华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试试题
华中师范大学研究生入学考试试题
华中师范大学2009年研究生入学考试试题院系、招生专业:政法学院马克思主义基本原理、马克思主义中国化研究、思想政治教育考试时间:1.20上午考试科目代码及名称:中国化的马克思主义理论一、名词解释(每小题6分,共30分。
请注意概念的准确性和完整性)1.中国共产党的思想路线2.人民民主专政3.过度时期总路线4.依法治国5.“三个有利于”标准二、简答题(每小题15分,共60分。
回答要点并做简要说明)1.马克思主义中国化的科学内涵与实质2.毛泽东思想的科学体系和主要内容3.构建社会主义和谐社会的基本原则4.简述社会主义本质的科学内涵及社会主义本质理论的重要意义三、论述题(每小题30分,共60分。
回答要点并展开论述)1.论社会主义核心价值体系建设2.试论党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线和基本纲领考试科目代码及名称:马克思主义基本理论一、名词解释(每小题6分,共30分。
请注意概念的准确性和完整性)1.矛盾的同一性2.必然性与偶然性3.商品的价值4.资本积累5.金融寡头二、简答题(每小题15分,共60分。
回答要点并做简要说明)1为什么说真理是相对的又是绝对的?2矛盾的普遍性与矛盾的特殊性关系原理及其意义3简析资本主义经济危机的根本原因4当代资本主义的新变化及其原因5简述社会主义的社会基本特征三、论述题(每小题30分,共60分。
回答要点并展开论述)1联系实际论实践在认识中的决定作用2根据历史唯物主义过于社会基本矛盾的原理,分析当前我国社会的某一社会热点、难点问题或社会现象华中师范大学2010年研究生入学考试试题马克思主义基本原理一、名词解释:1 物质2 社会存在3 金融危机4 价值规律5 垄断6 真理和价值二、简答题1. 为什么社会生活的本质是实践的2. 如何理解人类认识运动过程的辩证原理3. 如何理解客观规律性和主观能动性的辩证关系4 如何理解私有制基础上商品经济的基本矛盾5 列宁晚年关于建设社会主义的新构想三、论述题1 联系实际论矛盾的同一性和矛盾的斗争性关系原理及其重要作用2 如何在社会主义建设实践中坚持和发展马克思主义中国化的马克思主义理论一名词解释1 新民主主义革命路线2 社会主义初级阶段3 中国特色社会主义理论4 和平统一一国两制5 社会主义和谐社会6 社会主义核心价值体系的基本内容二简答题1 实事求是思想路线的基本内容及重要意义2 社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度内容及确立的依据3 社会主义基本制度的确立及其重要意义4 民族区域自治制度设立的依据以自治机关享有的自治权利5 改革发展稳定的关系及处理他们三者之间关系的原则和经验三论述题1 联系实际论依法治国的基本策略2 联系实际论中国特色社会主义文化建设的根本任务和基本方针2011年真题考试科目:马克思主义基本原理一. 名词解释:(每题5分,共30分)矛盾、量变与质变、自然规律和社会规律、资本原始积累、商品经济、社会形态二. 简答题:(每题12分,共60分)1. 联系及其特点。
华中师范大学08年考博真题
华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题(A卷)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效)Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。
华中师大学研究生入学考试试题2007D
华中师大学研究生入学考试试题2007D华中师大学二零零七年研究生入学考试试题院系、招生专业:管理学院、企业管理(人力资源管理)考试时间:元月日午考试科目代码及名称:426、企业管理一、名词解释(每小题4分,共24分)1、SWOT分析2、甘特图3、盈亏平衡分析4、变革型领导5、工作分析6、柯克帕特里四层评估模型二、简答题(本大题共5小题,每题12分,共60分)1、概述霍桑实验及其对管理实践的贡献。
2、简述社会责任的古典观和社会经济观。
3、谈谈对X理论和Y理论的优缺点。
4、谈谈人事管理与人力资源管理的区别。
5、简述绩效考评中存在的误区。
三、论述题(本题30分)从政府管理的角度论述我国国有企业经理人的激励约束机制。
四、案例分析题(本题36分)【案情】晚上七点多钟了,天慢慢地黑下来了,王维书教授拖着疲惫不堪的身体回到了位于校园东北角的家中,每次回到自己温馨而又平静的家中,回想自己一天无谓的奔波,他就开始怀疑三年前他是否做出了一项正确的决策。
王维书教授是我国一位著名的管理学教授,三年前在学校领导征求他是否愿意当管理学院的院长时,他同意了。
当时他有两种想法,第一,学校现在实行的是院长负责制,院长中有一定的权力,他可以为管理学院的发展起到比一个名教授要大一些的作用。
第二,他教了近二十年的管理,他希望把自己在课堂上教的东西用到实践中,让学生知道,管理方面的知识用到实践中,可以带来很大的效果。
CZ管理学院有100多位教师,在有4000多教师的大学时,属于一个小部门,但由于我国实行市场经济,使得管理学科突然热了起来,CZ管理学院的地位在学校也迅速上升。
王维书教授担任院长三年来,管理学院取得了一些成绩,也发生了一些问题,有些令人啼笑皆非的是王院长当初想抓的事情,如学科建设和上学术水平,起色不大,而王院长当初并没有十分在意的事情,如创收,却取得了令人惊讶的成功,如下表所示。
王院长近三年来的主要政绩:王院长知道,有些成绩不是因为自己领导有方,而是大环境造成的,如最近几年在职研究生热使管理学院接应不暇,创收大幅度增加。
华中师范大学考研真题
华中师范大学二〇〇〇年研究生入学考试试题专业:语言类各专业科目:古代汉语方向:语言类各专业方向注意:1、第一大题为所有考生必做题。
2、第二大题为汉语史方向考生必做题。
3、第三大题为其他各方向考生必做题。
一、语言专业各方向考生必做题。
(一)解释下列成语或古诗文中加着重号的词语或词组的意义或用法(20分)1.言简意赅赴汤蹈火感激涕零动而见尤池塘生春草云半偏新睡觉颜色憔悴未尝不汉息痛恨于桓灵也(8分)2.星罗棋布车载斗量打草惊蛇日积月累昭王南征而不复,寡人是问先君之好是继(12分)(二)简答题(24分)1.《说文解字》是一部分什么书?有何学术价值?清代研究《说文》最著名听是哪四个人?各自代表是什么?(14分)2.什么是词义的扩大、缩小、转移?请举例说明(10分)(三)将下面一段文字译成现代汉语。
(16分)孟子日:“今有无名之指,屈而不信,非疾痛害事也。
如有能信之者,则不秦楚之路,为指之不若人也。
指不若人,则知恶之:心不若人,则不知恶,此之谓不知类也。
”二、汉语史方向考生必做题。
(40分)(一) 中国音四声和现代汉语普遍话四声在调类方面有何异同?(12分)(二) 本议和引申义之间的意义关系有哪几种类型?(15分)(三) 解释下列的固定格式。
(13分)1.“如……何“例:以君之力,曾不能损魁父之丘,如太形王屋何?(《列子·汤问》)2.“……孰与……”例:吾孰与城北徐公美?(战国策·齐策一)3.“无乃……与”例:孔子曰:“求!,无乃尔是过与?”(论语·委氏)三、非衙史方向考生必做题(40分)(一) 联系汉语史,谈谈“繁荣市场”、“丰富生活”之类动宾结构的特点。
(15分)(二) “张”字的声母,现代有些方言中读为d,请联系汉语语音史对此类现象试作阐释。
(13分)(三) 解释下列句子中的“之”字的意义和用法(12分)1.不虞君之涉吾地也。
2.姜氏欲之,焉辟害?3.其是之谓乎?4.邑丈人有之市而醉归者。
华师大在职博士英语考试真题及答案
华师大在职博士英语考试真题及答案Huashida In-service Ph.D. English Exam Questions and AnswersThe Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a rigorous test designed to assess candidates' English proficiency and academic abilities. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay prompts. In this article, we will provide a breakdown of the exam format, sample questions, and answers to help candidates prepare for the test.Format of the Exam:1. Reading Comprehension: This section tests candidates' ability to understand and analyze written passages. Questions may cover topics such as literature, history, science, and current events.2. Vocabulary and Grammar: Candidates are required to demonstrate their knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar through multiple-choice questions and short answer prompts.3. Writing Skills: This section assesses candidates' ability to write coherent and well-organized essays on a given topic.Candidates are expected to present a clear argument and support it with relevant evidence.Sample Questions and Answers:1. Reading Comprehension:Passage 1: "The Benefits of Exercise"Question: According to the passage, what are some of the benefits of regular exercise?A) Improved cardiovascular healthB) Weight gainC) Increased stress levelsD) Reduced energy levelsAnswer: A) Improved cardiovascular healthPassage 2: "Climate Change and Its Impact on the Environment"Question: How does climate change affect global ecosystems?A) It has no impact on global ecosystemsB) It leads to increased biodiversityC) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal speciesD) It promotes the growth of new speciesAnswer: C) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal species2. Vocabulary and Grammar:Question: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "She _________ her keys on the table."A) leaveB) leftC) leavingD) leavesAnswer: B) leftQuestion: Identify the error in the following sentence: "His car is more expensive than she."Answer: The correct sentence should be: "His car is more expensive than hers."3. Writing Skills:Essay Prompt: Discuss the impact of technology on modern society. Provide examples to support your argument.Sample Answer:Technology has revolutionized modern society in numerous ways. One of the most significant impacts of technology is its role in facilitating communication. The rise of the internet and social media platforms has connected people from all corners of the globe, allowing for instant communication and information sharing. Additionally, technology has transformed various industries, such as healthcare, education, and transportation, making services more efficient and accessible. For example, telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, while online learning platforms offer flexible educational opportunities. However, technology also poses challenges, such as privacy concerns and job displacement. In conclusion, technology plays a crucial role in shaping modern society, and its impact will continue to evolve in the future.Overall, the Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a comprehensive assessment of candidates' language proficiency and critical thinking skills. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing sample questions, candidates can prepare effectively and increase their chances of success.。
华师考博试题2001-2013
语言所博士生入学考试试题2001年试题一、现代汉语1.说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
(20分)2.说出下列著作的作者和主要特点:(20分)(1)《马氏文通》;(3)《新著国语文法》;(2)《中国文法要略》;(4)《现代汉语语法讲话》3.你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法?你认为,在词语的语法性质上,新词新语主要有那些类型?(20分)4.写短文:说“X上”。
(联想有关事实,造出若干用例,写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文,要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
)(40分)二、理论语言学1.为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具?语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系?(25分)2.语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系,是语法学研究的中心问题。
语法学的研究方法也应该是语言形式与语言意义相结合的研究方法。
试根据你的理解阐述这种研究方法。
(25分)3.对语言的形式的研究和功能的研究,常常形成语言学史上的不同学术流派。
当代形式语言学派的代表是乔姆斯基的转换生成语言学,功能语言学派的代表是功能语言学(包括认知语法)。
请简述乔姆斯基学派和功能语言学派在语言观和语言研究方法论上的主要差别。
(25分)4.什么是“语言习得”(Acquisition)?什么是“语言学得”(Learning)?了解这两种语言学习方式的不同,对语言教学(母语教学,第二语言教学等)有何意义?(25分)5.你对应用语言学的哪个部门最感兴趣?请综述你最感兴趣的那个应用语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
(25分)6.有些学者认为,中国语言学必须形成自己的研究特色。
有些学者认为,中国语言学应尽快同国际接轨。
就这两种观点谈谈你的看法。
(25分)(说明:上面六题,考生任选四题)2002年试题一、现代汉语1.《中国语文》2002年第一期发表了屈哨兵的文章《“由于”句的语义偏向》,屈哨兵是我校汉语言文字专业在读博士研究生。
他在文章中认为:“由于”所引领的句子常常会带有不愉快、不如意、消极或贬斥一类的语义偏向,“由于”所引领的格式在现代汉语中基本上是一个“不愉快格式”。
博士研究生考试试题
博士研究生考试试题一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列关于科学哲学的描述,哪一项是错误的?A. 科学哲学是研究科学本质的学科B. 科学哲学探讨科学知识的产生和发展C. 科学哲学认为所有科学理论都是绝对正确的D. 科学哲学关注科学实践中的逻辑和方法论问题2. 在现代物理学中,量子力学的核心概念之一是:A. 相对性原理B. 测不准原理C. 万有引力定律D. 热力学第二定律3. 下列关于遗传学的基本定律,哪一项是由格雷戈尔·孟德尔提出的?A. 中心法则B. 孟德尔遗传定律C. 遗传密码D. 基因重组4. 在化学中,下列哪个术语描述的是分子中原子间的化学键?A. 摩尔质量B. 溶解度C. 化学键D. 反应速率5. 下列哪一项不是生态系统服务的功能?A. 碳固定B. 水净化C. 疾病传播D. 土壤肥力维持10. 在统计学中,下列哪一项是用来衡量变量之间相关性的指标?A. 方差B. 标准差C. 相关系数D. 概率密度函数二、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. 简述科学方法的基本步骤,并举例说明其在研究中的应用。
2. 解释什么是“双盲实验”,并讨论其在临床试验中的重要性。
3. 描述牛顿三大运动定律,并解释它们在工程学中的应用。
4. 阐述生态系统的生物多样性对人类社会的重要性。
三、论述题(每题20分,共40分)1. 论述科学知识的社会构建性,并探讨科学知识如何受到社会、文化和历史背景的影响。
2. 分析全球气候变化对生物多样性的潜在影响,并讨论人类可以采取哪些措施来减轻这些影响。
四、计算题(每题20分,共20分)1. 一个密封容器内有一定量的气体,其初始压强为P1,体积为V1,温度为T1。
当气体的温度升高到T2,同时体积减小到V2时,假设气体的行为遵循理想气体定律,计算最终的压强P2。
五、案例分析题(每题20分,共20分)1. 阅读以下案例:某地区由于长期过度使用地下水,导致地下水位持续下降,进而引发了一系列生态问题。
华中师范大学博士硕士入学考试真题古典文献学.docx
华中师范大学二0—二年硕士研究生入学专业考试试题招生专业:古典文献学研究方向:文学文献学考试科目:古典文献学考试时间:4月14日上午一、將下列一段文言文標點,翻譯成現代漢語並從古典文獻學角度略加評論(共50分):昔仲尼沒而微言絶七十子喪而大義乖故春秋分為五詩分為四易有數家之傳戰國從衡真偽分爭諸子之言紛然殽亂至秦患之乃燔滅文章以愚黔首漢興改秦之敗大收篇籍廣開獻書之路迄孝武世書缺簡脱禮壞樂崩聖上喟然而稱口朕其閔焉於是建臧書之策置寫書之官下及諸子傳説皆充祕府至成帝時以書頗散亡使謁者陳農求遺書於天下詔光祿大夫劉向校經傳諸子詩賦步兵校尉任宏校兵書太史令尹咸校數術侍醫李柱國校方技每一書己向輙條其篇冃撮其指意録而奏之會向卒哀帝復使向子侍中奉車都尉歆卒父業歆於是總羣書而奏其七畧故有輯畧有六我畧有諸子畧有詩賦畧有兵書畧有術數畧有方技畧今刪其要以備篇籍二、名词解释(20分,每题5分)1、纪旳2、总集3、四分法4、善本三、論述題(30分)结合本科毕业论文写作,论述文献学对读书治学的重要性并简要阐述你如果考取研究生,未来三年的学习或研究计划。
华中师范大学二O—三年博士研究生入学考试试题院系名称:文学院招生专业:中国古典文献学在考试科目代码及名称:3033 中国古典文献学考试时间:2013年一、给下面一段文字加上标点、翻译成现代白话文,并就其中所涉及的诗风问题展开评论(标点、翻译20分,评论20分,共40分)故秦地于禹貢時跨雍梁二州詩風兼秦潮兩國昔後稷封蘇公劉處豳大王徙廣文王作鄂武王治踹其民有先王遺風好稼穡務本業故豳詩言農桑衣食之本甚備有鄂杜竹林南山檀柘號稱陸海為九州膏腴始皇Z初鄭國穿渠引涇水溉田沃野千里民以富饒漢興立都長安徙齊諸田楚昭屈最及諸功臣家于長陵後世世徙吏二千石高晋富人及豪桀並兼之家于諸陵蓋亦以彊幹弱支非獨為奉山園也是故五方雜厝風俗不純其世家則好禮文富人則商賈為利豪桀則遊俠通姦瀕南山近夏陽多阻險輕薄易為盜賊常為天下劇又郡國輻湊浮食者多民去本就末列侯貴人車服僭上眾庶放效羞不相及嫁娶尤崇侈靡送死過度二、举例说明古籍校勘时应如何选择底本和校勘的资料。
华中师范大学2010-2011年博士研究生入学考试《近代史》试题
华中师范大学2010-2011年博士研究生入学考试《近代史》试题
华中师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《近代史》试题
中国近代史
1.李鸿章功过论
2.评价抗战时期的国民党正面战场
3.选择一种报刊论述其史料价值
4.辛亥革命后社会结构的变化
中国近代教会和教会大学
1.论述近代教案频发原因及影响
2.近三十年来中国基督教研究的趋势
3.选取近代基督教会任一研究计划论述可行性、必要性及研究思路、资料来源
4.晚清教会的自立
中国近代政治史
1.论述晚清政治体制改革
2.民初政党纷争的原因及影响
3.评价中间路线
华中师范大学2011年博士研究生入学考试《近代史》试题中国近代史
1、有关严复的资料题。
2、名解:戴季陶、校邠庐抗议。
3、抗战时期的宪政运动始末。
4、辛亥革命的性质及成败。
中国近现代思想文化史
1、梁启超早期理论宣传对辛亥革命的影响。
2、蔡元培办北大的背景及理念。
最新华中师范大学考博英语真题
2007年试题PartⅠReading Comprehension(40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Nothing better illustrates the boradening of the concern about pollution from a local affair to a global one than air pollution. Local air pollution is improving in some cities in industrial countries, but it is worsening in others, principally in developing countries, and is hardly solved anywhere. Meanwhile, global use of fossil fuels and emissions of traditional pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides that result from it contiune to climb. Acid rain, ozone, and other consequences of these pollutants are affecting plant and animal life---killing forest and fish, damaging crops, changing the species composition of ecosystem---over vast areas of the globe.Depletion of the stratosphere's ozone layer is a matter of such concern that an international treaty has been negotiated to reduce emissions of chlorofluorcarbons, but the latest measurements indicate the current protocol is already inadequate. And probably most serious of all, the buildup of infrared-trapping “greenhouse”gases in the atmosphere contiunes.This buildup is largerly a conscquence of the use of fossil fuels and CFCs, deforestation, and various agricultural activities, and it now threatens societies with far-reaching climate change.While the regional impacts of global warming are uncertain and difficult to predict, rainfall and monsoon patterns could shift, upsetting agricultural activities worldwide. The sea level could rise, flooding coastal areas. Ocean currents could shift, altering the climate of many areas and disrupting fisheries.The ranges of plant and animal species could change regionally, endangering protected areas and many species whose habitats are now few and confined. Record heat waves and other weather anomalies could harm susceptible people, crops, and forests.These interrelated atmospheric issues probably constitute the most serious pollution threat in history. I say "interrelated" because these atmospheric issues are linked in ways that scientists are still discovering, and the scientists are far ahead of our policymakers. First, they are linked in time. The view is still common today that, initially, we should address local air pollution, then we should turn attention to regional issues of greenhouse gases. But the failures of our clean air efforts make urban air quality an issue for today, forcing a 1970's issue from the past into the present. Simultaneously, the realizations that Greenhouse gases other than CO2 double the urgency of the problem, and that societies may have already committed the planet to a 1 to 2.5C global average warming------these realizations are forcing what was thought to be a "21st century issue" into the present.These atmospheric issues are also linked in vast chemical reactor that is the atmosphere, where pollutants react with each other, other substances,and solar energy in an extremely complex set of circular interactions.Touch one problem, you may touch them all.Third, they are linked in their effects on people and on the biota. What are the consequences of multiple stresses---a variety of pollutants, heat waves and climate changes, increased ultraviolet radiation---when realized together? Who knows? We are all still learning.In short, the time to address all these atmosphere problem---local, regional, global---is now. The way to address all problem in together. And, in the long run, the key to these problems is energy.1._____ will lead to air pollution.A) The falling of acid rain B) The decrease of ozoneC) The burning of fossil fuels D) The increase of nitrogen dioxide2.Which of the following can be affected by the buildup of the "greenhouse" gases?A) The shift of monsoon patterns B) The rise of sea levelC) The regional change of the biota. D) All of the above.3. As it can be inferred from the passage, scientists ______the commonly accepted view that different atmospheric issues should be dealt with at different times.A) are in favor of B) are studyingC) stand against D) remain indifferent to4. According to the author, the key to an improvement of air pollution lies in ____A) prohibiting the use of automobiles B) finding new forms of energy, which will not result in pollutionC) planting more trees D) forbidding the use of chlorofluorocarbons5. What does the passage tell us, essentially?A) All the interrelated atmospheric issues should be dealt with together now.B) While local air pollution is improving in some cities in the world, it is deteriorating in otherC) All the weather anomalies caused by global warming could be harmful to people and biota.D) The earth's atmosphere is like a huge chemical reactor, Where all its ingredients interact.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Satellite images of the earth make grim viewing. Six million hectares, an ares almost the size of Ireland, turns to desert every year. Ten million hectares,an areas about as big as Kenturky, of tropical forest is cut down each year. Each year, too, soil erosion, often caused by deforestation, diminishes the world's stock of agricultural land by 20m hectares, an ares about half the size of Japan.Environmental pressure groups have long argued that these problems are as pressing as say, third-world debt. They maintain that international development banks,the World Bank included, have neglected them in pushing ahead with agricultural, power, transport and otherprograms.In consequence, these projects have often had an economically-damaging impact on the countries that are supposed to benefit.The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens. Mr.Barber Conable, the World Bank's president,want to see the Bank doing more for the environment. The Bank says it has the equivalent of 150 of its 3,000 staff working full-time on environmental work. But it lacks environmental department, and the links between its small environmental office------which has no economists------and its policy makers are weak.Though overstaffed, the Bank does not have the experts it needs to vet and monitor for their environmental effects the 250 or more new projects it approves each year. Next month's meeting of the development committee is likely to recommend the appointment of more environmental specialists---a change that could be fitted into a reorganization that Mr. Conable want to see completed within the next few months. Once the World Bank has given a lead, other multilateral organizations,such as the Asian Development Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank,can be expected to follow.6. The writer cites a few examples in the first paragraph to make the point that----A) environmentalists should try to persuade banks to stop funding development programs.B) recipient countries should understand the economic value of environment-protecting projects.C) the World Bank is doing harm to those poor funding-recipient countries.D) humanity is confronted with serious environmental problem.7. Environmentalists argue that international development bank have failed to ----A) install any environmental specialists in their offices.B) reduce their offices to make them more efficient.C) consider environmental effects when funding projects.D) monitor the few projects they approve each year.8.When the writer says that "The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens." he means----A) Environmentalists' views have now been seriously taken into accountB) Mr. Conble has reorganized their environmental officeC) Environmentalists now have a greater say in the reorganization of the BankD) Mr.Conable's plan to give more development aid is as welcome as ever before9. While of the following statement Mr.Conable is best supported by paras.3-4A) He will persuade other banks into funding environment-protecting projects.B) He has made some efforts to streamline the office in the Bank.C) He will create an environmental department to replace the existing office.D) He is clearly aware of the importance of environmental scientists.10. The best title for this passage is ------A) Environmental Issue Reconsidered B) Me.Conable Takes the LeadC) Environmental Pressure Groups Win D) A Greener Hue for Development Aid.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Hardly a week goes by without a new study of the nation's schools. The lastest such report, by the Carngie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, may be the most thoughtful and specific of the lot. It was produced over a period of thirty months by a team of twenty-three educators and trained observers who spent 2,000 hours examining fifteen representative high schools. Carnegie President Ernest Boyer, former U.S. Commissioner of Education, collected their journals and wrote the final account,being published by Harper & Row. Says Boyer, "This report on the American high school begins with the conviction that the time for renewing education has arrived. If we do not seize this special moment, we will fail the coming generation and nation."The report ticks off a crisp, twelve-point "agenda for action" with four main priorities.First, all students should master oral and written English and should be tested before they enter high school to make sure they are proficient in the subject.Next, all students should to take a core curriculum. In addition to strengthening traditional courses in literature, history, mathematics, and science, schools should require classes in a foreign language, the arts, civics, non-Western culture, health, and technology.Then, the lot of the nation's beleaguered teachers should be improved, not only by higher pay and greater recognition but by allowing them to concentrate on professional tasks.Finally, students should be trained to be responsible citizens by being required to spend at least 30 hours a year doing volunteer work on community projects.The Carnegie Foundation also calls for federal funds and participation in setting up a network of residential math and science academies for gifted students and establishing a National teacher Service that would provide scholarships for top students who want to become teachers themselves. The U.S. Secretary of Education T errel Bell has praised the Carnegie report for it "breadth and creativity".11. The report on the schools was put together by------A) 23 trained observers in 30 months of work B)38 observers taking 30 months of workC) 30 observers spending 15months D) 23 observers in 2,000 hours12. The study was done because Carnegie Foundation's president believed-----A) that not enough reports had been madeB)that re-evaluation of education is always a good ideaC) that the time change the trend of American education has arrivedD) that not enough people know about our high school curriculum13.The final report was written by -----A) the current U.S.Secretary of Education B)the president of Carnegie FoundationC) Harper and Row D)the National teacher Service14.In its main points the Carnegie report stressed as the most important-----A) that each state must have a science and math academyB) that each student must work every summer on volunteer school projectsC) that each student must master a foreign languageD) that each student must master oral and written English15. The Secretary of Education of the U.S. government has praised the study for------A) including courses in civics B) its narrowness of creativityC) its extent and originality D) not being too longQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Everyone who's ever been there describes it as being " way out in the desert," but it's really only 15 minutes past the last traffic light in Tucson. Drive by grazing cattle scattered across the sparse Arizona pasture, top a bill and there it is: a set of gleaming white buildings that looks for all the world like a refugee from a science fiction movie. This is Biosphere 2---surely one of the most intriguing enterprises around. It's nothing less than an attempt to build a closed, sustainable environment in which man-made "natural systems" are so well balanced that human beings can live in it indefinitely. It is supposed to be a miniature Earth in every way, an intent reflected in its name-Earth is reckoned to be Biosphere! The project was designed as a prototype of our future home for a time when we establish colonies in outer space. It is also a tool for demonstrating how much we know, and don't know, about the workings of Biosphere 1.... Biosphere 2 looks like a huge greenhouse perched on a two-story concrete bunker. The upper level... Contains five miniature ecosystems. I lidden within the lower levels are machines that keep the whole system going. When the project is in operation, the only thing that enters from the outside (in principle,at least) is energy: sunlight and electricity.From a purely scientific view, Biosphere 2 is an incredibly ambitious undertaking. Scientists are just beginning to understand some of the mechanisms that drive Earth's interdependent systems. But,given our profound ignorance of this subject, can we really expect to reproduce the biosphere on the scale of a few acres?16.The word "refugee" in the first paragraph tells us that the building looks------A) like disheveled people B) in need of maintenanceC) suitable, given their purpose D) incongruous in the Arizona desert17.Biosphere 2 isA) a difficult endeavor B) isolated and remoteC) spherical in shape D) totally self-reliant18.As an "enterprise," Biosphere 2 hopes to------A) make a lot of money B) develop more ecosystemsC) create an earth-like habitation D) discover new sources of power19.The underlined phrase perched on in the second paragraph means ------A) on the verge of B) on the edge ofC) by the side of D) at the top of20. The author of the passage is ______ about the project's feasibility.A) excited B) skeptical C) confident D) nonchalantPart ⅡVocabulary(10%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C)andD) . Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.21. The meeting was ___ over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.A) presumed B) propelled C) presided D) pricked22. Heterosexual contact is responsible for the bulk HIV______A) transmission B) transformation C) tradition D) transportation23. Elegantly-dressed people were strolling along the many tree-lined ____ through the park.A) alloys B)allies C) alleys D) avenues24. A sudden movement caught the antelope's attention and he instantly become___ and alert.A) intensive B) superstitious C) suspicious D) submissive25. Don't expert young children to be as ____ with the scenery as you are.A) enchanted B) allured C) bewildered D) bewitched26. Many countries have now succeeded in ___ the malarial mosquito.A) erasing B) eradicating C) abolishing D) murdering27. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period threat ___ by nuclear an seemed an ever-present danger.A) imposed B) convoked C) posed D) provoked28. The polls still ___ him far behind the Democratic candidate according to the latest news on CNN.A) ranked B) occupied C) arranged D) classified29. As a result of the strike, the Government is urging people to be ___ with electricity.A) economic B) improvident C) economical D) extravagant30. The kitchen was small and ___ so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.A) complete B) complex C) composite D) compact31. The Romans ___ a large part of Europe and Middle East.A)submitted B) subdued C) surpassed D) oppressed32. He is considered to be an outstanding artist but I consider his work to be quite ___.A)mediocre B) medium C) moderate D) common33. Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many which seems to indicate that ___ depends on profession or title.A) prestige B) blurred C) relieved D) belittled34. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and ___ the landscape.A) hid B) blurred C) relieved D) belittled35. Everybody ___ the mayor's proposed entertainment, especially when it became known that he meant to pay for it all himself.A) commended B) acclaimed C) applauded D) resented36.The naughty boy asked for money, from his mother,and she was completely ___ by his excuse.A) taken away B) taken down C) taken to D) ran over37. I ___ John,my foreign language teacher yesterday when I was shopping in the night market.A) ran to B)ran into C) ran down D) ran over38. Our chair woman has just ___ that it was she who stole the jewel.A) owned out B) owned off C) owned down D) owned up39. I'm afraid that the colorful garden bought by the Lees may be ___ expensive.A) all too much B) very much C) far too D) so too much40. This sixteen-page ___ tells how to care for your new car.A) pamphlet B) parachute C) parasite D) parameterPart ⅢCloze (5%)Directions: For each numbered bracket in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Our ape-men forefather has no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth not the strong claws of the big cats. They could not 41 with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws 42 an impressive "small-fire" weaponry. They could not even defend themselves 43 running swiftly like the house, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been 44 to failure and extinction. But they were 45 with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.In the search 46 the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had 47 efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that far 48 the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long distance sight was 49 another matter. Lack of long distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range ------ so 50 they had to do was a tree. But in the open, however this simple solution is not enough.41. A) match B) compare C) rival D) equal42. A) posed B) equipped C) became D) provided43. A) in B) upon C) by D) with44. A) driven B) doomed C) forced D) endowed45. A) given B) bestowed C) presented D) endowed46. A) for B) of C) on D) at47. A) generated B) progressed C) developed D) advanced48. A) from B) apart C) beyond D) about49. A) rather B) quite C) much D) really50. A) anything B) that C) everything D) allPart ⅣTranslation(from English into Chinese) (15%)Directions: In this part there are 5 numbered underlined sentences in the passage. Read the passages carefully translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and then write your translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.Human resource development (HRD) is a dynamic and evolving practice used to enhance organizational effectiveness. It is the goal of this publication to provide a resource through which HRD professionals and students can understand the field and grasp its simplicity. 51)It is within this simplicity that an appreciation of the complexity of HRD can be realized. An introductory book such as this should provide only an overview, other more focused publications will provide the crystallization. For example, when entering a community for the first time, its landmarks, citizens, and complexity often seem overwhelming to the newcomer. But after familiarizing oneself with its uniqueness, its roads, its streets, buildings, and people,it does not appear as threatening or complex. 52) In fact, if given time, even the most alien community can take on the characteristics of "home".The same is true for a new, exciting, and emerging professional practice. We have tried to simplify HRD in such a way that it becomes less complicate to the newcomer. 53) If after studying the following chapters, readers feel better able to understand the field its components, roles, areas of practice, unique competencies, and strategies for improving credibility within organization, then the book has indeed accomplished its mission. 54) Ultimately, however, HRD professionals will provide the learning and career development activities, performance improvement and management initiatives, organizational development intervention, and insights through which organizational effectiveness is enhanced. Thus, it is their responsibility to master their craft in order for other within the organization to master. 55) Simultaneously, our goal is to provide the details, descriptions, and facts necessary to enable the HRD professional to create a development strategy for becoming an even more effective professional.Part ⅤTranslation(from Chinese into Eglish) (15%)Directions:In this part there is a short paragraph made up of a few sentences. Read the paragraph carefully, translate it into English as coherently as you can then writeyour translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.凡是有麻烦的人,总想找个律师,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet1.(10points) Everybody dances.If you have1swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk,you have danced.If you have every kneeled to pray,you have danced.For these actions have figured importantly2 the history of dance.Dance goes3to the beginning of civilization-4the tribe where natives danced to get5they wanted.Primitive dance was6all practical,not the social dancing we know today.Natives approached dance with7seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process8survival.Dance was believed to be the9direct way to repel locusts,to10rain to fall,to insure that a male heir would be born,and11guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Primitive12was generally done by many people moving in the same manner and direction.13all dances had leaders,solo dances14rare. Much use was made of15part of the body.And so16were these tribe dances that,if a native17miss a single step,he would be put to death18the spot.Fortunately,the same rigid19that governed the lives of these people do not apply in the20relaxed settings oftoday’s disco.1. a.ever b.never c.before d.after2. a.about b.for c.in d.around3. a.forward b.back c.up d.down4. a.at b.for c.of d.to5. a.when b.why c.which d.what6. a.about b.above c.under d.over7. a.little b.great c.less d.least8. a.to b.over c.of d.at9. a.most b.first c.least st10. a.cause b.happen c.try d.make11. a.for b.of c.to d.at12. a.food b.dance c.spells d.harvest13. a.since b.despite c.thus d.although14. a.are b.was c.were d.is15. a.only b.every c.some d.all16. ic b.boring c.solemn d.tiring17. a.would b.should c.might d.could18. a.in b.at c.on d.around19. a.sticks b.messages c.reviews d.rules20. a.less b.more c.least d.mostSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing a,b,c or d.Mark your answers on answer sheet1.(40 points)Text1The story that traces life from sea to land then into the multiple niches that exist there for a great variety of living things is a fascinating one,but far too detailed for our purposes.One key point for us in that story is the emergence of the biological class of animals that are called mammals.Mammals have a number of features that distinguish them from the reptiles from which they developed. They are warm blooded;that is,they have a system of temperature control that keeps the body at a constant temperature.Mammals have a set of teeth of different shapes that serve different functions such as cutting,gouging,and grinding.Young mammals spend their earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body and are then born alive,rather than hatching from eggs.In addition,after birth they are nourished by milk provided by the mother’s mammary glands. The enforced association between mother and infant provides an opportunity for learning that does not exist for those kinds of creatures that are hatched from eggs long after their parents have departed from the scene.Young mammals play something that amphibians and reptiles never do which provides additional learning opportunities.The foregoing list leaves little doubt that we are mammals.Thereare,of course,a great many kinds of mammals,most of which developed after the great extinction of dinosaurs and other reptiles about65 million years ago that opened opportunities for the few small mammals that were already in existence.One of the groups of mammals that resulted was a biological order called primates which includes monkeys,apes,humans,and some smaller creatures familiar only to ardent zoogoers.Primates share a number of behavioral features that have played important roles in their evolutionary development.Most primates are arboreal;that is,they spend their lives in and among trees.Their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling habits impose needs that are reflected in primate anatomy.Although diet varies from species to species,many primates are largely vegetarian.But they can eat and digest meat,and some species vary their diets of leaves,shoots, and fruits by eating insects,birds’eggs,and even small animals. Primates are hand-feeders,depending on their hands both to collect food and to get it into their mouths.Perhaps the most important feature of their behavior is that primates are social animals.Their genetics,habits,and even their survival are geared to living in groups.Although human beings have come to have a way of life very different from that of typical primates,the basic primate adaptation provided prehuman with capabilities that allowed them to become culture-builders.The anatomical features that separate primates from other kinds of animals relate clearly to the way primates behave.21.Where do you think is the passage from?a.newspaper.b.gazette.c.journal.d.science magazine.22.Which of the following is not the features of mammals that distinguish them from the reptiles?a.they’re warm-blooded.b.they have a set of teeth of different shapes.c.the first period of development of young mammals is within their mother’s body.d.there’s some association between mother and infant.23.Which can be inferred from the passage?a.mammals developed from the reptiles.b.the animals that are hatched from eggs have no opportunity for learning.c.mammals developed at the cost of the extinction of reptiles.d.not all the primates are mammals.24.Primates are social animals because.a.they are hand-feedersb.of their anatomical featuresc.they are arboreald.they depend on each other25.What leads to the features of the primate anatomy?a.their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling life.b.their diet.c.the way they behave.d.the social emphasis in their life.text2The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components,you must also know how they interrelate.By specializing too early,many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems.That’s why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences.In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future.To understand how and when social science broke up,you must go into the past.Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in1062,in the Italian city of Bologna,site of one of the first major universities in the western world.The university has no buildings.It consists merely of a few professors and students.There is no tuition fee.At the end of a professor’s lecture,if you like it,you pay.And if you don’t like it,the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier,say to Greece in the sixth century B.C.,we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens,arguing with his companions.He asks them questions,and then other questions,leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason(this became known as the Socratic method).Times have changed since then;universities sprang up throughoutthe world and created colleges within the universities.Oxford,one of the first universities,now has thirty colleges associated with it,and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty.As knowledge accumulated,it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain,it all.In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know,and the definition of the renaissance man(people were even more sexist then than they are now)was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately,at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly.The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything.Today we must specialize.That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it,in turn,has been broken down into various subfields,such as anthropology and sociology.26.What is the main idea of this text?a.social science is unified.b.social science is a newborn science.c.what is social science.d.specialization in social science is not good.27.What can we learn from the second paragraph?a.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.b.the universities in Italy have no buildings.c.Socrates created the"Socratic method".d.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.28.Why does the author say"people were even more sexist then than they are now"?a.because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.b.because it is the Renaissance"man",not Renaissance"woman"or"human".c.because no woman was formally educated at that time.d.because all renaissance men were men.29.What does the underlined word"exponentially"mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?a.promisinglyb.continuouslyc.drasticallyd. raidly30.We can infer from the text that.a.social science is a united science,and cannot be divided into subfieldsb.social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expandingc.there may be a renaissance man in the futured.the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everythingtext3To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work,and how far has the state an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control,and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community.But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply.The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of1971-2.Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round,so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out,and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In1972there were critics who said that the state’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act,a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker.Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximizeprofits-tended to be ignored.And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract,by not fulfilling their duty to society to work.In spite of general concern at the scaleto the unemployment statistics,when the unemployed were considered as individuals,they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect.Of all the myths of the welfare state, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence,yet they have proved the most persistent.The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the state’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service,not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the state,and supported if necessary?And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work,so that the workless need work rather than just cash?31.It is the author’s belief that.a.unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economyb.the unemployed are the victims of economical and social developmentc.unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forcesd.the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress32.What the author proposes to examine is.a.how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the state’s faultb.to what extent the state should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soc.whether being at work is a social duty which the state should ensure everybody carries outd.whether work should be obligatory,and if so,whether the state or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation33.The effect of the1971-2unemployment scare was to.a.make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of workb.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed varyc.make the subject of unemployment controversial againd.show that there would in future be too little work to go round34.According to the author,in the1971-2crisis.a.the state and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to riseb.the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobsc.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedd.the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by lettingunemployment increase35.The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not.a.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a wholeb.the state should recognize that people work for more than just moneyc.it is a service to provide people with work rather than cashd.the state’s duty to provide work is as great as the individual’s duty to worktext4Successful business tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful.But in a rapidly changing world,ideas often become obsolete overnight.What worked in the past won’t necessarily work in the future.In order to thrive in the future,you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water.Businesses that aren’t creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest,most successful man on the planet,he did not anticipate the Internet.Now he’s scrambling to catch up.If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry,it can happen to you in your industry.Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future.Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft.Here’s what he said in a recent interviewin U.S.news world report:"Will we be replaced tomorrow?No.In a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame,I don’t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position.Not Intel,not Microsoft,not Compaq,not Dell, take any of your favorites.And that’s totally honest."You may remember that in1985the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best selling toy on the market.But after Coleco industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn’t create any new toys worth mentioning.As a result,Coleco went bankrupt in1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly.The3M company has a15%rule:employees are encouraged to spend15%of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire.It’s no surprise,then,that3M has been around since1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year’s model of success and build a new one.Here’s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency,imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters.To cook lobsters,you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat.The lobsters don’t realize they’re being cooked because the process is so gradual.As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle.However,if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling,it willdesperately try to escape.This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment.It realizes instantly that it’s ill a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.36.Judging from the context,"to keep your head above water"(paragraph1)probably means.a.to be drownb.to keep out of financial difficultyc.to keep away from dangerd.to protect you from water37.Why is gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?a.because he is the richest,most successful man on the planet.b.because his company will be replaced tomorrow.c.because in a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.d.because he doesn’t think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.38.Coleco industries’case suggests that.a.the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketb.the cabbage patch kids dolls are sensational line of dollsplacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessd.the most successful businesses survive in the long term39.According to this passage,the3M company’s success lies in its.a.constant reassessment of their situationsb.reinventionc.15%ruled.being around since190240.By using the analogy of"throwing a lobster into a pot",the author tries to imply that.a.some managers are really foolish peopleb.it’s cruel to cook lobstersc.people are tend to become complacentd.bad environment calls for immediate actionPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list a—g to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another.Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence,but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another.Have the courage to useyour own intelligence!Is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind,even after nature has freed them from alien guidance,gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians.It is so comfortable to be a minor!41)___________________________________.The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind,including the entire beautiful sex,should consider the step into maturity,not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them,these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them,should they attempt to walk alone.Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. 42)______________________.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him.He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence,because he has never been allowed to make the attempt.Statues and formulas,these mechanical tools of a serviceable use,or rather misuse,of his natural faculties,are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity.Whoever threw it off wouldmake an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement.43)__________________________________.44)_______________________________________.For there will always be some people who think for themselves,even among theself-appointed guardians of the great mass who,after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves,will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself……45)_____________________________________________.Through revolution,the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind.Instead,new prejudices, just like the old ones,will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.[a]a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.[b]but it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom.[c]if I have a book which provides meaning for me,a pastor who has conscience for me,a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on,then I do not need to exert myself.I do not have any need to think; if I can pay,others will take over the tedious job for me.[d]all that is required for this enlightenment is freedom;and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom,namely,the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.[e]however,an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.[f]much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion.[g]therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2.(10points)There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency.46)Indeed,there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken lot granted.Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside?47)The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency,less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries,has been enormous,with more job losses yet to come.However,on a more insidious note,many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business.If computers are soon a boon,how do we cope when something goes wrong?Computers have many uses,varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control,or computer-aided design or manufacturing.48)In many instances,manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business;but in many cases if the computer is down,so is the business.The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown,and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously.However,in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.49)Initially the problem was the theft of PCs,and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past,and thus had relatively poor security,losses mounted very quickly.It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced,as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances.The equipment would usually be covered by insurance,but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements,including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables.50)However,the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which isremarkably portable and unidentifiable,so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.this led to even greater demands for security,including encapsulation and computer safes. SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:(1)Title:Competition and Cooperation(2)Word limit:about200words(3)Your composition should be based on the Outlines below.Outlines:(1)The phenomenon of competition and cooperation(2)The function of competition and cooperation(3)Man can develop continuously with competition and cooperation SectionⅠUse of English1.A.从后半分句have以及句子的意思或下一个句子可以看出这里应选ever.2. C.in the history of dance在舞蹈的历史里。
华中师范大学2012年博士研究生专业课试题 1:政治学原理(政治学研究院所辖相关专业)
华中师范大学2012年博士研究生入学考试专业课试题1(政治学研究院相关专业)一、简答1、政党性质与现阶段中国共产党的特性(参考答案)所谓政党,就是特定阶级或阶层利益的集中代表,是由特定阶级的骨干分子在共同政治纲领的指引下,为谋取和巩固政权而在政治活动中采取共同行动的政治组织。
从马克思主义对政党所下的定义中,可以看出政党的性质如下:首先,政党具有鲜明的阶级性。
政党是围绕共同的阶级利益,在一定的阶级基础上产生的政治组织,是阶级斗争发展到一定阶段的产物。
政党之间的斗争是各阶级和各阶层斗争的集中体现。
其次,政党具有一整套夺取或实行阶级统治的政治纲领。
政党的政治纲领所表达的是政党谋取和巩固国家政权的途径和方法,以及谋取政权之后所要达到的目标,它集中反映了某个阶级或阶层的根本利益,体现政党的基本性质。
再次,政党由特定阶级或阶层的骨干分子组成。
政党一般都有一定的群众基础,由相当数量的党员组成,并在政治活动中采取共同的行动。
群众、党员的共同行动的采取一般都是由政党中最有影响、最有经验和最有权威的领导集团来领导。
最后,政党有特定的组织和纪律。
为了在政治活动中采取共同行动,政党一般都会有一套以阶层结构为特征的组织体系来动员和组织本党的党员和群众参与政治生活,与此相应,政党在政治活动中也具有与组织相配套的纪律来约束成员的行动。
但是组织和纪律的严密程度会因国家和政党的不同而不同。
党的十六大通过修改后的党章明确规定:“中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队,同时是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队,是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心,代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表最广大人民的利益。
”党章的这一表述,规定了中国共产党的阶级性、先进性、群众性,指明了党在有中国特色的社会主义建设事业中地位和作用。
一、党的阶级性,是指中国共产党以工人阶级为阶级基础,代表工人阶级的根本利益。
我国发展到现阶段即社会主义初级阶段,剥削和被剥削阶级两大利益集团已不存在,工人阶级作为资产阶级对立面的意义也已经不复存在,如何理解党以工人阶级为阶级基础的阶级性是我们认识党的性质的一个重点。
华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试试题
审视座右铭:网民留言=领导批示南方都市报■虚拟@现实之黎明专栏7月17日出现一个史无前例的正式机构,全称为“中共郑州市委、郑州市政府媒体网络事项督办中心(ZZIC)”;揭牌仪式上,两位网友应邀为该机构揭开了红盖头。
随后出现一句原创性很强的“座右铭”,在揭牌仪式后召开的座谈会上,河南省委常委、郑州市委书记连维良称“网民留言=领导批示”即“ZZIC”的座右铭,要“把网民留言、群众诉求、人民呼声同领导批示一样对待,而且要按高于领导批示来对待”。
以“信息渠道”或“沟通媒介”为据,建立具有某种“定向性”的机构,是否可行?郑州方面介绍称,这种网络事项办理机制效果明显,试运行一年间,网民在网上反映后“ZZIC”督办解决了一万多个问题。
显然,拿出宝贵的编制定额“转正”该机构,即郑州高层肯定机构、机制有效的证明,也是正式组建该机构之必要性、可行性的某种证明。
在“网民留言”和“领导批示”之间画一个“=”号,“政治正确”,在理念上没什么问题。
网络和电脑对公众不设限的情况下,任何非网民的“群众”都能于瞬间转化为网民,“网民留言”其实就是“群众呼声”。
至于“网民留言高于领导批示”之语,当属“执政为民”的高调宣示,虽则言辞和表达是新鲜的,但“内核”仍是老版本。
不过,研讨此“等号”,可以发现在技术上还是存在一些讲究的。
主要的讲究,即区分“网民留言”和领导批示的内容与种类。
可把网民留言大致分为“事实信息”与“观点信息”,机构应对与处臵的多为“事实信息”,对观点信息、政策建议或行政建言等网声,则是另一种处臵方式。
而在上达的“事实信息”中,突发事件、紧急危情、公权侵害等,又是重中之重,“高于领导批示”理所当然。
如果没有领导批示就对此无动于衷,按理则应该追究失职、渎职的责任。
上网表达诉求的网民,都是些抱着希望的人。
引起领导注意,获得“领导批示”,通常就是他们的预定目标和理想效果。
诚然,正如连维良先生所说,“如果什么样的问题都要通过领导批示才能解决,就不是一种有效的机制,不是一种科学的机制,不是一种长效的机制”,但是,也应该承认,正是由于存在这样一种不好的机制,群众才希冀那一纸领导批示的降临。
博士研究生入学考试试题及答案解析
中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A.separating B.having separatedC.to separate D.of separating2.Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A.in that B.now thatC.since that D.no that3.With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A.even if B.so as toB.even more D.much less4.After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A.was sitting B.was seatedC.was seating D.was sat5._______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A.Regardless of B.Attributing toC.Allowing for D.Under the spell of6.Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A.configuration B.constitutionC.condemnation D.contamination7.Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A.blatant B.philanthropicC.distressful D.intractable8.Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A.primeval B.legitimateC.newfangled D.beneficent9.In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A.capacity B.erosionC.remedy D.amenity10.The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A.lining up B.lying behindC.chiming in D.drifting into11.Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A.stupendous B.bruisingC.tectonic C.internecine12.Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A.inconsistent B.moderateC.nascent D.weird13.To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A.independent of B.emulated byC.disguised as D.founded upon14.He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A.dazzle B.offsetC.circumvent D.impartial15.A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A.line B.strandC.mass D.plethora16.New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A.vexing B.psychicC.alienated D.somatic17.The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A.on way to B.on route toC.returning to D.in line to18.The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A.obsolete B.ellipticalC.oval D.eligible19.The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A.deflate B.pad aroundC.recoup D.cash out20.In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A.preoccupied with B.displaced to beC.lend credence to D.loom as1.A.句意:有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难,他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。
华中师范大学中国农村研究院考博真题
华中师范大学中国农村研究院考博真题
一、名词解释(15*4=60)
1、农村文化遗产
2、预算控制
3、公共治理理论
4、决策
二、简答(20*3=60)
1、农业宏观调控手段
2、如何开拓我国农村消费市场
3、国际化经营要受到哪些环境因素的影响三、论述(30*1=30)
1、ERP 承载哪些先进管理理念,其基本内容是什么
一、简答(18*5=90)
1、农业在生态环境保护和治理中的作用
2、农业对国民经济发展直接作用
3、现代农业科技革命的目标
4、农村公共文化服务特征
5、农村文化人才管理的内容
二、论述(30*2=60)
中国农村研究院
1、结合实际谈一谈,现代农业典型形式和内容以及农业现代化路径
2、结合实际谈一谈,领导有效性理论的内容以及如何运用
城市与环境科学学院
1、结合《乡村振兴战略规划(2018-2022 年)》,谈一谈你对城乡发展空间的认识
2、中共中央、国务院发布《我国积极应对人口老龄化中长期规划》,结合实际谈一谈,你对农村人口老龄化问题的看法
国家文化产业中心
1、农业产业化经营是什么,在现代农业生产中的作用是什么
2、农村文化管理主体之间的关系,以及存在问题和对策
经济与工商管理学院
1、论述深化农村土地制度改革的观点
2、论述对“夯实农业基础,保障重要农产品供给”的认识。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
审视座右铭:网民留言=领导批示
南方都市报■虚拟@现实之黎明专栏
7月17日出现一个史无前例的正式机构,全称为“中共郑州市委、郑州市政府媒体网络事项督办中心(ZZIC)”;揭牌仪式上,两位网友应邀为该机构揭开了红盖头。
随后出现一句原创性很强的“座右铭”,在揭牌仪式后召开的座谈会上,河南省委常委、郑州市委书记连维良称“网民留言=领导批示”即“ZZIC”的座右铭,要“把网民留言、群众诉求、人民呼声同领导批示一样对待,而且要按高于领导批示来对待”。
以“信息渠道”或“沟通媒介”为据,建立具有某种“定向性”的机构,是否可行?郑州方面介绍称,这种网络事项办理机制效果明显,试运行一年间,网民在网上反映后“ZZIC”督办解决了一万多个问题。
显然,拿出宝贵的编制定额“转正”该机构,即郑州高层肯定机构、机制有效的证明,也是正式组建该机构之必要性、可行性的某种证明。
在“网民留言”和“领导批示”之间画一个“=”号,“政治正确”,在理念上没什么问题。
网络和电脑对公众不设限的情况下,任何非网民的“群众”都能于瞬间转化为网民,“网民留言”其实就是“群众呼声”。
至于“网民留言高于领导批示”之语,当属“执政为民”的高调宣示,虽则言辞和表达是新鲜的,但“内核”仍是老版本。
不过,研讨此“等号”,可以发现在技术上还是存在一些讲究的。
主要的讲究,即区分“网民留言”和领导批示的内容与种类。
可把网民留言大致分为“事实信息”与“观点信息”,机构应对与处臵的多为“事实信息”,对观点信息、政策建议或行政建言等网声,则是另一种处臵方式。
而在上达的“事实信息”中,突发事件、紧急危情、公权侵害等,又是重中之重,“高于领导批示”理所当然。
如果没有领导批示就对此无动于衷,按理则应该追究失职、渎职的责任。
上网表达诉求的网民,都是些抱着希望的人。
引起领导注意,获得“领导批示”,通常就是他们的预定目标和理想效果。
诚然,正如连维良先生所说,“如果什么样的问题都要通过领导批示才能解决,就不是一种有效的机制,不是一种科学的机制,不是一种长效的机制”,但是,也应该承认,正是由于存在这样一种不好的机制,群众才希冀那一纸领导批示的降临。
高官可以对下属说,“你们直接听群众的话就行了!”而实际上呢,下属还是该咋办就咋办,这是被体制和机制所规定的。
网民留言=领导批示,并不意味着“照网民说的办”,在高调宣示重视网声民意时,对这一点也不必回避。
“领导批示”,本有多种多样的内容,否定与拒斥,肯定与褒奖,催办或缓办,消极或积极,还有中性的、模棱两可
的、不知所云的等等——“网民留言”等于什么样的“领导批示”呢?对有诉求的网民来说,这才是关键问题。
所以我说,政治正确的“网民留言=领导批示”,还是存在具体技术问题的,我以为有必要“微调”一下:网民留言=领导交办。
这样说,歧义就消失了,下属和公众都能心领神会、准确理解。
虽说调子低了点,但其现实感和可行性却增强了,对下属强调主动性和“自动化”,让他们别总等高层的督促与激励,这一点都不忽悠。
权力利民功能的自动化问题,一直得不到有效解决。
权力运行机制在自利自肥功能这方面取得了极大成功,而做起为民造福的事业来则往往拖泥带水,运转不灵甚至无法运转。
网民留言=领导批示,此宣示大概包含了“利民自动化机制”的期望,这类亲民、利民的话语倡扬,值得肯定与欢迎。
当然,公仆“听令于民”的局面,必得在“听令于民”的社会机制下实现。
这一点,在肯定行政的任何进步时都不该被忘怀。
(作者系知名网友)
言论过激事小,权力过界危险
南方都市报■虚拟@现实之黎明专栏 2011/7/7
近日,有网友在南阳网“书记市长网上留言板”上抱怨该市“交通整治行动”中的一些问题时,当地公安部门竟然在回复帖中称该网友的行为为“螳臂挡车”,并将“密切关注你的煽动性言论”再“视情处臵”。
7月5日,“中国网事”记者对此事进行了调查核实,河南省南阳市公安局承认该回复帖不恰当,对网民造成了伤害,向广大网民表示道歉,并对回帖的工作人员作出离岗培训的处罚。
之所以有这样的结果,主因有二:一是现阶段中国公众的权利意识已经相当浓厚,尤其对国家机器的侵权姿态、公权越界和“霸气外泄”特别敏感,一旦察觉即群起攻之,于短时间内即可形成强大舆论压力;二是部分官方机构汲取了以往的经验教训,已对网络舆论浪潮有所忌讳,越来越多官员与机构改变原来被动姿态,进而采取比较明智的做法,尽量“不和网民对着干”。
细究那位网友的帖文和南阳警方的全部答复内容,所谓网友意见“言语过激”的部分,不过是一句气话再加一句“他妈的”,并且他还特别感谢过在某些路口执勤的交警。
而警方的回复,也极为认真。
不过,那是一种认真的、摆出行动架势的威胁。
既然认定发表批评意见的网民“螳臂挡车”,那么下场则必然为“粉身碎骨”;再加“逆潮流而动”、“煽动性言论”这等词汇,让人感觉字里行间流露出的“文革”色彩较浓。
说句公道话,从回复原文中可以看出,那位回帖的警察,业务素质是比较高的。
回复文字条理分明、文法流畅、术语贴切,要说具有这样的文字水平还不胜任本职工作、还需要“离岗培训”的话,公安部门选拔秀才标准也未免太高了。
问题不是出在业务素质与岗位技能方面,而是出在意识或者“精神风貌”上。
某个处在某团队的个人,特别是社会适应成熟度高的个人,从事公务活动时对他人表现得威胁性十足,这绝非个人气质与性格所致。
作为具有相当独立性的对外发言人,必是久经考验、让领导放心的角色,而领会圈子主流气质,把握圈内领导处事风格,继承本集体对外应对经验,是他主要的基本功。
因而,他回复中横溢的霸气和牛气,或并不属于他本人这个自然人,而是他所在的团队的“集体作品”。
在集体作品的创作过程中,他个人提供的是修辞能力,而表达的内在气质,即便不是奉命执笔,也由融入他灵魂深处的“集体性格”所规定。
就此事要问的:反映出什么样的真实的“警民关系”?平时曾有多少这般义正词严、牛皮哄烘烘的“为民服务”?制造“最牛回复”的究竟是“个人性子”,还是团队精神、行业文化?
南阳警方如果仅有应付舆论的“公关行为”还远远不够。
除了“检点行风”,具有实效的莫过于查证“乱罚款”现象,
比如调查公布罚款总量多少,罚款事由构成,罚款流向何处,怎样分配使用等等。
交警乱罚款,乃共性问题,各地都抱怨,骂街到处有,南阳交警对此类批评特别不容,是否由于在乱罚款这方面存在特别不堪的问题呢?南阳警方意图规范罚款行为,打消市民疑惑,此时正是自证清白的“可乘之机”。
网民提意见“言论过激”没什么大碍,权力以言论过激或不妥为由,拒言甚至威胁发言者,这就成为性质非常恶劣的法治事件、政治事件———这威胁和侵犯的不是一个人,它压缩的是全体社会成员的言论空间、权利空间。
民间以“不文明”话语抨击公权力的野蛮,本质文明;权力对国民批评过激,话语再文明,也属野蛮。
(作者系知名网友)。