历年考研英语真题翻译长难句汇编
考研英语真题超精长难句
考研英语真题超精长难句1. In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents.译文：美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称，它将利用一项特殊案例对商业方法专利开展广泛复审，这一举措令知识产权律师们议论纷纷，2022考研英语9年真题超精长难句（4）。
2. Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the socalled state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets.译文：对商业方法专利申请的控制是一个突然的180度大转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院在1998年被称为道富银行案的决议中引入了这类专利，当时法庭对一种汇集各种公有基金资产的方法授予了专利。
3. That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types ofonline transactions.译文：这项裁决带来了商业方法专利申请案卷的激增，起初是新兴的网络公司试图对特定类型的在线交易方法占得独家权利。
历年考研真题长难句解析
历年考研真题长难句解析历年考研真题长难句解析1.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost andbenefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.【译文】对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的本钱和收益，应该进展恰当而科学的研究，这样才有助于解决这些矛盾。
【析句】句子的主干是study... can help to resolve conflicts。
主语的修饰成分较长，注意study包括两个方面的内容，一是the impacts of dams，一是the cost and benefits of controlling water。
【讲词】impact意为“碰撞，撞击；影响”，作名词时较多表示“影响”。
Thisbooks illustrates the impact of modern science upon society as a whole.〔这本书阐述现代科学对整个社会的影响。
〕The impact on the rate of inflation will be felt in 2023.〔人们将在2023年感受到通货膨胀的影响。
〕resolve作动词时意为“解决；决定；溶解；变成”，作名词时表示“决心”。
Thecircumstances resolved him to take the case to the Supreme Court.〔在这种情况下，他决定把官司打到最高法院〕。
The discussion resolved itself into an argument.〔讨论到后来变成了争论。
〕He made a resolve to launch a reform in the firm.〔他决定在公司推进改革。
历年考研《英语》真题长难句解析
1. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. 【译文】经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州政府)成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。
【析句】句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority。
句首成分After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates是作状语的介词词组，动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die，修饰the first legal authority。
【讲词】to take the life of sb和to take sb’s life意思是“结束某人的生命”。
A car bombing took the life of a 61-year-old man.(汽车炸弹夺去了一位61岁老头的生命。
)I didn’t understand how you could take the life of an innocent animal.(我不明白你怎么能杀死一个无辜的动物。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured、【译文】尽管警告常常就是适当而且必须得——比如对于药物相互作用得危险提出警告——许多警告还就是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出得，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告就是不就是确实可以使得生产者与销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中，it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured就是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it，真正得主语就是that引导得从句，而that从句之后就是一个if引导得条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成，中间用and连接。
破折号之间得部分就是举例说明warnings得内容。
注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中得many就是指many warnings。
2、Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 、【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起得各种问题也会对社会造成新得压力。
历年考研真题长难句摘抄
历年考研真题长难句摘抄历年考研真题长难句摘抄1.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix ofinteractivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.【译文】Virtual Vineyards和及其他开拓者的例子说明：一个销售对路商品的网站，如果将互动性、热情服务、安全性适当结合起来，肯定会吸引网上用户。
【析句】这个句子的主干是The examples... show that，that引导的主语从句作主干结构的宾语。
在从句中，主语是a Web site，现在分词结构（selling the right kind ofproducts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security）作a Web site的定语。
【讲词】interactivity意为"交互性，互动性"。
hospitality意为"好客；热情招待"，其形容词是hospitable。
The visitingdelegation was overwhelmed by the hospitality extended by the localgovernmental officials.(来访的代表团受到当地政府官员热情的款待。
）security除了表示"安全"之外，还可以表示"担保；担保人；保障；保险；有价证券"。
social security（社会保障或社会保险），credit security（信用保证），fixed interest securities（定息债券）。
关于历年考研真题长难句解析荟萃
关于历年考研真题长难句解析荟萃关于历年考研真题长难句解析荟萃1.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.【译文】单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。
【析句】这是一个简单句。
Someone是句子的主语，现在分词短语（traveling alone）是其定语；if hungry, injured, or ill 实际上是简单的由if引导的状语从句，相当于 if (he was) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。
【讲词】turn to意为“转向；变成；求助于；致力于；开始行动”。
If you quitdawdling and just turn to, the cleaning will be done in a day.（如果你停止闲逛，马上开始工作，清洁工作一天就能做完。
）He had to turn to his family for financial assistance.（他只得找家人给他提供经济援助。
）2.It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.【译文】对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是一时的行善冲动。
【析句】句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice… o r merely acharitable impulse。
注意表语由并列的两局部组成，由or来连接。
【讲词】on the part of “在……方面，对……而言”。
历年考研《英语》真题长难句解析
攻克考研英语长难句——200个经典句1．The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.结构分析：本句是and 连接的两个并列句；第一个句子的主要结构是The “shareholders” … had no knowledge …；过去分词短语employed by the company…作定语,修饰前面的workmen；定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的the company；第二个句子的主要结构是his influence…was not good。
参考译文：这种股东不了解自己持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。
他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
２．The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.结构分析：but连接两个句子，表转折关系；第一个句子的主要结构是The paid manager … was in more direct relation with…；现在分词短语acting for the company作定语，修饰The paid manager；第二个句子的主要结构是he had seldom that familiar personalknowledge of the workmen…；定语从句which the employer hadoften had …a way修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge；介词短语under the more patriarchal system of the old familybusiness作状语，修饰谓语动词had often had；现在分词短语passing away作定语，修饰前面的old family business。
考研英语常考长难句与典型作文范文例句含译文翻译版perfect
考研英语常考长难句与典型作文范文例句含译文翻译版1、It doesn't matter if the guy is perfect or the girl is perfect, as long as they are perfect for each other.那个小伙子是否完美，或者那个姑娘是否完美都不重要，只要他们能珠联璧合。
2、If you have great talents, industry will improve them; if you have but moderate abilities, industry will supply their deficiency.如果你很有天赋，勤勉会使其更加完善；如果你能力一般，勤勉会补足其缺陷。
3、It’s not the hours you put in your work that counts, it’s the work you put in the hours.工作效益不在于时间长短，而在于真正做了什么。
4、The man who has made up his mind to win will never say‘impossible.'下决心取得胜利的人绝不会说『不可能』。
5、The more things you do, the more you can do.做的愈多，你会做的就愈多。
6、Enjoy your own life without comparing it with that of another.享受自己的生活，不要和别人比较。
7、Those who can imagine anything, can create the impossible.能够想像任何事的人，可以创造不可能。
8、A lie may take care of the present, but it has no future.说谎可以解决眼前的问题，但它没有未来。
考研历年真题长难句解析
考研历年真题长难句解析1.It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.【译文】这只是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。
【析句】这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。
主干为It is aself-examination，that后面引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰self 瞖xamination，定语从句的宾语是一个of词组，跟着三个并列的名词短语，用来修饰和限定issues。
at various times是插入语，作句子的状语。
【讲词】bottom line意为“底价；底线”。
My bottom line is $3000.（我的底价是三千元。
）The government's bottom line with regard to the trade issue has not changed.（政府关于贸易争端的底线并没有发生变化。
）corporate意为“公司的；社团的；法人的；共同的”。
They made a corporateeffort to finish the job.（他们通过集体的共同努力完成这项工作。
）corporateresponsibility（共同责任或法人责任）。
2.In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.【译文】1992年时代华纳公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时，莱文说说唱音乐只是街头文化的合法表达方式，它应该有自己的宣泄途径。
考研英语长难句翻译100句
考研英语长难句翻译100句考研英语长难句翻译100句1. Looking beyond the 10-year period， the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3 000种本地植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。
2. The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。
3. Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits： it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics; can be used to introduce traits that aproduct wouldn‘t traditionally have; can improve the nutritional value of products; and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ考研英语历年真题阅读长难句10０句精析１.Ｗhｉｌe warningｓaｒe often apprｏｐrｉａte and necｅsｓary —tｈe ｄan ｇｅrs of drug intｅrａcｔions,fｏr example—aｎd many are requirｅｄby sｔａte or fedｅral rｅguｌations,it ｉsn't cleａr that tｈey acｔualｌｙproｔｅｃtｔhe manｕfactｕrｅrｓand sｅllers frｏmｌiabilｉtｙif a cusｔomer ｉｓｉnjurｅd.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们）并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,ｉt isn'ｔcｌear that thｅyａctｕalｌyｐroｔeｃt tｈe ｍanufａcturerｓaｎd ｓｅllers from lｉabｉlity if a customer ｉs inｊured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语ｉt,真正的主语是that引导的从句，而that从句之后是一个ｉf 引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。
注意：ｍａnｙaｒｅrｅquｉrｅｄby sｔaｔe ｏrｆederａl regulaｔions中的many是指mａny warnings。
２.Aｄdｉtioｎal social stｒesses may ａlso occｕr becａｕsｅoｆthe populａtion eｘpｌoｓion ｏｒproblems aｒiｓiｎｇfrom masｓmigｒaｔｉon mｏvｅｍent ｓ—ｔheｍsｅlves made relａtivｅlｙeasy noｗadａys bｙｍoｄｅｒn mｅans ｏf tr ａｎsporｔ.【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
历年考研英语真题长难句解析
历年考研英语真题长难句解析1. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information on products might actually be provided for the be nefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.【译文】如果法律界的温和派占上风，产品的警示信息也许确实只是为了照顾顾客的利益，而不是充当免除法律责任的保护性措施。
【析句】在这个复合句中，If the moderate end of the legal community has its way是一个条件从句，for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability是主句的目的状语。
【讲词】 to have one’s way意为“得逞；占上风”。
I will never allow him to have his way.（我决不会让他得逞。
）A willful man must have his way.(只要人有恒，万事皆可成。
）protection意为“保护”，但是有的时候也表示“保护性的措施”。
moderate“中等的，适度的，适中的”，作动词意为“使缓和；主持”。
The wind was strong all day, but it mode rated in the evening.（一整天来风都刮得很厉害，但到傍晚时有所减弱了。
）She was chosen to moderate the debate between the two presidential candidates.（她被推选主持两位总统候选人间的辩论。
）2. Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economistsand operational research experts.【译文】在现代条件下，这需要采取不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
考研资料英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析.doc
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中，it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的从句，而that从句之后是一个if引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成，中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。
注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。
2. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
考研英语长难句真题译文及解析
考研英语长难句真题译文及解析考研英语长难句真题译文及解析1.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month'sstockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause ofsociety's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York,who uses rap tomunicate with students.【译文】在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进展了讨论。
莱文声称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例。
他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名老师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进展交流。
【析句】句子的`主干是Levin asserted that… and even cited…。
During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting是表示时间的状语从句。
music is not the cause of society's ills 是直接引语，是动词asserted的宾语。
his son是动词cited 的宾语，后面的a teacher in the Bronx, NewYork是his son的同位语,who uses rap to municate with students是修饰his son的定语从句。
【讲词】cite意为“引用；引证；提名表扬”。
It's no use citing the Bible to a non-Christian.〔对非基督徒引用《圣经》是没用的。
〕cite的名词形式是citation。
(全)考研英语-长难句翻译-真题精选详解总结+译文
考研英语-长难句翻译-真题精选详解总结+译文Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.重点词汇at the expense of 以...为代价finance 为…供给资金vice versa 反之亦然;反过来也一样切分句子1.第一步找主句的谓语动词depends on，主语是Whether...or...的并列连接的两部分，宾语是the issue，of which is seen as the driving force是the issue的定语；2.第二步找连词，Whether...or...的并列，vice versa属于超纲词汇，所以以前讲的根据成分分析省略的部分不适用了，但并列连词还有一个功效，那就是用来推测前后句子的意思，or表示前后是选择关系。
参考译文政府应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的资助，还是以牺牲纯科学为代价增加对技The data suggest ,for example ,that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents ,sought out as friends ,and pursued romantically.重点词汇seek out 找到pursue 追求romantically 浪漫地切分句子1.第一步：找主干的谓语动词suggest，本句很明显是一个主谓宾结构，宾语是由that引导的从句；2.第二步：找连词and，看一下and 后有没有省略。
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2.Hｅaｓｓｅrted,also, thaｔhiｓpower toｆollow a longaｎdpurely abｓtｒaｃt tｒain ofｔhoughｔ ｗasveｒyｌｉmｉｔｅd, forｗhicｈ ｒeason hｅfeｌtcertaintｈaｔheneｖerｃouｌd hａvｅsuｃceｅdｅd witｈmaｔｈemａticｓ.
译文:他还认为,在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点方面,自己的能力非常有限;因此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。
3. On the other hａｎd,ｈeｄiｄnot aｃcｅｐt aｓwellｆoｕndedthｅchargemaｄebyｓomeｏfhis critｉcｓthａt，ｗhｉle he wasaｇoｏｄoｂｓｅrvｅr，ｈｅhadno poweｒ ｏf reａsoｎiｎg．
译文：达尔文认,失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福,还可能损伤智力,甚至更可能败坏道德。
2００７年:
1. Traｄitionａlｌy，lｅgaｌlｅarnｉng hasｂeenｖiｅｗeｄiｎsｕｃh iｎｓｔiｔutｉons aｓｔhespecｉａlprｅｓerveof lawyers,ｒather thanaｎeceｓｓaｒｙｐarｔｏｆ ｔheiｎｔeｌｌecｔuaｌeqｕｉpmentｏｆaｎｅdｕcａtｅd perｓon．
译文：只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用,而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。
3．Whiｌe iｔｉseasy toignｏｒｅｉnｏｕr coｎtactｗitｈtheｍtｈeｅｆfecｔofｏｕr acｔs upon their disｐｏsitｉon，it isnｏtｓo eａsyaｓiｎdealｉng witｈaｄults .
历年考研英语真题翻译长难句汇编
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历年考研英语真题翻译长难句汇编
20０9年:
1．Iｔmａｙｂeｓaiｄtｈａtｔhｅ ｍｅaｓｕrｅoｆtｈe worｔhofａny sociaｌ ｉｎstitｕｔionisｉｔs effectin enlaｒging anｄiｍｐrｏｖiｎｇexperiencｅ；bｕt thiseffect is nｏt aｐarｔoｆiｔsoｒigｉnaｌmｏtive.
译文:在和年轻人交往时,我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。
4. Sinｃeｏuｒcｈiefｂusineｓｓwith theｍistoｅnabｌethem to sｈarｅin aｃoｍmoｎliｆe wｅcａnnotｈeｌp cｏnsidｅringwhetheｒ ｏr nｏwe are fｏｒmｉnｇthepoweｒsｗhiｃh wiｌl sｅｃuｒｅ ｔhｉsabiｌitｙ.
译文:另一方面,一些批评家指责说,尽管他善于观察,但却不能推理,他对此既不接受且认为毫无根据。
4．He adds humblｙｔhat perｈapsｈｅwas “sｕperiｏr toｔheｃommonｒuｎofｍeninｎｏｔiｃingｔｈiｎgs wｈicｈ ｅasｉlyescapｅattention, anｄiｎobserviｎｇthｅｍｃarefｕlly.”
译文:可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响,但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。
2. Oｎly gradｕａｌlyｗaｓtheｂypｒoductｏf theｉnsｔｉtuｔｉｏnｎotｅd,ａnd onｌyｍoreｇraｄuallyｓtｉll wasｔｈｉｓｅfｆectｃonsiｄｅredasaｄｉrecｔiｖｅｆａｃtｏrｉnｔhe coｎｄucｔof the insｔitutｉon．
译文：他谦虚地补充说，或许他“和普通人相比,更能注意到他们容易忽略的细节，更能对这些细节进行仔细观察”。
５．Darwｉnwａsconvincｅｄｔhaｔ ｔheｌｏss of these tastｅsｗasｎot onlｙa lｏｓs of happiness,buｔ ｍｉghｔ ｐｏssiblyｂeiｎｊｕｒioｕsｔo the iｎｔellｅｃt，andmorｅｐrｏbａbｌytotheｍoral charａcter.
译文:传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权,而不是每个受过教育的人所必备的一部分知识才能。
２．Oｎ ｔheｏｔher,ｉt lｉｎksｔheｓeconｃeｐts to everｙｄayｒｅａlｉtiｅsｉnamannerｗhｉｃhｉsｐaraｌleｌtoｔheｌinksｊourｎalistsｆorgeｏnａdａｉly basｉs as they coｖeｒ ａnd coｍmeｎt onｔhe news.
译文：既然我们的主要任务是让年轻人参与共同生活,我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在形成获得这种能力的力量。
5．Wｅare thｕsｌｅd toｄistingｕｉｓh,ｗithin the bｒoad educatiｏnaｌｐrｏceｓswｈｉｃh weｈave bｅeｎsofａr cｏｎｓiｄerｉng, amoｒeｆormalkｉｎd of edｕｃａtioｎ—that of direct tuｉtion oｒschooliｎg.
译文:因此，我们要在从一直考虑的整个教育过程中辨认出一种比较正规的教育——直接教育或者学校教育。
2008年:
１．Heｂｅｌieveｓthatthiｓ ｖｅｒy difficｕｌtｙｍay haｖehaｄｔhｅcompensaｔｉng advaｎtagｅｏｆｆorｃingｈｉm tothinkｌｏｎg and inteｎｔｌy abouｔeｖeｒy sｅｎteｎce,ａnd thusｅｎaｂlingｈｉm toｄｅtecterrors iｎreasoning aｎd inhiｓowｎobseｒvaｔiｏｎｓ.