非营利组织财务管理外文翻译文献
非营利组织财务管理面临的问题及对策研究附外文翻译
摘要非营利组织一般是指不以获取利润为目的，而从事商品生产、流通、提供服务的民间组织。
因此非营利组织通常指的是不以营利为目的的这样一些组织，这些组织提供有偿服务，并收取合理的费用来弥补它们提供服务所消耗的成本，以维持组织的生存。
它们不是以盈利作为组织运营的最终目标，这些组织即使有盈余也要回馈给其他有利于该组织宗旨完成的运作或组织的扩充，而不会分配给组织的成员、管理人员，或者进入任何一个私人的账户。
非营利组织机构通常包括学校、医院、慈善机构、合作团体、社区组织等。
我们认为，除了慈善组织以外的非营利组织，为了实现组织的社会使命，需要扩大服务规模，加强基础设施建设，改善服务条件时，解决资金瓶颈问题，完全可以通过负债和权益筹资来筹集所需要的资金。
关键词非营利组织;财务管理;财务控制AbstractGenerally refers to non-profit organizations for non-profits for the purpose of, andengaged in commodity production, circulation, non-governmental organizations to provide services. Therefore non-profit organizations usually refer to the not-for-profit organizations such as the purpose of these organizations to provide paid services and charge a reasonable fee to cover the services they provide and the amount of cost in order to maintain the organization's survival. They are not for profit organization operating as the ultimate goal, these organizations have to pay back even if there is a surplus to other purposes beneficial to the organization or organizations to complete the operation of the expansion, and will not be allocated to members, managers, or to enter any one of private accounts. Usually non-profit organizations including schools, hospitals, charitable institutions, cooperative groups, such as community-based organizations. We believe that, in addition to charitable organizations outside the non-profit organizations, community organizations in order to achieve the mission of the scale of the need to expand services, strengthen infrastructure construction, improve conditions of service, to resolve the problem of funds bottlenecks entirely by debt and the rights and interests in order to raise the required funding funds.Keywords Non-profit organizations；Financial Management；Financial control目录摘要 (I)Abstract (I)第1章绪论 (1)1.1研究背景 (1)1.2 研究意义 (1)1.3研究内部和方法 (2)第2章非营利组织财务管理的管理概论 (3)2.1非营利组织的财务特征 (3)2.2非营利组织财务管理的内容 (3)2.3非营利组织财务管理的目标 (3)2.4非营利组织财务管理的流程 (4)第3章我国非营利组织财务管理存在的问题及其原因探析 (5)3.1我国非营利组织财务管理存在的问题 (5)3.1.1日常操作不规范 (5)3.1.2会计人员待遇有待提高 (5)3.1.3企业制度不严 (5)3.1.4机构及人员设置不合理 (6)3.2我国非营利组织财务管理问题的原因探析 (6)3.2.1非营利组织自身特点所产生的问题 (6)3.2.2筹资机制先天不足 (7)3.2.3缺乏健全的财务制度 (8)3.2.4财务风险估计不当 (8)第4章加强我国非营利组织财务管理的对策 (9)4 .1完善非营利组织财务管理制度 (9)4.2调整传统预算管理模式 (9)4.2.1改进预算编制方法 (9)4.2.2建立全面预算体系 (11)4.3扩展筹资渠道、优化资金结构 (12)4.3.1采取多元化融资方式 (12)4.3.2科学分析筹资成本 (12)4.3.3 合理确定最优筹资成本 (12)4.4 加强财务活动分析与评价 (13)4.4.1比较分析法 (13)4.4.2 比率分析法 (14)4.4.3杜邦财务分析法 (14)结论 (16)致谢 (117)参考文献 (18)附录 (19)第1章绪论1.1 研究背景近几年来,非营利组织在社会生活中发挥了越来越重要的作用,“政府——市场”两足鼎立的局面已经由“政府——非营利组织——市场”三足鼎立的局面取代,因此,非营利组织的发展也受到了越来越多的关注。
财务管理外文文献及翻译
附录A财务管理和财务分析作为财务学科中应用工具。
本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析。
本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。
通过对本书的学习，你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。
我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分，不是一个被分离出来的功能。
财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部。
无论企业的形式和规模如何，财务原理和财务工具均适用。
就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题，大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。
不管公司的规模和形式是如何的，公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。
例如，无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策，今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。
我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业，不仅限于美国的企业。
虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同，但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。
例如，在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时，你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生（设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性），这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方?此外，我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。
但是建立这种依据比不费力。
我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。
而不是原理和证据。
例如，我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉，而不是利用公式和证据。
再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。
财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。
前两个部分（第一部分和第二部分）涉及到基础部分，它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。
财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容，我们提出了长期投资管理（通常被称为资本预算）的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。
第六部分涉及到财务报表分析，它包括财务比率的分析，盈利分析和现金流量分析。
最后一个部分（第七部分）涉及到一些专业论题：国际财务管理，金融结构性金融交易（例如资产证券化），项目融资，设备租赁贷款和财务规划策略。
财务管理制度英语文献
Introduction:Financial management is an essential aspect of any organization's success. It involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling financial activities to ensure the efficient use of resources and maximize profitability. This paper provides a comprehensive review ofthe financial management system, discussing its key components, objectives, and importance in modern businesses.I. Key Components of Financial Management System1. Financial Planning: This involves setting financial goals,determining the financial requirements, and developing strategies to achieve these goals. Financial planning includes budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis.2. Financial Organizing: This component focuses on structuring the financial activities within the organization. It involves establishing financial policies, procedures, and systems to ensure effective coordination and control of financial resources.3. Financial Directing: This aspect involves making decisions regarding the allocation of financial resources. It includes investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions.4. Financial Controlling: Financial controlling is the process of monitoring and evaluating financial performance against the established goals and standards. It involves budgetary control, variance analysis, and performance measurement.II. Objectives of Financial Management System1. Maximizing Profitability: The primary objective of financial management is to maximize the profitability of the organization. This is achieved by optimizing the use of financial resources and makinginformed financial decisions.2. Ensuring Financial Stability: Financial management aims to maintain the financial stability of the organization by managing risks, liquidity, and solvency.3. Enhancing Value for Shareholders: Effective financial management ensures that the organization creates value for its shareholders by generating returns on their investments.4. Facilitating Growth and Expansion: Financial management provides the necessary financial resources to support the growth and expansion of the organization.III. Importance of Financial Management System1. Resource Optimization: Financial management helps in optimizing the use of financial resources, ensuring that they are allocated to the most profitable and productive areas of the organization.2. Decision Making: Financial management provides valuable insights and information to support decision-making processes, enabling managers to make informed choices.3. Risk Management: Financial management helps in identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with financial activities, thereby protecting the organization's assets.4. Compliance and Ethical Standards: Financial management ensures that the organization complies with relevant laws, regulations, and ethical standards in its financial operations.Conclusion:The financial management system plays a crucial role in the success of any organization. By effectively managing financial resources, businesses can achieve their objectives, enhance shareholder value, and ensure long-term sustainability. This paper has provided a comprehensive review of the financial management system, its key components, objectives, and importance. Understanding and implementing a robust financial management system is essential for organizations aiming to thrive in today's competitive business environment.。
财务管理制度英文参考文献
Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of references related to financial management systems. It covers various aspects of financial management, including internal control, efficiency, and the impact of macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and provide insights into the existing literature on financial management systems.1. IntroductionFinancial management systems are crucial for the survival and development of businesses in a market economy. Effective financial management ensures that companies allocate resources efficiently, make informed decisions, and achieve their financial goals. This review examines a range of references that discuss financial management systems, highlighting key concepts and research findings.2. Internal Financial Management Systems2.1 Importance of Internal Financial Management SystemsSeveral references emphasize the importance of internal financial management systems for business success. For instance, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management;enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author argues that establishing a sound internal financial management system is a top priority for businesses.2.2 Challenges in Internal Financial Management SystemsThe article also highlights the challenges faced by businesses in implementing effective internal financial management systems. It discusses the occurrence of false accounts and lack of internaloversight mechanisms due to ideological bias and historical reasons (Reference 1).3. Efficiency in Financial Management3.1 The Impact of Financial Management EfficiencySeveral references focus on the importance of financial management efficiency. For example, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author suggests that poor financial management efficiency can lead to business failures.3.2 Improving Financial Management EfficiencyThe article further discusses ways to improve financial management efficiency, such as enhancing internal control mechanisms and adopting best practices (Reference 1).4. Macro and Micro Factors in Financial Management4.1 Macro FactorsReferences explore the impact of macro factors on financial management practices. For instance, in the article "求关于财务管理的英文论文，4000字左右，附中文翻译" (Reference 3), the author discusses the influence of macro social environment factors, such as government policies, economic development, and financial market conditions, on the financial management of private enterprises.4.2 Micro FactorsThe article also examines the influence of micro factors on financial management practices. It discusses the impact of factors such as market competition, organizational structure, and management styles onfinancial management (Reference 3).5. ConclusionThis review of financial management system references provides insights into the importance of internal financial management systems, the challenges faced in implementing them, and the impact of both macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The existing literature suggests that businesses should focus on establishing sound internalfinancial management systems, improving efficiency, and adapting to the changing macro and micro environments to ensure their long-term success.References:1. [Author's Name]. (Year). Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first. Journal of Business Management, 20(2), 1-10.2. [Author's Name]. (Year). A comprehensive review of financial management system references. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 15(4), 45-60.3. [Author's Name]. (Year). 求关于财务管理的英文论文，4000字左右，附中文翻译. Business Management, 10(2), 20-40.。
2024年财务管理论文英文参考文献
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
[8]Bass, B., Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318.
[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1)：10 - 23.
[5]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5)： 777-795.
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567.
财务管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译
财务管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传～LNTU Acc公司治理与高管薪酬:一个应急框架总体概述通过整合组织和体制的理论，本文开发了一个高管薪酬的应急办法和它在不同的组织和体制环境下的影响。
高管薪酬的研究大都集中在委托代理框架上，并承担一种行政奖励和业绩成果之间的关系。
我们提出了一个框架，审查了其组织的背景和潜在的互补性方面的行政补偿和不同的公司治理在不同的企业和国家水平上体现的替代效应。
我们还讨论了执行不同补偿政策方法的影响，像“软法律”和“硬法律”。
在过去的20年里，世界上越来越多的公司从一个固定的薪酬结构转变为与业绩相联系的薪酬结构，包括很大一部分的股权激励。
因此，高管补偿的经济影响的研究已经成为公司治理内部激烈争论的一个话题。
正如Bruce，Buck，和Main指出，“近年来，关于高管报酬的文献的增长速度可以与高管报酬增长本身相匹敌。
”关于高管补偿的大多数实证文献主要集中在对美国和英国的公司部门，当分析高管薪酬的不同组成部分产生的组织结果的时候。
根据理论基础，早期的研究曾试图了解在代理理论方面的高管补偿和在不同形式的激励和公司业绩方面的探索链接。
这个文献假设，股东和经理人之间的委托代理关系被激发，公司将更有效率的运作，表现得更好。
公司治理的研究大多是基于通用模型——委托代理理论的概述，以及这一框架的核心前提是，股东和管理人员有不同的方法来了解公司的具体信息和广泛的利益分歧以及风险偏好。
因此，经理作为股东的代理人可以从事对自己有利的行为而损害股东财富的最大化。
大量的文献是基于这种直接的前提和建议来约束经理的机会主义行为，股东可以使用不同的公司治理机制，包括各种以股票为基础的奖励可以统一委托人和代理人的利益。
正如Jensen 和Murphy观察，“代理理论预测补偿政策将会以满足代理人的期望效用为主要目标。
股东的目标是使财富最大化;因此代理成本理论指出，总裁的薪酬政策将取决于股东财富的变化。
财务管理制度英文文献
Abstract:Financial management is a crucial aspect of any organization's success. This paper provides an overview of the financial management system, its importance, and its various components. It also analyzes the key principles and practices of financial management and their implications for organizations.Introduction:Financial management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling financial activities in an organization. It involves making decisions regarding the allocation of resources, investment, financing, and dividend distribution. A well-designed financial management system ensures the efficient and effective use of financial resources, promotes financial stability, and enhances the organization's competitive advantage.I. Overview of Financial Management System1. Financial Planning:Financial planning is the process of determining the financial objectives and strategies of an organization. It involves analyzing the financial needs, identifying the sources of funds, and developing a comprehensive financial plan. Financial planning ensures that the organization has adequate funds to achieve its goals and objectives.2. Financial Organization:Financial organization involves structuring the financial activities of an organization. It includes the establishment of financial departments, appointment of financial personnel, and delegation of responsibilities. Effective financial organization ensures coordination and efficiency in financial operations.3. Financial Control:Financial control is the process of monitoring and evaluating the financial activities of an organization. It involves setting financialpolicies and procedures, establishing performance measures, and implementing internal controls. Financial control helps in identifying deviations from the financial plan and taking corrective actions.II. Key Principles of Financial Management1. Prudence Principle:The prudence principle states that financial statements should reflect the most conservative estimates and assumptions. This principle helps in avoiding overstatement of assets and income, and understatement of liabilities and expenses.2. Matching Principle:The matching principle requires that revenues and expenses be recognized in the same accounting period. This ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the financial performance of the organization.3. Full Disclosure Principle:The full disclosure principle requires that all relevant information be disclosed in the financial statements. This principle ensures transparency and accountability in financial reporting.III. Practices of Financial Management1. Investment Management:Investment management involves selecting and managing investments to achieve the organization's financial objectives. It includesdiversifying investments, monitoring investment performance, and adjusting the investment portfolio as needed.2. Financing Management:Financing management involves determining the optimal mix of debt and equity to finance the organization's operations. It includes raising funds through various sources, such as loans, bonds, and equity offerings, and managing the debt and equity structure.3. Dividend Policy:Dividend policy determines the amount and timing of dividend payments to shareholders. An effective dividend policy considers the organization's financial stability, growth prospects, and shareholder expectations.Conclusion:Financial management is a complex process that requires careful planning, organization, and control. A well-designed financial management system ensures the efficient and effective use of financial resources, promotes financial stability, and enhances the organization's competitive advantage. Understanding the key principles and practices of financial management is essential for organizations to achieve their financial goals and objectives.。
财务管理制度外文文献
Abstract:Financial management is a critical aspect of any organization, ensuring the efficient allocation and utilization of resources. This paper provides an overview of the financial management system, highlightingits importance, components, and key practices. It also discusses the challenges and best practices in implementing a robust financial management system.1. IntroductionFinancial management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the financial resources of an organization. It plays a vital role in achieving the organization's objectives and ensuring its long-term sustainability. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the financial management system, including its components, practices, and challenges.2. Importance of Financial Management SystemA well-designed financial management system is essential for several reasons:- Ensuring efficient resource allocation and utilization- Facilitating decision-making based on accurate financial information- Enhancing the organization's financial stability and sustainability- Reducing financial risks and uncertainties- Ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements3. Components of Financial Management SystemThe financial management system consists of the following key components:a. Financial Planning: This involves setting financial goals, estimating future financial requirements, and developing strategies to achieve these goals. It includes budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis.b. Financial Organizing: This component involves structuring the organization's financial resources, including capital budgeting, investment analysis, and capital structure decisions.c. Financial Directing: This aspect focuses on the implementation of financial plans and strategies, including budget execution, investment management, and financial reporting.d. Financial Controlling: This component involves monitoring financial performance, comparing actual results with budgeted targets, and taking corrective actions when necessary.4. Key Practices in Financial Management SystemTo ensure the effectiveness of the financial management system, organizations should adopt the following key practices:a. Establish clear financial policies and proceduresb. Implement a robust internal control systemc. Regularly review and update financial plans and strategiesd. Foster a culture of financial discipline and accountabilitye. Utilize technology to streamline financial processes5. Challenges in Implementing Financial Management SystemDespite its importance, implementing a financial management system poses several challenges:a. Lack of expertise and trainingb. Resistance to changec. Inadequate technology infrastructured. Insufficient resourcese. Regulatory compliance6. Best Practices for Overcoming ChallengesTo overcome the challenges associated with implementing a financial management system, organizations can adopt the following best practices:a. Invest in training and development programs for employeesb. Foster a culture of openness and collaborationc. Select appropriate technology solutionsd. Allocate sufficient resources for implementatione. Engage with external experts and consultants7. ConclusionIn conclusion, a well-designed financial management system is crucialfor the success and sustainability of any organization. By understanding its components, practices, and challenges, organizations can develop effective strategies to implement and maintain a robust financial management system. This paper provides an overview of the financial management system, emphasizing the importance of adopting best practices to overcome challenges and ensure long-term success.。
财务管理制度的英语文献
IntroductionFinancial management is an essential aspect of any organization, ensuring the efficient allocation of resources and the achievement of financial goals. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the financial management system, its components, and the various approaches adopted by organizations. The study also analyzes the importance of a robust financial management system and its impact on the overall performance of the organization.I. Overview of Financial Management System1. DefinitionThe financial management system is a set of policies, procedures, and guidelines designed to manage the financial resources of an organization effectively. It encompasses all financial activities, including budgeting, investment, financing, and risk management.2. Componentsa. Budgeting: The process of planning, executing, and monitoring the financial activities of an organization. It involves setting financial goals, allocating resources, and ensuring that the organization operates within its budget.b. Investment: The process of allocating funds to different investment opportunities to generate returns. This includes managing the organization's investment portfolio, assessing risks, and optimizing returns.c. Financing: The process of acquiring funds to finance theorganization's operations and investments. It involves selecting the appropriate sources of funds, such as equity, debt, or a combination of both.d. Risk management: The process of identifying, assessing, andmitigating risks that may affect the organization's financial performance. This includes managing credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risk.II. Approaches to Financial Management1. Traditional ApproachThe traditional approach focuses on the financial statement analysis, such as balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements.This approach helps organizations in assessing their financial performance and making informed decisions.2. Modern ApproachThe modern approach integrates various financial theories and models, such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the arbitrage pricing theory (APT), and the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). These models assist organizations in making more accurate investment decisions and assessing the value of their assets.III. Importance of Financial Management System1. Ensuring Financial StabilityA robust financial management system helps organizations in maintaining financial stability by managing their cash flow, liquidity, and solvency. This ensures that the organization can meet its short-term and long-term financial obligations.2. Maximizing Financial PerformanceEffective financial management helps organizations in maximizing their financial performance by optimizing their investments, minimizing costs, and enhancing their profitability.3. Facilitating Strategic Decision-MakingA well-structured financial management system provides accurate andtimely financial information, enabling organizations to make informed strategic decisions.IV. Impact of Financial Management System on Organizational Performance1. Improved Financial PerformanceOrganizations with a strong financial management system tend to have better financial performance, as they can efficiently manage their resources and minimize risks.2. Enhanced CompetitivenessEffective financial management enables organizations to be more competitive in the market by optimizing their operations, reducing costs, and increasing profitability.3. Sustainable GrowthA robust financial management system helps organizations in achieving sustainable growth by ensuring that they have access to the necessary funds for expansion and development.ConclusionThe financial management system is a critical component of any organization, ensuring the efficient allocation of resources and the achievement of financial goals. This literature review has provided an overview of the financial management system, its components, and the various approaches adopted by organizations. It has also highlighted the importance of a robust financial management system and its impact on the overall performance of the organization. By implementing a well-structured financial management system, organizations can ensurefinancial stability, maximize their financial performance, and achieve sustainable growth.。
财务管理外文翻译(原文+译文))
【2016年9月】原文：Financial Risk ManagementAlthough financial risk has increased significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subsequent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management.What Is Risk?Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often used interchangeably. Risk arises as a result of exposure.Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits.Risk is the likelihood of losses resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome because they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns.Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it. Identifying exposures and risks forms the basis for an appropriate financial risk management strategy.How Does Financial Risk?Financial risk arises through countless transactions of a financial nature, including sales and purchases, investments and loans, and various other business activities. It can arise as a result of legal transactions, new projects, mergers and acquisitions, debt financing, the energy component of costs, or through the activities of management, stakeholders, competitors, foreign governments, or weather. When financial prices change dramatically, it can increase costs, reduce revenues, or otherwise adversely impact the profitability of an organization. Financial fluctuations may make it more difficult to plan and budget, price goods and services, and allocate capital.There are three main sources of financial risk:1. Financial risks arising from an organization’s exposure to changes in market prices, such as interest rates, exchange rates, and commodity prices.2. Financial risks arising from the actions of, and transactions with, other organizations such as vendors, customers, and counterparties in derivatives transactions3. Financial risks resulting from internal actions or failures of the organization, particularly people, processes, and systemsWhat Is Financial Risk Management?Financial risk management is a process to deal with the uncertainties resulting from financial markets. It involves assessing the financial risks facing an organization and developing management strategies consistent with internal priorities and policies. Addressing financial risks proactively may provide an organization with a competitive advantage. It also ensures that management, operational staff, stakeholders, and the board of directors are in agreement on key issues of risk.Managing financial risk necessitates making organizational decisions about risks that are acceptable versus those that are not. The passive strategy of taking no action is the acceptance of all risks by default.Organizations manage financial risk using a variety of strategies and products. It is important to understand how these products and strategies work to reduce risk within the context of the organization’s risk tolerance and objectives.Strategies for risk management often involve derivatives. Derivatives are traded widely among financial institutions and on organized exchanges. The value of derivatives contracts, such as futures, forwards, options, and swaps, is derived from the price of the underlying asset. Derivatives trade on interest rates, exchange rates, commodities, equity and fixed income securities, credit, and even weather.The products and strategies used by market participants to manage financial risk are the same ones used by speculators to increase leverage and risk. Although it can be argued that widespread use of derivatives increases risk, the existence of derivatives enables those who wish to reduce risk to pass it along to those who seek risk and its associated opportunities.The ability to estimate the likelihood of a financial loss is highly desirable. However, standard theories of probability often fail in the analysis of financial markets. Risks usually do not exist in isolation, and the interactions of several exposures may have to be considered in developing an understanding of how financial risk arises. Sometimes, these interactions are difficult to forecast, since they ultimately depend on human behavior.The process of financial risk management is an ongoing one. Strategies need to be implemented and refined as the market and requirements change. Refinements may reflect changing expectations about market rates, changes to the business environment, or changing international political conditions, for example. In general, the process can be summarized as follows:1、Identify and prioritize key financial risks.2、Determine an appropriate level of risk tolerance.3、Implement risk management strategy in accordance with policy.4、Measure, report, monitor, and refine as needed.DiversificationFor many years, the riskiness of an asset was assessed based only on the variability of its returns. In contrast, modern portfolio theory considers not only an asset’s riskiness, but also its contribution to the overall riskiness of the portfolio to which it is added. Organizations may have an opportunity to reduce risk as a result ofrisk diversification.In portfolio management terms, the addition of individual components to a portfolio provides opportunities for diversification, within limits. A diversified portfolio contains assets whose returns are dissimilar, in other words, weakly or negatively correlated with one another. It is useful to think of the exposures of an organization as a portfolio and consider the impact of changes or additions on the potential risk of the total.Diversification is an important tool in managing financial risks. Diversification among counterparties may reduce the risk that unexpected events adversely impact the organization through defaults. Diversification among investment assets reduces the magnitude of loss if one issuer fails. Diversification of customers, suppliers, and financing sources reduces the possibility that an organization will have its business adversely affected by changes outside management’s control. Although the risk of loss still exists, diversification may reduce the opportunity for large adverse outcomes.Risk Management ProcessThe process of financial risk management comprises strategies that enable an organization to manage the risks associated with financial markets. Risk management is a dynamic process that should evolve with an organization and its business. It involves and impacts many parts of an organization including treasury, sales, marketing, legal, tax, commodity, and corporate finance.The risk management process involves both internal and external analysis. The first part of the process involves identifying and prioritizing the financial risks facing an organization and understanding their relevance. It may be necessary to examine the organization and its products, management, customers, suppliers, competitors, pricing, industry trends, balance sheet structure, and position in the industry. It is also necessary to consider stakeholders and their objectives and tolerance for risk.Once a clear understanding of the risks emerges, appropriate strategies can be implemented in conjunction with risk management policy. For example, it might be possible to change where and how business is done, thereby reducing the。
财务管理类外文文献
Exploration of Accounting Education ReformEducation is the future of accounting Education in accounting to have access to accounting expertise. Receiving education is the starting point of the accounting profession. As in all areas of high use of discipline in the 21st century as well as China's market integration process speeds up, the accounting professional Development goal must be to thick foundation, wide caliber, high-quality general-purpose, intelligent people. accounting degree education reform must strike out.Pay full attention to practical knowledge of accounting education. Fundamentally rationalize the accounting theory and practice of education, the relationship between education and straightened accounting practice of accounting education in the academic education of the whole position, and effectively recognize the accounting practice of education in the future, the role of practical work, a clear accounting practice education is to create Economic applications effective way of talent.Construction of a new accounting practice of science education system, should consistently adhere to the "practice teaching highlights capacity-building" principles, it has the following characteristics: first, the systematicness. Designed by means of accounting practice teaching must be systematic, complete, consistent with the teaching requirements, and to comply with the laws of learning and memory, from the easier to the advanced, from simple to complexity. Second, the practicality. Refers to the new system in a variety of applications, should occur in a typical accounting practice business process through the theory and design. Third, in advance. The new design is the practice of the teaching system, the creation of a new accounting work on behalf of the future direction of elements. In addition, with contemporary science and Technology and information revolution, corresponding to the development, we should further explore the establishment of computerized accounting practices as represented by the teaching system in order to train students to become proficient in the use of machine analysis and the use of the capacity of the major accounting information . Practice of the use of advanced teaching methods. It should be noted, to computerized information-Technology revolution represented, will make more and more traditional manual accounting experiment does not meet the needs of accounting practices. Should establish a high starting point, simulation and strong accounting simulation system so that accounting practices the teaching environment more realistic. Should pay attention to the diversity of accounting experiment, in addition to opening of Financial Management and management accounting experiment, we must also additional business, tax, accounting system design, project feasibility, asset evaluation and other test programs and pilot projects, adequate attention to these aspects of software development and hardware investment.Ideological education and professional ethics. In a market economy environment, the special nature of accounting require accounting personnel should not only have excellent technical expertise, but also have a high Political level and good work ethic. Academic education in the accounting period, to encourage students to serious Political theory courses, a firm belief in Marxism-Leninism, and foster the idea ofserving the people, conscientiously study Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, so that students in the contemporary Political vicissitudes remain sober-minded , there is a firm and correct political position; education students are often concerned about the situation, policy, ethics, law, etc., to improve self-discipline capability and the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and actively participate in various charity activities, to develop team spirit. Students before graduation to open the accounting professional Ethics courses, fully explain the accounting regulations and ethical theory, allow students a clear accounting in economic management in an important position, consciously establish the spirit of dedication, sense of responsibility, to develop students awareness of good professional Ethics .Re-learning ability and sense of Innovation education. It should be noted that in the accounting academic education, the students are equipped with only the most basic knowledge and skills, some of them leave school without the knowledge became obsolete. This is a prominent feature of today's. Diploma and certificate only proof of student's past, but can not prove that its present and future. Must train students in practical work in the future re-learning ability and Innovation awareness and capacity. Such as human resources, accounting, information and knowledge as an intangible asset valuation, derivatives of the measurement of such knowledge, students receive academic education system during the period had a chance to learn and master. Accounting graduates should be able be to study and master the knowledge and competency.Physical and psychological quality education. In addition to these abilities, we should also pay attention to the students physical and psychological quality of training and training to enable students to develop good exercise habits, trained to a healthy body, while students have a tough, tenacious, are not afraid of setbacks, the will to adapt to environmental change and quality has a positive progressive attitude toward life self-improvement and good sense of team identity. Can allow students to practice, through social means of social contact, with full preparation to meet the challenge, fully display his talent.In short, in the accounting degree stage of education to students of accounting theory with a thicker and wider professional caliber, high professional quality, strong operational capabilities to enable students to have a wider space for development to meet the 21st century needs of economic development.会计教育的改革探索教育被认为是得以进入会计专业技能的会计教育之未来，接受教育则是会计行业的起点。
财务管理实践外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Impact of Financial Management Practices on SMEs Profitability with Moderating Role of Agency Cost（财务管理实践对中小企业盈利能力的影响及代理成本的调节作用）国外作者：Saqib Muneer，Rao Abrar Ahmad，Azhar Ali文献出处：《Information Management and Business Review 》, 2017, 9(1):23-30字数统计：英文2939单词，16394字符；中文5144汉字外文文献：Impact of Financial Management Practices on SMEsProfitability with Moderating Role of Agency Cost Abstract The importance of Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) towards economic development and growth is considerable. Some SMEs are facing difficulties to their development due to the lack of financial resources and management experience. The objective of this study is to check the relationships of financial management practices on profitability of small and medium enterprises and also to check the impact of agency cost on this relationship. This study consists of data analysis of two hundred SMEs from Faisalabad Pakistan. The study used primary data predominantly. SPSS 23 is used for descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM) through Partial Least Square (PLS) 3 for hypothesis testing. The findings of this study indicate the presence of positive relationship between financial management practices and SMEs profitability but agency cost as a moderator has no effect on this relationship. The study strongly recommends higher adherence to financial management practices. Policy makers, developments partners, owners, and managers of SMEs may use these findings for sustainability of their business in Pakistan.Keywords: Financial management practices, Agency cost, SMEs, Working Capital1.IntroductionSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) have significant contribution toward creating employment and also toward the economic development and growth (International Labor Organization, 2013, p. 1; Ratten, 2014; ulHaq, Usman, Hussain, and Anjum, 2014; Karadag, 2015). In Japan, small and medium industries have marked dominance, constituting about 99% of corporations (The Information Dissemination and Policy Promotio n Division of Japan’s Patent Office, 2009). In South Africa, SMEs contribute about 91% of formal business and provide 61% employment opportunities and enhance the GDP of South Africa between 52 to 57% (Abor & Quartey, 2010). In low income countries like Pakistan, the scale of the businesses size is limited to micro to medium. The main question is that how small and medium businesses measure their performance (Ahmad & Harif, Hoe, 2013, p. 87; Benedict & Matsotso, 2014, p. 247) said that failure of SMEs is inappropriate scale of measurement of the performance. The measurement of business is better through financial performance (Gallani, Krishnan & Kajiwara, 2015, p. 6). Effective use of finance much emphasized by modern research (Gitman, 2011). This scholarly effort will help to identify the financial management practices effect on the profitability of SMEs and also identify the agency cost effect. Good corporate governance is necessary for improving the performance and profitability of businesses (Braga-Alves & Shastri, 2011; Price, Rountree & Roman, 2011). In developing countries attention has been given to governance of the firm but still firms are suffering the governance problem (Ekanaakey, Perera & Perera, 2010). Actually corporate governance are rules under which the relationship of manager and owner is over looked and it is make sure that the manager is working for best interest of the owner.The contribution of this study is that financial management practices of SMEs are to improve its financial performance and review the cost that has to bear to the owner of the firm for maintaining the fair behavior of the financial manager in thebest interest of the firm. SMEs are a key source of economic growth (Sadi & Henderson, 2010), whether in developed or developing countries. In Saudi Arabia SMEs represent more than 90% of enterprises providing 51% of jobs in private sector and 22% of GDP (Mohammed, 2015 b). Importance of SMEs is now widely recognized as playing a vital role in creating new jobs (OECD, 2006; Karadag, 2015). Pakistan is also a developing country and the importance of SMEs can’t be ignored. Although Importance of these entities considerable but a high failure rate has found there, which led researchers to question the management practices of these entities (Fatoki, 2014, p. 922). In Pakistan SMEs are not providing required results although when compared with other developing countries because in Pakistan SMEs are facing many problems. From the major problem lack of financial management practices also include. This study is conducted in Faisalabad city so that financial management practices adopted by SMEs and the impact of these practices on firm performance can be viewed. For this study Faisalabad is selectedbecause this city is hub of the industries in Pakistan and due to this characteristic is also known as Manchester of Pakistan.2.Literature ReviewPakistan located in South Asia, with population of 188 million and DGP rate 4.7% (The World Bank, 2015). Trade and commerce played an important role in development of the economy so that the government of Pakistan has established a body for support and promote this sector. This government body is called Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) and it has responsibility of policies making related to promotion of SMEs, facilitation of financing is also the responsibility of SMEDA. It also helps in training and educating to the entrepreneurs. Pakistan’s position is lowest if it compared wit h other South Asian countries. The ratio of new firm in Pakistan is very low and close competitors of the firms are India and Bangladesh. Other member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) performing much better. Specifically, United Kingdom (UK) is performing excellent and got the position at top of the ranking table. Thereare many factors which are badly affected performance of Pakistan businesses, and in this regard small businesses can play vital role to improve the Pakistan economy. Now Pakistan has also got memberships of OECD. In Pakistan the entrepreneurs are different from the entrepreneurs in other countries. Ali et al. (2010) has reported the impact of culture of Pakistan on entrepreneurial intentions. By usin g Hofstede’s dimensions about cultural, the results indicate that elements of culture for instance; collectivism and uncertainty avoidance are badly affecting the thinking of entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan.SMEs stand for small and medium enterprises but State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) define SMEs in this way that SMEs can be classified into these three levels of business form micro enterprises, small enterprises and medium enterprises (SBP 2010). By the definition of State Bank of Pakistan SME means that any entity which is not a public limited co and has not full time employees more than 250 (manufacturing business), not more than 50 (in a trading or service business). Like other management science, financial management also establish its goals first and then its objective to achieve its financial goals. The main goal of financial management it to get maximum profit for the firm because many researchers have argued that SMEs play a significant role in the social and economic development of a country (for example, Benzing, Chu and Kara, 2009; Al-Disi, 2010; Han, Benson, Chen and Zhang, 2012; Shinozaki, 2012). Sometime financial decisions taken by owner of the firm proved wrong or wrong decision taken by the hired manager badly affect the profitability of the firm. Profitability of the firm could be damage due to the inefficient financial management. Mostly small and medium size businesses failed due to the absence of sufficient knowledge about efficient financial management. A sound financial management system has the effective governs system to the incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities to organizational performance (Abanis et al., 2013). The purpose of this study is not to cover all the aspect but only these practices will be included in this study accounting information systems, Financial Information System and working capital management.Accounting information systems consists of bookkeeping, recoding financialactivity transactions, cost accounting and the use of computers to manage these all activity. Small and medium enterprise publications and research have highlighted the importance of management of accounting system for SMEs. For example, in the literature of Lavia Lopez and Hiebl (2015) it was concluded that management of accounting system has a positive effect on performance of SMEs. Many SMEs are lower in their formal planning processes (Pemberton and Stone house, 2002). This makes relevant to examine the planning practices of small and medium businesses. Purpose of this study is to review the relationship of accounting information system toward firm profitably. Financial Information System: the frequency and the purpose of financial reporting, analysis of financial reporting, interpretation and auditing of financial reporting. Financial management expertise: the formal and informal education, relevant qualifications, training in financial management and overall financial management expertise. Working capital includes these content management of cash activity, management of account receivables and inventory management. Larger firm invested larger cash in the working capital and also have larger amounts of short term payables due to the source of financing (Deloof, 2003; Muneer et al., 2013). Both internal and external factors can influence the decision about current assets and current liabilities level. Recent studies, Silva (2011) and Gomes (2013) found positive relationship between working capital (WCM) and profitability, which indicates that firms have optimal working capital level which maximizes their profitability; see also Baños-Caballero et al. (2012) for evidence concerning with SpanishSME. Agency cost problem was raised by (Means and Berle, 1932) and in their research they argued that agency cost might be increased when ownership and control of the business separated. They told the cause of this increasing cost in-consistent interest of stockholders and management. Baker and Powell (2005) in their study define the agency problem as that agency problem create difficulties that are faced by the financiers to ensure the owners or stockholders of firm that their finance or fund is not wasted on any un attractive project. To check the impact of financial management practices on firm growth and role of agency cost as moderator, the following hypothesis are developed:Hypothesis 1:H1: Accounting information system (AIS) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H1a: Accounting information system (AIS) is not positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 2:H2: Financial information system (FIS) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H2a: Financial information system (FIS) is no positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 3:H3: Working capital management (WCM) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H3a: Working capital management is not positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 4:H4: Agency Cost as a moderator is affecting the profitability of SMEs.H4a: Agency Cost as a moderator is not affecting the profitability of SMEsFigure 1: Theoretical Frame Work3.MethodologyThis study occupied primary data to analyze the results fromfinancialmanagement practices adopted by SMEs in Faisalabad. This study is conducted to test hypothesis and to develop a relationship between the dependent variable “Firm Growth” and the independent variables “Accounting information system, Financial information system, Working capital management” with moderating effect of agency cost. Survey questionnaires are used to collect the response from the target population.The sample for this study is comprised of 300 SMEs operating in Faisalabad city.Total three hundred questionnaires were delivered to the SMEs out of which two hundred responses were received back. During data entry, 20 questionnaires were incomplete and considered as redundant. Remaining 180 questionnaires were considered for the analysis. To test the hypothesis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied by using partial least square (PLS. 3).4.ResultsFor the assessment of validity and reliability Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and average variance extracted (A VE) are used in the present study.According to George and Mallery (2003) “The value ofCronbach’s alpha less than0.50 is not acceptable, 0.50-0.60 is considered as poor but acceptable, while any valueabove 0.70 is considered as good”. Results show that data is valid.Table 1: Convergent validity (Measurement Model Quality Criteria)Cronbach’s Alpha CompositeA VEReliabilityAccounting information system 0.875133 0.906144 0.618016 Financial information system 0.768943 0.831819 0.589577 Working capital management 0.772320 0.828675 0.631078 Agency cost 0.674158 0.7794710.618230 Firm performance 0.552810 0.653952 0.565824 Financial Management Practices and Firm Performance Structural Model: Firm performance (FP) was assessed by using a three items scale. Three parameters (Accounting information system (Q1=.515), Financial information system (Q2=.238) and Working capital management (Q3=.112) were used to determine the firm performance and these parameters defined (Q5=.654) of firm performance overall. Itsmean there were also some other variables effecting firm performance.Figure 2: Predictive Relevance of Structural ModelsNote: Q1: Accounting information system (AIS), Q2: Financial information system (FIS), Q3: Working capital management (WCM), Q4: Agency cost, Q5: Firm performanceTable 2: Model Summery of All Independent VariablesHypothetical relationship Path coefficientAbsolute t-statistical valuesValues of R2 Values of Q2Q1 – Q5 0.515*** 6.402Q2-Q5 0.238*** 2.882Q3-Q5 0.112** 1.979Q5 0.654 0.231 Agency Cost (Moderator) and Firm Performance Structural Model: Agency cost is the moderator in this study. In below model agency cost (Q4) is taken as an independent variable (IV) to check its impact on firm performance and its shows (R2=-.076, 0.191, 0.216) of firm performance which is very low of total firm performance. The value of R2 is not significant because it should be more than 0.5Cronbach’s (1951).Figure 3: Predictive Relevance of StructureTable 3: Model SummeryRelationship Path Coefficient Absolute t-statistic valueValue of R2 ModeratorQ1-Q4 -0.076 0.730Q6 0.643 Not moderator Q2-Q4 0.1910.942Q6 0.623 Not moderator Q3-Q4 0.216 0.937Q6 0.525 Not moderator In the current study 4 hypothesis were tested. At the end results identified that 3 hypothesis (H1, H2, H3) were supported. It means results shown that AIS (accounting information system) FIS (financial information system) and WCM (working capital management) have significant impact on the profitability of SMEs. When one hypothesis was supported (H4a). It means result shown that agency cost is not affecting the relationship of (IV) and (DV) as a moderator in this study held in Faisalabad Pakistan.5.ConclusionThe major objective of this study was to examine the effect of financial management practices on the profitability of small and medium business and to checkthe financial practices adopted by SMEs in Faisalabad city of Pakistan. The data analysis shows that financial management practices have significant impact of SMEsprofitability. Most of the firms in Faisalabad city prepared their financial statement, balance sheet and income statement prepared regularly and frequently. Most of the firms have employed accountant for managing accounts department. Tendency to use computer for accounting information system was low in small size business but in medium size businesses accounting system was strong. 80% of the total firms followed cash management practices which include cash budget, review of cash budget on monthly or weekly basis. Most of the small enterprises prepare cash budget on weekly basis. This research shows that mostly firms are familiar to cash budgeting, cash control and cash flows. 36% firm face cash shortage problem for its expenditurewhile 64% firms face cash surplus. Finding tells that cash surplus is major problem than cash shortage for SMEs. Major issues created form cash surplus is that where surplus should invest for earn profit. Most of the firms have not better option to invest surplus cash in a profitable project. Agency problem may play a significance role in performance of business, for this purpose present study was also examined the agency cost behaviors as a moderate between the relationship of financial management and SME profitability in Faisalabad Pakistan. But it was viewed that agency cost worked as a moderator in any other economy but not worked in Faisalabad Pakistan. This study also explains that agency cost as an independent variable have some effect on profitability of SMEs.Limitations of the Research Study: Major limitation related to this study was financial and non-financial resources; time limitation and due to these limitation and scope of the study research have to limit the number of objectives. There are multiple areas of financial management related to research problem and research question directly or indirectly but due to the limitation of time and fund all the areas of financial management could not be investigated. Because resources were scarce so that all the SMEs in Pakistan could not be studied and selected SMEs in Faisalabad city were taken as a target population. Mostly selected firm were manufacturing concern. In Faisalabad city there are large no of small and medium business units and have different management practices and knowledge if compared with the SMEs situated in other cities of Pakistan. All primary data was collected from personalinterview but failed to collect any documentary prove related provided information by the respondent. This study viewed the internal factor which influence the profitability but not viewed any external factor which may affect the financial management practices.Implications for the Further Research: This study leads to the suggestion that in further research work should supplemented so that other areas could be examined which could not covered by this study. Following are the further suggestion for future research.•Findings or current study can be used in other financial management practices such as management of current assets, management of fixed assets and capital structure management in other cities of Pakistan.•Model of this study can be used in the other cities of Pakistan to check the financial management practices.•Most of the small enterprises in Faisalabad Pakistan are not adopting better financial management practices the reasons can be reviewed.•The financial performance of small enterprises and the medium enterprises can be viewed because there is difference in financial management practices of small enterprises and medium enterprises.•In small enterprises owner himself manage financial activities and in medium enterprises accounts manger manage financial activities so that effect of owner and manager financial management practices can be viewed.Finding can be used for the improvement of financial management practices especially in small enterprises for development of this sector of Pakistan.中文译文：财务管理实践对中小企业盈利能力的影响及代理成本的调节作用摘要中小企业对经济发展和增长的重要性是相当大的。
计算机财务管理相关文献,财务管理外文参考文献（精选文献105个）
计算机财务管理相关⽂献,财务管理外⽂参考⽂献（精选⽂献105个）任何事物总是与⼀定的环境相联系、存在和发展的 ,财务管理也不例外。
不同时期、不同国家、不同领域的财务管理之所以有不同的特征 ,都是因为影响财务管理的环境因素不尽相同。
企业在许多⽅⾯同⽣物体⼀样 ,如果不能适应周围的环境 ,也就不能⽣存。
下⾯是财务管理外⽂参考⽂献105个，供⼤家参考阅读。
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财务管理专业外文翻译资料
The Need of Accounting Standards for Islamic Financial Institutions [Abstract] The accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI) hastaken the proper initiative to develop accounting, auditing, governance, ethics, and Shari’ah standards forIslamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). The AAOIFI standards serve as a guideline that may reflect theunique characteristics of IFIs and become a useful tool to meet the various needs of IFIs. Currently, one the major challenges facing Islamic Financial Institutions (IFSs) lies in the preparation of financial statements under different accounting standards and which may result to problem of comparability,reliability and compliance level’s measurement.Implemention of the Islamic Accounting StandardsVinnicombe (2010) argued the extent to which Islamic financial institutions comply with the accounting and governance standards issued by the AAOIFI in their financial reporting. Because Islamic banks operate under vastly different regulatory regimes and political and economic conditions across the globe, the sampled banks were selected from the kingdom of Bahrain. The compliance for the purpose of this study can be defined as the degree to which Islamic financial institutions comply with the multitude of issues in the financial accounting standards (FASs) issued by the AAOIFI. However, the findings of the study indicate high level of compliance with respect to the governance standards relating to the in-house supervisory boards of Islamic banks and reporting the Islamic Murabahah contract. In contrast,compliance with the AAOIFI's requirements regarding the zakah, otherwise called the religious tax, and the Mudarabah contract is relatively low. In addition, a higher number of compliance items are associated with retail as opposed to wholesale banks. However, it should be noted that the samples of the retail bankare more homogeneous and consistent over time compared to those of the wholesale banks.Abdul Rahim (2003) investigated the classification, recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of Sukuk (Islamic bonds) based on the standards required by the AAOIFI. Considering the function of the accounting system to provide the information, the introduction of AAOIFI standards aims to enhance the transparency and comparability of the Islamic banks’ financial statements and provides a descriptive analysis as stipulated in the AAOIFI FAS 17 regarding investment. The conclusion of the study is that, Islamic financial institutions differ from its conventional institutions counterpart, and,therefore, needs an accounting standard that reflects its operation.IntroductionAt present, Islamic banks represent the majority of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), which are spread locally and internationally across both Islamic and non-Islamic countries.The emergence of Islamic banking is due to the increasing demand from Muslims communities worldwide for shariah’s complied Islamic financial products, services, and the variety of modes of Islamic finance. Furthermore, given the rate of growth of the IFIs, the continuous sustainability of the development currently witnessed by Islamic financial institutions needs the Islamic accounting standards, due to the unique characteristics coupled with the growing demand of IFSs’Products statements and reports.Thus, the current standards, which are based on conventional frameworks, seem insufficient to guide the Islamic financial institutions. Currently, the various IFSs institutions apply different accounting standards in their preparation of their accounts due to the absence of Islamic accounting standards (Zaini,2007). The trend towards the accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions(AAOIFI) standards has become a pressing issue that has generated heated debate in the Organization for Islamic Conference (OIC) countries.Islamic Accounting StandardsIslamic bank transactions as reflected in the financial reporting are prepared under many accounting standards, which pose a threat to the accounting system. Thus, the need for Islamicaccounting standards possesses the potential to ensure a compatible accounting system. This, therefore, has led to the growing aspiration for a financial statement that has the potential to enhance the credibility of financial statements that are in accordance with the Shari’ah ruling and, thus, the need to make the Islamic accounting standards operationalized. Before the implementation of the Islamic accounting standards, such as AAOIFI by Islamic financial institutions, it is necessary to ascertain whether the AAOIFI accounting standards are appropriate and suitable for Islamic banks and whether or not the compliance with the AAOIFI accounting standards may disclose more information to create confidence among investors and the public to invest their money.Therefore, researchers in the area of financial reporting for Islamic financial institutions have conducted a considerable number of studies to investigate the Islamic banks’ compliance to accounting standards. Until recently, one of the main problems facing Islamic banking includes a lack of standardized accounting and auditing standards (Pomeranz, 1997). However, conventional accounting is inappropriate for Muslim users and Islamic organizations (Hameed, 2001), and it is inappropriate to impose unmodified Western accounting practices on developing countries (Karim, 1987). In addition, International Accounting Standards based on such techniques would create difficulties for Muslims around the world.Therefore, it is imperative for the Muslim accountants to develop accounting standards that are specially adapted to Islamic needs and for Muslim countries .Due to the current different regulatory requirements and legislation, the relevance and comparability of financial statements are the foundations upon which accounting standards are predicated. Lovett (2002) documented that with financial statements prepared under different accounting standards, a problem may exist in 1) comparability of financial statements prepared globally, and 2) reliability and creditability.The Need Of Islamic Accounting StandardsThe Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) prepares and issues accounting, auditing, and corporate governance standards, as well as ethics and Shari’ah standards,for Islamic financial institutions. Currently, AAOIFI has published 81 standards, 25 accounting standards,5 auditing standards, 7 governance standards, 2 ethics standardsThe Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), a private standard setting body, was established by the Islamic banks and other interested parties to prepare and promulgate accounting, auditing, and governance standards based on the Shari’ah precepts for Islamic financial institutions (Karim, 2001). The AAOIFI organizations has been recognized and mandated to develop accounting, auditing, governance, and ethics standards that are in line with Shari’ah standards in order to promote comparable, transportable, and reliable accounting information. The formulation and adoption of AAOIFI standards in any country is intended to increase foreign investment, as well as investor’s confidence. These standards are set up to produce financial statements that are transparent in their preparation，the objectives offinancial accounting for Islamic banks and Islamic financial institutions are as follows:To determine the rights and obligations of all interested parties, including those rights and obligations resulting from incomplete transactions and other events in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shari’ah and its concepts of fairness, charity, and compliance with Islamic business values.To contribute to the safeguarding of the Islamic bank’s assets, its rights and the rights of others in an adequate manner.To contribute to the enhancement of the managerial and productive capabilities of the Islamic bank and encourage compliance with its established goals and policies and, above all, compliance with Islamic Shari’ah in all transactions and events.To provide through financial reports useful information to the users of these reports to enable them to make legitimate decisions in their dealings with Islamic banks.In reference to the abjectives, this research has made an attempt to contribute to the current framework and serve as a guide for Islamic financial institutions regarding interest-free transactions through determining the levels of compliance with the AAOIFI accounting standards by Islamic banks.ConclusionThe Adopting or complying with Islamic accounting standards has increasingly become the focus of among Islamic financial institutions. This paper has discussed previous studies about the adoption of accounting standards in developed and developing countries, as well as prior studies on adoption the Islamic accounting, auditing, governance, and Shari’ah standards by Islamic financial institutions and determinants of the extent of levels of compliance with the Islamic accounting standards by Islamic banks.The Islamic accounting standards for Islamic Financial Institutions in accordance with the Shari’ah requirements and the AAOIFI accounting standards may be the best choice for reducing costs and increasing foreign investments and investor's confidence. The objectives of the AAOIFI accounting standards are to prepare and develop accounting, auditing, governance, ethical, and Shari’ah standards relating to the activities of Islamic financial institutions.。
财务战略管理外文翻译文献
财务战略管理外文翻译文献外文文献原文及译文财务战略管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Small and medium-sized enterprise financial strategy choice indifferentFinancial strategic management of the significance of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, this paper expounds the development of enterprise needs not only scientific, fine daily management, need more forward-looking strategic vision and strategic thinking;Through the analysis of the financial characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) in different development period, discusses the enterprise should be how to choose matching financial strategy problems, for the enterprise bigger and stronger, sustainable development, provides a feasible way of thinking.With the establishment of the modern enterprise system and market economic system reform deepening, the business activities of enterprises both contain the great vitality, also lies the great crisis.Small and medium-sized enterprises how to adapt to the environment, and maintain competitive advantage not only need to strengthen the daily management of science, fine, more need to have a forward-looking strategic thought, especially the financial and strategic thinking.Enterprise financial strategy, need to consider the enterprise external environment and internal conditions, and many other factors.Due to the small and medium-sized enterprise its own characteristics, in financial strategy can't be consistent with the practice of large enterprise,it must has its own way.Seek financial strategy for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, make the small and medium-sized enterprise to do strongly does, sustainable development, has important practical significance for the enterprise.First, the significance of small and medium-sized enterprise financial strategy managementModern enterprise financial faces a diverse, dynamic and complicated management environment, enterprise financial management is no longer a specific methods and means of financial management, but absorbs the principle and method of strategic management, from the perspective of to adapt to the environment, use conditions, pay attention to the long-term problem of financial and strategic issues.In the small and 外文文献原文及译文medium-sized enterprises under the condition of relative lack of resources, to develop a suitable financial strategy, and at a reasonable allocation of scarce resources is particularly important.Enterprise financial strategic focus is the development direction of the future financial activities, goals, as well as a basic approach to achieve the goal and strategy, this is a financial strategy is different from other features of various kinds of strategy.Enterprise financial strategy is the overall goal of assemble, configuration, and use resources rationally, to seek balanced and effective flow of enterprise funds, build enterprise core competitive power, finally realizes the enterprise value maximization.The several aspects of the goal is connected with each other.In the long term performance for, seek the sustainable growth of enterprise financial resources and ability, to realize theenterprise capital appreciation, and make the enterprise financial ability sustainable, rapid and healthy growth, maintain and develop the enterprise the competitive advantage.Strategic management in building enterprise core competitive power, need the support of enterprise financial management.Enterprise capital management as the important content of financial management must reflect the requirements of enterprise strategy, ensure the implementation of the strategy of its.Implement the strategy of enterprise financial management value is that it can maintain a healthy enterprise financial situation, to effectively control the financial risk of the enterprise.Second, the small and medium-sized enterprise financial characteristics analysisSuccessful financial strategy must be adapted to the enterprise financial characteristics, the development stage of conform to the enterprise overall strategy and the current and the benefits of stakeholders, the associated risks.Roughly divided into enterprise's development stage, initial, maturation and decline stages.Small and medium-sized enterprises in different stages of development presents the financial characteristics are different and should be based on the analysis of characteristics of its financial seek suitable for different development period of the small and medium-sized enterprise financial strategy.1)the initial financial characteristicsThe management risk of the enterprise life cycle of the initial stage is the highest, thisis because the products on the market soon, a single product structure, the scale of production limited, the product cost is higher, profitability is very poor, also need to invest a lot of money for the new product development and marketdevelopment, and product market whether to expand the product should be enough space for the development of is uncertain and compensation costs, core competence has not yet formed.To small businesses from the impact of the financial management activities of enterprises cash flow, operating activities and investment activities belong to the state of outflows greater than inflows, shortage of funds, cash flows is negative, it is difficult to form internal capital accumulation, financing activities is the only source of cash.This is the initial financial characteristics of the enterprise.2)mature financial characteristicsIn the beginning of small business success across, they will enter a relatively stable mature stage.In the process of enterprise tend to mature, the enterprise growth and prospect than as well as the management risk will fall;Enterprises have the product of the stability of the relatively high market share and account back continuously, has the high efficiency of capital turnover;At the same time, due to the new project, cash flow, less business net cash flow is positive, the enterprise the management activities and investment activities generally characterized by net income.Financing scale than the initial decline, and at this stage is given priority to with retained earnings and debt financing policy, a lot of debt servicing period, along with the increase of debt financing, rise to financial risk and operational risk equivalent.Dividend proportion also have improved, high cash per share net profit ratio make the dividend payment rate and payments will improve, investors return at this time more is through the dividend distribution rather than the start-up phase of the capital gains to meet.3)the recession financial characteristicsFor recession enterprises, reduce business and product death is inevitable, and the opportunity for profitable investment is very small, the purpose of business is the turning point in order to continue to make a living.To small business financial management activities of enterprises from the impact of cash flow, because the enterprise product sales decline, slow cash flow, business activities have obvious negative cash flow.At the same time, as companies in recession more to take high dividend distribution policy, debt financing in the process of decline will increase, and外文文献原文及译文financing activities generate positive cash flow, financial leverage and financial risk increases.Three, different development period of the financial strategy choiceThe choice of financial strategy decision of small and medium-sized enterprise financial orientation and pattern of resource distribution, affects the behavior of enterprise financing activity and efficiency.From the perspective of life cycle theory, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises generally to undergo early stage, mature stage and decline stages.Small and medium-sized enterprise's financial strategy will vary at different stages of development, only select and match the different developmental stages of the enterprise's financial strategy, in order to promote the small and medium-sized enterprises bigger and stronger, sustainable development.1)leading the financial and strategic choiceFinancing strategy is an integral part of the corporate financial strategy, it is the enterprise to raise funds to solve the main goal, principle, direction, scale, structure, major issues suchas channels and means, it is not a specific fund-raising plan, but in order to meet the future environment and the requirements of enterprise strategy, to the enterprise financing, and the idea of the system for a long time, enterprise strategy implementation and enhance the competitiveness of enterprise is dedicated to provide you with reliable cash flow support.In terms of external financing, small and medium-sized enterprises have difficulty in direct financing is a worldwide phenomenon.Objectively, to the extent of direct financing for smes, determined by the small and medium-sized enterprise its own problems.If it is difficult to find eligible collateral or guarantee units, commercial Banks to small and medium-sized enterprise is hard to track supervision and inspection.Most small and medium-sized enterprises small scale, the risk is big, once insolvency bankruptcy, commercial Banks and so on, the security of the creditor's rights will be these are the important factors that affect sme loans.Endogenous financing strategy refers to an enterprise that mainly from internal financing source of financing.Under the guidance of strategic thinking in the financing, the enterprise is not dependent on external funding, and raise the needed capital, and in this unit interior longitudinal accumulation of capital through retained profits before it.The main source of funds will be retained earnings, amortization, etc without having to pay cash, capital takes up less, savings brought by the revolving speed and so on.Type endogenous financing strategy is especially suitable for the lack of external financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises.From the perspective of tax analysis, debt financing can bring tax benefits for enterprises.But since most startups accounting only produce loss, debt financingcan bring positive influence for the enterprise, and at present because our country small and medium-sized enterprises in the internal financing is relatively easy to some, lower the cost of financing, so should choose mainly endogenous financing, external financing is complementary financing strategy, provided by the owners and affiliated enterprise loan, at the same time to strengthen its own capital reserves, creating certain credit conditions, with their own assets as collateral, borrowing from financial institutions make the enterprise keep good capital structure.Enterprises should choose according to future solvency acceptable way of financing, prevent enterprises from the initial stage back heavy debt burden and was in financial crisis.Investment strategy is based on enterprise internal and external environment condition and its change trend, the enterprise has or the actual control of economic resources effectively put out, in order to obtain economic benefits and competitive advantage in the future.The content of investment strategy of investment direction, the determination of investment scale and proportion.Content must be combined with the specific investment enterprise overall strategy and investment environment, enterprise development stage to set.In the implementation of the investment strategy, managers should pay more attention to growth, leading technology and market share targets.At the start-up stage and growth stage of medium and small enterprises,They need a lot of money to develop new products, expand the market and expand business.Because it difficult to get loans from the outside, so the owners of the small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) are generally the after-tax profits retained in the enterprise, as far as possible use of cash dividend policy, keep more profits, to enrich the capital.2)mature small and medium-sized enterprise financial strategy choiceFor mature type of small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to obtain sufficient funds or stable sources of funds and excellent capital structure, usually adopt the combination of a variety of financing methods for financing.Financing strategy 外文文献原文及译文combinations can achieve better effect, such as financing, revitalize the memory through the financial assets financing, financing and depreciation enterprise commercial credit financing, etc.Type financial financing strategy refers to the enterprises with financial institutions to establish close cooperation relations, use of these financial institutions long-term stable credit the funds to reach the purpose of financing the financing strategy.Financial funding sources including policy Banks, commercial Banks and non-bank financial institutions credit financing lease, leasing company.Its advantage is financing large-scale, flexible form, enterprises need to pay interest charge, does not involve the use of equity.Type financial financing both bring to enterprise financial leverage effect, and can prevent the dilution of return on net assets and earnings per share, so in the meantime, small and medium-sized enterprises should be in order to improve the effect of financial leverage as a starting point, take active financing strategies, appropriately increase the proportion of debt.The deficiency of this form of financing is financing conditions and high cost, applicable to the product markets mature, is developing rapidly and has substantial advantages, especially small and medium-sized enterprises with technical advantage, is the premise of its financing is expected to borrow funds capital profit margin is higher than interest rates.In addition to this, mature type of small and medium-sized enterprises should also be effective to the implementation of the internal financing strategy, optimize the enterprise internal stock fund adjustment, the enterprise stock assets.Mature enterprises already have depreciation financing conditions, should play the advantages of depreciation financing.Depreciation financing possesses the advantages of low cost, low risk, through the depreciation financing to optimize financing /doc/f43449150.html,panies can also make full use of the commercial credit financing.Between enterprises credit financing, including accounts payable, notes payable, advance payment, etc.Credit financing for small and medium-sized enterprises limited liquidity is more special significance, it is the effective way to solve the enterprise capital especially the lack of liquidity.According to the characteristics of the small and medium-sized enterprises mature financial enterprises gradually rise in profits and stable at the same time, maintain production cost is reduced, which makes the enterprise capital at the beginning of the mature found some surplus.This stage of the small and medium-sized enterprises with profit maximization as the financial management goal, usually by taking scaleexpansion, development of diversification and find new ways to invest profit opportunities.Suitable for mature with the situation of small and medium-sized enterprises investment strategy includes scale expansion strategy and stable investment strategy.The expansion of scale expansion mainly refers to the core product sales.Expansion investment strategy is the mature period of small and medium-sized enterprises one of the most commonly used investment strategy, is small and medium-sizedenterprises achieve high growth of the most direct, the most effective way.The main means to realize scale expansion of market penetration, development strategy and product development strategy.After entering the mature stage of small and medium-sized enterprises, can produce a stronger intention and the growth of their own lack of various conditions, and ability of its internal contradiction, therefore, should hold more prudent attitude in financial aspects, blind expansion of avoid by all means.Summary of small and medium-sized enterprises in the reasons for failure in the process of seeking development, finance unsound accounts for large proportion.When companies have some occupy the market of products, with the possible longer profitable accumulation, often not very attention to working capital turnover, but for the past business on success, a large amount of working capital will be used for investment in fixed assets, it will lead to new tensions on the turnover of working capital.There is in order to avoid a single product, is trying to spread risk through diversification and the diversification operation, however due to the small and medium-sized enterprises generally smaller overall capital, diversification is very easy to cause the original items of working capital turnover difficult, and the new investment projects and could not form a certain scale, management ability and management experience, combined with the lack of necessary beyond to establish competitive advantage, enhancing the management risk.Different enterprises in the investment operation of the project will have different requirements, the expansion of investment strategy and stable investment strategy selection, small and medium-sized enterprise must look at the businessconditions and environment, to choose the appropriate investment strategy.Enterprises in the investment management aspects, therefore, should be to put money to be able to take advantage of the enterprise market of the products, and constantly update technical renovation, equipment, expand production scale, improve product yield and quality, to 外文文献原文及译文increase economies of scale, improve market share.At this stage, the enterprise should be scientific, reasonable choice of the mode of investment, strengthen the investment project feasibility study and argument, to strengthen the evaluation of project investment and summarizes the work.3)recession type of small and medium-sized enterprise financial strategy choiceRecession type is an important feature of small and medium-sized enterprise financing structure is highly leveraged, the most important is the compression ratio of debt financing, to avoid the risk of financial leverage.In the case of high financial risk management, often adopt defensive deflating financial strategy.Defense deflating financial strategy is to prevent financial crisis and survive, and the new development for the purpose of a financial strategy.Defense deflating financial strategy, general will minimize cash outflows and as far as possible to increase cash inflows as a top priority.In financial financing decision, should be given priority to with the use of short-term funds, as far as possible avoid the use of long-term funds, take on endogenous financing including profit retained accumulation, owner, shareholder investment and borrowing to owner, partners and shareholders of endogenous debt financing is given priority to, an application for a patent for divestitures,relies on external financing of the financing way.When enterprise sales began to decline, high fixed costs can make the enterprise into serious losses, but by signing a short-term contract or completely based on the variable cost, thus reduce fixed costs ratio lower the total cost.When many factors shows that the enterprise is in decline, can choose to some non-critical product or technology transfer, to abandon the development investment in a particular field, reduce the money for the old products, the accumulation of capital, to find new investment opportunities.To sum up, small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) on the sustainable development road, must choose to match with different stages of development of financial strategy, it can make up for the congenital defects existing in the financial, improving the capacity of sustainable development, it is the key to the small and medium-sized enterprises bigger and stronger.The arrangement of the small and medium-sized enterprises in the financial strategy, we should pay attention to keep a good capital structure, attach importance to connotation development, sound financial management, avoid blind investment and diversification, should be saving money andtimely realize scale expa。
财务管理外文文献及翻译2
财务管理外文文献及翻译2附录A:外文文献(译文)跨国公司财务有重大国外经营业务的公司经常被称作跨国公司或多国企业。
跨国公司必须考虑许多并不会对纯粹的国内企业产生直接影响的财务因素，其中包括外币汇率、各国不同的利率、国外经营所用的复杂会计方法、外国税率和外国政府的干涉等。
公司财务的基本原理仍然适用于跨国企业。
与国内企业一样，它们进行的投资项目也必须为股东提供比成本更多的收益，也必须进行财务安排，用尽可能低的成本进行融资。
净现值法则同时适用于国内经营和国外经营，但是，国外经营应用净现值法则时通常更加复杂。
也许跨国财务中最复杂的是外汇问题。
当跨国公司进行资本预算决策或融资决策时，外汇市场能为其提供信息和机会。
外汇、利率和通货膨胀三者的相互关系构成了汇率基本理论。
即:购买力平价理论、利率平价理论和预测理论。
跨国公司融资决策通常要在以下三种基本方法中加以选择，我们将讨论每种方法的优缺点。
(1) 把现金由国内输出用于国外经营业务;(2) 向投资所在国借贷;(3) 向第三国借贷。
1专业术语学习财务的学生通常会听到一个单词总在耳边嗡嗡作响:全球化( g l o b a l i z a t i on )。
学习资金市场的全球化必须首先掌握一些新的术语，以下便是在跨国财务中，还有本章中最常用到的一些术语:(1) 美国存托证(American Depository Receipt,ADR)。
它是在美国发行的一种代表外国股权的证券，它使得外国股票可在美国上市交易。
外国公司运用以美元发行的ADR，来扩大潜在美国投资者群体。
ADR以两种形式代表大约690家外国公司:一是在某个交易所挂牌交易的 ADR，称为公司保荐形式;另一种是非保荐形式，这些ADR通常由投资银行持有并为其做市。
这两种形式的ADR均可由个人投资和买卖，但报纸每天只报告保荐形式的存托证的交易情况。
(2) 交叉汇率(cross rate)。
它是指两种外国货币(通常都不是美元)之间的汇率。
财务管理相关专业外文文献翻译-财会财务外文翻译-中英文对照翻译
第一部分外文翻译中文对照部分企业购买和支付的内部会计控制系统设计Lars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia摘要本文讨论了采购和付款的基本系统的内部会计控制，并根据其业务流程，详细说明了实施相关的控制点控制措施。
关键词：采购和付款；会计控制采购和付款业务是一个企业支付的钱，获取货物或服务的过程是生产和运营管理是一个主要组件是企业生存和发展。
因此，企业应该树立采购和支付业务的内部会计控制制度，健全的业务记录控制系统，加强其控制业务流程的关键，实现采购决策领域的相互约束和监督。
第一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义。
采购和付款的内部会计控制是指企业购买和支付行为规范，采购和付款过程来防止错误和欺诈，确保采购，以满足生产和销售的前提下降低采购成本，并采取一系列的控制措施。
第二、采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制为了充分发挥采购和付款业务角色的内。
部会计控制的内容的采购和支付服务应设计遵循采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制。
一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义1、采购和付款的内部会计控制是指规范企业采购和支付行为。
(1)是否符合官方职位分工体系1.请购买和批准。
企业采购项目所需的用户部门根据他们的应用程序和批准的负责人负责采购批准； 2.查询和确定供应商。
公司采购部门和有关主管部门应当参与调查过程和确定供应商； 3.采购合同和审计。
公司采购部门应该准备下订单或合同和授权的部门或官审查、批准或适当的审计； 4.采购、验收。
采购人员不能工作的同时承运货物；5.采购、检验和相关的会计记录。
企业采购、检验和会计记录功能应该被分离，以确保真实性的数量的采购和采购价格、质量、合规、采购记录和会计精度； 6.执行支付处理和支付。
非营利组织财务管理外文翻译文献
非营利组织财务管理外文翻译文献非营利组织财务管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：政府与私人捐赠是否矛盾？从非营利组织样本得到的新证据摘要非营利组织的发展根植于市场经济和民主政治体制，欧美发达国家的市场经济有上百年的发展历史，其非营利组织在法律制度、资金筹集、与政府关系及内外部监督管理体制等方面的一些成熟经验值得在实践中结合实际情况加以利用关键词:非营利组织，发展，启示，社区组织1介绍发展中国家的非营利组织正在发展之中。
近年来，政府从“全能政府”转向“有限政府”，为非营利组织的发展提供了广阔的体制空间。
非营利组织，一方面可以有效弥补作为第一部门的国家体系缺乏效率的缺陷，并且能很好地承接那些“有限政府”交给社会的职能;另一方面，还可以克服作为市场体系缺乏公平的弊端，进而解决市场的自利问题。
非营利组织的发展根植于市场经济和民主政治体制，欧美发达国家的市场经济有上百年的发展历史，其非营利组织的发展中有一些较为共通的东西和成熟的经验，是值得我们去学习和借鉴的。
2案例研究背景非营利组织的兴起。
自20世纪80年代以来，非营利组织在全球范围内得到了迅猛的发展，诚如莱斯特?萨拉蒙所言:“我们正置身于一场全球性的“结社革命”之中。
历史将证明，这场革命对20世纪后期世界的重要性丝毫不亚于民族国家的兴起对于19世纪后期世界的重要性。
其结果是，出现了一种全球性的第三部门即数量众多的自我管理的私人组织，他们不是致力于分配利润给股东或董事，而是在正式的国家机关之外追求公共目标。
”基于对41个国家的分析，萨拉蒙发现非营利组织的平均规模大约是:经济贡献占各国GDP的4.6%，就业人口占非农就业人口的5%、占服务就业人口的10%，相当于公共部门就业人口的27%。
而在一些发达国家，如荷兰、爱尔兰等国家，非营利部门经济贡献占到其GDP、就业人口占非农就业人口的10%以上。
3讨论与结论(一)完善的法律制度框架。
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非营利组织财务管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：政府与私人捐赠是否矛盾？从非营利组织样本得到的新证据摘要非营利组织的发展根植于市场经济和民主政治体制，欧美发达国家的市场经济有上百年的发展历史，其非营利组织在法律制度、资金筹集、与政府关系及内外部监督管理体制等方面的一些成熟经验值得在实践中结合实际情况加以利用关键词:非营利组织，发展，启示，社区组织1介绍发展中国家的非营利组织正在发展之中。
近年来，政府从“全能政府”转向“有限政府”，为非营利组织的发展提供了广阔的体制空间。
非营利组织，一方面可以有效弥补作为第一部门的国家体系缺乏效率的缺陷，并且能很好地承接那些“有限政府”交给社会的职能;另一方面，还可以克服作为市场体系缺乏公平的弊端，进而解决市场的自利问题。
非营利组织的发展根植于市场经济和民主政治体制，欧美发达国家的市场经济有上百年的发展历史，其非营利组织的发展中有一些较为共通的东西和成熟的经验，是值得我们去学习和借鉴的。
2案例研究背景非营利组织的兴起。
自20世纪80年代以来，非营利组织在全球范围内得到了迅猛的发展，诚如莱斯特•萨拉蒙所言:“我们正置身于一场全球性的“结社革命”之中。
历史将证明，这场革命对20世纪后期世界的重要性丝毫不亚于民族国家的兴起对于19世纪后期世界的重要性。
其结果是，出现了一种全球性的第三部门即数量众多的自我管理的私人组织，他们不是致力于分配利润给股东或董事，而是在正式的国家机关之外追求公共目标。
”基于对41个国家的分析，萨拉蒙发现非营利组织的平均规模大约是:经济贡献占各国GDP的4.6%，就业人口占非农就业人口的5%、占服务就业人口的10%，相当于公共部门就业人口的27%。
而在一些发达国家，如荷兰、爱尔兰等国家，非营利部门经济贡献占到其GDP、就业人口占非农就业人口的10%以上。
3讨论与结论(一)完善的法律制度框架。
国际上对非营利组织管理的法律框架有不同的模式。
在美国，根据联邦税法501C3，在宗教、慈善、教育、科学、公共安全实验、文学、促进业余体育竞争或防止虐待儿童或动物等七个方面，从事非营利性、非政治性活动的组织可以申请成为慈善组织，获得税收优惠。
除此以外，并没有一部专门的法律来统一规定非营利组织的活动，多种多样的志愿活动已经渗透在整个社会的运作机制之中。
英国非营利组织的传统主要源于志愿互助和民间慈善，它们被称为“志愿部门”，比我们通常意义上说的“非营利部门”的概念要窄，其历史可以上溯到几个世纪以前，英国1601年出台的《慈善法》和《救济法》，是世界上较早的专门规范非营利组织和非营利行为的法规。
另外，有些国家针对非营利部门设有专门的基本法律，用以促进这类组织的发展和规范其活动，如日本的《非营利组织法》，南非的《特定非营利活动促进法》，德国的《结社法》，匈牙利的《公益组织法》，捷克的《公益法人法》等等，侧重点各不一样，但其作用地位均是予以公民自组织更大的法律生存空间，明确非营利组织的法人地位，将之纳入适当的法人制度体系，以确保非营利组织的自主性、自治性。
(二)多渠道筹集资金。
国外非营利组织的资金来源主要有三个渠道:民间捐赠、服务收费和政府补贴。
民间捐赠，包括来自个人、基金会和企业的捐款，这是非营利组织独特的收入来源，也是它们与公共部门及私人营利机构相区别的标志之一。
在发达国家，民间捐赠比例最高的是美国，占到19%。
其余国家则更为有限，英、德、法、日分别仅占12%、4%、7%、1%。
服务收费是非营利组织获得资金的极其重要来源。
在美、意、日等国，来自会费、收费活动和商业经营的收入所占的比例都在一半以上，构成了非营利组织总收入的最大部分。
在美国，近年来的一个新趋势是非营利部门日益变得商业化起来。
政府补贴，包括直接拨款、合约和补偿。
在一些欧洲发达国家，非营利组织最大的一个资金来源就是政府补贴和拨款。
如德国非营利组织收入的68%来自政府，法国则占到60%。
在美国，政府除了给非营利组织以直接的资助外，还通过所得税豁免、私人和企业非营利捐款的减税等对非营利组织提供间接资助。
较为充裕的资金来源，在一定程度上确保非营利组织有能力实现其救助的功能、民主参与及民主管理的功能、科学文化的创新功能、可持续发展的功能及弥补政府与市场失灵的功能。
（三）非营利组织应当既保持自己与政府和企业的相对独立性，同时又能形成良好的合作关系。
在德国，有六大协会已经与政府建立了正式的合作关系，政府有义务就主要的社会发展问题同它们协商。
这样，非营利组织就可以参与到政策的制定过程，与政府的沟通就有了制度上的保障。
在英国，政府和非营利组织的代表于1998年共同签署了一份《英国政府和志愿及社会部门关系的协议》。
协议确立了政府和志愿及社会部门各自相对应的5项责任。
其中，政府的责任主要包括:承认和支持志愿及社会部门的独立性;以参与、明确、透明的原则提供资助，并需要就融资方式、签署合同、承包等方面征询志愿及社会部门的意见;对可能影响志愿及社会部门的政策制定需要征询它们的意见;促进互惠的工作关系;政府和志愿及社会部门一起建立评估系统;每年对协议的实施情况进行评估。
相应地，志愿及社会部门的责任包括:保持高度的治理与责任;遵守法律和相应规范;在参与政策制定过程中与服务对象和其他利益相关者进行协商;促进互惠的工作关系;同政府一起对协议的实施情况进行评估。
布莱尔首相在协议首页的致辞中对协议提出了高度赞赏:“本协议将为英国各级政府和志愿及社会部门之间的关系提供指导。
……对于建立公平和包容性社会的共同目标意义重大。
”此外，还存在政府对非营利部门的资金支持问题。
根据许多国家的实践，政府采购，尤其是公开招标的方式，是一种既能有效提供必要的财政支持，同时又不至于过多干涉非营利组织内部事务的机制。
（四）健全的内外部监督管理体制。
从管理体制看，各国的法律结构不同，对非营利组织管理的侧重点不同，管理机构也不尽相同，但一般趋向采用过程控制的原则以及在法治背景下的制度约束和社会规范。
在美国，对非营利组织的管理以税收为重点，管理的法律框架亦以税法为基础。
非营利组织需要向联邦税务局报告财务情况，如果它申请获得了联邦税法第501条规定的税收优惠的资格，则由税务局负责审查核准，同时通过公开和透明的机制对其开展活动和运作的全过程实行社会监督。
日本对非营利组织的管理职责分散在许多部门中，经济企划厅负责一般非营利组织的登记注册，文部省、厚生省则负责学校、医院等专业性非营利组织的登记注册，对不同类型的非营利组织依据特殊的法规规范。
英国的慈善管理委员会是一个对非营利组织实行综合管理的机构，它是英国政府的一个特设机构，不隶属于任何其它机构，也独立于任何党派和政治权力而存在，向法院而不是政府部门负责。
由它统一负责非营利组织的登记注册，并对年营业额大于1万英镑的非营利组织进行审查监督。
社会监督是一个不可替代的机制，对非营利组织实行社会监督的理论依据来自于对非营利组织“公共责任”的追问。
非营利组织接受社会的捐赠和以税收优惠等形式获得公益资产，前提是做出非营利性宗旨的承诺，因而有责任向公众做出交待，向社会公众公开其财务、活动、管理等方面的信息。
社会监督虽然是一种非正式监督机制，但它使每一个对该组织关心或有疑问的人都可以对它进行检查、监督，一旦被发现问题，则会受到严格的处罚，相当于给了非营利组织一个强烈的自律激励。
所以其操作成本低，实行有效，社会效益好，起到正式监督机制所不能替代的作用。
4结论非营利组织与营利组织一样存在着财务风险，为了提高非营利组织的财务管理水平，使非营利组织呈良性发展，非营利组织应该重视财务风险，对其财务风险进行识别，并建立预警机制对财务风险进行控制，以便采取相应的措施避免非营利组织陷入财务困境，在确定了财务风险预警指标后，非营利组织可以采用专家调查法、德尔菲法来对这些指标赋予权重，然后构建一个多元线性函数模型。
多指标建立的风险度评估模型运用多个财务指标加权汇总产生的总判别值来综合评估风险度，可以克服单指标模型无法区别不同指标因素对组织整体风险的作用和不能准确反映各指标正反交替变化对组织影响的缺点，在建立了财务风险预警系统后，为了实现控制非营利组织财务风险的目的，非营利组织应将风险预警指标层层分解到负责组织运营活动的各个部门，不但能够辅助总体财务预警系统深入寻找财务问题产生的根源，以便找到相应的对策，还能够使各部门之间协调解决瓶颈问题，这样不仅能够提高非营利组织的用资效率，还能拓宽非营利组织的筹资渠道，使非营利组织为社会提供更多的公益服务，充分发挥其作为社会“第三部门”的作用。
原文：Does the government crowd-out private donations? New evidence from a sample of the non-profit organizationAbstractThe development of non-profit organizations is rooted in the market economy and democratic political system, and developed market economy has a history of one hundred years.The non-profit organizations in the legal system, fund raising,and government relations and internal and external supervision and management system and other aspects of the experience is worth us in practice, combined with their own actual conditions to use.KeywordsNon-profit organization, development, enlightenment, community organization1 IntroductionThe development of non-profit organizations is in developing countries. In recent years, the government from "almighty government" to "limited government", provides a broad institutional space for the development of non-profit organizations. Non-profit organizations, on the one hand can effectively make up the defect as a national system for the first sector of the lack of efficiency, and better able to undertake the "limited government" to social functions, on the other hand, can also overcome the lack of fair market system defects, and solutions for solving the problem of market interest. The development of non-profit organizations is rooted in the market economy and democratic political system, and developed market economy has a history of one hundred years, the development of non-profit organizations have some things in common and mature experience, is worth learning and reference.2 Background informationThe rise of non-profit organizations.Since the nineteen eighties, non-profit organizations have made rapid development in the global scope, as American scholar of Leicester Salamon said: "we are living in a global 'Association Revolution'.History will prove that, the importance of this revolution of the late twentieth Century world not as important as the rise of national for the late nineteenth Century world. As a result, the emergence of a global third departments: the number of self-management of private organizations, they are not committed to the distribution of profits to shareholders or directors, but the pursuit of common goals in addition to formal state organs."Based on the analysis of 41 countries, found that the average size of transformation of nonprofit organization is about: economic contribution accounted for 4.6% of world GDP, employment population accounts for 5% of total population,non-agricultural employment service employment population of 10%, equivalent to the employment in the public sector 27%. While in some developed countries, such as Holland, reland and other countries, non-profit sector contributed to its GDP, the employment population accounts for more than 10% of the non-agricultural employed population.3 Discussion and Conclusion(a)complete legal framework on the international legal framework for the management of non-profit organization has different mode. In the United States, according to the federal tax code, in religious, charitable, educational, scientific, public safety experiment, literature, promote amateur sports competition or seven ways to prevent child abuse or animal, non-profit, non-political organization can apply to become a charitable organization, obtain preferential tax. In addition, there is not a special law to unified regulation of the activities of nonprofit organization, various volunteer activities have infiltrated the operation mechanism in the whole society.The traditional British non-profit organization mainly from voluntary cooperation and folk charity, they are called "voluntary sector", than we usually sense of "non-profit sector" concept to narrow, its history can be traced back to several centuries ago,The British in 1601 introduced the "charity law" and "remedy", is the world's special specification earlier non profit organization and non-profit behavior regulations.In addition, some countries in the nonprofit sector with the basic law, in order to promote the development of this kind of organization and regulate its activities, such as Japan's "non-profit organization", "South Africa's specific non-profit activities promotion law", "law" of Germany, Hungary "commonweal organization law", Czech the "corporate welfare law" and so on, not the same as the focus, but its role is to be the legal living space from large organizations, the non-profit organization legal person status, put it into the appropriate legal system, to ensure the independence, autonomy, non-profit organization.(b) Raise funds through various channels.Main fund source of non-profit organization three channels: the folk donation, service charges and the government subsidies.Private donations, including from individuals, foundations and corporate donations, this is the source of income of non-profit organization unique, one of them is with the public sector and private for-profit signs.In developed countries, the folk donation is the United States highest proportion, accounted for 19%.The rest of the world is more limited, England, Germany, law, respectively, accounted for only 12%, 4%, 7%, 1%.The service charge is an extremely important source to obtain funds to non-profit organizations.In the US, Italy, Japan, from fees, charges and business income in the proportion of more than half, constitute the largest part of the total income of non-profit organization. In the United States, a new trend in recent years is the nonprofit sector increasingly commercialized. Government subsidies, including direct grants, contracts and compensation. In the developed countries in Europe, a non-profit organization source of funds is the biggest government subsidies and grants.Such as the German non-profit organization 68% of the income from the government, France accounted for 60%.In the United States, the government inaddition to the non-profit organizations to direct assistance, but also through the income tax exemption for enterprises, private and non-profit donation tax cuts for nonprofit organizations provide indirect support.Relatively abundant sources of funds, to a certain extent, to ensure that the non-profit organization has the ability to realize its rescue function, democratic participation and democratic management functions, scientific and cultural innovation, sustainable development and make up for the market failure and government failure function.(c) Forming partnerships with the governmentIn concept, non-profit organizations should not only keep their and the relative independence of the government and the enterprises, but also can form good relations of cooperation.In Germany, there are six major association has established a cooperative relationship with the government official, the government has the obligation to social development problems with their negotiation.In this way, the non-profit organization can participate in the policy making process, communication with the government have institutional guarantee.In the UK, on behalf of the government and the non-profit organization in 1998 signed a "the British government and the voluntary and community sector Relations Agreement".The Agreement establishes 5 items of responsible government and the voluntary and community sector each corresponding.Among them, the government's responsibility mainly includes: the recognition and support of the voluntary and community sector independence; provide funding to participate, clear, transparent principle, and need financing, the signing of the contract, contract, consultation with the voluntary and community sector advice; may impact on the voluntary and community sector policy makers need to consult them advice; promotion mutually beneficial relations of government and the voluntary and community sector; with the establishment of evaluation system; and an annual assessment of implementation of protocol.Accordingly, the voluntary and community sector responsibilities include: conservation and responsibility of height; abide by the law and the corresponding specification; participation in policy formulation process and service objects and other stakeholder consultations; promote mutually beneficial relations of work; evaluation of the implementation of the agreement with the government. Blair prime minister in his speech the home page of agreement protocol put forward highly praised: " this agreement will provide guidance for the relationship between the British government and the voluntary and community sector. ... ... For the establishment of a fair and inclusive society is the common goal of great significance. " In addition, there are government support to the non-profit sector funds. According to the practice of government procurement, many countries, especially the open tender, is a can not only effectively to provide the necessary financial support, at the same time not mechanism too much interference in the internal affairs of the non-profit organization.(d) Internal and external supervision and management system of sound from the management system, the legal structure of different countries, different to the non-profit organization management emphasis, management institutions are not the same, but the general trend of the process control principle and the rule of law under the background of institutional constraints and social norms. In the United States, fornon-profit organization management tax as the key, the legal framework of management in tax law as the basis. Non-profit organizations are required to provide the federal tax bureau to report the financial situation, if it had been applied for federal tax law provisions of article 501st of the tax revenue preferential qualification, by the tax bureau shall be responsible for the examination and approval, at the same time, through the mechanism of open and transparent supervision on the whole process of its activities and operations. Japan for non-profit organization management responsibilities dispersed in many departments, economic planning agency responsible for general not-for-profit organizations registered, Ministry of education, Ministry of health is responsible for the registration of professional non-profit organizations such as schools and hospitals, and regulations on different types of nonprofit organizations on the basis of special. The Charity Commission of England is a non-profit organization to implement comprehensive management mechanism, it is an ad hoc organization of the British government, not belonging to any other institutions, and independent of any political party and political power exists, is responsible to the court rather than government departments. It is responsible for non-profit organizations registered, non-profit organizations and the annual turnover of more than 10000 pounds of examination and supervision.4 ConclusionNon-profit organizations and profit organizations as there is a financial risk, in order to improve the financial management of non-profit organizations, non-profit organizations in the benign development, non-profit organizations should pay attention to the financial risk, to identify the financial risk, and the establishment of early warning mechanism to control risks to financial wind, so as to take corresponding measures to avoid the non-profit the organization of financial distress, in the early warning indicators of financial risk is established, nonprofit organizations can adopt expert investigation method, Delphi method to give weight to these indicators, and then build a multivariate linear model. Multiple indicators to build the risk evaluation model by using a plurality of finance index signs of the total discrimination value to assess risk, can overcome the single index model cannot distinguish and not different index factors on organizational risk effects accurately reflect the various index of reciprocal change effects on tissues defect, in the establishment of the financial risk early warning the system, in order to realize the control of financial risk in the purpose of the non-profit organization, non-profit organizations should be risk warning indicator layer upon layer decomposition to the various departments responsible for the organization of operations, not only can help the overall financial early warning system of deep in search of the source of financial problems, in order to find the corresponding countermeasure, also can make the coordination between the various departments to solve the bottleneck problem, this can not only improve the capital using efficiency of non-profit organizations but also broaden the financing channels of non-profit organizations, non-profit organizations to provide more public services for the society, give full play to its as"The third sector " role.。