高中英语语法复习--动词不定式的用法
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动词不定式专题复习
动词不定式的形式:
动词不定式的用法
1.不定式作主语
⑴原则上,可用动词不定式直接作句子的主语,通常用it作句子的形式主语,而把不定式移到后面,形成“It + 谓语… + 动词不定式…”的句型。如:
To catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea.
It is not a good idea to catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning.
To learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts.
It takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.
⑵若要说明不定式的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名词或代词”结构,或是“of + 名词或代词”结构。
It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. It is very kind of you to help me .
⑶可用于“of + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式”结构中作主语补足语的形容词是指那些可以表示人或事物的性质或品质的好坏的形容词。这些词如:careful, cruel, foolish, bold, brave, good, honest, kind, rude,polite, nice,stupid, selfish, silly, wicked, wise, thoughtful, wrong等。
2.不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种情况:一是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,二是“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”。
⑴“动词+带to的不定式”结构:常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有afford, appear, agree, ask, believe,decide, demand, desire, fail, hope, intend,learn, mean, offer, promise,refuse, wish等。如:
I can‘t afford to buy a house.
⑵“动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式”结构:常见的这类动词有advise, decide, forget, know, learn, remember,see, tell, think, teach, wonder,discover, understand, guess, explain等。这类疑问代(副)词what, when, which, where, how, whether等(不包含why)。如:
She does not know how to go there. He will tell you how to deal with it.
⑶在不定式作宾语时,有时我们会使用it作形式宾语,而把不定式放到后面。如:
They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.
(4)可以作形容词的宾语。这一类形容词有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious等。例如:
I”m determined to give up smoking.
He is willing to help us.
(5)在tell, advise, allow, forbid, learn, show, decide等词的后面常用“连接词+不定式”作宾语。例如:
We must decide whether to go or stay.
I don”t know how to get in touch with him.
不定式作表语时,主语通常是一个名词,不定式短语或者从句。
The boss‘s plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. To work means to earn a living. What you have to do is to push the button.
4.不定式作定语
不定式作定语相当于一个定语从句,它修饰以下几类名词:
⑴由动词派生或转化而来的名词,它们所对应的动词通常有不定式作宾语。这类名词主要有:attempt, claim,decision, plan, promise, intention, need,resolution,tendency, wish, failure, threat等。
Another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month.
In his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal.
⑵由可能与不定式搭配的形容词派生出来的名词。这类名词主要有:anxiety, patience, ability,willingness, ambition等。
Her eagerness to learn a foreign language obvious.
⑶不定式作定语还可用来修饰代词something, anything, everything, nothing.不定式做后置定语。
Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you)
Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
She has everything to lose and nothing to gain.
⑷由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。
Jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class.
You are the last to undertake the blood test.
⑸不定式常作为定语修饰there be结构的真实主语。在there be结构中,用来修饰主语的不定式有时用主动形式,有时用被动形式。当说话人考虑的是必须有人完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式。如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成时,不定式则用被动形式。例如:
There is a lot of work to do.(Somebody has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)
⑹有些抽象名词。主要有:reason, right, time, effort, chance, way等。如: the time to go to school, the way to get to the clinic, the chance to win the game.
(7)如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.
I have something to say.
He has a lot of homework to do .
He is looking for a room to live in .
There is nothing to worry about.
不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等,即使是及物动词,不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。Please give me a pen to write with.
不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。
(8)不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰词的后面,而且放在其他后置定语之后。不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系:
1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。
2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。
3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。