语言学练习第二章

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语言学第二章习题答案参考

一、名词解释：1、符号：符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号或标记，符号的构成包括两个方面的形式和意义，形式是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，具有物质性。

意义是符号形式所代表的内容。

符号的最大特征是形式和意义的联系完全是社会成员约定俗成的，由社会习惯决定的。

2、符号的任意性：语言符号的任意性是就语言符号的音与义的相互关系来说的。

语言的声音和意义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，他们之间的结合是不可论证的，完全是社会约定俗成的，这是语言符号最大的特点。

3、语言符号的系统性：所谓系统，是指同类事物按一定的关系组成的整体。

语言符号系统是说语言符号中的要素，并不是杂乱无章的堆积在一起，而是按照一定的秩序组织起来，形成一个有机的整体；系统中的各个要素之间存在着种种规律性的联系，并且彼此相互制约。

语言符号系统可以概括为：语言是一种分层装置，这种装置靠组合和替换来运转。

4、组合关系：又叫句段关系，是指符号组合起来的关系，不同的结构单位按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。

5、聚合关系：又叫联想关系，是指在语言组合结构的某一位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用的符号之间的关系，简单的说，语言符号的类聚（类别）关系。

二、判断题1、语言符号具有任意性的特点，我们平时说话用什么样的语音代表什么样的意义是自由的，因此，如果我们愿意，把“袜子”说成“鞋子”也可以。

答：错。

原因：①符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号或标记。

语言符号音与义的结合是社会约定俗成的。

“鞋子”和“袜子”的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，不能把“袜子”说成是“鞋子”。

②语言符号的任意性是就语言符号的音与义的相互关系来说的。

语言的声音和意义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，他们之间的结合是不可论证的，完全是社会约定俗成的，“鞋子”和“袜子”的音和义是社会约定俗成的，不能把“袜子”说成是“鞋子”。

③语言符号是任意性与强制性的辨正统一，强制性是指语言符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语言形式与某一种意义结合起来，表示某一特定的对象以后，对使用的人来说就有强制性，即只有接受的权利，没有随意更改的权利。

语言学第二章作业

Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <! [endif]>8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [ŋa:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidentialaddressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [ŋa:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, Englishsongs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业大学外国。

语言学第二章练习题

语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1) From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4) For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of aword or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms ofmanner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental,alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. 5. What criteria are used to classifythe English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can beclassified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-openvowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the frontvowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowelsare roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ d? ] 2) voiceless labiodental fricative[f ] 3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ] 4) front close short [ i ] 5) back semi-open long [ ?: ] 6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds 1) [ d ]voiced alveolar stop 2) [ l ] voiced alveolar liquid 3) [ t? ]voiceless palatal affricate 4) [ w ] voiced bilabial glide 5) [ u ] back close short 6) [ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who doyou think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ]and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit.It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such wordssign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spellingby the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments arecalled suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2021级英语二班感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

语言学第二单元参考答案

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1.phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study—articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics andperceptual/auditory phonetics.articulatory phonetics:the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as ‗vocal organs‘.voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be ‗voiced‘. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily, the sound produced is said to be ‗voiceless‘. International Phonetic Alphabet: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 1996.consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.manner of articulation:ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished—(a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.place of articulation:the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.Cardinal Vowels: a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.semi-vowel: segments that are neither consonants nor vowels, e.g. [j] and [w].vowel glide: vowels that involve a change of quality, including diphthongs, when a single movement of the tongue is made, and triphthongs, where a double movement is perceived.coarticulation: simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as ‗anticipatory coarticulation‘; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is ‗perseverative coarticution‘.phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity.assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, a term often used synonymously with ‗coarticulation‘. If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is called ‗regressive assimilation‘; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as ‗progressive assimilation‘.Elsewhere Condition: The more specific rule applied first. It is applied when two or more rules are involved in deriving the surface form from the underlying form.distinctive features: a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds, first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.syllable: an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals. A syllable must have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant, and often involves an optional set of consonants before and/or after the nucleus.Maximal Onset Principle: a principle for dividing the syllables when there is a cluster of consonants between two vowels, which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.stress: the degree of force used in producing a syllable. When a syllable is produced with more force and is therefore more ‗prominent‘, it is a ‗stressed‘ syllable in contrast to a less prominent, ‗unstressed‘ syllable.intonation: the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.tone: a set of fall-rise patterns affecting the meanings of individual words.2.1) voiced dental fricative 2) voiceless postalveolar fricative3) velar nasal 4) voiced alveolar stop/plosive5) voiceless bilabial stop/plosive 6) voiceless velar stop/plosive7) (alveolar) lateral 8) high front unrounded lax vowel9) high back rounded tense vowel10) low back rounded lax vowel3.1) [f]2) [ʒ]3) [j]4) [h]5) [t]6) [e]7) [ʉ]8) [ɶ]9) [ɔ]10) [u]4.1) On a clear day you can see for miles.2) Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.5. 1)Quite a few human organs are involved in the production of speech: the lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.（其他见课本２５－２６）5. 2)This is because gh is pronounced as [f] in enough, o as [ɪ] in women, and ti as [ʃ] in nation.5. 3)（见２９－３０，３１，３３）5. 4)Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis. （接下来见２４－２５）5. 5)Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, if a nasal consonant (such as [m]) precedes an oral vowel (such as [æ] in map), some of the nasality will carry forward so that the vowel [æ] will begin with a somewhat nasal quality. This is because in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the nasal tract. To produce the following vowel [æ], the soft palate must move back to its normal position. Of course it takes time for the soft palate to move from its lowered position to the raised position. This process is still in progress when the articulation of [æ] has begun. Similarly, when [æ] is followed by [m], as in lamb, the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of [æ] so that it is ready for the following nasal.When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process ‗coarticulation‘. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as ‗anticipatory coarticulation‘. If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is ‗perseverative coarticulation‘, as is the case of map.Assimilation is a phonological term, often used synonymously with coarticulation, which is more of a phonetic term. Similarly, there are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it ‗regressive assimilation‘; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as ‗progressive assimilation‘.Anticipatory coarticulation is by far the most common cause of assimilation in English. For example, ex. 1a. cap [kæp] can [kæn]b. tap [tæp] tan [tæn]ex. 2a. tent [tɛnt] tenth [tɛnθ]b. ninety [naɪnti] ninth [naɪnθ]ex. 2a. since [sɪns] sink [sɪŋk]b. mince [sɪns] mink [mɪŋk]In both exx. 1a and 1b, the words differ in two sounds. The vowel in the second word of each pair is ―nasalized‖ because of the influence of the following nasal consonant. In ex. 2,the nasal /n/ is ―dentalized‖ before a dental fricative. In ex. 3, the alveolar nasal /n/ becomes the velar nasal [ŋ] before the velar stop [k]. In this situation, nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following:ex. 4a. pan[ŋ]cakeb. he can[ŋ] go nowStudies of English fricatives and affricates have shown that their voicing is severely influenced by the voicing of the following sound:ex. 5a. five past [faɪvpɑːst] > [faɪfpɑːst]b. has to [hæztə] > [hæstə]c. as can be shown [əzkənbɪʃəʊn] > [əskənbɪʃəʊn]d. edge to edge [ɛʤtəɛʤ] > [ɛʧtəɛʤ]The first column of symbols shows the way these phrases are pronounced in slow or careful speech while the second column shows how they are pronounced in normal, connected speech. It indicates that in English fricatives and affricates are devoiced when they are followed by voiceless sounds. This however does not occur with stops and vowels.5. 6)The word teller is formed by adding a suffix -er to the base word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [ɫ]. However, in teller it has a vowel both before and after it, so how do we decide that it should be pronounced as [l], not [ɫ]?We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) for the division of syllable. By MOP, the /l/ must be placed in the onset position of the second syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme /l/ is realized as it should be before the vowel in the second syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others. We can see from this that the phonological structure of a complex word is often different from its morphological structure, i.e. how the word is formed. In word-formation it is tell + -er while in syllable structure it is [te+lə].6.In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shown by the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.1) All the sounds that end the words in column A are voiceless ([-voice]) consonants and all the sounds that end the words in column B are voiced ([+voice]) consonants.2) All the words in column C are open syllables, i.e. they end in vowels.3) The two sounds are in complementary distribution because [ʌɪ] appears only before voiceless consonants and [aɪ] occurs before voiced consonants and in open syllables.4) (a) [lʌɪf] (b) lives [laɪvz]5) (a) [traɪl] (b) [bʌɪk] (c) [lʌɪs] (d) [flaɪ] (e) [maɪn]6) /aɪ/ [ʌɪ] / _____[–voice][aɪ] in other places7.As far as orthography is concerned, there are four variants: in-, im-, ir-, and il-, but closer scrutiny shows that in- may be pronounced as [ɪŋ] before velar consonants, so there are five groups of words according to their variation on pronunciation:(1) [ɪn]: inharmonic, ingenious, inoffensive, indifferent, inevitable, innumerable[ɪn] or [ɪŋ]: incomprehensible, incompetent, inconsistent[ɪm]: impenetrable, impossible, immobile[ɪl]: illiterate, illegal, illogical[ɪr]: irresponsible, irresistible, irregularIt is clear that the first sound of the base word governs the distribution of the variants, because the final consonant of the prefix in- must assimilate to the first segment of the base word. As a result of this, we find [ɪm] before labial consonants like [m] or [p], [ɪl] before the lateral [l], [ɪr] before [r]. When the first consonant of the base word is the velar consonant [k], it is [ɪŋ] in rapid speech and [ɪn] in careful speech. In all other cases [ɪn] is always the case. Assuming an underlying form /ɪn/, the rule for the prefix in- looks roughly like this (in the simplest notation):(2) /ɪn/ → {[ɪn], [ɪŋ]} / _____[velar][ɪm] / _____[labial][ɪl] / _____ [l][ɪr] / _____[r][ɪn] in other placesThis rule system could be further simplified if we eliminate the first rule, as the realization [ɪŋ] is actually optional. Unlike the other rules, this variation is due to a more general mechanism of assimilation in fast speech, which happens naturally. For example, in conference is also often pronounced as [ɪŋkɒnfərəns] in fast speech, and the nasal in thank and think is also realized as a velar.We can test these rules by looking at other base words which can take the prefix in-, such as correct, moveable, legible, rational, and adequate. When prefixed, they are respectively pronounced [ɪn]correct (or [ɪŋ]correct), [ɪm]moveable, [ɪl]legible, [ɪr]rational, and [ɪn]adequate, which further support the rules above.(Based on Plag, 2003: 200-18.In Old English, there are no voiced fricative phonemes. All voiced variants, which appear only between voiced sounds, are allophones of their voiceless counterparts.The rule can be stated as follows:fricatives → [+voice] / [+voice]_____[+voice][–voice] in other places。

胡壮麟.语言学第二章题

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第二章：语音您所查看的帖子来源于考研加油站考研论坛() Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative以下内容跟帖回复才能看到==============================Key:I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme neveroccur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.。

胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第二章：语音

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第二章：语音Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1~5 ACDAA6~10 DBABB1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantIV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). V arious instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative。

汉语言《语言学概论》考试题

语言学概论综合练习（一）导言－第二章练习及解题提示一、填空题1．语言学的三大发源地是指__________、__________、__________。

2．__________语言学的建立，标志着语言学走上了独立发展的道路。

3．一种语言的句子数量是无限的，但无限的句子中却包含着有限的词和为数不多的则__________。

4．__________包括哥本哈根学派、布拉格学派和美国描写语法学派。

5．语言是一种特殊的社会现象的含义是，语言具有__________，没有阶级性。

6．任何符号都包括形式和意义两个方面，语言符号的形式是__________。

7．语言符号音和义之间的结合是社会成员__________的，它们之间没有必然的联系。

8．__________和_________是语言结构系统中的两种根本关系，前者的作用在于使语言单位的结合具有有序性，后者则简化了语言系统，便于人们学习掌握语言。

9．语言的底层是一套__________，上层是__________的符号和__________。

10．语言符号具有__________和__________的特点。

11．语言符号具有二层性，其核心是__________。

12．人类的语言能力具体表现为__________的能力和__________的能力。

13．语言的__________主要是指语言是人类社会的交际工具和思维工具。

二、判断正误：（正确的在题后括号内打√，错误的请打×）1．我国古代的书面语叫文言文。

（）2．埃及是世界上有名的文明古国，是语言学的三大发源地之一。

（）3．索绪尔被人们称之为现代语言学之父，其代表著作为《普通语言学教程》。

（）4．语言单位的组合具有一定的规则，例如汉语动词后面的宾语一般是名词充当，所以只要在动词后面放一个名词就能组成述宾结构。

（）5．语言和文字都是人类最重要的交际工具。

（）6．语言作为社会现象，不是属于上层建筑，而是属于经济基础。

英语语言学考点测试第二章

A B
a. [k] 1. velar
b.[]2. nasal
c. [] 3. dental
d. [] 4. fricative
e. [l] 5.voiced
f [t]6.voiceless
g.[m] 7.bilabial
h.[h] 8.alveolar
9. plosive
10 glottal
3. Word Completion
4)is one of the suprasegmental features
A Stop B Voicing C Deletion D Tone
5) Narrowtranscriptionis the phonetic transcription with
A diacritics B distinctive features C voicing D articulation
11)The oral stops in English are,,,,,and
12)When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as
A nucleus BcodaC onset
3) A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a
A allophone BphoneCphoneme
语言学考点英语语言学英语语言学论文英语语言学试卷英语语言学复习资料英语语言学试题英语语言学论文题目英语语言学期末考试英语语言学博士英语语言学毕业论文

2语言学概论第二章语音习题

语言学概论第二章语音习题、真题集锦一、单选题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1.下列关于语音性质的表述中，不正确的是（ B ）。

P82A.语音使语言成分物质化B.生理属性是语音的基本属性C.语音和语义联系在一起D.语音有民族性和地域性2．舌面的元音中，“前低不圆唇元音”是（ A ）。

P49A.［a］B.［u］C.［i］D.［o］3．舌面元音中的“后高圆唇”元音是（ A ）。

A.［u］B.［y］C.［o］D.［i］4.下面各项可以充当北京话声母的是（ A ）。

P97A.[m]B.[ŋ]C.[3]D.[t]5.下面各项音素属于元音的是的是（ A ）。

p97-100A.[o]B.[m]C.[p]D.[f]6.舌面的元音中，“后高圆唇元音”是（ B ）。

p97-100A.[ɔ]B.[u]C.[o]D.[œ]7.舌面的元音中，“前高圆唇元音”是（ C ）。

p97-100A.[i]B.[u]C.[y]D.[ɛ]8.下列各项属于复元音的是（ C ）。

p97-100A.angB.crC.ia9.下列各项中属于唇齿清擦音的是（）。

A.［s］B.［z］C.［f］D.［v］10.下列各项中都是不圆唇原因的一组是（ D ）。

P95A.［i,u］B.［e,o］C.［o,y］D.［a,o］11.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的额一组是（ B ）。

P97A.［m,n］B.［k,ŋ］C.［p,t］D.［s，ʂ］12.下列辅音都是浊辅音的一组是（ A ）。

P97A.［m,L］B.［p,k］C.［n,t］D.［s,f］13.下列各组音中全部为擦音的是（ A ）。

P97A.［f,s,x］B.[ʦ，ʂ，t]C.[x，ʨ，k]D.［n,m,o］14．下面各组音中全部为擦音的是（ A ）。

P97-100A.［f θ x］B.[η,ω, ]C.［h j k］D.[ʦ，15．汉语拼音字母b、P、m都是（ D ）。

P97A．舌尖音 B．唇齿音 C．正齿音 D．双唇音15.下列各组辅音中，发音方法相同的是（ A ）P97A.[f，s]B.[p，m]C.[n，l]D.[ʂ，tʂ]16.下面各项中属于发音器官的是（ C ）。

语言学概论,章节测试第二章

第二章语言的物质载体——声音一、单项选择题1.下列关于语音性质的表述中，不正确的是A.语音使语言成分物质化B.生理属性是语音的本质属性C.语音和语义联系在一起D.语音有民族性和地域性【解析】B 本题考查语音的本质属性。

语音的本质属性是社会属性，而不是生理属性。

2.下面各项中，属于被动发音器官的是A.唇B.硬腭C.软腭D.小舌【解析】B 本题考查被动发音器官。

在人类的发音器官中，有些是能够活动的，如嘴唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、下腭等，叫作“主动发音器官”；有些则不能活动，如牙齿、齿龈、硬腭等，叫作“被动发音器官”。

3.音素是A.最小的语言单位B.最小的语言类型单位C.最小的音义结合体D.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位【解析】D 本题考查音素的含义。

音节及其他大大小小的语音单位，切分到最后就是音素，或者说所有语音单位从最底层算起都是由音素组成的。

所以音素是最小的语音单位。

4.汉语音节zhang有A.一个音素B.两个音素C.三个音素D.四个音素【解析】C 本题考查音节的划分。

从音素角度划分，汉语音节zhang 可以切分为辅音zh、元音a和辅音ng三个音素，故本题正确答案为C。

5.下列关于元音和辅音的表述，正确的一项是A.发辅音声带不振动，发元音声带振动B.辅音大多是乐音，元音则都是乐音C.发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有D.发辅音口腔肌肉不紧张，元音则紧张【解析】C 发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有，其他项错误。

6.[i]是A.前低不圆唇元音B.后高不圆后元音C.前高不圆唇元音D.后低圆唇元音【解析】C [i]是前高不圆唇元音。

7.下列各项中都是不圆唇元音的组是A.[i，u]B.[e，o]C.[o，y]D.[a，α]【解析】D 本题考查舌面元音的发音特征，根据舌面元音舌位图可知，[a]是前低不圆唇元音，[α]是后低不圆唇元音。

故本题答案为D。

A、B.C三项中，[u]、[o]、[y]都是圆唇元音，可排除。

英语语言学概论第二章习题及答案

2017级英语语言学概论第二章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。

每次答题仅第一次提交有效。

个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)11. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)12. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)13. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错14. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)15. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.16．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：bilabial)17. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：tongue)18. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：place)19．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stop)20. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suprasegmental)21．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Sequential)22． When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：intonation)23． The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：oral)24． T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Tone)25． Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：sentence)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.26. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are （） sounds. [单选题] *A. voiceless(正确答案)B. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal27．（） is a voiced alveolar stop. [单选题] *A. /z/B. /d/(正确答案)C. /k/D./b/28． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones （）. [单选题] *A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar(正确答案)29．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be （）. [单选题] *A. in phonemic contrast(正确答案)B. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair30．The sound /f/ is （）. [单选题] *A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative(正确答案)31. A （） vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. [单选题] *A. backB. centralC. front(正确答案)D. middle32. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called （）. [单选题] *A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental features(正确答案)D. semantic features33. A(n) （） is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. [单选题] *A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme(正确答案)34． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the （） of that phoneme. [单选题] *A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones(正确答案)35. In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of （）. [单选题] *A. palatalB. alveolar(正确答案)C. bilabialD. dentalIV. Define the following terms.31. Phonetics [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages.)32. Phonology [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.)33. Phoneme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.)34. Allophone [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.)35. Phone [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.)。

语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿

语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。

语言学课后答案第2章

1.phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study—articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics andperceptual/auditory phonetics.articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as ‗vocal organs‘.voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be ‗voiced‘. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily, the sound produced is said to be ‗voiceless‘.International Phonetic Alphabet: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the InternationalPhonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 1996. consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished—(a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.Cardinal Vowels: a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.semi-vowel: segments that are neither consonants nor vowels, e.g. [j] and [w].vowel glide: vowels that involve a change of quality, including diphthongs, when a single movement of the tongue is made, and triphthongs, where a double movement is perceived. coarticulation: simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as ‗anticipatory coarticulation‘; if the sou nd shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is ‗perseverative coarticution‘.phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity. assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, a term often used synonymouslywith ‗coarticulation‘. If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is called ‗regressive assimilation‘; t he converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as ‗progressive assimilation‘.Elsewhere Condition: The more specific rule applied first. It is applied when two or more rules are involved in deriving the surface form from the underlying form.distinctive features: a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds, first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.syllable: an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals. A syllable must have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant, and often involves an optional set of consonants before and/or after the nucleus.Maximal Onset Principle: a principle for dividing the syllables when there is a cluster of consonants between two vowels, which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.stress: the degree of force used in producing a syllable. When a syllable is produced with more force and is therefore more ‗prominent‘, it is a ‗stressed‘ syllable in contrast to a less prominent, ‗unstressed‘ syllable. intonation: the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.tone: a set of fall-rise patterns affecting the meanings of individual words.8.In Old English, there are no voiced fricative phonemes. All voiced variants, which appear only between voiced sounds, are allophones of their voiceless counterparts.The rule can be stated as follows:fricatives → [+voice] / [+voice]_____[+voi ce][–voice] in other places2.1) voiced dental fricative2) voiceless postalveolar fricative3) velar nasal4) voiced alveolar stop/plosive5) voiceless bilabial stop/plosive6) voiceless velar stop/plosive7) (alveolar) lateral8) high front unrounded lax vowel9) high back rounded tense vowel10) low back rounded lax vowel3.1) [f]2) [ʒ]3) [j]4) [h]5) [t]6) [e]7) [ʉ]8) [ɶ]9) [ɔ]10) [u]4.1) On a clear day you can see for miles.2) Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.5. 1)Quite a few human organs are involved in the production of speech: the lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth. The pharynx, mouth, and nose form the three cavities of the vocal tract. Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy. In most circumstances, the airstream comes from the lungs. It is forced out of the lungs and then passes through the bronchioles and bronchi, a series of branching tubes, into the trachea. Then the air is modified at various points in various ways in the larynx, and in the oral and nasal cavities: the mouth and the nose are often referred to, respectively, as the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.Inside the oral cavity, we need to distinguish the tongue and various parts of the palate, while inside the throat, we have to distinguish the upper part, called pharynx, from the lower part, known as larynx. The larynx opens into a muscular tube, the pharynx, part of which can be seen in a mirror. The upper part of the pharynx connects to the oral and nasal cavities.The contents of the mouth are very important for speech production. Starting from the front, the upper part of the mouth includes the upper lip, the upper teeth, the alveolar ridge, the hard palate, the soft palate (or the velum), and the uvula. The soft palate can be lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity. When the oral cavity is at the same time blocked, a nasal sound is produced.The bottom part of the mouth contains the lower lip, the lower teeth, the tongue, and the mandible.At the top of the trachea is the larynx, the front of which is protruding in males and known as the ―Adam‘s Apple‖. The larynx contains the vocal folds, als o known as ―vocal cords‖ or ―vocal bands‖. The vocal folds are a pair of structure that lies horizontally below the latter and their front ends are joined together at the back of the Adam‘s Apple. Their rear ends, however, remain separated and can move into various positions: inwards, outwards, forwards, backwards, upwards and downwards.5. 2)This is because gh is pronounced as [f] in enough, o as [ɪ] in women, and ti as [ʃ] in nation.5. 3)In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved. For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: (a) the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract, and (b) where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction ofair. The former is known as the Manner of Articulation and the latter as the Place of Articulation.The Manner of Articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished: (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.The Place of Articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds. Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart.As the vowels cannot be described in the same way as the consonants, a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.The cardinal vowels are abstract concepts. If we imagine that for the production of [@] the tongue is in a neutral position (neither high nor low, neither front nor back), the cardinal vowels are as remote as possible from this neutral position. They represent extreme points of a theoretical vowel space: extending the articulators beyond this spacewould involve friction or contact. The cardinal vowel diagram (or quadrilateral) in the IPA is therefore a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.The front, center, and back of the tongue are distinguished, as are four levels of tongue height: the highest position the tongue can achieve without producing audible friction (high or close); the lowest position the tongue can achieve (low or open); and two intermediate levels, dividing the intervening space into auditorily equivalent areas (mid-high or open-mid, and mid-low or close-mid).5. 4)Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Imagine that the speech sound is articulated by a Speaker A. It is then transmitted to and perceived by a Listener B. Consequently, a speech sound goes through a three-step process: speech production, sound transmission, and speech perception.Naturally, the study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds, Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, and Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.5. 5)Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, if a nasal consonant (such as [m]) precedes an oral vowel (such as [æ] in map), some of the nasality will carry forward so that the vowel [æ] will begin with a somewhat nasal quality. This is because in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the nasal tract. To produce the following vowel [æ], the soft palate must move back to its normal position. Of course it takes time for the soft palate to move from its lowered position to the raised position. This process is still in progress when the articulation of [æ] has begun. Similarly, when [æ] isfollowed by [m], as in lamb, the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of [æ] so that it is ready for the following nasal.When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process ‗coarticulation‘. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as ‗anticipatory coarticulation‘. If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is ‗perseverative coarticulation‘, as is the case of map.Assimilation is a phonological term, often used synonymously with coarticulation, which is more of a phonetic term. Similarly, there are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it ‗regressive assimilation‘; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as ‗progressive assimilation‘.Anticipatory coarticulation is by far the most common cause of assimilation in English. For example,ex. 1a. cap [kæp] can [kæn]b. tap [tæp] tan [tæn]ex. 2a. tent [tɛnt] tenth [tɛn̪θ]b. ninety [naɪnti] ninth [naɪn̪θ]ex. 2a. since [sɪns] sink [sɪŋk]b. mince [sɪns] mink [mɪŋk]In both exx. 1a and 1b, the words differ in two sounds. The vowel in the second word of each pair is ―nasalized‖ because of the influence of the following nasal consonant. In ex. 2, the nasal /n/ is ―dentalized‖ before a dental fricative. In ex. 3, the alveolar nasal /n/ becomes the velar nasal [ŋ] before the velar stop [k]. In this situation, nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following:ex. 4a. pan[ŋ]cakeb. he can[ŋ] go nowStudies of English fricatives and affricates have shown that their voicing is severely influenced by the voicing of the following sound: ex. 5a. five past [faɪvpɑːst] >[faɪfpɑːst]b. has to [hæztə] >[hæstə]c. as can be shown [əzkənbɪʃəʊn]> [əskənbɪʃəʊn]d. edge to edge [ɛʤtəɛʤ] >[ɛʧtəɛʤ]The first column of symbols shows the way these phrases are pronounced in slow or careful speech while the second column shows how they are pronounced in normal, connected speech. It indicates that in English fricatives and affricates are devoiced when they are followed by voiceless sounds. This however does not occur with stops and vowels.5. 6)The word teller is formed by adding a suffix -er to the base word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [ɫ]. However, in teller it has a vowel both before and after it, so how do we decide that it should be pronounced as [l], not [ɫ]?We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) for the division of syllable. By MOP, the /l/ must be placed in the onset position of the second syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme /l/ is realized as it should be before the vowel in the second syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others. We can see from this that the phonological structure of a complex word is often different from its morphological structure, i.e. how the word isformed. In word-formation it is tell + -er while in syllable structure it is [te+lə].6.In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shown by the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.1) All the sounds that end the words in column A are voiceless ([-voice]) consonants and all the sounds that end the words in column B are voiced ([+voice]) consonants.2) All the words in column C are open syllables, i.e. they end in vowels.3) The two sounds are in complementary distribution because [ʌɪ] appears only before voiceless consonants and [aɪ] occurs before voiced consonants and in open syllables.4) (a) [lʌɪf] (b) lives [laɪvz]5) (a) [traɪl] (b) [bʌɪk] (c) [lʌɪs] (d) [flaɪ] (e) [maɪn]6) /aɪ/ [ʌɪ] / _____[–voice][aɪ] in other places7.As far as orthography is concerned, there are four variants: in-, im-, ir-, and il-, but closer scrutiny shows that in- may be pronounced as [ɪŋ] before velar consonants, so there are five groups of words according to their variation on pronunciation:(1) [ɪn]: inharmonic, ingenious, inoffensive, indifferent, inevitable, innumerable[ɪn] or [ɪŋ]: incomprehensible, incompetent, inconsistent[ɪm]: impenetrable, impossible, immobile[ɪl]: illiterate, illegal, illogical[ɪr]: irresponsible, irresistible, irregularIt is clear that the first sound of the base word governs the distribution of the variants, because the final consonant of the prefix in- must assimilate to the first segment of the base word. As a result of this, we find [ɪm] before labial consonants like [m] or [p], [ɪl] before the lateral [l], [ɪr] before [r]. When the first consonant of the base word is the velar consonant [k], it is [ɪŋ] in rapid speech and [ɪn] in careful speech. In all other cases [ɪn] is always the case. Assuming an underlying form /ɪn/, the rule for the prefix in- looks roughly like this (in the simplest notation):(2) /ɪn/ → {[ɪn], [ɪŋ]} / _____[velar][ɪm] / _____[labial][ɪl] / _____ [l][ɪr] / _____[r][ɪn] in other placesThis rule system could be further simplified if we eliminate the first rule, as the realization [ɪŋ] is actually optional. Unlike the other rules, this variation is due to a more general mechanism of assimilation in fast speech, which happens naturally. For example, in conference is also often pronounced as [ɪŋkɒnfərəns] in fast speech, and the nasal in thank and think is also realized as a velar.We can test these rules by looking at other base words which can take the prefix in-, such as correct, moveable, legible, rational, and adequate. When prefixed, they are respectively pronounced [ɪn]correct (or[ɪŋ]correct), [ɪm]moveable, [ɪl]legible, [ɪr]rational, and [ɪn]adequate, which further support the rules above.(Based on Plag, 2003: 200-1)。

语言学第二章练习题

Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?V oicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。

语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章

语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章Chapter Two Speech SoundsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _______.A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. CodaD. Rhyme2. Conventionally a ______ is put in slashes / /.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated [p h], an unaspirated [p o] and an unreleased [p﹁] are ____ of the /p/ phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movementA. wideB. closingC. narrowD.centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop ?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]8. Which one is different from the others according to places fo articulation ?A.[n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels ?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating ?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are trueor “F” if they are false.(10%)1. [f] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make a different word, are phones.4. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.6. The last sound of cut can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are NOT in complementary distribution.7. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.8. Distinctive features can show phonological contrasts or oppositions of language sounds.9. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.10. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant. It is put into coda than the onset.11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.12.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and CODA.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat.2. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing f_______.3. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t_________ and the lips.4. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the h_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.5. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o______.6. In phonological analysis the words fail/veil are distinguishbable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ —/v/. This is an example for illustrating m_______ pairs.7. In English there are a number of d_______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.8. C__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.9. P________ is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the a_________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Assimilation2. Suprasegmental feature3. Complementary distribution4. Distinctive feature.V. Answer the following question.1. What is acoustic phonetics ?2. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.A B(1) Approximant a. tool and stool(2) Labiodental b. tool and pool(3) Aspirated and unaspirated c. produced by pushing air out(4) English syllable d. (C)V(C)(5) Chinese syllable e. [v](6) minimal pair f. Roman Jacobson(7) pulmonic g. (((C)C)C)V(((C)C)C)C)(8) non-pulmonic h. Otoo Jespersen(9) distinctive features I. [w](10) IPA j. produced by sucking air inVII. Essay question.1.Illustrate phonological processes and phonological rules.2.Illustrate the differences between phonetics and phonology.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the _________ phonetics studies sounds fro the speaker’s point of view; the _________ phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; and the __________ phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.2. The ________, mouth, and ________ form the three cavities ofthe vocal tract.3. In terms of places of articulation, __________ is a retroflex.4. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _________.5. Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the ______, ________ at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.6. Affricates consist of a _________ followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.7. [z, ?,?,h] are ______ in terms of manners of articulation.8. Name four oral stops besides [p] and [t]: ___, ____, ___, __, and nasals __, __, __.9 According to the places of articulation, [f] and [v] are ______.10. In terms of places of articulation, [ ?] and [?] can be classified into the category of _____.11. [j] is a __________ in terms of places of articulation.12. In English and Chinese, vowels with an audible change of quality are called ________.13. [P o, P h] are ________ of the same phoneme /p/.14. [?, e] belong to the category of ________ in accordance with their places of articulation.15. Besides [s], [z], other four sibilants are ____, ___,_____,____.16. A syllable that has no _____ is called an open syllable.17. An example of four consonants occurring after the peak is the word ____.18. The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called ______, which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.19. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: __________ and ___________.20. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are pharyngeal cavity, _____, ____ and ______.21. Name five of the English front vowels: _______, ______, _______, ______, _____.22. The [p] sound in peak is called an ______ [p], and the [p] sound in speak is an _______ [p].23. The main suprasegmental feature include _____, _____, and ______.24. The _____________ rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations.25. In English, all the front vowels and central vowels are ______ vowels.26. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its ________.27. ___________ refers to the degree of force used in producinga syllable.28. In terms of the height of tongue rising, vowels can be classified as _____, ______ and ______ vowels.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1. Phonetics is of a general nature, and it is interested in ______.A. all the speech sounds used in all human languagesB. has speech sounds are producedC. how speech sounds differ from each otherD. how speech sounds can be classified2. The study to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns should be included in ______.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. articulatory phoneticsD. acoustic phonetics3. The sound [l] in _____ is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel4. The basic unit in phonology is called ___, and it is a unit that of distinctive value.A. phonemeB. phoneC. allophoneD. sound5. ______ does n’t form a minimal pair.A. Gap and capB. Pat and padC. Tip and dipD. Map and tam6. _____ is not in complementary distribution.A. Spot and potB. Stop and topC. School and coolD. Light and glad7. The following pairs form a minimal pair EXCRPT _____.A. look and bookB. pin and binC. kill and dillD. beat and pee8. ______ is not the term used ot classify the English consonants in terms of manners of articulation.A. ApproximantB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial9. In the following word ____, the articulation of bilabial is not manifested.A. petB. metC. howD. web10. The distinctive feature of the sound [s] is ______.A. voiceless alveolar fricativeB. voiced alveolar fricativeC. voiceless dental affricativeD. voiced dental fricative11. The sounds in _____ are alveolars.A. [f] and [v]B. [t] and [d]C. [?] and [?]D. [k] and [g]12. The sound with the features bilabial nasal is _____.A. [j]B. [t]C. [m]D. [?]13. Diphthongal glides in English can be heard in following words EXCEPT _____.A. wayB. towerC. tideD. how14. Words in the pair ____ form a minimal pair.A. beat and seenB. pig and padC. choke and jokeD. but and heart15. In the word ____, [l] is palatalized.A. leadB.stealC. lilyD. lied16. In terms of narrow transcription, [l] is dark in the word ____.A. ledB. languageC. dealD. clear17. Each pair of words manifests complementary distribution EXCEPT _____.A. spot and payB. stop and topC. replay and payD. school and cool18. For the word direction, Americans usually pronounce it as [dair?k??n] whereas most British people say [dir?k??n]. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of ____.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allophones19. In all the following words we can find examples of regressive assimilation EXCEPT ______.A. sinkB. ninthC. capD. help20. ______ gives the correct description of the sound [u:].A. Velar nasalB. High back tense rounded vowelC. Low back lax rounded vowelD. High front lax unrounded vowel21. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be ______.A. [p]B. [t]C. [l]D. [s]22. The vowel in _____ should be nasalized according to the assimilation rules.A. teaB. peepC. fleeD. bean23. The sound assimilation is not manifested in the spelling of the word _____.A. implausibleB. illegalC. irregularD. input24. When we produce the back vowels, we hold the ____ partof the tongue higher than the rest of it.A. centralB. frontC. backD. the tip25. _____ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation.A. StopsB. LiquidsC. GlidesD. Dental26. The one that does not belong to the alveolar is ______.A. [t]B. [m]C. [n]D.[r]27. Sounds like [?], [?], and [j] are realized by the obstruction between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. They belong to the type of _______.A. palatalB. glottalC. bilabialD. velar28. The distinctive features of the sound [] are ______.A. voiced, nasalB. velarlabial, nasal, voicedC. voiced, alveolar, nasalD. voiced, labial, palatal29. The labiodentals sounds in English are _____.A.[p] and [b]B. [f] and [v]C. [?] and [e]D. [k] and [g]30. According to the rule of _____, the article an, instead of a, is used before the word apple.A. nasalizationB. dentalizationC. epenthesisD. velarization31. The sound _____ does not belong the group of fricative.A. [f]B. [v]C. [k]D. [h]32. If we follow the English vowel system of Radford, we can describe the vowel [i:] in the way of _____.A. high front tense rounded vowelB. high back lax unroundedC. high front tense unrounded vowelD. low back lax rounded vowel33. _____ does not contain a bilabial sound.A. MyB. YouC. BuyD. Pie34. _____ ends with an affricateA. RackB. SuchC. BoozeD. Tip35. The word ____ begins with the sound of a palato-alveolar consonant.A. shipB. lipC. zipD. sip36. The articulation of ______ is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other.A. uvularB. glottalC. velarD. palatal37. Triphthongal glides in English can be heard in ______.A. tideB. toyC. howD. wire38. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. lotB. matC. mudD. boot39. All the following words contain front vowels EXCEPT _______.A. bookB. sleepC. slipD. shed40. The sound ______ is usually formed in English by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.B. [j]C. [h]D. [w]41. In the word ____, there is no syllabic consonant.A. cottonB. bottomC. tableD. national42. Pitch variation is known as _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice43. [p] in the word peak can be described as ____.A. voiced bilabial stopB. voiceless bilabial stopC. voiced bilabial plosiveD. voiceless labiodentals stop44. The description voiceless alveolar fricative describes the following consonant ____.A. [p]B. [b]C. [s]D. [z]45. The vowel ____ can be described with features of mid, central, lax, unrounded.A. [?]B. [i:]D. [?]46. The idea of ____ is introduced to indicate the difference between [i] and [l], [?] and [?].A. tensenessB. lip-roundingC. height of tongue risingD. voicing47. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds ?A. Acoustic PhoneticsB. Articulatory PhoneticsC. Auditory PhoneticsD. None of the above.48. In narrow transcription the word help should be presented as _____.A. [h??p]B. [h?lp]C. [help]D. [h??p]49. The word below ____ refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. phoneticsD. phonology50. Among the following words, _____ does no form a minimal pair with the sound of the word highA. buyB. foeD. shy.IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.In English, the description of vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements.What are they? Explain them and offer at least one example.2.Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.3.What do you know about RP? Does it change with time ?。

语言学chapter2课后练习答案

Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。

语言学练习第二章word精品

Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of En glish consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [] voiceless alveolar stop [] voiceless velar stop []bilabial n asal []velar n asal []voiced postalveolar affricate [] voiceless labiolde ntal fricative[]voiced labiolde ntal fricative[]voiceless dental fricative[]voiced den tal fricative[]voiceless alveolar fricative[]voiced alveolar fricative[]voiced alveolar trill[]voiceless post-alveolar fricative[]voiced post-alveolar fricative []bilabial approxima nt II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ___ refers to a stro ng puff of air stream in the producti on of speech soun ds.2. _____ A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in com mon, i.e, they are all b _____ soun ds.4. ______________________________ Of all the speech orga ns, the t is the most flexible, and is resp on sible for varieties of articulati on tha n any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ___ of articulati on.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstructi on audibly released and the air pass ing out aga in is called a s ____________ . <![e ndif]>7. S ________ f eatures are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.8. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are called s____ rules.9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad tran scripti on while the tran scripti on with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n ________ tran scriptio n.10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word [ ] voiced bilabial stop[]voiced alveolar stop[]voiced velar stop[]alveolar n asal[] voiceless postalveolar affricate[]alveolar lateral[]glottal fricative []palatal approxima ntin isolati on, they are collectively known as i ________ .11. P ______ i s a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularIan guage and how sounds are comb ined into meanin gful un its to effect lin guistic com muni cati on.12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the phary ngeal cavity, the o _____ cavity and the n asal cavity.13. T ____ a re pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration ofthe vocal cords and which can disti nguish meaning just like phon emes. <![e ndif]>14. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s _______ stress.15. The sound /f/ is _________________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiode ntal fricative16. Dist in ctive features can be found running over a seque nee of two or morephon emic segme nts. The phon emic features that occur above the level of the segme nts are called _______________________ .A. phon etic comp onentsB. immediate con stitue ntsC. suprasegme ntal featuresD. sema ntic features17. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of disti nctive value. It is an abstract un it, acollecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allopho neD. phon eme18. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticen vir onments are called the ___ of that phon eme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phon emesD. alloph ones19. Of all the speech orga ns, the ______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. ton gueD. vocal cords20. ____________________________________________________ The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________________________ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonan tal21. __________ i s a voiced alveolar stop.22. The assimilatio n rule assimilates one sound to ano ther by“ copy ing a seque ntial pho neme, thus making the two phones __________ .A. ide nticalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variati on is known as __ when its patter ns are imposed on senten ces.A.i nton atio nB.t oneC. pronun ciati onD.voice 2. Conven tio nally a ___ is put in slashes.A.alloph oneB.ph oneC. pho nemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an un aspiratep and an un released) are _ of thep phon eme.A.a naloguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.alloph ones4. A pho neme is a group of similar sounds called ______ .A. mini mal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allopho nes5. Which branch of pho netics concerns the producti on of speech soun ds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is differe nt from the others accord ing to manners of articulati on?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ 9 ]D.[v]7. which one is differe nt from the others accord ing to places of articulatio n?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is differe nt from the others accordi ng to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made whe n the vocal cords are vibrati ng?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represe nts the followi ng descripti on: voiceless labiode ntal fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false1. of the three phon etics bran ches, the Ion gest established one, and un til rece ntly the most highly developed, is acoustic phon etics.2. sound [p] in the word 'bpit” is an unaspirated stop. A. Izl B. Idl C. Ikl D.lbla featu3. Supersegme ntal phono logy refers to the study of phono logical properties of un its larger than the segme nt-ph on eme, such as syllable, word and senten ce.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to un dergo a nu mber of modificati on to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variati on whe n they occur in the same environment and do not con trast, n amely, the substituti on of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a differe nt pronun ciati on..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7. Acoustic phon etics is concerned with the percepti on of speech soun ds.8. AII syllables must have a nu cleus but not all syllables contain an on set and code.9. When pure or mono phth ongs are pronoun ced, no vowel glide take place.10. accord ing to the len gth or tensen ess of the pronun ciati on, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronun ciati on is the pronun ciatio n accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. pho no logy2. phon eme3.allopho ne4. acoustic phon etics5.. i ntern ati onal phon etic alphabet6. inton ati on7.. phon etics8.auditoryphon etics 9.pho ne 10 tone 11. mini mal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of Ian guage, why do you think speech is more basic tha n writi ng?2. What are the criteria that a lin guist uses in classify ing vowels?3. What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and phone音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegme ntal features can affect mea ning.5. In what way can we determ ine whether a phone is a phon eme or n ot?。

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Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。

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