国际贸易教程第三版

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O国际贸易教程(第三版)课后习题答案

国际贸易教程（第三版）导论1、国际贸易的特点是什么？（1）困难大。

由于各国语言、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、法律和贸易法规不同，世界市场上贸易障碍多，交易技术困难多，交易接洽不方便，贸易对手资信调查和市场调查不易，所以国际贸易的困难大于国内贸易。

（2）复杂。

国际贸易在内容、程序等方面均比国内贸易复杂得多多，货币与度量衡制度、商业习惯、海关制度，以及国际汇兑、货物运输与保险等也均比国内贸易复杂。

（3）风险多。

经营国际贸易可能发生的风险多，包括信用风险、商业风险、汇兑风险、运输风险、价格风险及政治风险等。

2、国际贸易中常用的基本概念有哪些?(一)出口与进口：出口与进口是对外贸易的两个组成部分。

对运进商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是进口；对运出商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是出口。

(二)贸易差额：一个国家（地区）在一定时期（如一年）内，出口额与进口额的相差数，叫做贸易差额。

(三)贸易额与贸易量：贸易额又叫贸易值，是一个用货币表示的反映贸易规模的指标，各国一般用本国货币表示。

贸易量是用进出口商品的计量单位（如数量、重量等）表示的反应贸易规模的指标。

(四)贸易条件：贸易条件一般指出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率。

(五)贸易的地理方向：从一国对外贸易的角度来说，地理方向是指一国对外贸易额的地区分布和国别分布的状况，即指该国的出口商品流向和进口商品来自哪些国家（地区）。

(六)贸易的商品结构：是指一国在一定时期（如一年）内，各类进出口商品在进出口贸易总额中所占的比重。

理论篇第一章国际分工（上）1、影响国际分工产生与发展的因素有哪些？各占什么地位？（1）生产力因素：生产力的变化对国际分工的形成与发展起着决定性作用，它推动着国际分工的发展，也决定着国际分工的形式、广度和深度。

在生产力因素中，科学技术的进步发挥着重要作用。

（2）生产关系因素：主要指参与国际分工国家的社会生产关系，以及参与国际分工国家之间的经济联系，或生产的国际关系。

国际贸易实务与案例教程(第三版)张亚芬+电子课件、习题答案、试题库、《国际贸易实务》参考答案(B)

《国际贸易实务》参考答案及评分标准（B）一、贸易术语（如系英语简称，先写出全称，再译成中文，每题1分，共10分）1．Carriage Insurance Paid To运费付至（指定目的地）2．汇票3．Letter of Credit信用证4．Certificate of Origin原产地证5．With Particular Average水渍险6．Arbitration7．Open Account 8．International Factoring9．Warehouse to Warehouse Clause 10．More or less Clause二、判断题（每题1分，共20分）1✓ 2✓ 3✗ 4 ✗5✗6✓ 7 ✗8✓ 9✗10✗ 11✗ 12✗ 13✗14✗15✓ 16✗ 17✗18✓ 19✓20 ✓三、选择题（10题共20分，1-5是多项选择，在下列几个答案中选出二个或二个以上的正确答案，错选、少选或多选都不得分，6-20是单项选择，每题只选择一个答案）1BC 2ABCD 3 ABCD 4BCD 5 ACD 6A 7A 8B 9C 10C 11B 12D 13B 14C 15A 16C 17C 18B 19C 20C四. 计算题（每题5分，共10分）1．解：计算方法一：M：0.45×0.40×0.25=0.045M3 W：35KGS=0.035MT M＞W 选M（1分）F=120×（1+20%+10%）×0.045=7.02（美元）（2分）FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98（美元）（4）FOBC2=FOB/1-2%=42.98/1-2%=43.86（美元）（2分）计算方法二：FOBC2=50-120×（1+20%+10%）×0.045/1-2%=43.86（美元）（4分）2．100÷1.4320×1.2562=87.47（欧元）（5分）五. 案例分析题（每题10分，共40分）1．开证行有权拒付（3分）。

WTO教程第三版第六章世界贸易组织协定与协议

在这些协定与协议达成中，遵循了WTO的一些基本原则。

一、非歧视原则二、贸易自由化原则三、允许正当保护原则

四、稳定贸易发展原则
五、公平竞争原则六、鼓励发展和经济改革原则七、允许地区性贸易安排原则八、例外与免责原则九、透明度原则
第一节 WTO协定与协议遵循的基本原则
第六章世界贸易组织协定与协议

学习目标

在乌拉圭回合中，就货物、服务和与贸易有关的知识产权三大领域达成协定，在三大领域内细化为具体的贸易协议。在这些贸易协定与协议中贯穿了九大原则。由于贸易领域不同，从协定转化为协议中出现了一些特点。根据贸易领域不同、接受程度不一、目的等存在的差异，协定与协议可以分为各种类型。在贸易协定与协议的结构上，它们在共同性的基础上，又有不同。WTO建立后，加入成员通过达成入世议定书和工作组报告书，成为WTO成员。因此，加入议定书和工作组报告书也成为 WTO规则的组成部分。通过学习，应了解WTO贸易协定与协议的作用、体系、分类与特点，知悉WTO贸易协定与协议的构成，掌握WTO协定与协议中贯穿的基本原则和加入议定书的构成。

（二）协定与协议等构成特点

二、协定与协议类别
第二节协定与协议确立的基础与类别

二、协定与协议类别
（一）按涉及层次划分

（四）按解决贸易问题划分

按解决问题划分，多边的贸易协定与协议可以分为六类。
带有管理贸易领域性、概括性规则内容的条约称为协定（General Agreement），比较具体和细化内容的条约称为协议(Agreement)；确定加入成员整体的贸易承诺，称为加入议定书（Protocol on the Accession）。

国际经济学教程(第三版)第五章贸易保护政策的理论依据

二、对外贸易乘数理论
• 凯恩斯本人并没有提出系统的贸易保护理论，但其后的经济学家在其就业理论和投资乘数的基础上加以发展，提出了贸易保护理论。其中最有代表性的是美籍奥地利经济学家马克卢普(P．Machlup)在1943年所著《国际贸易与国民收入乘数》中提出的对外贸易乘数(foreign trade multiplier)理论。
最优关税图示
W
C
A
B
O
t1
t2
• 横坐标表示关税率，纵坐标表示征收国的福利水平，曲线AB表示关税水平对本国福利的影响。
A点的位置高于B点, 表明B点的福利水平低于A点。A点对应的关税为零，即OA代表自由贸易状态下的社会福利水平。T2表示禁止性关税，对应于该关税水平，国内经济又回到了封闭状态下，所以当关税水平大于或等于T2时，社会福利水平要低于自由贸易下的福利水平。曲线AB在C点的切线斜率为零，即在这一点，进口国的福利达到最高，对应于这一点的关税税率为T1，该税率即为最优关税。
幼稚产业的判断标准
3. 肯普标准：外部经济标准
肯普认为在存在内部规模经济的情况下，即使某一产业符合穆勒－巴斯塔布尔标准，也不一定需要政府的保护。因为，对于投资者来说，决定是否投资的依据不是当前的利益，而是未来的预期利益。如果未来预期利益的贴现值能够补偿保护成本，那么投资者就会投资，而无需政府提供支持或保护。但是，在存在外在规模经济的情况下，由于私人收益与社会收益的偏离，会导致该产业私人投资的萎缩，这样产业的持续发展就会受到影响。这种情况下，政府提供的支持或保护才是必要的。
汉密尔顿主张
实行保护关税制度，认为：制造业的发展对国家利益关系重大，保护和发展制造业对维护美国的经济和政治独立具有重要意义。

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 09

The delivery of the goods means that the seller delivers the contract goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners to the buyer. In international sales of goods, the delivery also means to transfer the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer.
(1). Voyage charter
The voyage charter is one for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip. It includes single voyage charter, return voyage charter and successive voyage charter.
Review
What are the Methods of the Delivery Under ocean transport, how many kinds of methods?
What is charter? P171
What is liner? P174
西伯利亚大陆桥
新亚欧大陆桥 New Eurasian Continental Bridge
(2). Time Charter
The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year Modes of Transport Sea

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)课后答案解析

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

国际经济学教程(第三版)第三章国与国之间为什么要进行贸易以及如何分工与贸易

• 戈特哈德·贝蒂·俄林（Bertil Gotthard Ohlin,1899--1979）瑞典著名经济学家
二、要素禀赋理论的相关概念与分析工具
1、要素禀赋（Factor Endowment）与要素丰裕度（Factor abundance）要素禀赋是指一国所拥有的两种生产要素（劳动和资本）的相对比例，这是一个相对的概念，与其所拥有的生产要素绝对数量无关。
二、赫—俄理论（H-O理论）的主要结论
1、区域贸易或国际贸易的直接原因是价格差别，即各个地区或国家间商品价格的不同。
2、每个区域或国家在国际分工和国际贸易中应该生产并输出丰裕要素密集的商品，输入稀缺要素密集的商品。
3、商品贸易趋向于（即使是部分地）消除工资、地租、利润等生产要素收入的国际差别，导致国际间商品价格和要素价格趋于均等化。
• 英籍波兰经济学家罗伯津斯基在H－O定理的基础上提出了罗伯津斯基定理（Rybczynski Theorem），阐述了一国要素禀赋的变化对该国产出及国际贸易的影响。
（一）罗伯津斯基定理（Rybczynski Theorem）
在商品相对价格不变的前提下，一种生产要素增加会导致密集使用该要素的产品产出增加，而密集使用其它要素的产品产出减少。
Y
如图，A国在要素增长之前，在Y商品
具有比较优势，因此在开始阶段出口
Y，进口X。但由于要素增长偏向X部
门，最终比较优势由Y商品转移到X商
品，A国也变为出口X，进口Y。
O
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
X
历史上，美国经济的发展就是这方面的典型。在1920年以前，美国在土地密集型产品具有比较优势；之后，随着要素积累，劳动和资本密集型产品变得具有比较优势。

人民大2024外贸单证实训教程(第三版) 课件3项目三商业发票填制

AND INSURANCE PREMINM SEPARATELY F:USD50.00 I:USD50.00
DESCRIPTION OF GOODS
QTY UNITPRICE AMOUNT
CLOTH DOLL
CIFSINGAPORE
PER PC
ART.NO.111
100PCS USD2.00 USD 200.00
END
1)L/C有规定，按L/C规定填写； 2)L/C未规定，填开证申请人（买方）。
L/C特殊规定
①L/C规定以第三方为发票抬头人，则抬头为第三方。如： “APPLICANT: ABC CO.，LTD.
……ALL DOCUMENTS INCLUDING INVOICE MUST BE IN NAME OF EFG CO. ,LTD. ”
声明内容
I declare :
a) that the final process of manufacture of the goods for which special rates are claimed has been performed in China and
b) that not less than one half of the factory cost of the goods is represented by the value of labour and material of China.
ABC CO. TR5432 HAMBURG NO.1/UP
而且，UP要用最大包装件数来替代
若此商品1000打，纸箱装，每箱100打，则唛头正确填法是：
ABC CO.
TR5432
HAMBURG
NO.1/10

尹翔硕《国际贸易教程》笔记和习题详解(国际技术贸易的发展)【圣才出品】

专注考研考证第14章国际技术贸易的发展14.1 复习笔记一、技术进步与国际贸易技术进步促进了国际贸易的迅速发展，对国际贸易的方向和商品结构、国际市场容量、国际经济联系与国际分工体系、国际贸易的组织结构与方式方法等，产生了多方面的影响。

技术进步对国际贸易的影响如下：1．技术进步使国际贸易的货物结构发生了变化战后国际贸易中的初级产品贸易增长速度放缓，工业制成品，特别是高技术产品的增长速度加快。

技术进步对国际贸易的货物结构的变化所起的作用是：技术进步提高劳动生产率，使初级产品价值量降低；技术进步使越来越多的人工合成材料替代天然产品；技术创新周期加快。

2．技术进步使国际贸易方向发生了变化由于生产专业化和协作化的加深，使得以比较利益为基础的产业间贸易逐渐向以规模经济为基础的产业内贸易转移。

发达国家之间的贸易占了四分之三以上，而发达国家与发展中国家的贸易只占四分之一。

在新的国际分工和交换体系内，发达国家控制了新技术、新产品、新服务的生产和贸易，而将普通技术、产品、服务转移到发展中国家去。

这进一步加剧了发达国家和发展中国家之间贸易和经济发展的不平衡。

3．技术进步使贸易惯例、规则、程序和做法都出现了新的重要变化由于科技生产力的发展，运输业在中出现了以集装箱为主要运载工具的多方式联合运专注考研考证输，把海洋、公路、铁路以至航空和内河等各种运输方式连为一体，另外，电子处理单证、无纸化贸易（电子商务、网络贸易等）的出现，都使国际贸易的方式、规则和程序等发生了变化。

4．技术进步推动了技术贸易的发展国际竞争的主要内容就是技术竞争。

技术竞争推动了技术贸易和技术转让。

许可证贸易、技术咨询和技术服务、商品贸易和技术贸易相结合、直接投资和技术转让相结合贸易方式在技术流动的推动下都迅速发展。

5．技术进步加剧了各国的贸易竞争技术进步加剧了资本的集中和国际化。

跨国公司的发展、区域经济合作的发展、关税同盟的建立、各国政府的干预等都是技术竞争和国际竞争加强的表现。

国际价值与价格

7
第二节国际价格的确定
一、仅从供给方面研究无法确定国际交换比率
交换比率区域的确定
精选ppt
8
二、相互需求方程式（约翰.穆勒)
在由比较利益所决定的两国交换比率上下限内，实际的、唯一的均衡贸易条件是由两国对于各自交易对手商品的相对需求强度决定的。
精选ppt
9
三、提供曲线
Y 产品进口量
是一种世界商品生产者背后的自然过程。国际价值是唯一的，但是却产生于多元
的国民价值。
精选ppt
5
（二）国际价值的确定
国际贸易中商品的国民价值的加权平均数。
各国实际国民劳动投入量与平均国民劳动生产率水平的成绩，是反映各国劳动生产率差别的一种指数调整后的某种商品的国民价值。
由主要供货国的生产条件所确定的国际社会必要劳动时间决定。
精选ppt
21
二、关于贸易条件问题的争论
（一）对普雷维什—辛格假说的不同意见 1、使用英国的进出口价格指数来代表世界价
格指数是不适宜的。 2、普雷维什选用的年代中有若干次经济危机。 3、二战以前的经验数字不具代表意义。 4、现实中的发展中国家初级产品价格与理论
分析有差异。
精选ppt
22
（二）世界银行的分析
精选ppt
6
三、价值规律在世界市场中发生重大变化
以世界劳动的平均单位衡量，强度较大的国民劳动比强度较小的国民劳动在相同劳动时间内会生产出更多的价值。
生产效率较高的国民劳动在世界市场上也被算作强度较大的劳动。
一国内部价值规律分配社会劳动的机制，在世界市场上受到了极大的限制。
精选ppt
对贸易条件的影响
假设：原出口主要是劳动密集型产品

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)Unit 02

Parties involved in export and import transaction
* the exporters * the importers * the port authority * the shipping company (for sea freight) * the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or brokers * the exporter’s bank * the importer’s bank * the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Acceptance
Signing Contract
Applying Import License
Procedures of Import Transaction
Opening L/C
Chartering Space Ship

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 10

Section Two Risks, Losses and Expenses
According to the loss or damage caused by risks included in different coverage and the expenses involved, the insurance company is responsible for indemnifying the insured goods. Obviously, risk, loss and coverage are closely related to each other. In order to have a clear understanding of the contents of insurance, these three terms should be clarified.
3) All Risks（一切险）P234 4) The free obligation of the above three basic coverages（基本险别的除外责任）P235
2 Additional Insurance Coverage附加险别 P235
Two groups
Basic Insurance Coverage
Additional Insurance Coverage
1．Basic Insurance Coverage（基本险别） CIC P233
1) Free from Particular Average（平安险） P233
2) With Average/With Particular Average (W.A./W.P.A.) （水渍险）P234
Introduction of the insurance coverage of marine cargo transport

国际贸易实务双语教程第三版课后答案

U n i t1A b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e KeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designatedarea within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture;10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods”or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thusmust import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

人民大2024外贸单证实训教程(第三版) 课件7项目七运输单据填制

“NCV” 。
19.目的地机场填写最终目的地机场的全称。
20.航班及日期本栏由航空公司安排舱位后使用，填写航班号
和日期。
21.保险金额只有在航空公司提供代保险业务而客户也有此
需要时才填写，如没有则打“XXX”或“NIL”字样。
22.运输处理注意事项本栏填写承运人对货物处理的有关注意事项。
RUSTY/BREAKAGE PORT EXPENSES AT DESTINATION TO BE BORN BY
THE CONSIGNEE
2 BAGS TORN/BROKEN INSUFFICIENTLY PACKING IRON STRAPS LOOSING /MISSING 10 CASES SHORT SHIPPED CONTENTS EXPOSED POLLUTED BAGS
5.托盘装运， 1) 填托盘数量，同时用括号加注货物的包装件数; 如 , “3 PALLETS(45 CARTONS)”
2) 提单内还应加注“SHIPPER’S LOAD & COUNT”。
6.两种或多种包装，件数要逐项列明，同时应表明合计数量，还应加大写。如， 10 CARTONS 6 WOODEN CASES 16 PACKAGES
35.税费在对应的“预付”或“到付”栏内填写按规定收取的
税款额。
36.其它费用指除运费和声明价值附加费以外的其它费用。
37.代理人收取的其它费用预付或到付由代理人收取的其它费用。
38.承运人收取的其它费用预付或到付由承运人收取的其它费用。
39.预付费用总额/到付费用总额指预付或到付的运费及其它费用总额。
SAY SIXTEEN PACKAGES ONLY
Description of Goods 货物名称用货物的统称表示。

WTO教程第三版第三章世界贸易组织宗旨、地位与职能

八、WTO成员的常驻机构

第五节 WTO预算的特色与来源

一、预算有所增长，但仍然低于其他国际组织二、成员会费按其占世界贸易比重缴纳

三、WTO对拖欠会费成员的惩处措施
第一节第二节第三节第四节第五节
WTO的宗旨
WTO的法律地位 WTO的职能 WTO的组织机构 WTO预算的特色与来源
第三章世界贸易组织宗旨、地位与职能

学习目标
乌拉圭回合达成的《建立WTO协定》确立了WTO本身的宗旨、
法律地位与六大职能与组织机构。本章系统完整地阐述了其宗旨的内涵，法律地位的表现，六大职能的含义和组织机构的形成。
通过学习，应了解WTO通过宗旨确立的使命，国际法人的资
质，掌握六大职能的内容，了解组织机构的运行方式。

1. 把贸易发展内容从货物贸易延伸到服务贸易。 2. 提出在货物和服务的生产和贸易中的约束前提是确定贸易发展的相关条件：既应按照可持续发展的目标，考虑世界资源的最佳利用，寻求既保护和维护环境，又以与它们各自在不同经济发展水平的需要和关注相一致的方式。 3. 突出对发展中国家成员的关注。提出要保证发展中国家、特别是其中的最不发达国家，在国际贸易增长中获得与其经济发展需要相当的份额。 4. 实现途径从大幅度削减关税和其他贸易障碍提升到实质性削减关税和其他贸易壁垒。 5. 明确提出建立多边贸易体制的目标要求。这个多边贸易体制的目标要求就是“完整的、更可行的和持久的”。 6. 表明WTO对多边贸易体制的态度，就是：“决心维护多边贸易体制的基本原则，并促进该体制目标的实现。”

二、提供多边贸易谈判场所

三、管理贸易争端机制四、管理贸易政策审议机制五、与国际有关机构合作

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 06

Metric System 公制 Square Squaremeter Centimeter 平方米平方厘米 Britain/American System 英美制 Square Yard 平方码 Chinese System 中国市制 Square Chinese meter 平方尺
Square feet Square foot 平方英尺平方英寸
(Table 6-1units of Measurement) P 119
Units of Measurement
Weight gram (g), kilogram (kg), ounce (oz), pound (Ib), metric ton (M/T), long ton, short ton, etc. Number piece (pc), package (pkg), pair, set, dozen (doz), gross (gr) ream (rm),etc. Length meter (m), centimeter (cm), foot (ft), yard (yd),etc. Area square meter (sq m), square foot (sq ft), square yard (sq yd) ,etc. Volume ubic-meter (cu m) cubic centimeter (cu cm), cubic foot (ct ft), cubic yard (cu yd) ,etc. Capacity liter (1), gallon (gal), pint (pt), bushel (bu),etc.
1 0.0001
0.8361 0.0929 0.00065 0.111
10000 1

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 05

Section One Methods of Stipulating Quality of Commodity（货物品质的表示方法）
• The methods of stipulating quality of commodity depend on the quality, character and the customary usage in practice. Usually, the contents of the quality terms include: the name, specification and brand. In international trade, there are two ways to indicate the quality of the goods either by description or by sample.
• In addition, there are many international standards, such as International Standard Organization (ISO)（国际标准化组织）, the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC)（国际电工委员会）
(1) Sale by specification, grade or standard（凭规格、等级、标准买卖）
Standard Standard specifications of the goods refers to the standardization, which should be stipulated by the world standard organizations, governments, authorities, business associations and commodity exchange houses(商品交易所).

国际贸易第3章要素禀赋理论要素价格均等定理

为两种商品的要素密集度不同，同种商品在两个国家密集度相同，没有要素密集型转变的情况。
要素密集度逆转（Factor Intensity Reversal）是指同一种产品在资本丰富的国家是资本密集型产品，在劳动丰裕的国家是劳动密集型产品的情况。如果两种商品的替代弹性有较大差异时，要素相对价格变化，就将发生要素密集度逆转的现象。
又称要素禀赋论对国际贸易有很强的解释力至今仍是国际贸易的主流理论312一国将专业化地生产并出口较密集地使用本国相对丰裕的生产要素的产品进口较密集地使用本国相对稀缺的生产要素的产一国将专业化地生产并出口较密集地使用本国相对丰裕的生产要素的产品进口较密集地使用本国相对稀缺的生产要素的产斯托尔珀萨缪尔森定理对新古典贸易中只有自由贸易才能产生福利的观点提出了置疑
论断准确率* 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.70 0.52 0.70
3.3.2 列昂惕夫悖论的解释
1. 要素密集度逆转 2. 要素需求逆转 3. 人力资本 4. 自然资源 5. 贸易壁垒(关税结构)
H-O模型并没有错
3.3.2 列昂惕夫悖论的解释
1.素密集度逆转赫克歇尔—俄林理论假定7中，对于要素密集度，认
雷布钦斯基分析了在商品相对价格不变的前提下，一国要素数量的变化对生产的影响。即当商品价格不变时，一种要素禀赋的增加将导致需密集使用该要素的商品产出量以更大比例的增加，同时会减少其他产品的产出。如土地增加，食品的相对供给会更大幅度增加。
OX、OY直线的斜率分别表示均衡时两个部门的要素使用比例。X部门偏向于K坐标轴为资本密集型产品。Y部门偏向于L坐标轴，为劳动密集型产品。
K K* X'
X
O
E' E
Y Y'