被动语态

第九章被动语态本章难点、重点：含双宾语、复合宾语或短语动词的句子的被动式。

9.1 被动语态的概念与构成形式语态（voice）是一种表示主语与谓语之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式，英语中分主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）两种。

前者表示主语是动作的执行者；后者表示主语是动作的接受者。

英语动词的主动语态无语法标记，被动语态则有语法标记，一般是由助动词be的某一形式+及物动词的过去分词构成。

试比较下列两组主被动句：Chicago Bulls beat Los Angles Lakers again.Los Angles Lakers was beaten again by Chicago Bulls.Millions of people play basketball in China.Basketball is played by Millions of people in China.根据不同的时态，被动语态动词词组可以有相应的形式，其时态特征由助动词be体现出来。

1. 一般现在时，如：All the wild animals in this area are protected.Such matters are often discussed at our weekly meeting.2. 一般过去时，如：The football match was played last Saturday.The bridge was built in 1950s.3. 一般将来时，如：Y ou’ll be greeted at the airport.These questions won’t be answered at the press conference.4. 过去将来时，如：In the letter he told us that his books would be published soon.5. 现在完成时，如：So far the museum has been visited by millions of people.Y our proposal has been considered.6. 过去完成时，如：It is reported that by the end of last year, most of the snakes in that area had been killed.When I saw him, he was busy repairing the type that had been taken down from the car.7. 将来完成时，如：Don’t worry. By the time you need it again, the machine will have been repaired.8. 现在进行时，如：The case is being investigated.The machine is being checked by some engineers.9. 过去进行时，如：When you called, your proposal was being discussed.10.“get+过去分词”结构，如：Hundreds of people got killed each day in the civil war.The boy got hurt in the leg.11．“情态动词+be+过去分词”，如：The brake should be checked again.The scope of responsibilities must be clarified.Be careful, or you might be criticized again for making the same mistakes.What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。

9.2 主动语态变被动语态1. SVO 即“主语+谓语+宾语”句型，其变法是：将主动句中的宾语变为被动语句的主语（若为代词，则须将代词有宾格形式变为主格形式）；将谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态形式；再加上by+主动句中的主语（若为代词，则须将代词由主格形式变为宾格形式）。

如：Shakespeare wrote the play Hamlet.→The play Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.→The pyramids were built by the ancient Egyptians.值得注意的是，by 短语（说明动作执行者）如果表达的内容不含新信息，则可省略，有时加上该短语反而有画蛇添足之嫌。

如：People speak Cantonese in Guangdong.→*Cantonese is spoken in Guangdong by people.(有“在别的地方不是人在说广东话”之嫌)→√Cantonese is spoken in Guangdong.The workers built this building last year.→*This building was built by the workers last year. (毋须说明)→√This building was built last year.但有时by短语不可省，否则意思就不够清楚。

如：The students built the playground last year.→√The playground was built by the students last year.→* The playground was built last year. （需说明，因为建操场本不是学生的事。

)The PLA men built the house in 1976.→√The house was built by the PLA men in 1976.→* The house was built in 1976. (建房本不是解放军的工作，故需说明)2. SVOO即“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”句型，其变化是：将间接宾语提前，做被动句的主语，直接宾语不变（该宾语称为保留宾语“retained object”）；当然，也可以将直接宾语提前做被动句的主语，这时，须在间接宾语前加上介词to或for。

如：The sent me a Christmas gift.→I was sent a Christmas gift.→A Christmas gift was sent to me.My father bought me a new bicycle.→I was bought a new bicycle.→A new bicycle was bought for me.He asked us a strange question.→We were asked a strange question.→A strange question was asked.3. SVOC即“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型，其变化是：将宾语提前做被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。

如：They elected Mary monitor.→Mary was elected monitor.They painted their house green.→Their house was painted green.The children asked their mother to help them.→The children’s mother was asked to help themI saw the players training for the oncoming game.→The players were seen training for the oncoming game.4. 含短语动词语句的变化：1）某些短语用法上相当于及物动词，也可以有被动态，变法是将be动词的适当形式+短语动词中动词的过去分词加上短语动词的其他部分。

如：The baby is looked after by her grandparents.The project has been carried out according to the plan.2）一些动词短语的结构是“短语+名词+介词”，作句子谓语时其被动语态有两种变法：一是将主动句的句子宾语变为被动句的主语，短语动词的变法如第一条；二是将短语动词中的名词变为被动句的主语，动词变法同上，其余部分不变。

如：We should make good use of our time.→Our time should be made good use of.→Good use should be made of our time.They paid special attention to the costs.→The costs were paid special attention to.→Special attention was paid to the costs.5. 不能变被动的情况：并不是所有的及物动词或短语动词都有被动态，也并不是所有的宾语都可以变成被动句的主语。

一般说来，下列情况下不能变为被动句：1）谓语是：a．及物动词leave，enter，reach，resemble，become（适合）suit，lack等；b．不可拆分的短语动词如take place，loose heart，change color，belong to，consist of 等。

2）宾语是：a．反身代词、相互动词、动名词、不定式、同源宾语等；如：He hurt himself。

b．身体的一部分，如：He shook his head。

c．某些抽象名词如interest（兴趣）等。

非谓语动词的被动语态见“非谓语动词”的有关章节。

9.3 被动语态的用法由于被动语态具有着重论述事实本身等特点，故常用于科技用语、新闻报道、操作说明、产品介绍、景物描写等方面。

归纳起来，其用法大致有以下主要特征：1. 强调动作的承受者，如：This song is now sung everywhere.The furniture was designed by myself.He was granted Doctor’s degree.2. 不明或无须说出动作的执行者，如：I was told that some famous actors would cone to our school tomorrow.This building was built in 1930s.3. 出于行文需要，如：He came to our factory and was warmly applauded by the workers.Better facilities are needed to improve the transportation here.The film will be directed by Li’an.4. 习惯性表达，如：They are reported to have disappeared in the storm.He is said to be a kind man.9.4 含有被动意义的主动句某些不及物动词的主动语态可以表达被动意义，归纳如下：1．一些连系动词如：feel，prove，smell，sound，taste等，如:The perfume smells perfect.The bread tastes terrible.The music sounds soft.The silk feels smooth.2．某些不及物动词如lock，move，open，shut等，用在can’t，won’t后时，如：The suitcase can’t lock.The box won’t open.The door can’t shut.3．某些可以与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词，如：burn，clean，cook，draw，read，wash，write等，例如：The composition reads smoothly.The floor doesn’t clean easily.The vegetable cooks quickly.4．某些可以用于“主语+谓语+主语补足语”结构中的不及物动词，如blow，wear等，例如：This type of computers sell well.The window blew open.9.5 被动结构与过去分词作表语的系表结构的比较这里的系表结构指“系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。