电容器中英文对照外文翻译文献

合集下载

BAM、BFM高压并联电容器中英文简介

BAM、BFM高压并联电容器中英文简介

Series high voltage shunt capacitor1.ApplicationaThe products are applied to 50Hz or 60Hz AC electrical power system for powerirmpr-oving and will be according to the national standard GB 3983.2-89 (high voltage shumt capacitor) and inter national IEC 60871-1.2.Service conditionsA.Altetude lower than 1000m,ambiedt temperature -40℃~+400℃;B.No strong mechanical vibmfom at installing place.No corrosive gas,inductive dust,andinrlammable and explosive media in the ambient environment;C.The medium between poles should resist one of below tests in 10 seconds;a.Frequency AC voltage:Un(~)=2.15Unb.DC voltage:Ut(-)=4.3UnD.The insulation of the terminals and cases should resist below voltage;E.To extend the life of capacitors,the capacitor should always run in rated voltage;F.Capacitor should resist a 2.2 Un or below first peak and last 1/2 cycle of transitional overvoltage;G.Capacitors can tolerance 1.3 In stable over current because of voltage increase or highharmonic.For those capacitors with highest to lerance ,the over current can reach 1.43In.H.The deviation of rated and actual capacitance should be -5%~+10%,The ratio of highestand lowest capacitance of any two terminals should not be higher than 1.08.I.When capacitors are at the frequency rated voltage,the loss tangent (tgδ)at 20℃is 0.0005.J.For those capacitors which contain discharge capacitor,it is possible to reduce the voltage from peak voltage to 75V within to minutes.If reducing to SOV with Smins is needed,it should be indicated in ordering.K.Three-phase capacitors are star configurations.Discharge resistors are added in each phase.3.Applicable StandardsGB/T 11024.1-2010 National Standard{Rated V oltage 1 KV or Higher AC Power System Shunt Capacitor}IEC60871-1:2005 International Standard{Shunt Capacitor}高压并联电容器一、用途:RH-高压并联电容器主要应用于50HZ或60HZ交流电力系统中用以改善功率因数,产品性能符合GB3983.2-89《高电压并联电容器》及国际标准IEC60871-1。

电气类(外文翻译)英文电容式传感器操作capacitive-sensor-operation-毕业论

电气类(外文翻译)英文电容式传感器操作capacitive-sensor-operation-毕业论

Capacitive Sensor OperationPart 1: The BasicsPart 1 of this two-part article reviews the concepts and theory of capacitive sensing to help to optimize capacitive sensor performance. Part 2 of this article will discuss how to put these concepts to work.Noncontact capacitive sensors measure the changes in an electrical property called capacitance. Capacitance describes how two conductive objects with a space between them respond to a voltage difference applied to them. A voltage applied to the conductors creates an electric field between them, causing positive and negative charges to collect on each objectCapacitive sensors use an alternating voltage that causes the charges to continually reverse their positions. The movement of the charges creates an alternating electric current that is detected by the sensor. The amount of current flow is determined by the capacitance, and the capacitance is determined by the surface area and proximity of the conductive objects. Larger and closer objects cause greater current than smaller and more distant objects. Capacitance is also affected by the type of nonconductive material in the gap between the objects. Technically speaking, the capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the objects and the dielectric constant of the material between them, and inversely proportional to the distance between them as shown.:In typical capacitive sensing applications, the probe or sensor is one of the conductive objects and the target object is the other. (Using capacitive sensors to sense plastics and other insulators will be discussed in the second part of this article.) The sizes of the sensor and the target are assumed to be constant, as is the material between them. Therefore, any change in capacitance is a result of a change in the distance between the probe and the target. The electronics are calibrated to generate specific voltage changes for corresponding changes in capacitance. These voltages are scaled to represent specific changes in distance. The amount of voltage change for a given amount of distance change is called the sensitivity. A common sensitivity setting is 1.0 V/100 µm. That means that for every 100 µm change in distance, the output voltage changes exactly 1.0 V. With this calibration, a 2 V change in the output means that the target has moved 200 µm relative to the probe.Focusing the Electric FieldWhen a voltage is applied to a conductor, the electric field emanates from every surface. In a capacitive sensor, the sensing voltage is applied to the sensing area of the probe. For accurate measurements, the electric field from the sensing area needs to be contained within the space between the probe and the target. If the electric field is allowed to spread to other items—or other areas on the target—then a change in the position of the other item will be measured as a change in the position of the target. A technique called "guarding" is used to prevent this from happening. To create a guard,the back and sides of the sensing area are surrounded by another conductor that is kept at the same voltage as the sensing area itself. When the voltage is applied to the sensing area, a separate circuit applies the exact same voltage to the guard. Because there is no difference in voltage between the sensing area and the guard, there is no electric field between them. Any other conductors beside or behind the probe form an electric field with the guard instead of with the sensing area. Only the unguarded front of the sensing area is allowed to form an electric field with the target.DefinitionsSensitivity indicates how much the output voltage changes as a result of a change in the gap between the target and the probe. A common sensitivity is 1 V/0.1 mm. This means that for every 0.1 mm of change in the gap, the output voltage will change 1 V. When the output voltage is plotted against the gap size, the slope of the line is the sensitivity.A system's sensitivity is set during calibration. When sensitivity deviates from the ideal value this is called sensitivity error, gain error, or scaling error. Since sensitivity is the slope of a line, sensitivity error is usually presented as a percentageof slope, a comparison of the ideal slope with the actual slope.Offset error occurs when a constant value is added to the output voltage of the system. Capacitive gauging systems are usually "zeroed" during setup, eliminating any offset deviations from the original calibration. However, should the offset error change after the system is zeroed, error will be introduced into the measurement. Temperature change is the primary factor in offset error.Sensitivity can vary slightly between any two points of data. The accumulated effect of this variation is called linearity erro. The linearity specification is the measurement of how far the output varies from a straight line.To calculate the linearity error, calibration data are compared to the straight line that would best fit the points. This straight reference line is calculated from the calibration data using least squares fitting. The amount of error at the point on the calibration line furthest away from this ideal line is the linearity error. Linearity error is usually expressed in terms of percent of full scale (%/F.S.). If the error at the worst point is 0.001 mm and the full scale range of the calibration is 1 mm, the linearity error will be 0.1%.Note that linearity error does not account for errors in sensitivity. It is only a measure of the straightness of the line rather than the slope of the line. A system with gross sensitivity errors can still be very linear.Error band accounts for the combination of linearity and sensitivity errors. It is the measurement of the worst-case absolute error in the calibrated range. The error band is calculated by comparing the output voltages at specific gaps to their expected value. The worst-case error from this comparison is listed as the system's error band. In Figure 7, the worst-case error occurs for a 0.50 mm gap and the error band (in bold)Bandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the output falls to –3 dB, a frequency that is also called the cutoff frequency. A –3 dB drop in the signal level is an approximately 30% decrease. With a 15 kHz bandwidth, a change of ±1 V at low frequency will only produce a ±0.7 V change at 15 kHz. Wide-bandwidth sensors can sense high-frequency motion and provide fast-responding outputs to maximize the phase margin when used in servo-control feedback systems; however,lower-bandwidth sensors will have reduced output noise which means higher resolution. Some sensors provide selectable bandwidth to maximize either resolution or response time.Resolution is defined as the smallest reliable measurement that a system can make. The resolution of a measurement system must be better than the final accuracy the measurement requires. If you need to know a measurement within 0.02 µm, then the resolution of the measurement system must be better than 0.02 µm.The primary determining factor of resolution is electrical noise. Electrical noise appears in the output voltage causing small instantaneous errors in the output. Even when the probe/target gap is perfectly constant, the output voltage of the driver has some small but measurable amount of noise that would seem to indicate that the gap is changing. This noise is inherent in electronic components and can be minimized, but never eliminated.If a driver has an output noise of 0.002 V with a sensitivity of 10 V/1 mm, then it has an output noise of 0.000,2 mm (0.2 µm). This means that at any instant in time, the output could have an error of 0.2 µm.The amount of noise in the output is directly related to bandwidth. Generally speaking, noise is distributed over a wide range of frequencies. If the higher frequencies are filtered before the output, the result is less noise and better resolution (Figures 8, 9). When examining resolution specifications, it is critical to know at what bandwidth the specifications apply.Capacitive Sensor Operation Part 2: System Optimization Part 2 of this two-part article focuses on how to optimize the performance of your capacitive sensor, and to understand how target material, shape, and size will affect the sensor's response.Effects of Target SizeThe target size is a primary consideration when selecting a probe for a specific application. When the sensing electric field is focused by guarding, it creates a slightly conical field that is a projection of the sensing area. The minimum targetdiameter is usually 130% of the diameter of the sensing area. The further the probe is from the target, the larger the minimum target size.Range of MeasurementThe range in which a probe is useful is a function of the size of the sensing area. The greater the area, the larger the range. Because the driver electronics are designed for a certain amount of capacitance at the probe, a smaller probe must be considerably closer to the target to achieve the desired amount of capacitance. In general, the maximum gap at which a probe is useful is approximately 40% of the sensing area diameter. Typical calibrations usually keep the gap to a value considerably less than this. Although the electronics are adjustable during calibration, there is a limit to the range of adjustment.Multiple Channel SensingFrequently, a target is measured simultaneously by multiple probes. Because the system measures a changing electric field, the excitation voltagefor each probe must be synchronized or the probes will interfere with each other. If they were not synchronized, one probe would be trying to increase the electric field while another was trying to decrease it; the result would be a false reading. Driver electronics can be configured as masters or slaves; the master sets the synchronization for the slaves in multichannel systems.Effects of Target MaterialThe sensing electric field is seeking a conductive surface. Provided that the target is a conductor, capacitive sensors are not affected by the specific target material; they will measure all conductors—brass, steel, aluminum, or salt water—as the same. Because the sensing electric field stops at the surface of the conductor, target thickness does not affect the measurement。

BSMJ低压滤波电容器中英文简介

BSMJ低压滤波电容器中英文简介

BSMJ series self-healing type low voltage shuntcapacitor1.General Description“RUIHUANG” brand of self-healing type low voltage shunt capacitor made of the advanced metallized film, is produced strictly in accordance with the National Standard and IEC Standard by the introduced advanced foreign techniques and equipment, the device is mainly suitable for low voltage electric network to better the voltage quality.2.Main Feature2.1 Compacted and light: Its volume and weight are only 1/4 and 1/5 of the old product, because of the using of a new dielectric metallized polypropylene film.2.2 Low loss: The real figure is lower than 0.1%, so the loss of the capacitor itself is extremely low, the heat it gives out is little and the rise of temperature is low. So its service life is very long and it can save energy at the same time.2.3 Excellent self-healing ability: Damage of part of the dielectric caused by over-voltage can be self-healed quickly and return to normal state. So the reliability is much higher.2.4 Safety:Inwardly equipped self-discharge resistor and safety equipment. The self-discharge resistor can automatically discharge the electric energy the capacitor carried. If there is anything fault with the capacitor, the safety equipment will cut off power in time, thus prevent further troubles from happening. So it’s much safer to use this kind of capacitor.2.5 No oil leakage: The capacitor uses advanced semi-soild impregnant whose drip melting point is above 70℃. There will be mo loss of oil during the course of using it. And thus protect the surroundings from being polluted. The capacitor itself doesn’t have to run the risk of invalidation caused by oil leakage.3.Main Technical Indexes3.1 Service conditions: Ambient temperature -25℃~+50℃, humidity≤85%RH and altitude lower than 2000m.3.2 Rated voltage: 250V.AC, 400V.AC, 525V.AC, 750V.AC, 1050V.AC.3.3 Rated output: 1~100Kvar.3.4 Capacitance tolerance: 0~+10%.3.5 Tangent of the loss angle: With the power frequency rated voltage, tgδ≤0.1% at 20℃.3.6 Withstand voltage: Between terminals 1.75 times rated voltage for 10 seconds, between terminals and container 3KV for 10 seconds.3.7 Max permissible over-voltage: 110% rated voltage.3.8 Max permissible over-voltage: 130% rated current.3.9 Self sustained discharge ability: Give √2Un DC voltage to capacitor, the residual voltage reduced to 50V or lower within 3 minutes after power off.3.10 Applicable standard: GB12747-91/IEC60831-1996.BSMJ自愈式低压并联电容器1.概述RH自愈式低压并联电容器是采用先进的金属化薄膜作为材料,引进国外先进技术、设备,严格按照国家标准及IEC标准组织生产的,主要用于低压电网提高功率因数,减少线路损耗,改善电压质量,是国家推荐使用的新型节电产品。

晶闸管投切电容器中英文对照外文翻译文献

晶闸管投切电容器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)图1 单相TSC 装置示意图1sin()C di wt L idt dt φ+=+⎰图4 串联电压测试的方框图晶闸管动作后的电压波形如图5所示,电压负半波是反向的。

从波形图中我们可以看出电压波形的正负半波周期是不对称的。

其中在正半波周期存在电压峰值,这是由于接通时电容器存在残余电压。

图5 电压测试信号波形晶闸管两端电压过零检测的过程如下:V a、V b和V c进行比较,如果有V a>V图6 无电压残余时的过电压波形电子管阀间过电压产生的原因是有些电子管的损坏,或者系统电压的过大。

在投入之间,电子管间的端电压将被检测。

如果有过电压的产生,触发信号将被停止,并且故障信号发出。

Equivalent circuit of a single-phase The mathematic equation for the circuit issin()di wt L dt φ+=+Where the initial current for the inductance isFigure 4 Block diagram of voltage detection for valves in seriesthe voltage signal across the valves after processing iswith the negative half cycle being reversed.From the waveform we can see that the positive half cycles are not symmetrical to the negative ones, and there is a peak clipping in the positive half cycle. This is due to the effect of the residual5 The waveform of the detected voltageThe zero crossing point of the voltage across the valves is detected by means of the algorithm Three sampling voltage points with regular interval, V a, V b and V cvoltage waveform ac- the valvesThe cause that makes the valve unit over-voltage is due to the breakdown of some valve, or theswitch-on, the voltage across eachthere is an over voltage, the trigger signal is disabled, and fault signal is issued. The voltage across the valve is continuously sampled with equal interval. The sampling data are not only used for the。

电力电子中英文对照表

电力电子中英文对照表

电力电子专业英语1、元件设备三绕组变压器:three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器:double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shunt capacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:power plant断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2、状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tap position有功损耗:reactive loss无功损耗:active loss功率因数:power-factor功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltage grade空载损耗:no-load loss铁损:iron loss铜损:copper loss空载电流:no-load current阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance负序阻抗:negative sequence impedance零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测:YC(telemetering)遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power-angle上限:upper limit下限:lower limit并列的:apposable高压: high voltage低压:low voltage中压:middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功(功率) active power无功(功率) reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻:resistance电抗:reactance阻抗:impedance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance导纳:admittance电感:inductance电容: capacitance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Absorber Circuit ——吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter ——交交变频电路AC power control ——交流电力控制AC Power Controller ——交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch ——交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller ——交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation ——异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit ——贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor ——双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT ——双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper ——升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper ——升压斩波电路Boost Converter ——升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper ——桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper ——降压斩波电路Buck Converter ——降压变换器Commutation ——换流Conduction Angle ——导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF ——恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM ——(电流)连续模式Control Circuit ——控制电路Cuk Circuit —— CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper ——电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI ——电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloconvertor ——周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter ——直交直电路DC Chopping ——直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit ——直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter ——直流-直流变换器Device Commutation ——器件换流Direct Current Control ——直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode ——(电流)断续模式displacement factor ——位移因数distortion power ——畸变功率double end converter ——双端电路driving circuit ——驱动电路electrical isolation ——电气隔离fast acting fuse ——快速熔断器fast recovery diode ——快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes ——快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor ——快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor ——场控晶闸管flyback converter ——反激电流forced commutation ——强迫换流forward converter ——正激电路frequency converter ——变频器full bridge converter ——全桥电路full bridge rectifier ——全桥整流电路full wave rectifier ——全波整流电路fundamental factor ——基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO ——可关断晶闸管general purpose diode ——普通二极管giant transistor——GTR ——电力晶体管half bridge converter ——半桥电路hard switching ——硬开关high voltage IC ——高压集成电路hysteresis comparison ——带环比较方式indirect current control ——间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter ——直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT ——绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power。

united电解电容

united电解电容

united电解电容英文回答:United electrolytic capacitors are a type of electronic component that is widely used in various electricalcircuits. They are known for their ability to store and release electrical energy quickly and efficiently. These capacitors consist of two conductive plates separated by an electrolyte, which acts as a dielectric material. The electrolyte allows the capacitor to have a high capacitance value, meaning it can store a large amount of charge.One of the main advantages of United electrolytic capacitors is their ability to handle high voltage and high ripple current. This makes them ideal for applications such as power supplies, motor drives, and audio amplifiers. They can withstand voltage ratings ranging from a few volts to several hundred volts, depending on the specific model.In addition to their high voltage handling capabilities,United electrolytic capacitors also have a long lifespan. They are designed to operate reliably for thousands of hours, even under harsh operating conditions. This makes them suitable for use in industrial and automotive applications where durability is crucial.Another notable feature of United electrolytic capacitors is their compact size. Despite their high capacitance values, these capacitors are relatively small and lightweight. This makes them easy to integrate into circuit designs with limited space. For example, they can be used in portable electronic devices like smartphones and laptops, where space is a premium.Furthermore, United electrolytic capacitors are known for their low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and low equivalent series inductance (ESL). These characteristics ensure that the capacitors have minimal losses and can deliver energy efficiently. This is particularly important in applications where high power density and low impedance are required.To illustrate the benefits of United electrolytic capacitors, let's consider the example of a power supply circuit. In this circuit, the capacitor is responsible for smoothing out the voltage ripple and providing a stable DC output. A United electrolytic capacitor with its high voltage handling capabilities and low ESR would be an excellent choice for this application. It would effectively filter out the AC component of the input voltage, ensuring a clean and stable power supply for the connected devices.中文回答:United电解电容是一种广泛应用于各种电路中的电子元件。

0.22wima电容

0.22wima电容

0.22wima电容English: A µF capacitor, also known as a WIMA capacitor, is a type of electronic component that is used for various applications in electrical circuits. The capacitance value of µF indicates the ability of the capacitor to store a certain amount of electrical charge. This value is relatively high, making the capacitor suitable for applications where larger amounts of charge need to be stored or when higher capacitance values are required. The WIMA capacitor is well-known for its high quality and reliability, making it a popular choice among electronic enthusiasts and professionals.The µF WIMA capacitor is commonly used in audio systems, power supply circuits, and other electronic devices. In audio applications, the capacitor can be used in coupling and decoupling circuits to block or allow certain frequencies, providing better sound quality and noise reduction. In power supply circuits, the capacitor is often used for energy storage and smoothing purposes. It helps to stabilize the output voltage by reducing ripple and providing a constant source of energy. Additionally, this type of capacitor can beused in timing circuits, filter circuits, and other applications where capacitance is an essential parameter.WIMA is a well-known brand in the capacitor industry, and their capacitors are known for their high performance and reliability. The company has a long history of producing high-quality capacitors, and their products are trusted by professionals in various fields. The µF WIMA capacitor i s no exception, and it offers excellent electrical properties, low impedance, and low dissipation factor, ensuring optimal performance in different electronic circuits.In summary, the µF WIMA capacitor is a versatile electronic component used in a wide range of applications. Its relatively high capacitance value makes it suitable for storing larger amounts of electrical charge, making it desirable for applications that require higher capacitance values. With its high quality and reliability, the WIMA capacitor brand is trusted by professionals and enthusiasts alike, ensuring optimal performance and durability in electronic circuits.中文翻译: 一个µF的WIMA电容器,也被称为WIMA电容器,是一种用于电路中各种应用的电子元件。

智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一:外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译:智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活,给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便,我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子,单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用,在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。

锂电池充电器中英文对照外文翻译文献

锂电池充电器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译The design of the lithium batterychargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to thehigh performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ~only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describespeaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceedthe certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸,重量和能量储存优点,锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。

united电解电容

united电解电容

united电解电容英文回答:United electrolytic capacitors, also known as aluminum electrolytic capacitors, are a type of capacitor widely used in electronic circuits. They are known for their high capacitance values and ability to handle high voltages. These capacitors consist of two conductive plates separated by an electrolyte, which acts as the dielectric. The electrolyte is typically a liquid or gel-like substancethat allows the flow of ions between the plates.One of the key advantages of united electrolytic capacitors is their ability to store and release large amounts of energy. This makes them suitable forapplications that require high energy storage, such as power supplies and audio amplifiers. For example, in a power supply circuit, united electrolytic capacitors can smooth out voltage fluctuations and provide a stable source of power to the connected devices.Another advantage of united electrolytic capacitors is their relatively low cost compared to other types of capacitors. This makes them a popular choice for manufacturers looking to keep production costs down. However, it's important to note that united electrolytic capacitors have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced after a certain period of time, especially if they are subjected to high temperatures or voltage stress.In addition to their high capacitance and low cost, united electrolytic capacitors also have a wide temperature range in which they can operate. This makes them suitable for use in various environments, including industrial and automotive applications. For instance, in a car audio system, united electrolytic capacitors can help filter out noise and provide a smooth and stable power supply to the audio components.Furthermore, united electrolytic capacitors come in various sizes and voltage ratings, allowing designers to choose the right capacitor for their specific application.This flexibility in selection makes them versatile and adaptable to different circuit requirements. For example, in a computer motherboard, united electrolytic capacitors of different sizes and voltage ratings can be used to provide power filtering and decoupling for different components.中文回答:联合电解电容,也被称为铝电解电容,是一种在电子电路中广泛使用的电容器。

配电系统无功补偿装置中英文对照外文翻译文献

配电系统无功补偿装置中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Optimization of reactive power compensation indistribution systemThe reactive power compensation for distribution network,as the supplement of substation compensation can effectively improve the power factor, reduce line loss, improve the end voltage, ensure the quality of power supply, also bring good economic benefits for enterprise, has received extensive attention. The distributed reactive compensation, installing power capacitors on feeders, is the main distribution network compensation mode at home and abroad [1], but different installed location and different installed capacity, the benefit is different. With the application of reactive power compensation distribution increase gradually, how to choose appropriate reactive compensation location and compensation capacity to make the maximum benefit with less cost become people's research target. And the optimization of distributed reactive compensation of distribution network was raised .At present, the decision of the best compensation capacity and the best position in actual distribution reactive compensation, usually in accordance with ideal situations, such as, the reactive load along the road distributed uniformly, increasing, diminishing distribution or as isosceles distribution, and so on [2], [9]. This method has clear results, simple calculation, and has a certain engineering practical value. But the actual reactive load distribution is more complex, which is different from the ideal situation. So, in accordance with ideal situations to premise reactive compensation configuration optimization formula may be not satisfied. To study a more general distributed reactive compensation configuration optimized method is needed.This paper studies several kinds of typical optimal allocation of reactive compensation configuration with ideal load distribution. Then it details the distributed reactive compensation optimized mathematical model,- 11 -which is applied to any load distribution or distribution network structure, and gives the effective algorithm. At last, the paper introduces the practical application of the research of the model and the algorithm.The ideal load distribution is refers to the reactive power load distributed along the line meet a kind of ideal regular distribution, for example, in any point the road reactive load is equal, named uniform distribution, the reactive load from the first end increasing or decreasing, named increasing or decreasing distribution, and so on. This is an abstract of the actual load distribution, and in such a hypothesis premise the analytical expressions of the optimal location and capacity can be deduced, which can get the best reduce loss effect. And the results are showed in Table I and Fig 1, which can be chose in practical projects [3], [4], [6].When the actual power distribution is different from the ideal situation, using the results to guide the reactive compensation configuration, the effect may be not beautiful. It needs to study a more general reactive compensation configuration optimized method.The optimization of distribution network distributed reactive compensation is distributed as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problems, which is to determine the reactive compensation position and capacity with some constraints [5]. Therefore, the compensation position and capacity are the two decision variables. Its mathematical model is a two layers optimized problem with constraint. First is the capacity optimization at determined location, second is the distribution optimization. Based on the optimization mathematical model and algorithm, the corresponding graphical calculation software has been developed. With the optimization results, some power capacitors are installed on ten lOkV rural feederswhich had lower power factor and higher line loss. And the actual operation showed good effect. As shown in Fig 3 and Table II, it is the optimization of a feeder named CHANG 7.the total length is 22.35 km, the conductor type of trunk line is LGJ-120,with a distribution capacity of 4760 kVA. The active power- 12 -was 1904 kW, and the power factor was 0.83. The objective power factor was set at 0.9, so the reactive compensation total capacity was 358 kvar. The parameters including length and conductor type of each section, nameplate parameters of transformers, and the reactive compensation total capacity were set in the graphical software. Yet, the graph of the feeder had been drawn too. Then the results were marked on the feeder graph automatically, such as Fig. 3.As shown in Table II, theory line loss rate got an obvious 0.4149 percents decrement, if reactive compensation devices were installed. Also, under the condition of total capacity, two installations made 0.007 percent lower than one, and three points installation made 0.0003 percent lower than two. Then more compensation installations got more decrement of theory line loss rate, but the decreasing rate become inconspicuous, In contrast, equipment maintenance cost increased a lot. Therefore, two installations were selected onCHANG 7 feeder at last.This work provides scientific and reasonable theory for reactive power optimization of distribution network, and gives a reference for the distribution network loss calculation. Also, it provides the convenience for improving the quality of voltage, energy saving and improving line loss management level.1) For solving distribution network reactive power optimization problem, this paper puts forward the double optimization mathematical model of distribution network distributed reactive compensation, the inner is compensation capacity optimization, the outer layer is the reactive compensation distribution optimization. The model can do distribution reactive compensation optimization with any load distribution and arbitrary distribution network structure forms.2) By introducing Lagrange multiplier and the necessary condition of extreme, the mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem is deduced to a linear one that can be easily solved by Gaussian elimination method. It is- 13 -very imple and efficient for computer programming.3) The model and the algorithm can give different optimized results and loss reduction for different number of capacitor installation. Engineering practice showed that optimized capacitors installation can make line loss rate get an obvious decrement. This research plays an important role in the actual reactive compensation equipment installation of distribution network and line loss management.Reasonable reactive power sources compensation of rural substations h as been becoming a hot issue since Chinese rural electric network alteration. The principal reactive power compensation mode of rural substations is still using fixed compensation capacitor to control voltage and reactive power at present in China. This compensation mode has some problems. such as capacity adjustment requires manual intervention under power outage, the phenomenon of over and under compensation may always happen, the rate of putting into operation of reactive power compensation is relatively low, and so on . At the same time, there is no sampling function at the primary side of the main transformer because of the special devices in rural substations. In order to realize the objectives that the power factor is not less than 0.95 at primary side and not less than 0.9 at secondary side at the highest load, in this paper,some optimal reactive power control strategies for rural substation were proposed. In accordance with the reactive power flow conditions of the rural distribution network , the pros and cons of two control strategies were analyzed. One of the strategies was sampling at the primary side of the main transformer , the other was sampling at the s econdary side and switching control by power factor of secondary side. After comparison of such analysis, an optimal control strategy was p roposed. The data were sampledin the substation secondary side, then t he sampled data were evaluated in equivalence to the primaryside, and then the power factor assessment criteria of primary side were used t o control capacitor switching . The compensation capacity should be c- 14 -alculatedafter electric motor compensation , transformer compensation an d distributed compensation on distribution line.The sampled values at se condary side and active loss and reactive loss of themaintransformer w ere used to calculate compensation capacity to meet the power factor o bjectives of primary side. Through the example calculation and analysiby Applying actual substation data a result were obtained.The result met ap praisal standards and the power factor of main transformer primary sid e was above 0.95 at the highest load . If the power factor of main tran sformer secondary side was above 0.98 , there was no need to co mpensate for substation . If the power factor of main transformer secondaryside was under 0.97,after the compensation by using the p roposed optimal compensation capacity and the primary side power f actor control method, the power facto r of the main transformer se condary side was not less than0.98 and the primary side reaches 0.95. T hese results show that the proposed optimal control strategy and compe nsation capacity calculation method are feasible, and the research haspra ctical significance of making full use of reactive power supply in rural di stribution network.Optimal allocation of reactive power compensation plays an important role in power system planning and design. However, as a non-linear, larg e scale combinatorial . optimization problem, Conventional methods are not normally appropriate for it.A mathematical model is firstly presented in this paper for comprehensive optimal configuration in distribution feeders based on the analysis of engineering factors of reactive power compensation, whose objective is to minimize the annual expenditure involving the devices investment and the income of energy saving, and satisfy all sorts of operation ,fixing and maintenance constrains . The control variable include the capacitor banks’number and capacity of various compensation schemes. RARW-GA algorithm is adopted to solve this problem.The result of calculation and analysis of BenXi Steel group c orporation power system shows that the proposed method is feasible- 15 -and effective.An improved TS algorithm is put forward on the condition that reactive power compensation location and capacity have been identified in rural distribution lines. The Algorithm is based on capacitor optimal on-off model aimed at a minimum network loss, it can control the capacitor on-off according to the load changing and the system operation status and keep real-time voltage qualified and network loss minimum. A distributed control system is designed by using the algorithm to realize reactive power optimization, which is composed of reactive power optimal terminals and background control center. The terminal is in charge of data collection and transmission, on-off instruction receiving and executing. The control center in in charge of receiving data from every compensation point, calling control algorithm to process data, forming and sending instructions. GPRS technology is adopted to realize the system’s foreground-background communication. The actual application in some experimental networks has proved that the system can realize global optimal control for distribution lines, and is suitable to be widely used in rural distribution network.In order to solve the optimization of distribution reactive compensation point and capacity, a double optimized model is proposed, which is sui able for reactive compensation optimizationwith random load distribution or random network structure. For the compensation position and capacity decision variables, the optimized model is described as two layers of optimization with constraint . The outer one is the capacity optimization at determined location , and the inlayer is the location optimization . By introducing Lagrange multiplier, the mixed integer nonlinear optimization is deduced to a linearone that can be easily solve by Gaussian elimination method. For illustration, an application of ten 10kV rural feeders is utilized to show the feasibility of the double optimized model in solving the optimization of distribution reactive compensation point and capacity. Empirical results show that the model can give the optimized result for different number of capacitor installa-- 16 -tion, and the result with highest line loss decrementwill be used as thefi nal decision.The research provides scientific theoretical basis for Reactive compensation and plays a vital role in reactive compensation equipment installation and line loss management.Taking account of the mutual impacts of distributed generation and reactive power , to determine the optimal position and capacity of the compensation device to be installed , the paper proposed an improved Tabu search algorithm for reactive power optimiza-tion . The voltage q uality is considered of the model using minimum network active power l oss as objective Function . It is achieved by maintaining the whole s ystem power lossa minimum thereby reducing cost allocation. On the ba sis of general Tabu search algorithm , the algorithm used memory gu idance search strategy to focus on searching for a local optimum va lue, avoid a global search blindness . To deal with the neighborhood so lution set properly or save algorithm storage space,some corresponding i mprovments are made, thus, it is easily to stop the iteration of partial optimization and it is more probable to achieve the global optimizationb y use of the improved algorithm.Simulations are carried out on standard IEEE 33 test system and results are presented.SupSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMES) can inject or absorb real and reactive power to or from a power system at a very fast rate on a repetitive basis. These characteristics make the application of SMES ideal for transmission grid control and stability enhancement. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMES) is an attractive apparatus for some power system applications because it is capable of leveling load demand with high efficiency, compensating for load changes, maintaining a bus voltage, and stabilizing power swings. Power system stability problems have attracted the attention of power system engineers for several decades. Considerable progress has been made on excitation control, governor control, control by static var compensator, etc. Modern power systems, which are growing in size and complexity, are characterized by long distance bulk power transmissions and- 17 -wide area interconnections.In such power systems, undamped power swings of low frequency can occur. This can be a serious problem since the instability often decreases the power transmission capacity. As a result, the power that can be transmitted in steady state and transient situations is limited. If the limit is exceeded, the generator loses synchronous operation and system instabilities occur. SMES may be an effective means of preventing these instabilities, thereby maximizing power transfer to meet increased load demand. A SMES system can be represented in dynamic simulations as a continuous controllable real and reactive power source. In steady-state simulations, SMES can be represented as a continuous controllable reactive power source since it can continuously operate throughout its range of reactive power. However, the output of real power from a SMES device is limited to the amount of energy stored in the coil. The first objective of this research is to determine the optimal internal control scheme needed to decide the controllable active and reactive power based on active and reactive power demanded by the power system. The second objective is to design and simulate SMES external control models which are dependent on the network configuration. The third objective is to determine how the optimal size of a SMES device varies for a given transient stability disturbance when alternative internal control models and external control models are used.With a big number of electric energy consumers and different characters electric energy quality depends on many factors in the modern power networks. It includes: power networks and working condition factors of consumers. One of them is the possibility of reactive power balances with an important reserve providing after emergency modes on the basic knots of the power system and voltage regulation on all networks.As the length of networks of a power system increases in modern conditions, we can reduce the reactive power streams, as well as operational and capital expenses. Rational voltage mode brings to the front plan the- 18 -technical一economic aspects of the power transmission EFFICIENCY. Analyses and economic calculations show that transferring the reactive power by short length lines means of a high voltage justifies. Therefore in most cases reduction of reactive power to the minimum is very effective for economically when the sources of reactive power settle down near the consumption centers.The increase of consumer loading and its structure qualitative causes considerable increase of reactive power and constant reduction of a power factor in distributed power networks [ 1」.Thus, the tendency of modern power systems development is characterized by one side with the increase of reactive power consumption (in some systems to 1 kVAR/kVt), on the other side with decrease of power plant generators usage expediency and possibility for the reactive power compensation purpose [2-5]. In such conditions reactive power compensation attains a specialurgency. Here the optimization's primary goal is optimum placing of reactive power sources andsupport of a necessary reserve of capacity QreZ for voltage regulation on loading knot. For example, Polish power engineers consider that capacity of compensators should be 50% of the established capacity of generators in power plants. In France, Sweden and Germany the capacity of compensators is 35% of active peak loading, in the USA and Japan this volume is 70%. In different power systems of the USA the established capacity of compensators is 100% of generators capacities [6-11].Reactive power compensation problem is a multidimensional problem on the technical andeconomic aspects and consequently it is resulted with the finding of a global extremum of criterion function with the set of local extreme. In this article the voltage support within the technical restrictions and definition of optimal placing of the reactive power sources with a technique of multi-purpose- 19 -optimization of reactive power in the power system is considered. By the problem consideration as one-target optimization within restrictions the criterion function is a linear combination from several factors. The problem decision is a unique optimum version and has lacks of alternative versions, and there is not dependency of an end result from the initial data.Thus, the purpose of reactive power sources optimal placing in a power system consists ofincrease the quality of voltage in all central points of a network, control the stability of the system, reduce the power losses and capacities in networks. As a result these will increase the economic efficiency in the power system. From the economic efficiency point of view the new compensating units intended for installation should be proved and given corresponding optimum recommendations.1 .Methods and multi-purpose optimization compensations algorithms have been developed with support of a necessary reserve for preservation of normal level of voltage taking into account technical restrictions in knots of an electric network of a power system. Results of computerization to realization have shown speed and high efficiency the developed algorithm providing minimization of losses of active capacity in a net.2. Based on genetic algorithm the power and installation locations of the static capacitor banks with the multicriteria optimization technique has given. In this case, as a criterion of optimality the minimum expenses for the installation and exploitation, the minimization of power losses during the required values of voltage and power factor and maximum saving and the minimum self-payment term are accepted.3. The report of the real electricity network is given for two cases: operation without the CB;with optimal placement of CB. The application of the proposed method can reduce the averagepower losses approximately 13一14% in the electric network.- 20 -配电系统无功补偿装置容量优化配电网无功补偿,作为补充的变电站补偿可以有效地提高功率因数,减少线路损耗,提高末端电压,保证供电质量,也能带来良好的企业的经济效益,已得到泛的注意。

电力电子中英文对照表

电力电子中英文对照表

电力电子专业英语1、元件设备三绕组变压器:three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器:double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shunt capacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:power plant断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2、状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tap position有功损耗:reactive loss无功损耗:active loss功率因数:power-factor功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltage grade空载损耗:no-load loss铁损:iron loss铜损:copper loss空载电流:no-load current阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance负序阻抗:negative sequence impedance零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测:YC(telemetering)遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power-angle上限:upper limit下限:lower limit并列的:apposable高压: high voltage低压:low voltage中压:middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功(功率) active power无功(功率) reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻:resistance电抗:reactance阻抗:impedance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance导纳:admittance电感:inductance电容: capacitance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Absorber Circuit ——吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter ——交交变频电路AC power control ——交流电力控制AC Power Controller ——交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch ——交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller ——交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation ——异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit ——贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor ——双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT ——双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper ——升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper ——升压斩波电路Boost Converter ——升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper ——桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper ——降压斩波电路Buck Converter ——降压变换器Commutation ——换流Conduction Angle ——导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF ——恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM ——(电流)连续模式Control Circuit ——控制电路Cuk Circuit —— CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper ——电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI ——电流(源)型逆变电路Cycloconvertor ——周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter ——直交直电路DC Chopping ——直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit ——直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter ——直流-直流变换器Device Commutation ——器件换流Direct Current Control ——直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode ——(电流)断续模式displacement factor ——位移因数distortion power ——畸变功率double end converter ——双端电路driving circuit ——驱动电路electrical isolation ——电气隔离fast acting fuse ——快速熔断器fast recovery diode ——快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes ——快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor ——快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor ——场控晶闸管flyback converter ——反激电流forced commutation ——强迫换流forward converter ——正激电路frequency converter ——变频器full bridge converter ——全桥电路full bridge rectifier ——全桥整流电路full wave rectifier ——全波整流电路fundamental factor ——基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO ——可关断晶闸管general purpose diode ——普通二极管giant transistor——GTR ——电力晶体管half bridge converter ——半桥电路hard switching ——硬开关high voltage IC ——高压集成电路hysteresis comparison ——带环比较方式indirect current control ——间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter ——直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT ——绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译122电容换向器

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译122电容换向器

附录:英文文献及译文原文:译文:电容换向器S. A. SCHERBATSKOY, THOMAS H. GILMARTIN, AND GILBERT SWIFT地球物理学报。

5,272(1940)。

•美国专利23492251944年5月16日; 2361389十月从1938年的夏天开始,作者从事开发电离辐射的一个高度敏感的检测器,被应用到油井测试,测量的是天然地层的放射性强度。

一耐用性和响应速度普通类型机械静电计和电流计可以实现最大理论灵敏度,但在振动的存在可以便携使用,比电子管的静电都更胜一筹的电子管静电计的灵敏度限制主要是由波动来确定在输入管中,其中的“漂移”是一个特殊的噪声固有情况下。

作为将被测量的电信号的频谱成分包括低级和较低的频率,真空管内的波动噪声变得更加严重者。

因此,在电子管静电系统中,是在有限的响应于频率的非常窄的频带中的总波动噪声会为迅速提高而中心频率降低。

使用给定阻力的来源的同时,将有一个频率低于该管的等效噪声电阻将超过的电阻源。

在此条件下将管贡献比源具有更多噪声,并且灵敏度的理论极限将不会实现。

对于“快速”测量,涉及相对高的频率下,普通静电计可认为基本上是无噪音,但在长时间的测量,涉及极低频率下的真空管天生就是比较吵。

如果有可能转移到表示信号的频带(在该情况下,当这个声音包括非常低的频率)到较高的频率区域中的波动图。

显示应用程序的负反馈,以稳定调制器型静电计系统其性能。

电子管的噪音测量的信号中包含非常低的频率。

图1是这样的布置,应该指出的是,在阅读的检流计G将先包括三名效果:所施加的电压(1)的大小,(2)噪声的系统中,这两个固有的声源在与那些由所引入的测量系统,该放大器(3)的增益。

噪声上面已很小,那么用它将有可能设计出一种基本上无噪声的静电,即使当频带代表将被经讨论过,但改变放大器的增益构成还有效的噪声。

但是,可以通过使用反馈电路F来克服,如图所示。

改变放大的效果可以通过增加无限期地降低了量的反馈。

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

D.htmlat89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述at89c52单片机简介中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述AT89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introductionSelection of Single-chip microprocessor1. Development of Single-chip microprocessorThe main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip,In immediate future middle processor CPU。

Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy readROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section,The lumping is living on the chip。

Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip,Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees,It had haveed the calculating machine system property,calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。

电容式传感器的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

电容式传感器的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

参考资料原文:Capacitive sensors and the main features of the basic concepts: The measured volume of the machinery, such as displacement, pressure change is converted to the sensor capacitance. It is the sensitive part of the capacitor with variable parameters. Its most common form is composed of two parallel electrodes, a very inter-air as the medium of the capacitor, if the neglect edge effects, the capacitance for the capacitor plate ε A / δ, where εis a very inter-medium dielectric constant, A two electrode effective area covered by each other, δ is the distance between two electrodes. δ, A, εone of the three parameters will lead to the change in capacitance changes can be used for measurement. Therefore capacitive sensors can be divided into polar distance change type, change type size, media type three types of changes.Most from the changes in small type generally used to measure the linear displacement, or as a result of force, pressure, vibration caused by changes in polar distance (see capacitive pressure sensors). Change type size generally used to measure the angular displacement or linear displacement larger. Changes in media type commonly used in level measurement and a variety of media, temperature, density, humidity measurement. The advantage of the sensor capacitor structure is simple, inexpensive, high sensitivity,过载能力strong, good dynamic response and high temperature, radiation, vibration and other adverse conditions of strong adaptability and strong. The disadvantage is that there are non-linear output, parasitic capacitance and the distributed capacitance on the sensitivity and accuracy the impact of larger and more complex circuits, such as connectivity. Since the late 70s, with the development of integrated circuit technology, a packaging and micro-measuring instrument with capacitive sensors.This new type of distributed capacitance sensors can greatly reduce the impact to overcome the inherent drawbacks. Capacitive sensor is a very wide use, a great potential for development of the sensor.Capacitive sensor working principle:Capacitive sensor surface of the induction of two coaxial metal electrode composition, much like "open" capacitor electrode, the two electrodes form a capacitor, in series with the RC oscillation circuit. Power when connected, RC oscillator is notoscillating, when a goal of moving around electrical capacitor, the capacitor capacity increased, the oscillator to start oscillation. Circuit after the passage of the deal, will be two kinds of vibration and vibration signals into switching signals, which played a detection purpose of the existence of any objects. The sensor can detect metal objects, but also to detect non-metallic objects, metal objects can move away from the largest, non-metallic objects on the decision to move away from the dielectric constant material, the greater the dielectric constant materials, the availability of action the greater distance.Application of capacitive sensors:Capacitive sensor can be used to measure linear displacement, angular displacement, vibration amplitude, especially suitable for measuring high-frequency vibration amplitude, precision rotary axis accuracy, acceleration and other mechanical parameters. Pole-changing type of application from a smaller displacement in the measurement range to several hundred microns in 0.01m, precision can reach 0.01m, a resolution of up to 0.001m. Change type size larger displacement can be measured, for the zero-range a few millimeters to a few hundred mm, 0.5 percent better than the linear resolution of 0.01 ~ 0.001m. Capacitive angular displacement sensor point of view and the dynamic range to a few degrees, a resolution of about 0.1 "up to the stability of the zero angle-second, widely used in precision angle measurement, such as for high-precision gyroscopes and accelerometers tilting . capacitive measurement sensor can measure the peak amplitude for the 0 ~ 50m, a frequency of 10 ~ 2kHz, sensitivity is higher than 0.01m, non-linear error of less than 0.05m.Capacitive sensor can also be used to measure pressure, differential pressure, level, surface, composition content (such as oil, the water content of food), non-metallic coating materials, such as film thickness, dielectric measurements of humidity, density, thickness, etc., in the automatic detection and control systems are also often used as a location signal generator. Capacitive differential pressure sensor measuring range up to 50MPa, an accuracy of ± 0.25% ~ ± 0.5%. Capacitive sensor for measuring range of the thickness of a few hundred microns, resolution of up to 0.01m. Capacitive Proximity Switches can not only detect metal, but also can detect plastic, wood,paper, and other dielectric liquids, but can not achieve the ultra-small, the movement distance of about 10 ~ 20mm. Electrostatic capacitive level switch is widely used in detection is stored in the tank, hopper, such as the location of containers in a variety of objects of a mature product. When the capacitive sensor measuring metal surface conditions, from the size, vibration amplitude is often used very variable from unilateral type, when the measured object is a capacitor electrode, and the other electrode in the sensor inside. This type of sensor is a non-contact measurement, dynamic range is relatively small, about a few millimeters is about the precision of more than 0.1m, a resolution of 0.01 ~ 0.001m.译文:电容式传感器的基本概念及主要特点:把被测的机械量,如位移、压力等转换为电容量变化的传感器。

AFM交流滤波电容器中英文简介

AFM交流滤波电容器中英文简介

AC Filter Capacitor1. General DescriptionRH-AC Filter Capacitors are mainly used in 50Hz and 60Hz AC power system, with other accessories (e.g. reactors and resistors), can provide a low resistance path for one or multi harmonic current(s) and improve their power factors.2. Technical Data2.1 Environment temperature: -40~+45℃;2.2 Height: ≤1000m;2.3 For bandpass filter, the deviation of actual and the rated capacitance are less than ±5%;2.4 For high-pass filter, the deviation of actual and the rated capacitance are less than ±7.5%;2.5 The capacity of capacitors are recommended to be symmetrical deviation. The actual deviation is to be confirm after discussion between customers and our company;2.6 Loss tangent(tgδ)≤0.0005.3. Applicable standardsGB/T11024-2010 National standard《Standard 1kV or above AC Power System Shunt Capacitor》交流滤波电容器1. 概述RH-交流滤波电容器主要用于50HZ或60HZ的交流电力系统中,与其他配件,例如电抗器和电阻器连接在一起,对一种或多种谐波电流提供一低阻抗通道并改善功率因数。

2022年电容触摸屏控制设计外文文献及中文翻译

2022年电容触摸屏控制设计外文文献及中文翻译

A Low-Cost, Smart Capacitive Position SensorAbstractA new high-performance, low-cost, capacitive position-measuring system is described. By using a highly linear oscillator, shielding and a three-signal approach, most of the errors are eliminated. The ac curacy amounts to 1 μm over a 1 mm range. Since the output of the oscillator can directly be connected to a microcontroller, an A/D converter is not needed.I. INTRODUCTIONThis paper describes a novel high-performance, low-cost, capacitive displacement measuring system featuring:1 mm measuring range,1 μm accuracy,0.1 s total measuring time.Translated to the capacitive domain, the specifications correspond to:a possible range of 1 pF;only 50 fF of this range is used for the displacement transducer;50 aF absolute capacitance-measuring inaccuracy.Meijer and Schrier [l] and more recently Van Drecht,Meijer, and De Jong [2] have proposed a displacement-measuring system, using a PSD (Position Sensitive Detector) as sensing element. Some disadvantages of using a PSD are the higher costs and thehigher power consumption of the PSD and LED (Light-Emitting Diode) as compared to the capacitive sensor elements described in this paper.The signal processor uses the concepts presented in [2],but is adopted for the use of capacitive elements. By the extensive use of shielding, guarding and smart A/D conversion,the system is able to combine a high accuracy with a very low cost-price. The transducer produces three-period-modulated signals which can be selected and directly read out by a microcontroller. The microcontroller,in return, calculates the displacement and can send this value to a host computer (Fig. 1) or a display or drive an actuator.Fig. 1. Block diagram of the systemFig. 2. Perspective and dimensions of the electrode structureⅡ. THE ELECTRODE STRUCTUREThe basic sensing element consists of two simple electrodes with capacitance Cx, (Fig.2). The smaller one (E2) is surrounded by a guard electrode. Thanks to the use of the guard electrode, the capacitance Cx between the two electrodes is independent of movements (lateral displacements as well as rotations) parallel to the electrode surface.The influence of the parasitic capacitances Cp will be eliminated as will be discussed in Section Ⅲ.According to Heerens [3], the relative deviation in the capacitance Cx between the two electrodes caused by the finite guard electrode size is smaller than:δ<e-π(x/d) (1)where x is the width of the guard and d the distance between the electrodes. This deviation introduces a nonlinearity.Therefore we require that δ is less than 100 ppm.Also the gap between the small electrode and the surrounding guard causes a deviation:δ<e-π(d/s) (2)with s the width of the gap. This deviation is negligible compared to (l), when the gap width is less than 1/3 of the distance between the electrodes.Another cause of errors originates from a possible finite skew angle α between the two electrodes (Fig. 3). Assuming the following conditions:the potentials on the small electrode and the guard electrode are equal to 0 V,the potential on the large electrode is equal to V volt,the guard electrode is large enough,it can be seen that the electric field will be concentric.Fig. 3. Electrodes with angle α.To keep the calculations simple, we will assume the electrodes to be infinitely large in one direction. Now the problem is a two-dimensional one that can be solved by using polar-coordinates (r, φ). In this case the electrical field can be described by:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=→r V r V E αϕαϕcos sin (3) To calculate the charge on the small electrode, we set φ to 0 and integrate over r:⎰=r l B B dr rV Q αε0 (4) with Bl the left border of the small electrode:2tan l d B l -=α (5) and Br the right border:2tan l d B r +=α (6) Solving (4) results in:⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+=ααααεsin cos 2sin cos 2ln 0l d l d a V Q (7) For small α's this can be approximated by:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=222201241αεd l d d l C (8) It appears to be desirable to choose l smaller than d, so the error will depend only on t he angle α. In our case, a change in the angle of 0.6°will cause an error less than 100 ppm.With a proper design the parameters εo and l are constant,and then the capacitance between the two electrodes will depend only on the distance d between the electrodes.Ⅲ.ELIMINATION OF PARASITIC CAPACITANCESBesides the desired sensor capacitance C, there are also many parasitic capacitances inthe actual structure (Fig.2). These capacitances can be modeled as shown in Fig.4. Here Cpl represents the parasitic capacitances from the electrode E1 and Cp2 from the electrode E2 to the guard electrodes and the shielding. Parasitic capacitance Cp3 results from imperfect shielding and forms an offset capacitance. When the transducer capacitance Cx is connected to an AC voltage source and the current through the electrode is measured,Cpl and Cp2 will be eliminated. Cp3 can be eliminated by performing an offset measurement.Fig. 4. Elimination of parasitic capacitancesThe current is measured by the amplifier with shunt feedback, which has a very low input impedance. To obtain the required linearity, the unity-gain bandwidth fT of the amplifier has to satisfy the following condition: 212p f fT C C C T f +>π (9)where T is the period of the input signal.Since Cp2 consists of cable capacitances and the input capacitance of the op amp, it may indeed be larger than Cf and can not be neglected.IV . THE CONCEPT OF THE SYSTEMThe system uses the three-signal concept presented in [2], which is based on the following principles. When we measure a capacitor Cx with a linear system, we obtain a value:off x x M mC M += (10)where m is the unknown gain and Moff, the unknown offset.By performing the measurement of a reference quantity Cref, in an identical way and by measuring the offset, Moff,by making m = 0, the parameters m and Moff are eliminated.The final measurement result P is defined as: off x offref M M M M P --= (11)In our case, for the sensor capacitance C, it holds that:d d A C xx ∆+=0ε (12)where Ax is the area of the electrode, do is the initial distance between them, ε is the dielectric constant and △d is the displacement to be measured. For the reference electrodes it holds that:ref refref d A C ε= (13)with Aref the area and dref the distance. Substitution of (12) and (13) into (10) and then into (11) yields:()010a d d a d A d d A P refref x ref +∆=∆+= (14) Here, P is a value representing the position while a1 and a0 are unknown, but stableconstants. The constant a1 =Aref/Ax is a stable constant provided there is a good mechanical matching between the electrode areas. The constant ao = (Arefd0/(Axdref) will also be a stable constant provided that do and dref are constant. These constants can be determined by a one-time calibration. In many applications this calibration can be omitted; when the displacement sensor is part of a larger system, an overall calibration is required anyway. This overall calibration eliminates the requirement for a separate determination of a1 and a0.V . THE CAPACITANCE-TO-PERIOD CONVERSIONThe signals which are proportional to the capacitor values are converted into a period, using a modified Martin oscillator [4] (Fig. 5j.When the voltage swing across the capacitor is equal to that across the resistor and the NAND gates are switched off, this oscillator has a period Toff:Toff = 4RCoff. (15)Since the value of the resistor is kept constant, the period varies only with the capacitor value. Now, by switching on the right NAND port, the capacitance CX can be connected in parallel to Coff. Then the period becomes:Tx=4R(Coff+Cx)=4RCx+Toff (16)The constants R and Toff are eliminated in the way described in Section IV.In [2] it is shown that the system is immune for most of the nonidealities of the op amp and the comparator, like slewing, limitations of bandwidth and gain, offset voltages,andinput bias currents. These nonidealities only cause additive or multiplicative errors which are eliminated by the three-signal approach.VI. PERIOD MEASUREMENT WITH A MICROCONTROLLER Performing period measurement with a microcontroller is an easy task. In our case, an INTEL 87C51FA is used,which has 8 kByte ROM, 256 Byte RAM, and UART for serial communication, and the capability to measure periods with a 333 ns resolution. Even though the counters are 16 b wide, they can easily be extended in the software to 24 b or more.The period measurement takes place mostly in the hardware of the microcontroller. Therefore, it is possible to let the CPU of the microcontroller perform other tasks at the same time (Fig. 6). For instance, simultaneously with the measurement of period Tx, period Tref and period Toff,the relative capacitance with respect to Cref is calculated according to (11), and the result is transferred through the UART to a personal computer.Fig. 5. Modified Martin oscillator with microcontroller and electrodes.Fig. 6. Period measurement as background process.Fig. 7. Position error as function of the position and estimate of the nonlinearity.VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe sensor is not sensitive to fabrication tolerances of the electrodes. Therefore in our experimental setup we used simple printed circuit board technology to fabricate the electrodes, which have an effective area of 12 mm × 12 mm. The guard electrode has a width of 15 mm, while the distance between the electrodes is about 5 mm. When the distance between the electrodes is varied over a 1 mm range, the capacitance changes from 0.25 pF to 0.3 pF.Thanks to the chosen concept, even a simple dual op amp (TLC272AC) and CMOS NAND’s could be used, allowing a single 5 V sup ply voltage. The total measurement time amounts to only 100 ms, where the oscillator was running atabout 10 kHz.The system was tested in a fully automated setup, using an electrical XY table, the described sensor and a personal computer. To achieve the required measurement accuracy the setup was autozeroed every minute. In this way the nonlinearity, long-term stability and repeatability have been found to better than 1 μm over a range of 1 mm (Fig.7). This is comparable to the accuracy and range of the system based on a PSD as described in [2].As a result of these experiments, it was found that the resolution amounts to approximately 20 aF. This result was achieved by averaging over 256 oscillator periods.A further increase of the resolution by lengthening the measurement time is not possible due to the l/f noise produced by the first stages in both the integrator and the Comparator.The absolute accuracy can be derived from the position accuracy. Since a 1 mm displacement corresponds to a change in capacitance of 50 fF, the absolute accuracy of 1 μm in the position amounts to an absolute accuracy of 50 aF.CONCLUSIONA low-cost, high-performance displacement sensor has been presented. The system is implemented with simple electrodes, an inexpensive microcontroller and a linear capacitance-to-period converter. When the circuitry is provided with an accurate reference capacitor, the circuit can also be used to replace expensive capacity-measuringsystems.REFERENCES[1] G. C. M. Meijer and R. Schner, “A line ar high-performance PSDdisplacement transducer with a microcontroller interfacing,” Sensorsand Actuators, A21-A23, pp. 538-543, 1990.[2]J. van Drecht, G. C. M. Meijer, and P. C. de Jong, “Concepts for thedesign of smart sensors and smart signal processors and their applicationto PSD displacement transducers,” Digesr of Technical Papers,Transducers ’91.[3]W. C. Heerens, “Application of capacitance techniques in sensor design,”Phys. E: Sci. Insfrum., vol. 19, pp. 897-906, 1986.[4]K. Martin, ‘‘A volta ge-controlled switched-capacitor relaxation oscillator,”IEEEJ., vol. SC-16, pp. 412-413, 1981.一种低成本智能式电容位置传感器摘要本文描述了一种新旳高性能,低成本电容位置测量系统。

IEC61071电容器 英文-中文翻译..

IEC61071电容器 英文-中文翻译..

前言1.范围2.引用标准3.定义4.使用条件4.1正常使用条件4.2非正常使用条件5.质量要求和试验5.1试验要求5.2试验的分类5.3电容和tanθ测量(常规试验)5.4电容器损耗角正切的测量5.5端子之间的电压试验5.6端子与外壳之间的电压试验5.7内部放电器件试验5.8密封性试验5.9冲击放电试验5.10热稳定试验5.11自愈性试验5.12谐振频率测量5.13环境试验(气候试验)5.14机械试验5.15耐久性试验5.16破坏试验5.17熔丝的隔离试验6.过负荷6.1最高允许电压7.安全要求7.1放电器件7.2外壳连接7.3环境保护7.4其他安全要求8.标志8.1铭牌9.安装和运行导则9.1总则9.2额定电压的选取9.3运行温度9.4特殊使用条件9.5过电压9.6过电流9.7切换和保护装置9.8爬电距离和间隙的选择9.9连接件9.10电容器的并联连接9.11电容器的串联连接9.12磁损耗和涡流9.13电容器内部熔丝和隔离器的保护导则9.14不受保护电容器导则附录A(标准的附录)波形附录B(标准的附录)在最高温度(θmax)和频率变化的正弦电压下电容器的运行极限附录C(标准的附录)谐振频率测量方法示例参考文献图1--破坏测试安排图2--N源直流,类型1图3--N源直流,类型2图A.1--波形及电路示例图图B.1--供给状况图C.1--电路测量图C.2--通过电容器的电压和供应频率之间的关系图C.3--放电电流波形表1--端子之间的电压试验表2--端子健壮性试验表3--耐久性试验表4--安全系统功能的破坏试验表5--最大允许电流国际电工委员会-------电力电子电容器前言1.IEC(国际电工委员会)是由各国家电工委员会组成的世界性标准化组织。

IEC的目的是促进电工电子领域标准化问题的国际合作,为此目的,除其他活动外,IEC发布国际标准,国际标准的制定由技术委员会承担,对所涉及内容关切的任何IEC国家委员会均可参加国际标准的制定工作。

4英文文献翻译电容科技类(电子电气自动化通信…

4英文文献翻译电容科技类(电子电气自动化通信…

4 英文文献翻译电容科技类(电子电气自动化通信…英语参考文献译文..............................................................................2 1 电解电容......................................................................................2 2 历史............................................................................................3 3 结构............................................................................................4 4 极性............................................................................................5 5 电容............................................................................................6 6 电解电容的电子特性.......................................................................7 7 种类.. (8)7.1 铝电解电容 (8)7.2 钽电解电容 (8)8 可靠性及使用寿命.........................................................................10 9 双层电容. (11)9.1 缺点 (11)9.2 优点 (11)9.3 相关内容 (11)英语参考文献原文 (14)130年代电子管收音机的纸板封转的轴向引导电解电容径向连接和轴向连接的电解电容电解电容器的介质材料是一层附在金属极板上的氧化膜。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

电容器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:1电容器的选择本文为电化学双层电容器或超级电容器提供在一台常规电容器,简明的介绍新生的电化学双电层电容器或超级电容器。

电容器是存放电能并且协助过滤的根本电路元素。

电容器有二个主要应用; 其中之一是充电或释放电的作用。

这个作用适用于电源平流滤波电路,微型计算机备用电路和利用期间充电或释放电的定时器电路。

其他是阻拦DC 流程的作用。

这个作用适用于提取或消灭特殊频率的过滤器。

这是其中不可或缺的优秀电路所需的频率特性。

电解电容是在充分的标度商业化的下一代电容器。

他们类似电池在细胞建筑,但是阳极和负极材料依然保持不变。

他们是铝,钽和两个陶瓷电容电解质的地方与他们所使用的液体固体分离器/ 对称的电极。

电化学电容器(EC),往往被称为超级电容器或超级电容,存储电荷的双层电荷在1层表面电解质界面,主要在高电位表面的碳。

由于高电位表面是薄的双重层,所以这些设备可以有一个非常高的比和体积电容。

这使得他们能够结合以前无法实现的电容用无限的电荷密度/放电循环寿命。

每单元的工作电压,只受击穿电位电解质的影响,通常<1或“<3伏的每个细胞水性或有机电解质分别。

该存储的概念电力能源双电层这是形成于界面之间的固体电解质和一直都知道自19世纪末期。

第一电气设备使用双层充电储存在报告1957年H.I.贝克尔的通用电气(美国专利2800616)。

不幸的是,贝克尔的设备是不切实际的,同样一个充斥电池,电极都需要沉浸在一个容器电解质,并且该设备从未商业化。

贝克尔那样做了,但是随后发现电容值已经被标准石油化学家公司俄亥俄州(索奥)的罗伯特A赖特迈尔发明并且现在正在普遍使用。

他的专利(美国3288641),在1962年年底提出并获1966年11月,和一个后续专利(美国专利3536963)由资深研究员索奥唐纳德L.布斯在1970年,形式为基础随后的专利和期刊数百文章涉及ec技术的所有方面。

这项技术已经发展成为一个行业销售价值数1.0亿美元每年。

这是一个行业,这是今天并且准备在不久的将来快速增长,长期与扩张,需要的电能方面的专门人才。

随着商业的引进,NEC公司的超级电容器在1978年,根据从索奥那里拿到的牌照并且进行了一些演变,通过了几个世代的设计。

起初,他们被用作后备电源装置挥发性时钟芯片和互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)的计算机记忆。

但许多其他申请出现在之前的30年,包括便携式无线通信,增强电能质量的分布式发电系统,工业驱动器电源,并高效率电动车辆的能源储存电动车)和混合(混合电动汽车)电动汽车。

总体而言,内部细胞的独特属性经常补充其他电力来源的弱点如电池和燃料电池。

早期的内部电容一般在几伏特额定电容值计算,并从分数法拉达数的法拉。

这个趋势今天是在电容大小不等的小毫法,脉冲功率大小与特殊设备性能高达百倍额定设备成千上万的法拉,在一些应用系统工作在高达1500伏。

该技术是看到越来越广泛的使用,取代在某些情况下,电池和其他补充会优化他们的表现。

第三代演变是双电层电容器,电荷被存放在金属或电解质接口被利用修建存贮设备。

接口可能存放电荷按~610法拉的顺序。

主要成份在电极建筑是被激活的碳。

虽然这个概念初始化了并且工业化了大约40年前,研究停滞不前,直到最近时期; 由于对利益的需要复苏,如目前的需求增加电能储存数码电子设备、需要非常短的大功率脉冲可能由双电层电容器履行的可植入的可移植的医疗设备和中止或者在车牵引的起动操作。

他们是补充电池,因为它们能提供高功率密度和能量密度低。

这些电容器用炭和水电解质的电极材料主要用于有机阳极和阴极,都可以商业化和日间使用。

图1是在他们的设计和建筑上提出描述基本的区别的电容器的三种类型。

图1.概要介绍静电电容器、电解电容和双层电容器。

EDLCs,受到低能源密度的影响。

要矫正这些问题,研究员最近设法与在电极材料的碳一起加入过渡金属氧化物。

电极材料包括过渡金属氧化物,当电极材料组成的过渡金属氧化物,然后电吸附或氧化还原加强过程的CA值比电容(10 -100倍取决于性质)在这种情况下,EDLC被称为supercapacitor或pseudocapacitor。

这是第四代电容器。

超级电容器的表现同时结合二种能量储存设备,即非法拉第负责在双电层电容器电容和法拉第充电过程类似此案中的电池。

用于内存保护的EC设备的在电子电路市场年年是大约150-200百亿美元。

对ECs的新的潜在的申请包括便携式的电子设备市场、电能质量市场,特别是由于分布式发电和低排放混合动力汽车,公共汽车和卡车。

有一些对和超级电容器有关的电容发表的评论。

以目前的情况,对电化学双层电容器的演变从开始的简单静电电容器进行总结。

2. 实验部分自1745年发明的莱顿瓶的电容技术开始;,从那以后,在这个领域有巨大的进展。

一开始,电容器主要在电子和电子产品使用,但是他们今天扩大了范围,从工业应用的领域到汽车、航空器和空间、医学、计算机、比赛和电源电路。

电容器由在与一份绝缘材料(电介质)的相互反对(主要Si)被做安置的二个金属电极在积累的电荷电极之间。

与电容器相关的基本的等式是:C = εS/d (1)C (μF)是静电容量、ε电介质的介电常数,S(cm2)电极的表面和d(cm)电介质的厚度。

原则上积累的电荷可以被描述如下:当电池被连接到电容器时,电流流诱导流电子,使电子被吸引到电池的正极,因此他们流动往电源。

结果,缺电子开发在正面边,变得带阳电荷,并且电子节余发展为消极边,变得带负电荷。

这电子流程继续,直到二个电极之间的电位差变得相等与电池电压。

因而电容器得到充电。

一旦去除电池,电子从消极边流动到另一边,缺失电子; 这个过程导致释放。

常规电容器产生电容在与50到400 V.各种各样的材料的电压范围的0.1到1 F范围内例如纸(u1.2-2.6),石蜡(u1.9-2.4),聚乙烯(u2.2-2.4),多苯乙烯(u2.5-2.7),硬橡胶(u2-3.5),聚乙烯(3.1-3.2),水硫磺(u,2-4.2),块滑石瓷(u6-7), Al瓷(8-10), mica(u,5-7),并且被绝缘的矿物油(2.2-2.4)用来做电容器的电介质。

这些芯片的输出电容的电容是有限的,并且必须应付表面对这些电极容量比率的低落。

若需要增加电容。

必须增加∂或S和减少; 然而使用电压主要取决于∂价值,并且不可能被篡改。

当针对高电容密度时,与高电容率绝缘体材料和增加的有效的表面结合达到的互惠是必要的。

使用Si作为基体材料,电化学蚀刻产生有效的表面积。

这材料表面得到放大,是通过扩大二个数量级并与未腐蚀表面比较。

大孔硅电化学形成了用于制备高宽比传统的电容。

在增加具体电容的常规电容器的修改的研究工作也过程中。

最近报道了大约30倍电容密度硅/铝 /氧化锌: Si电化学上被腐蚀成多孔一个的铝电容器。

辨认的另一个方式增加电极的表面将形成正极被形成的氧化物(Al, Ta); 然而,陶瓷电容器是基于高介电常数而不是电极区域。

3. 电解电容下一代电容器是电解电容; 他们是Ta、Al和陶瓷电解电容。

电解电容使用电解质作为在电介质和电极之间的指挥。

一个典型的铝电解电容器包括阳极箔及一个阴极箔,由其扩大加工和表面处理或形成。

通常情况下,电介质薄膜制备由高纯度铝阳极氧化膜在硼酸的解决方案为高电压应用。

电介质薄膜的厚度与铝电解电容的使用电压有关。

在切开对具体大小根据设计规格之后,层压制品组成阳极箔,阴极箔这是反对的阳极箔和电介质膜分隔的中间人。

阳极和阴极之间的箔,是提供分隔的一个元素。

分隔元素电解质在一个被覆盖的金属包裹,没有电解电容的任何电子特征,直到完全地浸洗和安置,圆柱形金属护套封装封闭装备结束。

此外,密封材料由有弹性橡胶制成,是一个被插入,被覆盖的包裹,该套包和套包的开放式的绘图部分。

电解铝电容器为汽车、航空器、航天器、计算机、个人计算机显示器、主板和其他电子主要使用提供电源。

有钽电容器的二种类型在市场上买得到; 电解电容器,使用硫酸为电解液,使用二氧化锰作为固体电解质。

虽然电容Ta和Al电容器是相同的,但是Ta电容器在温度和频率特性上比Al电容器优越。

为模拟信号系统,铝电容器产生电流尖峰噪音,但在Ta 电容器不发生钉噪声。

换句话说, Ta电容器为需要高稳定性特征的电路更受欢迎。

Al 电解电容的总全世界生产共计三十八亿美元,其中99%是湿型。

固体钽电解电容器不同,固体电解质材料是有机物,一个功能聚合物和一个有机半导体。

其次,MnO2是电解质材料的组成,在电介质层表面被合成,由电解综合形成。

在此以后,正极和负极电极组装好,完成电子元件。

然而,这些电解电容电容在范围0.1到10,电压25 F到50 V。

在电解电容的发展的历史中,S. Niwa和Y.Taketani提出大量生产。

许多研究员设法经过修改电极或电解质改进这些电解电容的表现。

通常,增加有效面积(S是实现铝电解蚀刻基板),在阳极氧化,但现在它面临限制。

减少d也是非常难的,因为D价值主要决定于工作电压。

这种情况下,综合电介质层数增量是形成可能会通过有价值化合物。

MnO2的替换原先的电解质是由于它有更高的传导性; 芳香磺酸盐离子作为充电补偿的掺杂物离子。

铝固体电解电容器与蚀刻铝箔为阳极,聚苯胺/铝作为阴极和polypyrrrole23作为电介质。

Masuda通过电化学正极化,迅速熄灭等得到了高电容Al钛合金箔。

许多研究员尝试了合金的另一个组合例如Al-Zr, Al-Si, Al-Ti, Al-Nb and Al-Ta综合氧化膜。

Al2O3- (Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3)和Al2O3- Bi4Ti3O12综合氧化膜在低压被铭刻的铝芯的也被被认为是类似的。

Ta电解电容的Nb TaAl也被尝试了当阳极材料。

一个陶瓷电容,陶瓷电容与金属构造和层交替陶瓷材料作为电介质的。

陶瓷电容(通常由一层陶瓷与覆盖层之间交替两个电极和电介质陶瓷夹着)。

典型的多层陶瓷电容器(MLCs)包括电极和电介质陶瓷。

他们通过放映式打印在电介质层数的电极层和焊接层制造压制品。

按常规,AgPd作为电极材料,BaTiO3作为陶瓷的电介质使用。

2000年以前,MLCs市场在与通信的指数发展的步幅增长。

他们生产电容范围在10 F (通常范围Ta 和Al电解电容); 他们在高频率应用上是非常有用的。

从历史上看,陶瓷电容器是一种双端非极性设备。

经典陶瓷电容器是圆盘电容器。

这个设备把晶体管的使用日期提早,广泛地使用了在真空管设备(即无线电接收机)。

从1930,经过20世纪50年代和20世纪50年代的分离晶体管设备到20世纪80年代。

在2007年,陶瓷圆盘电容器在电子设备的普遍使用,它提供高容量和小尺寸,在同类中有很高的性价比。

相关文档
最新文档