开放的经济，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第7章讨论了失业问题，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济第8章介绍了经济增长中的资本积累和人口增长，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第9章讨论了经济增长中的技术、经验和政策，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济第10章介绍了经济波动，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第11章建立了IS-LM模型，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第12章应用了IS-LM模型，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第13章介绍了XXX模型和汇率制度，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第14章讨论了总供给和通货膨胀、失业之间的短期权衡，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第5篇宏观经济理论和政策专题第15章介绍了经济波动的动态模型，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第16章讨论了稳定化政策的不同观点，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第17章介绍了政府债务和预算赤字，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第18章讨论了金融系统的机会和危险，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

第19章介绍了消费和投资的微观基础，本书提供了该章的复笔记和课后题详解。

附录列出了指定XXX《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表。

多恩布什宏观经济学第十版课后答案

宏观经济学第二章概念题1．如果政府雇用失业工人，他们曾领取TR美元的失业救济金，现在他们作为政府雇员支取TR美元，不做任何工作，GDP会发生什么情况？请解释。

答：国内生产总值指一个国家（地区）领土范围，本国（地区）居民和外国居民在一定时期内所生产和提供的最终使用的产品和劳务的价值。

用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费C、投资I、政府支出G和净出口NX之和。

从支出法核算角度看：C、I、NX保持不变，由于转移支付TR美元变成了政府对劳务的购买即政府支出增加，使得G增加了TR美元，GDP会由于G的增加而增加。

2．GDP和GNP有什么区别？用于计算收入/产量是否一个比另一个更好呢？为什么？答：（1）GNP和GDP的区别GNP指在一定时期内一国或地区的国民所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。

它是本国国民生产的最终产品市场价值的总和，是一个国民概念，即无论劳动力和其他生产要素处于国内还是国外，只要本国国民生产的产品和劳务的价值都记入国民生产总值。

GDP指一定时期内一国或地区所拥有的生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。

它是一国范围内生产的最终产品，是一个地域概念。

两者的区别：在经济封闭的国家或地区，国民生产总值等于国内生产总值；在经济开放的国家或地区，国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上国外净要素收入。

两者的关系可以表示为：GNP=GDP+[本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入（投资利润、劳务收入）-外国生产要素从本国获得的收入]。

（2）使用GDP比使用GNP用于计量产出会更好一些，原因如下：1）从精确度角度看，GDP的精确度高；2）GDP衡量综合国力时，比GNP好；3）相对于GNP而言，GDP是对经济中就业潜力的一个较好的衡量指标。

由于美国经济中GDP和GNP的差异非常小，所以在分析美国经济时，使用这两种的任何一个指标，造成的差异都不会大。

但对于其他有些国家的经济来说明，这个差别是相当大的，因此，使用GDP作为衡量指标会更好。

湘潭大学宏观经济学课件(多恩布什第十版)-第6章

16
图6-5 1961-1969年美国的通胀与失业
Copyright 2007 Business School of Xiangtan University Macroeconomics Lecture by zhuoyue
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6.3 滞胀、预期通货膨胀及附加通货膨胀预期的菲利普斯曲线

20世纪70年代和80年代的数据并不符合简
滞

胀
滞胀指的是高失业（即停滞）与高通货膨胀同时存在。如图6-7中的S点。滞胀是如何产生的？

一旦经济处于高通货膨胀预期的短期菲利普斯曲线上，衰退将实际通货膨胀推到低于预期通货膨胀的水平，但通货膨胀的绝对水平仍保持在高水平。
Copyright 2007 Business School of Xiangtan University Macroeconomics Lecture by zhuoyue

Copyright 2007 Business School of Xiangtan University Macroeconomics Lecture by zhuoyue
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图6-7
通货膨胀预期与短期菲利普斯曲线
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Copyright 2007 Business School of Xiangtan University Macroeconomics Lecture by zhuoyue
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菲利普斯曲线

菲利普斯曲线反映的是失业率和货币工资增长率之间的反向关系：失业率越高，工资膨胀率则越低。换言之，工资膨胀率与失业率之间存在着替代取舍关系。
。菲利普斯曲线表明工资膨胀率随失业率增加而递减。

多恩布什宏观经济学课后答案

多恩布什宏观经济学课后答案【篇一：宏观经济学课后习题答案】> 1、我们将本章阐述的收入决定模型叫做凯恩斯模型。

什么原因使得凯恩斯模型成为古典模型的对立面呢？在凯恩斯模型中价格水平是假定不变的，也就是说总供给曲线是水平的，产出由总需求唯一的决定。

而另一方面，在古典模型中，价格完全取决于充分就业下的产出水平，也就是说总供给曲线是竖直的。

而由于本章中的收入决定模型所做的假设是价格水平是固定的，与凯恩斯模型的假设相同，所以我们使用凯恩斯模型，凯恩斯模型也因此成为古典模型的对立面。

2、什么是自主性变量？在本章中，我们规定总需求中那些组成部分是自主性的？自主性变量是外生变量，由模型以外的东西决定。

本章中我们假设：总需求的自主性开支（autonomous spending—c*）、自主性投资（autonomous investment—i0）、政府购买（government purchases—g0）、税收（taxes—ta）、转移支付（transfer payments—tr）、净出口（net export—nx）是自主性的。

3、根据你对于联邦政府许多部门同意并实施政策变动所需时间的了解，你能想到有关财政政策稳定经济的任何问题么？对于经济学家和政客们来说，在某一经济问题上达成共识很困难，因此一项政策的决定常常需要很长时间。

在这段时间里，经济很可能发生巨大的变动。

如果在经济衰退过后已经出现快速增长趋势的时候才决定好通过减税改善前一段时间的经济状况，那么，毫无疑问，这一过时的政策会导致通货膨胀，起到完全相反的作用。

4、为什么将比例税所得与福利制度等机制成为自动稳定器？选择其中一个稳定器，详细解释它如何并且为什么会影响产出波动。

自动稳定器是经济中的一种机制，它会自动减少为适应自主性需求变动所需要的产出变动量而不需要政府一步步具体地加以干预。

当自动稳定器处于适当状态时，投资需求的变动对产出的影响会变小。

这意味着自动稳定器的存在使我们期望产出波动可以比没有这些自动稳定器时的幅度减小。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第10版)笔记和课后习题详解第6章开放的经济【圣才出品】

第6章开放的经济6.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一：资本和产品的国际流动★★★★1．净出口净出口也称贸易余额，一般用NX表示，是本国向其他国家出口的产品与服务的价值减去外国向本国提供的产品和服务的价值，反映国际间产品与服务的流动。

用X表示出口，用IM表示进口，则出口减去进口（X－IM）就是净出口。

国民收入核算恒等式可被写为：Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX对上式进行简单变形，得：NX＝Y－（C＋I＋G）净出口＝产出－国内支出这个式子说明，在一个开放经济中，国内支出无须等于产品与服务的产出。

如果产出大于国内支出，则净出口是正的；如果产出小于国内支出，则净出口是负的。

2．国际资本流动和贸易余额（1）资本净流出资本净流出也称国外净投资，是国内储蓄和国内投资之间的差额S－I，反映为资本积累融资的资金国际流动。

（2）资本净流出和贸易余额的关系根据储蓄和投资重写国民收入核算恒等式可以推导出：Y＝C＋I＋G＋NXY－C－G＝I＋NX（Y－C－T）＋（T－G）＝I＋NXS－I＝NX国民收入核算恒等式表明，资本净流出总是等于贸易余额，即资本净流出＝贸易余额。

这表明为资本积累筹资的资金国际流动和国际间产品和服务的流动是同一枚硬币的两面。

（3）开放经济可能经历的三种结果（见表6-1）表6-1开放经济可能经历的三种结果3．双边贸易余额的无关紧要性双边贸易余额指一国与某一特定国家之间的贸易余额。

总体的贸易余额与一国的储蓄和投资密不可分，对双边贸易余额而言，情况却不是这样。

一国可能对特定贸易伙伴有巨额贸易赤字和盈余，而总体上保持贸易平衡。

双边贸易赤字在政治舞台上受到过多的关注。

这部分地是由于国际关系表现为国与国之间的关系；然而，从宏观经济的角度看，一国与所有外国的总体贸易余额才是重要的。

考点二：小型开放经济★★★★★1．小型开放经济模型（1）假设①该经济对世界利率的影响微不足道；②资本完全流动，即该经济中的利率r必定等于世界利率r*（r＝r*）；③经济的产出由生产函数和生产要素固定，Y＝＿Y＝F（＿K，＿L）；④消费C与可支配收入（Y－T）正相关，消费函数为C＝C（Y－T）；⑤投资I与实际利率r负相关，投资函数为I＝I（r）；⑥财政政策固定。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》笔记和课后习题详解(总供给与总需求)【圣才出品】

第5章总供给与总需求5.1 复习笔记一、总供给曲线1．总供给曲线的概述（1）总供给和总供给曲线的含义总供给是指一国的全体厂商在现行的价格、生产能力和总成本既定的条件下，愿意而且能够生产和销售的产品数量。

总供给曲线是指用来表示经济中所生产的最终产品和服务的总量与价格水平之间的关系的曲线，是总供给函数的几何形式。

一般地，生产总水平与价格总水平变化方向相同，也就是说总供给曲线是向右上方延伸的。

短期曲线是水平的（凯恩斯总供给曲线）；长期曲线是垂直的（古典总供给曲线），图5－1表示这两种极端情况。

图5－1 凯恩斯总供给曲线和古典总供给曲线图5－1（a）中，水平的凯恩斯总供给曲线意味着，在现行价格水平上，将供给任何数量的产品。

图5－1（b）中，垂直的古典总供给曲线基于这样一个假定，即劳动市场总是处于充分就业状态，从而产量也总是处于相对应的水平。

（2）短期和长期的总供给曲线的政策含义①在短期内，随着总需求的不同，经济可以处于萧条或高涨的状态。

此时，政府可以通过调整总需求使得经济位于充分就业的产出水平。

②在长期中，经济保持在潜在产出水平，需求管理政策不能改变国民收入，只能改变价格总水平。

2．古典总供给曲线（1）古典总供给曲线的含义古典总供给曲线又称长期总供给曲线。

根据西方的经济学，在长期中，经济的就业水平并不随着价格的变动而变动，而总是处于充分就业的状态。

此时，总供给曲线为一条垂直线，其原因在于工资的充分弹性或劳动市场的充分竞争性。

劳动市场的充分竞争性保证了劳动市场经常处于均衡位置，即充分就业状态。

劳动的供求主要受实际工资的影响，在名义工资既定时，价格变动将引起实际工资变动，从而导致劳动市场非均衡，或劳动供大于求、或劳动求大于供。

由于充分竞争性，非均衡将导致名义工资变动，直至重新回到均衡位置。

如图5－1（b）所示。

（2）古典总供给曲线的位移对应于劳动力充分就业状态的产量水平叫做潜在的GDP（）。

当经济积聚资源并出现技术进步时，潜在GDP将随时间推移而增长，因而古典总供给曲线的位置将随时间而逐渐右移，如图5－2所示。

多恩布什宏观经济学第十版课后习题答案05

Chapter 5Solutions to the Problems in the TextbookConceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve shows the quantity of real total output that firms arewilling to supply at each price level. The aggregate demand curve shows all combinations of real total output and the price level at which the goods and the money sectors are simultaneously in equilibrium. Along the AD-curve nominal money supply is assumed to be constant and no fiscal policy change takes place.2. The classical aggregate supply curve is vertical, since the classical model assumes thatnominal wages adjust very quickly to changes in the price level. This implies that the labor market is always in equilibrium and output is always at the full-employment level.If the AD-curve shifts to the right, firms try to increase output by hiring more workers, who they try to attract by offering higher nominal wages. But since we are already at full employment, no more workers can be hired and firms merely bid up nominal wages. The nominal wage increase is passed on in the form of higher product prices. In the end, the level of wages and prices will have increased proportionally, while the real wage rate and the levels of employment and output will remain unchanged.If there is a decrease in demand, then firms try to lay off workers. Workers, in turn, are willing to accept lower wages to stay employed. Lower wage costs enable firms to lower their product prices. In the end, nominal wages and prices will decrease proportionally but the real wage rate and the level of employment and output will remain the same.3. There is no single theory of the aggregate supply curve, which shows the relationshipbetween firms' output and the price level. A number of competing explanations exist for the fact that firms have a tendency to increase their output level as the price level increases. The Keynesian model of a horizontal aggregate supply curve supposedly describes the very short run (over a period of a few months or less), while the classical model of a vertical aggregate supply curve is supposed to hold true for the long run (a period of more than 10 years). The medium-run aggregate supply curve is most useful for periods of several quarters or a few years. This upward-sloping aggregate supply curve results from the fact that wage and price adjustments are slow and uncoordinated. Chapter6 offers several explanations for the fact that labor markets do not adjust quickly. Theseinclude the imperfect information market-clearing model, the existence of wage contracts or coordination problems, and the fact that firms pay efficiency wages and price changes tend to be costly.4. The Keynesian aggregate supply curve is horizontal since the price level is assumed to befixed. It is most appropriate for the very short run (a period of a few months or less). The classical aggregate supply curve is vertical and output is assumed to be fixed at its potential level. It is most appropriate for the long run (a period of more than 10 years) when prices are able to fully adjust to all shocks.5. The aggregate supply and aggregate demand model used in macroeconomics is notvery similar to the market demand and market supply model used in microeconomics.While the workings of both models (the distinction between shifts of the curves versus movement along the curves) are similar, these models are really unrelated. The "P" in the microeconomic model stands for the relative price of a good (or the ratio at which two goods are traded), whereas the "P" in the macroeconomic model stands for the average price level of all goods and services produced in this country, measured in money terms.Technical Problems:1.a. As Figure 5-9 in the text shows, a decrease in income taxes will shift both the AD-curveand the AS-curve to the right. The shift in the AD-curve tends to be fairly large and, in the short run (when prices are fixed), leads to a significant increase in output without a change in prices. In the long run, the AS-curve will also shift to the right--since lower income tax rates provide an incentive to work more--but only by a fairly small amount.Therefore we see a slightly higher real GDP with a large increase in the price level in the long run.1.b. Supply-side economics is any policy measure that will increase potential GDP by shiftingthe long-run (vertical) AS-curve to the right. In the early 1980s, supply-side economists put forth the view that a cut in income tax rates would increase the incentive to work, save and invest. This would increase aggregate supply so much that the inflation and unemployment rates would simultaneously decrease. The resulting high economic growth might then even lead to an increase in tax revenues, despite lower tax rates. However, these predictions did not become reality. As seen in the answer to 2.a., the long-run effect of a tax cut on output is not very large, although it can increase long-term output to some degree.2.a. According to the balanced budget theorem, a simultaneous and equal increase ingovernment purchases and taxes will shift the AD-curve to the right. But if the AS-curve is upward sloping, then the balanced budget multiplier will be less than one, that is, the increase in output will be less than the increase in government expenditures. This occurs, since part of the increase in government spending will be crowded out due a higher price level, lower real money balances, and a resulting rise in interest rates.P ADP oPo12.b. In the Keynesian case, the AS-curve is horizontal and the price level remains unchanged. There is no real balance effect and therefore income will increase more than in3.a. However, the interest rate will still increase and therefore the balanced budget multiplier will be less than one (but greater than zero).PP o0 Y o Y1Y2.c. In the classical case, the AS-curve is vertical and the output level remains unchanged. Inthis case, a shift in the AD-curve leads to a price increase and real money balances decline. Therefore interest rates increase further than in 3.b., leading to full crowding out of investment. Hence the balanced budget multiplier is zero.PP1P0Additional Problems1. Briefly explain why the AS-curve is upward sloping in the intermediate run?An upward-sloping AS-curve assumes that wage and price adjustments are slow and uncoordinated. This can be explained most easily by the existence of wage contracts and imperfect competition. Because of wage contracts, wages cannot be changed easily and, since the contracts tend to be staggered, they cannot be changed all at once. In an imperfectly competitive market structure, firms are reluctant to change their prices since they cannot accurately predict the reactions of their competitors. Therefore, wages and prices will adjust only slowly. (Chapter 6 provides more elaborate explanations for this.)2. Briefly discuss in words why the AD-curve is downward sloping.In the AD-AS framework, we assume that nominal money supply (M) is constant unless it ischanged by the Fed's monetary policy (which would result in a shift in the AD-curve). Therefore, if the price level increases, then real money (M/P) decreases, driving interest rates (i) up and lowering the level of investment spending (I). This means that total output demanded (Y) will decrease.A more elaborate answer may include that lower real money balances (M/P) result in less real wealth, leading to a lower level of consumption (C) due to the wealth effect. This means that total output demanded (Y) will decrease. A higher domestic price level (P) also means that domestic goods will become less competitive in world markets. This will stimulate imports while reducing exports, leading to a reduction in net exports (NX), and a decrease in total output demanded (Y).3. "In the classical aggregate supply curve model, the economy is always at thefull-employment level of output and the unemployment rate is always zero."Comment on this statement.The classical aggregate supply curve model implies a vertical AS-curve at the full-employment level of output. However, this does not mean that the unemployment rate is zero. There is always some friction in the labor market, which means that there is always some (frictional) unemployment as workers switch jobs. The (positive) amount of unemployment at the full-employment level of output is called the natural rate of unemployment and is estimated to be roughly 5.5 percent for the United States; however, an exact value for this natural rate has not been established.4. Assume a technological advance leads to lower production costs. Show the effect ofsuch an event on national income, unemployment, inflation, and interest rates with the help of an AD-AS diagram, assuming completely flexible wage rates.A decrease in production costs shifts the AS-curve to the right. The price level decreases, leading to a higher level of income and lower interest rates. Since wages are completely flexible, the AS-curve is vertical and we are always at full-employment (this is the classical case). This implies that the unemployment rate stays at the natural rate, but output goes up since workers are now more productive.1.→2. Cost of prod.↑== > AS →Ex.S. == > P↓real ms ↑i ↓I↑Y↑Effect: Y↑UR ↓P ↓i↓0 Y o FE Y1FE Y5. "Monetary expansion will not change interest rates in the classicalAS-curve model." Comment on this statement.An increase in the nominal money supply will shift the AD-curve to the right. There will be excess demand for goods and services, which will force the price level up. In the classical AS-curve model, a new equilibrium will be established at the same level of output but at a higher price level. Real money balances will be reduced to their original level and interest rates will not be affected in the long run (the classical case).6. "Expansionary fiscal policy does not affect the level of real output or real moneybalances in the classical AS-curve case." Comment on this statement.Expansionary fiscal policy will shift the AD-curve to the right, causing excess demand for goods and services at the existing price level. This forces the price level up, reducing real money balances. Interest rates increase, which results in a lower level of investment spending. In the classical case, the AS-curve is vertical, so the level of output will not change. In other words, the increase in the level of prices and interest rates continues until private spending is reduced again to the original full-employment level.7. "In the classical AS-curve case, a reduction in government spending will lowerinterest rates and the real money stock." Comment on this statement.A decrease in government spending will shift the AD-curve to the left, causing excess supply of goods and services at the original price level. As the price level decreases to restore equilibrium, real money balances increase and interest rates fall. This will increase the level of investment spending until a new equilibrium is reached at the original level of output but at lower prices and interest rates. Thus, real money balances will rise, but interest rates fall.8. "In the Keynesian aggregate supply curve model, the Fed, through restrictivemonetary policy, can easily lower inflation without creating unemployment."Comment on this statement.This statement is wrong. In the Keynesian aggregate supply curve model, the AS-curve is horizontal, since prices are assumed to be fixed. Restrictive monetary policy will shift the AD-curve to the left. This will reduce the level of output without any change in the price level.But a lower level of output implies a higher rate of unemployment.9. True or false? Why?"Monetary policy does not affect real output in the Keynesian supply curve model."False. An increase in money supply will shift the AD-curve to the right, leading to a higher level of income. In the Keynesian supply curve model, the price level is fixed, hence real balances will not fall as they would in the classical supply curve model. We will reach a new equilibrium at a higher level of output, at a lower interest rate, but at the same price level. In this case monetary policy is not neutral.10. Explain why there is so much interest in finding ways to shift the AS-curve to the right.Shifting the AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the short-run AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.11. "Restrictive fiscal policy will always lower output, prices, and interest rates."Comment.This statement is true in the intermediate run when the AS-curve is upward sloping. Restrictive fiscal policy will shift the AD-curve to the left. In the Keynesian case, the AS-curve is horizontal and prices remain constant, while both output and interest rates decrease. In the classical case, the AS-curve is vertical and the decrease in the price level will increase real money balances and interest rates. Prices will fall until spending is again consistent with the full-employment level of output. Thus in the long run, prices and interest rates will decline, while output will remain the same. Only in the intermediate run (when the AS-curve is upward sloping due to slowly adjusting wages and prices) will output, prices, and the interest rate all go down.12. "The real impact of demand management policy is largely determined by theflexibility of wages and prices." Comment on this statement.If wages and prices are completely flexible, then the economy will always be at the full-employment level of output, independent of the price level. In other words, we have the classical case of a vertical (long-run) AS-curve. In this case, a shift in the AD-curve will affect only the price level but not the level of output. However, if wages and prices are completely inflexible, then we have the (horizontal) Keynesian aggregate supply curve. In this case, any shift of the AD-curve will have a large effect on the level of output but will not affect the price level. Only in the intermediate run, when we have an upward-sloping AS-curve, will the level of output and the price level both be affected by a shift in theAD-curve. More flexibility in wages and prices implies a steeper the AS-curve. Therefore the effect of a shift in the AD-curve will be smaller on output and larger on the price level.13."An increase in the income tax rate will lower the level of output and increase theprice level." Comment on this statement.Supply siders argue that a decrease in income taxes will shift both the AD-curve and the AS-curve to the right (as shown in Figure 5-10). Conversely, an increase in the income tax rate will shift the AD-curve and the AS-curve to the left. The shift in the AD-curve will be fairly large and, in the medium run, will lead to a significant decrease in output without a (significant) change in the price level. However, in the long run, the AS-curve will also shift to the left, since higher income tax rates provide a disincentive to work. Since the AS-curve will shift only by a fairly small amount, we will see a slightly lower real GDP with a large decrease in the price level.。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》笔记和课后习题详解(收入与支出)【圣才出品】

第10章收入与支出10.1 复习笔记一、总需求与均衡产出1．总需求概述（1）总需求的含义与构成总需求指整个经济社会在每一个价格水平下对产品和劳务的需求总量，它由消费需求、投资需求、政府支出和国外需求构成。

将商品需求区分为消费（）、投资（）、政府采购（）、与净出口（）等需求，则总需求（）由下面的公式决定：（2）总需求与国民收入核算中总支出的区别①总需求指计划（意愿）支出量；国民收入中的总支出是指实际发生量；②一般而言在消费、政府采购、以及净出口方面两者不存在差异；③关键在于计划投资与实际投资之间的差别，在实际发生的投资中往往会出现非计划的存货投资。

2．均衡产出（1）均衡产出水平的含义均衡产出水平指总供给和总需求相一致时的产出水平。

经济社会的产量或者国民收入决定于总需求，均衡产出是和总需求相一致的产出，也就是经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的产出。

当下式成立时，经济处于均衡产出水平状态：（2）非计划库存投资与产量调节机制当总需求即人们想要购买的量与产出不相等时，则存在非计划库存投资或负投资。

可将其概括为：，其中为非计划的库存投资。

①如果产出大于总需求，就有非计划库存投资，此时存在超额库存积累，企业会减少生产，直到产出与总需求再度均衡为止。

②如果产出低于总需求，，企业将增加生产直至均衡恢复为止。

③在均衡状态下，非计划存货投资为零，，企业没有增加或减少产出的激励。

以上论述的以存货调整为基础的产量调节机制如图10－1所示。

图10－1 产出调节机制3．基本结论（1）总需求决定均衡产出（收入）水平（2）在均衡时，非计划库存投资等于零，而且消费者、政府以及外国居民都买到了他们想要购买的商品。

（3）以非计划库存变化为基础的产量调整将使经济达到均衡水平。

二、消费函数与总需求1．消费函数（1）假定条件①不考虑政府部门和对外贸易的影响，即与；②消费需求随收入水平的提高而增加。

（2）消费函数消费函数是描述消费与诸种影响因素之间的数学关系的函数。

(完整版)多恩布什宏观经济学知识点梳理

多恩布什宏观经济学知识点梳理（原创）课后题部分的概念题，可以不看，因为能考到的名词解释已经全部总结到笔记上了。

第一章绪论总供给—总需求模型的三种情况是重要知识，即长期、短期和正常的三种情况。

课后习题部分可以不看第二章国民收入核算本章知识点较为重要，是宏观经济学的基础知识，要求能够很好的理解掌握计算与分析题：3、4第三章增长和积累本章最重要的知识点就是增长核算方程和新古典增长模型，属于重要考点，曾作为计算题出现过，要求对金圣才笔记上的内容能够很好的掌握。

计算与分析题：3、7、第四章增长和政策本章不是重点内容，了解内生增长模型。

黄金率的资本存量是重要的概念，可能会出名字解释。

计算与分析题：4、5第五章总供给与总需求本章的知识非常的重要，是出论述题的重要考点之一，要求整章内容都要很好的理解和掌握。

简答题：2计算和分析题：1、2、补录部分的6、8第六章总供给：工资、价格与失业本章的内容较为重要，菲利普斯曲线、附加通货膨胀预期的菲利普斯曲线、滞涨、理性预期、粘性工资、内部人外部人模型、奥肯定律供给冲击都是重要的概念。

在供给冲击部分很有可能会结合其他相关知识出简答或者是论述题。

要求对本章的内容都能够很好的理解掌握。

计算与分析题：3、附录部分3、6、7、8第七章通货膨胀与失业的解剖本章主要都是概念性的问题，理解记忆即可。

周期性失业、摩擦型失业、自然失业率、完全预期到的通货膨胀、皮鞋成本、菜单成本、牺牲率、痛苦指数、指数化等都是重要的概念，第6部分的政治性经济周期理论不是重点内容，因为在中国不存在类似问题。

课后题部分没什么特别好的题目，可以不做。

第八章政策本章的内容是重要的考点之一，可结合经济政策出相关的论述题和简答题。

在复习本章的过程中要注意把握重要的概念。

内部时滞、外部时滞、自动稳定器、乘数的不确定性、微调、相机抉择、动态不一致都是重要的概念。

课后题部分没有特别重要的题目，看看即可。

第九章收入和支出本章是重要的考点，理解性的知识和记忆性的知识都很多，对重要的概念和图形都要求能够很好的把握和理解，很容易结合本章知识点出计算题。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解(1-6章)【圣才出品】

第1章导论一、概念题1．总需求曲线（aggregate demand curve）答：总需求曲线表示产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡时价格水平与国民收入间的依存关系的曲线。

总需求指整个经济社会在每一个价格水平下对产品和劳务的需求总量，它由消费需求、投资需求、政府支出和国外需求构成。

在其他条件不变的情况下，当价格水平提高时，国民收入水平就下降；当价格水平下降时，国民收入水平就上升。

总需求曲线向下倾斜，其机制在于：当价格水平上升时，将会同时打破产品市场和货币市场上的均衡。

在货币市场上，价格水平上升导致实际货币供给下降，从而使LM曲线向左移动，均衡利率水平上升，国民收入水平下降。

在产品市场上，一方面由于利率水平上升造成投资需求下降（即利率效应），总需求随之下降；另一方面，价格水平的上升还导致人们的财富和实际收入水平下降以及本国出口产品相对价格的提高从而使人们的消费需求下降，本国的出口也会减少，国外需求减少，进口增加。

这样，随着价格水平的上升，总需求水平就会下降。

总需求曲线的斜率反映价格水平变动一定幅度使国民收入（或均衡支出水平）变动多少。

IS曲线斜率不变时，LM曲线越陡，则LM移动时收入变动就越大，从而AD曲线越平缓；相反，LM曲线斜率不变时，IS曲线越平缓（即投资需求对利率变动越敏感或边际消费倾向越大），则LM曲线移动时收入变动越大，从而AD曲线也越平缓。

政府采取扩张性财政政策（如扩大政府支出）或扩张性货币政策都会使总需求曲线向右上方移动；反之，则向左下方移动。

2．总供给一总需求模型（aggregate supply-aggregate demand model）答：总供给—总需求模型是把总需求与总供给结合在一起来分析国民收入与价格水平的决定及其变动的国民收入决定模型。

在图1-1中，横轴代表国民收入（Y ），纵轴代表价格水平（P ），1AD 代表原来的总需求曲线，1AS 代表短期总供给曲线，2AS 代表长期总供给曲线。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》笔记和课后习题详解(总供给和菲利普斯曲线)【圣才出品】

第6章总供给和菲利普斯曲线6.1 复习笔记一、通货膨胀和失业1．菲利普斯曲线（1）菲利普斯曲线的含义最初的菲利普斯曲线是由新西兰经济学家A·W·菲利普斯根据英国1861～1957年的统计资料提出来的，用来表示货币工资变动率与失业率之间交替取舍关系的曲线。

这条曲线表示失业率和货币工资增长率之间的一种反向关系：当失业率高时，货币工资增长率低；反之，当失业率低时，货币工资增长率高。

如图6－1所示，菲利普斯曲线（）是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线。

图6－1 菲利普斯曲线根据成本推动型通货膨胀的理论，货币工资增长率决定了价格增长率，所以，菲利普斯曲线也可以表示通货膨胀率和失业率之间的交替关系，即当失业率高时，通货膨胀率低；反之，当失业率低时，通货膨胀率高。

如图6－1所示，菲利普斯曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线。

（2）菲利普斯曲线的代数表达式菲利普斯曲线表明工资膨胀率随失业率增加而递减。

令表示本期工资，表示下期工资，工资膨胀率（名义工资增长速度）定义为：令表示自然失业率，可以写出简单的菲利普斯曲线：其中，衡量工资对失业率的反应程度。

该方程描述的是：当失业率超过自然失业率，即当时，工资下降。

当失业率低于自然失业率时，工资上升。

失业率和自然失业率之差，称作失业缺口。

为了考察相对于上期水平的本期工资水平，根据工资膨胀率的定义有：为使工资上涨超过上期水平，失业率必须降至自然失业率以下。

2．政策性替代菲利普斯曲线可以表示通货膨胀率和失业率之间的交替关系：即当失业率高时，通货膨胀率低；反之，当失业率低时，通货膨胀率高。

作为宏观经济政策分析的基石，菲利普斯曲线表明政策制定者可以选择不同的失业和通货膨胀率的组合。

如果能够容忍高通货膨胀率就可以拥有较低的失业率；另外也可以通过高失业率来维持低通货膨胀率。

（1）失业和通货膨胀之间存在着一种短期的替代关系。

（2）菲利普斯曲线（因而得出的总供给曲线）在短期内是相当平坦的。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解(总供给：工资、价格与失业)【圣才出品】

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解第6章总供给：工资、价格与失业一、概念题1．适应性政策（accommodating policies）答：适应性政策主要指政策本身对经济并不产生直接影响，只是被动地适应客观经济情况的需要，以消除对经济的不利影响。

常见的适应性货币政策，主要有以下三种情况：①在采取扩张性财政政策刺激经济时，为防止利率上升而相应地采取增加货币供给量的货币政策；②使政府财政赤字货币化的货币政策；③中央银行按通货膨胀率增加货币供应量，使通货膨胀持续的货币政策。

2．不完全信息（imperfect information）答：不完全信息指市场的供求双方对于所交换的商品不具有充分的信息。

在现实经济中，信息常常是不完全的，称为非完全信息。

信息不完全不仅是指那种“绝对”意义上的不完全，即由于认识能力的限制，人们不可能知道在任何时候、任何地方发生的或将要发生的任何情况，而且是指“相对”意义上的不完全，即市场经济本身不能够生产出足够的信息并有效的配置它们。

这是因为，作为一种有价值的资源，信息不同于普通的商品。

信息的交换只能靠买卖双方的并不十分可靠的相互信赖，卖者让买者充分了解信息的用处，而买者则答应在了解信息的用处之后就购买它。

这样，市场的作用在这里受到了很大的限制。

信息不完全带来了许多问题，市场机制本身可以解决其中的一部分，但是在很多情况下，市场的价格机制并不能够解决或者至少是不能够有效的解决不完全信息问题，从而导致市场失灵。

3．滞胀（stagflation）答：滞胀又称为萧条膨胀或膨胀衰退，指经济生活中出现了生产停滞、失业增加和物价水平居高不下同时存在的现象，它是通货膨胀长期发展的结果。

长期以来，资本主义国家经济一般表现为：物价上涨时期经济繁荣、失业率较低或下降；而经济衰退或萧条时期的特点则是物价下跌。

西方经济学家据此认为，失业和通货膨胀不可能呈同方向变化。

但是，自20世纪60年代末、70年代初以来，西方各主要资本主义国家出现了经济停滞或衰退、大量失业和严重通货膨胀以及物价持续上涨同时发生的情况。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解(国民收入核算)【圣才出品】

多恩布什《宏观经济学》第10版课后习题详解第2章国民收入核算一、概念题1．校正的GNP（adjusted GNP）答：校正的GNP指以具有不变购买力的货币单位衡量的国民生产总值。

为了消除价格变动对国民生产总值的影响，一般是以某一年为基期，以该年的价格为不变价格，然后用物价指数来矫正名义国民生产总值，计算出实际国民生产总值。

由于通货膨胀或通货紧缩会提高或降低物价水平，因而会使货币的购买力随物价的波动而发生变化。

实际国民生产总值能准确地反映产量的变动情况。

一般来说，在通货膨胀的情况下，实际国民生产总值小于按当年价格计算的国民生产总值；在通货紧缩的情况下，实际国民生产总值大于按当年价格计算的国民生产总值。

2．政府采购（government purchases）答：政府采购亦称“公共采购”，指市场经济国家为加强对政府公共支出的管理，规定各级政府及所属机构在购买执行其职能所需的货物、工程或服务时，必须以公开竞争性招标采购的方式进行购买。

政府采购是采购政策、采购程序、采购过程和采购管理的总称。

政府采购主要有以下特点：①政府采购主体是依靠国家预算资金运作的政府机关、事业单位、社会团体等；②政府采购是非商业性、非盈利性的购买行为；③政府采购以公开竞争招标的方式进行；④政府采购方式多样，范围广泛。

政府采购有利于加强对公共支出资金的管理。

竞争招标方式使政府能在购买到较好的产品服务的前提下，尽可能节约资金，也可以避免采购中的腐败行为。

3．净出口（net exports）答：净出口指出口与进口的差额。

用X表示出口，用M表示进口，则（X M-）就是净出口。

进口应从本国总购买中减去，因为进口表示收入流到国外，同时也不是用于购买本国产品的支出；出口则应加进本国总购买量之中，因为出口表示收入从外国流入，是用于购买本国产品的支出。

因此，净出口应计入总支出，它可能是正值，也可能是负值。

4．权重连锁指数（chain-weighted index）答：权重连锁指数是指鉴于一种商品的价格提高快于另一种商品价格的提高时，消费者会将其消费从现在相对昂贵的商品转移到相对不太昂贵的商品上，通过校正商品篮子变化计算的指数。