英美文化概况 第六章 英国教育(上)中文翻译
英美文化概论 纯正英语版 Education in the U.S
program for children of low-income families, but most families are on their own with regard to finding a preschool or childcare. In the large cities, there are sometimes upper-class preschools catering to the children of the wealthy.
2. Elementary Education
Elementary/primary education begins at the age of five or six, ending at the age of 11 or 12. Public elementary schools founded with community school taxes are controlled by a school board which is composed of members elected by local voters. The major responsibilities of the school board are the hiring of teachers and support staff, determining the local curriculum and approving the budget to carry out educational programs.
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Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. For example, state committees may decide which publisher’s textbooks can be purchased with state funds. In other cases, decisions about buying instructional material are left entirely to local school officials. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns---problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs. Responding to public pressure, boards of education in different areas often add courses on various relevant issues to the elementary and secondary school curriculum.
英美文化概况之英国篇
英美文化概况之英国篇英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。
我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英美文化概论纯正英语版
中国社会主义的教育目的， 是培养有社会主 义觉悟、有文化的劳动者，培养社会主义建设所 需要的各级各类人才。它明确规定了中国教育目 的的社会主义性质和方向，指出了培养社会主义 建设人才的基本要求。这个教育目的体现了马克 思主义关于人的全面发展的思想。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2. The relationship between education
Unit 7 British Education System
British Education System
◆Introduction ◆History ◆The Present Education System ◆Higher Education
I. Introduction
1.The purpose of the British education system
In 1870, a law was passed to call for government– funded education.
By 1880, attendance at school for children between 5 and 10 was compulsory.
Historically, education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches. The influence of the church on schooling is still strong: until very recently, religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils. Daily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life.
英美文化名词解释（2）
英美文化名词解释（2）英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）Amerigo Vespucci----Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William theconqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, t o England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. T oday, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury tovisit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first impor tant English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The GunpowderPlot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged. Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法----It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action.英语国家概况名词解释系列（12）Agribusiness农业产业----The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm.British disease英国病----The term “British disease”is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.英语国家概况名词解释系列（13）Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.Privy Council枢密院----A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.英语国家概况名词解释系列（14）The National Health Service----It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide awide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.英语国家概况名词解释系列（15）Reuters----It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况名词解释系列（16）The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in the world and the most important river in the United States.英语国家概况名词解释系列（17）Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the abolitionist cause.Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech President Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, sha ll not perish from the earth”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（18）The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radical were arrested.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of Americaneconomy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.Marshall Plan----It was announced by George Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）London smog----In 195, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Br itain have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner, someti mes known as a “family doctor”. The familydoctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if necessary, arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist.英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city.Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.英语国家概况名词解释系列（22）Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when France lost its empire in North America to England, French Canadians have struggled to preserve their language and culture. In the early 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in their protests. In particular, they complained that were kept out of jobs ingovernment and in some large businesses because they spoke only French. They have been struggling more rights common which was called “Quiet revolution”.英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英美文化概况-Lessen one--ten
Lesson 1 Geography : The LandThe whole and official name of the Union consisted of English , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually abbreviated to the United Kingdom or UK , Great Britain , or shortly Britain , or sometimes informally English .Britain is located in Western Europe and is parted from the European continent by the North Sea , the Strait of the Dover and the English Channel. The prime meridian of 0°just passes through the old observatory at Greenwich . Britain is a rather small country , accounting for less than 2% of the land area of the world and ranking about the 75th in size in the world . Though it is small in the both size and population , Britain has acted an important part in forming the modern world . It was once one of the oldest and strongest colonial powers in the world and ruled a vast empire , as said to be . " an empire on which the sun never sets ."The north and west of the England are hilly , partly shaped by the Cumbrian Mountain Range , the highest mountain peak of which is Scafell , the highest in England but the third highest mountain across the country . The main range of the Scotland in the Highland is the Grampian Mountains , which concluded Ben Nevis , the highest mountain on the island of the Great Britain .Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland , and the Glasgow , the largest city in Scotland . On the central plain locates Lough Neagh , the largest lake in the Britain . .the Thames River is the most important river in Britain . The river is navigable for large ships to London . the Severn River is The longest river in Britain . The Clyde and the Forth are the most important rivers in Scotland . The largest lake in England is Lake Windermere .Britain has a temperate maritime climate , which has three characteristics : more fogs or smog in winter , more rainy days but less sunny days , instability or changeability. Coal ,petroleum ,natural gas , iron ore , limestone ,clay , shale , and tin are the main natural resources in Britain . The most important are Coal and petroleum . The Ayrshire field in Scotland and the deposits of the Lowlands continue to supply Scotland industry . The leading anthracite fields in Britain are in Wales .Lesson 2 Geography : The PeopleOn the basis of the 2005 census , the whole population of Britain is about 60.2 million . Britain is the 3rd largest country in population in Europe . Britain has the one of the highest population densities in the world , about 10 times of the density of the U.S .The major people in Britain are the English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish . The English people , offspring of Anglo-Saxons . The Wales and Irish are the descendants of the Celts . The main language spoken in Britain are English , Gaelic and Welsh . English is the official language of the country and is spoken by most of the population . The 3 steps in the development of the English language are Old English , Middle English , Modern English ( Early Modern , Authoritarian English , Mature Modern , and Late Modern English .Britain : Christian country . either Protestants or Catholic . The church of England is the established church of the English nation . The King or Queen is the boss of the church and is crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Westminster Abbey . The Free Churches , the Baptists and the United Reformed Church , Quakers ,Methodists are part of the "non-conformist" group in Britain . The Roman Catholic Curch was much persecuted and very weak in England for a long time after the Reformation . the Jews , the Moslems and the Buddhists are The principle non-Christian communities in Britain . Christian regarded Sunday as the " Sabbath Day ."London , the capital of both England and the UK , has a population of about 7 million . The city of London , governed by the Lord Major , acts as the financial center of the country , where there is a concentration of banks . Now London is the great center of commerce , administration , culture and transportation of Britain , and one of the largest international ports in the world . Regard as the biggest manufacturing center , London has such industries as printing , publishing ,food processing , and so on . Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland , one of the important financial and transportation centers in Britain . Cardiff , the capital of Wales , one of the largest coal shipping ports in the world , and a center of Iron and steel industry in Britain .Belfast , the capital of Northern Ireland , is an important industries , commercial and cultural center in Northern Ireland .Birmingham is the second largest city in Britain . Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland , it is a shipping , industries and commercial center of Scotland . Liverpool is one of the largest ports in Britain . Manchester is one of the oldest cities in Britain .Lesson 3 British EconomyThe progresses of the relative of Britain Economy are as follows : Firstly , the country underwent a great loss in the 2 World Wars . Secondly , the era of the Britain Empire was finished . Thirdly , in spite of the relatively rapid and trouble-free process ofde-colonization , Britain was still forced to keep a abundant and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960`s when the process was finished . Fourthly , during the war , British industry was badly ruined but survived unaffected .The problem is that although it has improved , other countries have improved more rapidly , thus the slide from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th , as it is at present . though Britain has experienced economic decline , the decline is relative to some other rather than complete.The British economy underwent a special bad stage in the 1970s when rates of the inflation reached up to 25% with the rises of the oil price . Under Margaret Thatcher , government expense was decreased , taxation , foreign exchanges controls lifted , rules governing banks loosened and worker strikes restricted . inflation came under control , and the business made profits . the negative aspect of the Thatcher`s reform was a rapid increase in unemployment .The national economy of the Britain can be divided into 3 main areas : primary industries , secondary industries , and tertiary industries . The British agriculture is highly efficient compared to France and Germany . It produce1.4% of the national wealth , which only 2% of the labor force that grow 58% of the food needed by the nation . Since oil and gas discovered under the north Sea , Britain has become one of the main producers of oil and gas and the 5th largest exporter of oil in the world . It repots about 1/6 of the total world exports of manufactured goods . It buys about 1/5 of the raw materials exported in the world .the pound sterling is Britain`s unit of currency . London is one of the top three financial centers in the world . Britain`s central bank is the Bank of England .Lesson 4 Political System : Parliament and GovernmentThe U.K still retains an old-fashioned government established on the foundation of the constitutional monarchy : the head of the state of the King or queen . The Britain has no written constitution . Theoretically the queen has all the power , but in reality , she has no real power at all . However, she acts a very important role in the whole system .Parliament : the sovereign , the house of Lords and the House of Commons. The house of Lords comprises hereditary and the life peers and the peeresses , with the the Lord Chancellor as the president of the house . The house of commons is made up of 650 members chosen from the country`s 630 constituencies , Mr. Speaker is the chairman in debates .Mr. Speaker is the second most powerful person in Britain . Parliament`s main functions : debating , making laws and supervising the government and finance .The British government : the Prime Minister and other ministers , who are formally nominated by the Queen according to the advice of the prime minster . The most senior ministers make up of the Cabinet , meets regularly under the chairmanship of the prime minister to decided government policy about major issues .There are over 12 departments under the leadership of the prime minister , some heads are entitled "minister" or "secretary" and some have special titles .The cabinet :the heads od the most important departments with a few ministers without departments . prime minister decides who will be included . The privy council has the formal power to make certain executive orders and proclamations .the head of government , the prime minister controls not only the Cabinet but also the parliament , as he or she is the leader of the majority party in the house of commons . The present prime minister is David Cameron , who become prime minister on May 2010.England is broken into 45 countries . Each country is subdivided into about 6 districts . Wales is divided into 8 countries and the 37 districts . Scotland 12 regions and Southern Ireland ,26 districts . Each of the local administrated areas( countries ,regions or districts) has elected council of its own as local authority .Lesson 5 Political system : Party Politics and JudiciaryThere are three major national parties in Britain :The conservative party and the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrats . Two main political parties dominate the political scene : the conservative party ( openly helps the monopolist to getsuper-profits) and ( practices social democracy or bourgeois reformism) the Labor Party ( both bourgeois in nature ), have been in power by turns sine the end of WW ‖ . The liberal Democratic is been as the party of the "middle ," occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties . The general election in Britain is held every 5 years . Lords in the house of lords cannot be voters in the general election .The conservative party developed out of the Tory party , the Labor Party developed out of the Whip party .For the election purpose , Britain is divided into 651constituencies , each of which elects one member of the house of commons . The deposit a candidate has to pay is supposed to prevent people from running just for a joke. Compiling a register of voters in the duty of a Returning Officer in a constituency . The party that has the majority of seats in the house of Commons will from the government . Common law in Britain may be said to consist of previous court decisions .Serious cases arising in trade and maritime affairs in Britain are dealt with by the Queen`s bench division of the high court of justice . The supreme civil trial court in Scotland is the outer house of the court of session . Death penalty for murder in Britain was abolished in 1969 . Borstal institutions for young offenders in Britain provide courses of training .All police forces in Britain outside London are supported and paid by county councils . The famous "Scotland Yard" refers to CID . The operation zone of the Metropolitan Police covers Greater London .The central courts in Britain include the high court of justice and the court of appeal , the house of Lords and the Privy council . The three divisions of the high court of justice are the chancery ,Family Queen`s Bench divisions . The local courts in England are the magistrate courts and the country courts and the others. The Scottish highest court of justice divided into the criminal session and the court of session that has an inner court house and the outer house .Lesson 6 History : Early Man and the Feudal SocietyThe earliest settlers on the Britain Isles were the Iberians and Celts . From 700 B.C. The Celts came from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles . In A.D.43 Romes under the Claudius conquered Britain .Rome Britain lasted until the year ofA.D 410 when all Rome troops went back to the continent . In the middle of the 5th century , Anglo-Saxons came from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and settled in Britain .The early Anglo-Saxons were worships of natural forces . However , a christian mission under St. Augustine came from Rome in 597 . By the end of the 7th century all England had been Christianized . In the late 8th century the Denes or Scandinavians began to attack the English coast . The new aristocracy , the thegn , had appeared by the 10th century in Britain .From 1017---1042 England was ruled by Danish kings .Edward had promised his kingdom to William , but on his deathbed he changed his idea and gave the kingdom to Harlod . This led to the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Doomsday book was in fact a record each man`s property. The war between Matilda and Stephen resulted in the establishment of the house of Plantagenet .The Great charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords . the Great charter aimed at restricting the power of the king . Simon called the " all Estates parliament " in 1265 . The first British parliament was summoned in the year of 1265 . King Edward I summoned the " all Estates parliament " in the year of 1295 , which is known in history as " the model Parliament ".In 1327 , Parliament forced Edward II hand over his crown to his son .Lesson 7 History : Decline of Feudalism and the Bourgeois RevolutionEdward III launched the Hundred Year`s war , which was a feudal war and a trade war , was one of the history events that marked the decline of the feudalism in Britain . the Hundred Year`s war was a against France for the French crown and for the industries city of Flanders. From 1343 onward , parliament was divided into two chambers . Black death to some extent brought higher and greater freedom to villains . The statutes of Laborers issued by the government of Edward III introduced cruel punishment for those who refused to work .In 1381 , peasants in Essex first rebelled . The closure of land turned a large number of peasants in to landless men . Wars of roses were fought intermittently between Lancastrians and the Yorkists from 1455 to 1465 . During the wars of roses common people were little affected . The house of Tudor was founded in 1485 . The British Bourgeois took place in the 17th century . The two centuries just before the outbreak of the Bourgeois Revolution were a period of capital accumulation .The renaissance was a cultural movement by humanist , spread into England under the Tudors . During the renaissance , the theatre attained great popularity under the Elizabeth .Puritans were Christians , were opposed to Charles I and his ideas , wished to purify the Church of England . The commoners who drew up the Grand Remonstrance had already escaped before Charles I burst into parliament . The restoration of Charles II took place in the year of 1660 .The king`s men at the beginning of the First civil war were called cavaliers . The first civil war lasted for 4 years . The second civil war was fought in the year of 1648 .England was cruelly ruled by Cromwell in the period of the commonwealth . Cromwell suppressed the diggers , liked Levelers in the army , conquered Ireland . The " Glorious Revolution " of the 1688 put William of orange " on the throne , was actually a bloodless coupdetat by the Bourgeois in 1688 . the British Bourgeois revolution exerted exerted great influence on French and the American revolution in the 18th century .Lesson 8 History :The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist MovementThe Industrial Revolution was a Revolution in both the method of production and the relations of production . It began in the textile Industrial in the 1760s and lasted until 1840s . The closures in the 18th century resulted in the appearance of Capitalist farms , labor reserve and an exception of national market .In the 17th and 18th centuries , England fought a series of wars with Holland and France and won supremacy . After the 7 years` war England become the strongest sea power and dominated world trade . As a result of the Industrial Revolution , the Industrial Bourgeois gained supremacy in both economic and political life of the country . Productivity was greatly increased . Many cities sprang up . The rapid growth of capitalism caused miseries disasters among the working people .Oliver twist was written Charles Dickens . People`s Charter was a petition to Parliament drawn by workers organized in London Workingmen`s Association in 1837 . The chartist movement reached its height in 1839-1842 . The failure of Chartism is largely duo to the divided leadership and lack of a strong basis for class and influence of Utopian and petty-bourgeois ideologies .James Hargreaves invented the "spinning Jenny ". One of the Corn Laws placed a ban on wheat import when the prize fell below 50 shillings per quarter. The term "Rotten Boroughs " means constituencies in the house of Commons . The people`s Charter was not accepted by Parliament . The ten-hour Act prohibited young persons and females to work in any factory longer than ten hours a day . The author of wealth of Nations is Adam Smith . The principle of population was formulated by Thomas Malthus .Lesson 9 History : The British Empire and Britain In two World Wars andpost-war PeriodsThe British Empire begin with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583 , and fell after the end of the second World war . The East India Company was given right to enlist army , enforce law ,declare war and make peace in India . India served as a gangplank for the British colonies to expand their colonies and spheres of influence in India . The British Empire reached the pinnacle of its colonial expansion after the First World War . The two imperialist blocks that had been formed just before the outbreak of World War I were Triple Alliance and Triple Entente . The three features of imperialism were foreign territorial expansion , the export of capital and monopoly .Nearly three million British soldiers were killed and wounded and 70% of the her merchant ships were sunk or damaged in World War I . Consequently British lost her sea supremacy after the end of the War . And she came out of the War with a huge debt .In 1920 and 1921 an economic crisis broke our for the first time sine the end of the first World War . The most serious economic crisis that British had ever experienced before World War II lasted from 1929 to 1933 . The working class struggle reached its climax in the General Strike of 1926 .Britain`s foreign policy in the years between the two World Wars was characterized by its hostility toward the young Soviet and the policy of non-intervention and appeasement toward Fascist aggression . The second World war sealed the fate of the British Empire .Britain`s serious economic troubles after the second World War produced such effects as devaluation of pound Sterling , inflation and debts . In 1950 Britain recognized the People`s republic of China . And in 1972 China and Britain established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial rank .The Munich Agreement was a non-aggression pact between Britain and France on the one hand and Nazi Germany on the other . In 1941 Japan attack pearl Harbor . The British Commonwealth of Nations is a phony organization . The underlying aim of Thatcherism is denationalization . Mrs. Thatcher failed to win the general election in 1990 mainly because of the high rate of unemployment .Lesson 10 Education in BritainEducation in Britain is carried out in three stages : primary ,secondary and the higher education . Eduction in Britain is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16 . All state schools in Britain are non-tree paying institutions . CSE , "A" Level of GCE and "O" Level of GEC are for schooling . University that were founded between 1850 and 1930 are called Redbrick University . All university in Britain are private institutionsThe main responsibility for administering education in Britain is left to Local education authorities . The examinations for GCE are conducted by examining boards . Entry to university in Britain is competitive .All teachers in the state system must spend some time in the department or school of education of a university . Supplements are paid to teachers who have first or second class honors degrees . The term of early September to mid-December is known as Christmas . University terms are longer . The general grant needed by states schools in Britain is provided by the Treasury . In Britain , most children start their schooling at the age of 5 in an infant . Under the old selective system ,pupils sit for an examination called the 11-plus in the their last year at primary school . Pupils with the highest marks in the "11 plus" examination go to grammar schools ."Co-educational" means with boys and girls mixed together . Those who do well in the examination of "A"Level of GCE . Can go on to university for study . Independent schools are schools that operate outside the state school system and are private educational institutions .Secondary schools students are required to take at least one of the three certificates to demonstrate their educational attainment . The open university is so called because it is open to people of all ages . The academic year for schools begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three terms . The general pattern for school holidays is about 2 weeks at Christmas and Easter and 8 weeks in the summer .。
英美文化概况 第六章 英国教育(上)中文翻译
目录一、导言 (2)二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层 (2)三、文艺复兴时期的教育 (5)四、十八世纪——何谓正确的英文 (8)第六章英国教育一、导言当今的英国教育体制非常复杂，包括多种类型的学校及教育方式。
这种复杂性源自英国的保守主义。
政府改变教育体制时，往往添加一些新的要素，对现有的体制做些修补，而不是推倒一切，破旧立新。
虽然本章题为“英国教育”，但着重探讨英格兰的教育。
威尔士和苏格兰的教育体制受不同的宗教和社会价值观影响，与英格兰的体制稍有差异。
本章介绍英国当今教育机构和规章制度的演变，特别关注如下问题的答案：何人应当接受教育？何人为教育付费？何为教育的目标？二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层1066年的诺曼征服之前，只有贵族家庭的男童能接受正规教育，承担这些教育工作的是当时屈指可数的学校，或者一些巡回家庭教师。
1066年后，征服者威廉建立了全新的政府官僚体系，而且他与官僚化的罗马天主教会关系密切，需要更多有文化修养的牧师和政府办事人员。
中世纪时期，欧洲接受罗马天主教会的统一领导。
教会是知识和教育的监管人，而且是文化人的主要雇主。
当时有文化的定义是能阅读书写拉丁文，而不是英语。
拉丁文是罗马帝国的通用语言，没有以之为母语的人群，但所有重要的欧洲著作都是拉丁文。
拉丁文的重要性在现代英语的书面语中都有所体现；英语有许多源自拉丁文的词汇。
中世纪期间的英格兰以及欧洲其它地区，年轻男子如果想在教会、法律业或者政府机构求职，就必须会读写拉丁文。
由于只有教会能提供正规的拉丁文教育，最有文化的人都是教会机构的成员。
这些成员被称为clerics(教士；神职人员)。
当时的商人或者政府官员，如果想写信或者做记录，就得聘请一名教士。
现代英语里的clerk（办公文员）一词，就源自cleric(教士)。
1、接受教育的条件，教育费用以及教育目标1）谁能接受教育？当时的学校和学徒制提供的正规教育，主要对象是中产阶级家庭的子弟，以及贵族家庭里除长子之外的子弟。
英美国家概况Unit 6 British Literature (英国文学)
一、本单元重点内容
1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗的名字，同时也是此诗中的英雄的名字)}
2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》)
1). British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells
2). Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11th C.的盎格鲁˙撒克逊的英语) literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD)
2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24)
---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”
7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯)
8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特)
9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森)
10. Modernism (现代主义)
英美国家文化概况(中英文对照)-英国
英国文化概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
西华大学选修课《英美文化与翻译》第6讲 数字的文化内涵与翻译
孤舟蓑笠翁， 孤舟蓑笠翁， 独钓寒江雪。 江雪》 独钓寒江雪。 （柳宗元 ，《江雪》） A hundred mountains and no birds, A thousand paths without a footprint, A little boat, a bamboo cloak, An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.
Today’s assignment
1. A stitch in time saves nine. 2. Don’t worry we have a thousand and one ways to do it. 3. The children were in the seventh heaven with their new toys. 4. How many times do I have to tell you not to leave your homework till the eleventh hour？ 5. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
1. 保留数字直译
一个篱笆三个桩，一条好汉三个帮。 一个篱笆三个桩，一条好汉三个帮。 A fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able fellow needs the help of three other people. At noon, the sky was as dark as at the close of the day. Many of us grew impatient and wandered out of our tents to discuss the weather in twos and threes. 中午，天空像傍晚一样阴沉， 中午，天空像傍晚一样阴沉，我们许多人感到 不耐烦，便走出帐篷，三三两两谈论着天气。 不耐烦，便走出帐篷，三三两两谈论着天气。
英美教育简介
GCSEs are the main examinations taken by UK students to complete the first stage of secondary or high school education. GCSE即英国普通初级中学毕业文凭，相当于中国 国内的初中毕业考试文凭 。经过两年GCSE学习后 ， 学生通常用两年学习8-12门课程，大多数学生都 会学习学校规定的必修课。必修课包括英语、数学、 设计与技术、语言、自然科学、资讯与通讯技术及 体育等。选修课程有艺术与设计、商务、戏剧、经 济学、工程学、卫生与社会护理、休闲与旅游、音 乐、物理及宗教等
University of Birmingham University of Bristol University of Cambridge Cardiff University University of Edinburgh University of Glasgow Imperial College London King's College London University of Leeds University of Liverpool
英国教育给你留下什么印象？最了解的是什么？
英国教育的历史回顾 英国当代教育体制 英国高等教育——以牛津和剑桥为中心 美国教育的历史回顾 美国当代 教育体制 美国高等教育的演变和发展
英国传统教育的起源 1. 罗马统治 罗马占领时期（43-410），不列颠总督Agricola 提倡教育，面向精英阶层，以拉丁文为主。
歌咏学校 （Singing school):培养唱诗班领唱员。 文法学校（Grammar school):培养政治家、官员 和神职人员。 (1)重视古典课程 教授拉丁语、修辞、文法作为教育的最高宗旨和根本 目标。以神学和“七艺”为主（文法、逻辑、修 辞、算术、几何、天文、音乐）。 文法：不仅指拉丁文法，还包括拉丁语和文学基 本常识。
英美文学教材部分翻译
上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。
岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。
古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。
盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。
正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。
英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。
这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。
这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。
他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。
总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。
宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。
比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。
在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。
除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。
这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。
其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。
英美国家文化概况名词解释
英美文化名词解释威廉征服者William who was Duke of Normandy, landed his army in southeast England in September 1066. Harold, who had been fighting rebels in north England, armed with bows and arrows. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066 and became known as William the Conqueror. The Normandy line of kings began to rule England.大宪章On June 15, 1215, king John signed and swore to observe the charter the nobles had prepared. The charter, known as the Greater Charter, or the Magna Carta, is as important to the English people as the Declaration of Independence is important to the Americans. It has been regarded as “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter was the first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law. It laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system. It contained provisions that protected life and property.伊丽莎白一世One of the greatest monarchs in Britain history. She reigned England Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievement in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.综合学校Comprehensive schoolThe comprehensive secondary school system requires children to start receiving school education at age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they are eleven years old; however, the “eleven plus”is no longer required. All of them are entitled to go to the secondary comprehensive schools.①90%; ②admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education, teaching students everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking) ; Common lawSince there was no written law to tell the circuit judges how to deal with each case and punish offenders, the judges had to make decisions by relying on English traditions and customs, which varied not only from shire to shire but from one community to another.The circuit judge would have to bring the different local customs and traditions together when they are going to make a decision. After circuit judges applied them to court decisions, local customs became common to all.A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.圈地运动的利与弊Enclosure ActsAgricultural enclosure had good as well as bad result. It consolidated small fields into large farms, which paved the way for scientific large-scale production, increasing the supply of agricultural products. This made it possible for Britain to develop industry enlarge its urban population, but the enclosure was a disaster for the tenants who were driven off their lands. These displaced peasants were forced to look for a living in towns even though many of them lacked the skills needed for industrial production.英国工业革命的过程(1)1733, flying shuttle, John Kay, speeded up hand weaving;(2)1766, spinning jenny, James Hardgrave’s, enabled one hand laborer to spin threads at a time;(3)Richard Arkwright’s water frame in 1769;(4)power-driven machinery, real “revolution” in textiles;(5) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779;(6) Edmund Cartwright’s power looms in 1784;(7)James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.影响（1）Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;（2）Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.（3）Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.（4）The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.议会的主要功能①To pass laws;②To provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation;③To examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure;④To debate the major issues of the day.英国内战如何爆发、结果影响如何Charles 1, also believed “the Divine Right of kings”. A doctrine that the king derives his authority from God, not the people. His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy. He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament. But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament. Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own.Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was inevitable. In 1642, the first Civil War broke out.By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped. He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell. Thus was the beginning of the Second Civil War.In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death.结果影响The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.美国教育特征①Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education.②Public education is free and compulsory.③Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.④Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.。
英美文化概况
Is English an International Language?法英2班1008061 邢金莉Recent years, all of us may have such an impression that we have been surrounded by various kinds of English elements like the movies, songs, theories, poems of English, all of those aggressive culture elements exactly take an important part of our daily life of entertainments and academic researches. As reported, English is spoken as a second or foreign language by estimated 950 million people. This is in addition to 430 million native speakers of English. But how did the English language reach the stage where it is used by more than 1 in 5 of the world’s population? Does it can prove English an international language nowadays? I think the answer is doubtless, English has really occupied the dominant place of the world language.With the promotion of globalization, people are required to find a sort of communicate-freely language which can break the language obstacle to make it available for people of different colors and countries to understand each other. Just under such situation, English as a global language was born.In many counties, English has been scheduled into the compulsory courses and regarded as one of important standards for estimating a student’s capability. No wonder that English have gradually become a basic skill today, not only for the educated people, but for those without formal education background, such as a shopper or a waiter, mastering some basic oral English can enhance their business amounts. Especially when preparing for the 2008 Olympics, in order to communicate with the world more freely, people throughout the country were encouraged to study English, as well as the cities proposed to establish a system of authentic English signs for the public areas.Part from being driven by benefit, studying English could also be fun. In the information age of the 21st century, 45 percents of web pages are written in English. And a large amount of English movies and songs are published every year, such as the movies of Hollywood have been introduced into some foreign counties. Those industry products ofculture access the ones who haven’t been to the English-speaking countries before to appreciate the beauty of those countries directly and visibly. How could those works arouse such huge impacts? One of the essential reasons is that English is predominant language in the public industry, so writing in English would gain more chance of spreading around the world. So it can be called as the unique miracle created by English.Further more, with the booming of British Empire and United States, English gain much more attention from other countries. Neither political, economy, culture, technology nor military might alone give one language with international prominence, and it is a combined effect of all those elements. In the 19th century, British established many colonies around the world, people there were forced to learn English and use English as the official language. Even though most of those colonies have been independent later, the tradition of speaking English was kept in those countries till today. Similarly, due to the influence of the sole powerful country---the USA, English is used more widely than any other period in the history, from entertainment to science, involving every field of social lives.It’s true that no matter where you go, with English you would never get lost.。
英美文化unit6-2
The traditions of Modern American Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving feast
Families and friends gather on Thanksgiving Day to give thanks for their good fortune and to feast on such traditional dishes as turkey, stuffing, cranberry sauce, potatoes, and desserts such as pumpkin pie and Indian pudding .
Contemporary Customs
jack-o’-lantern --- According to legend, jack-o’-lanterns set on porches and windowsills cast a spell of protection over the household while spirits of the dead roam the Earth.
Last Monday Traditional bank
Bank Holiday in August
holiday (except
Scotland)
Christmas
December 25 Celebration of Christmas
Boxing Day
December 26
Traditional holiday where gentry give presents to servants and others
torchlight parades mock battles between Catholic and
英美文化概论---纯正英语版----Education-in-UK[1]
![英美文化概论---纯正英语版----Education-in-UK[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b0823797c0c708a1284ac850ad02de80d5d80675.png)
In Britain the academic year is divided into three terms of about twelve weeks each.
The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education.
not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society
but also to socialize children, learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.
英美文化unit6--8
Protestants. blowing up effigies with fire works searching the cellars by the Beefeaters drinking session
Look at the pictures and call out the holidays that come to your mind.
Summary
Christmas ---remembering the birth of Jesus Christ
Easter ---commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ
Work in pairs Describe this picture . 1. Who were those people ? 2. Where were they ? 3. Why did they gather together ?
The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans who landed at Plymouth Rock, in what is now Massachusetts, United States, in 1620. During their first winter in the new land, they suffered tremendously.In 1621, they had a good harvest with the help of the Indians.
Easter
On the Sunday following the first full moon after March 21.
英美文化课之英国简介 A Survey of the United Kingdom
Brief Introduction to United Kingdom
The UK‟s form of government is a constitutional（宪法的，章程的） monarchy（君主制）with a parliamentary（议会的）system and its capital city is London. It is one of the Commonwealth（联邦） Realms（范围）. The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The latter three have devolved administrations（管理，行政）, each with varying powers, based in their capital cities, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The United Kingdom has fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are remnants（残余部分）of the British Empire which, at its height in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, encompassed almost a quarter of the world‟s land mass and was the largest empire in history. British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems（法律制度）of many of its former colonies.
英美概况第五讲-英国教育
• Two education systems:
1)National Curriculum: England, Wales and Northern Ireland
→ English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education as the core subjects.
Latin was brought to the forefront of education in the middle ages due to the close association between education and religion.
Three kinds of schools could been found in the early period.
→ emphasizing the depth of knowledge
2) Scottish model: independent education and testing system
→ emphasizing the breadth of knowledge
• In primary and second school education:
• Parents will be sued at law if failing to make their children have education.
Before school age: pre-school education provided by child care centers, nursery schools, playground, kindergarten and nursery classes.
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目录一、导言 (2)二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层 (2)三、文艺复兴时期的教育 (5)四、十八世纪——何谓正确的英文 (8)第六章英国教育一、导言当今的英国教育体制非常复杂，包括多种类型的学校及教育方式。
这种复杂性源自英国的保守主义。
政府改变教育体制时，往往添加一些新的要素，对现有的体制做些修补，而不是推倒一切，破旧立新。
虽然本章题为“英国教育”，但着重探讨英格兰的教育。
威尔士和苏格兰的教育体制受不同的宗教和社会价值观影响，与英格兰的体制稍有差异。
本章介绍英国当今教育机构和规章制度的演变，特别关注如下问题的答案：何人应当接受教育？何人为教育付费？何为教育的目标？二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层1066年的诺曼征服之前，只有贵族家庭的男童能接受正规教育，承担这些教育工作的是当时屈指可数的学校，或者一些巡回家庭教师。
1066年后，征服者威廉建立了全新的政府官僚体系，而且他与官僚化的罗马天主教会关系密切，需要更多有文化修养的牧师和政府办事人员。
中世纪时期，欧洲接受罗马天主教会的统一领导。
教会是知识和教育的监管人，而且是文化人的主要雇主。
当时有文化的定义是能阅读书写拉丁文，而不是英语。
拉丁文是罗马帝国的通用语言，没有以之为母语的人群，但所有重要的欧洲著作都是拉丁文。
拉丁文的重要性在现代英语的书面语中都有所体现；英语有许多源自拉丁文的词汇。
中世纪期间的英格兰以及欧洲其它地区，年轻男子如果想在教会、法律业或者政府机构求职，就必须会读写拉丁文。
由于只有教会能提供正规的拉丁文教育，最有文化的人都是教会机构的成员。
这些成员被称为clerics(教士；神职人员)。
当时的商人或者政府官员，如果想写信或者做记录，就得聘请一名教士。
现代英语里的clerk（办公文员）一词，就源自cleric(教士)。
1、接受教育的条件，教育费用以及教育目标1）谁能接受教育？当时的学校和学徒制提供的正规教育，主要对象是中产阶级家庭的子弟，以及贵族家庭里除长子之外的子弟。
农家子弟要辛勤劳作，父母无法送他们上学。
贵族家庭把长子送到另一个贵族家庭接受培训，学习礼仪和格斗。
正规教育只提供给占人口比例非常小的少数人。
2）谁付费？——捐助者和家长教会开办的学校，部分资金通常来自富人的慈善捐款。
在那个时代，人们认为慈善捐款有助于捐助者死后上天堂。
这些捐赠用于建立包括中学和大学在内的学校。
但大体而言，当时教育的责任还是由孩子的家庭承担。
大多数父母没有送孩子上学。
孩子们往往跟随父母劳作，学会各种技能。
农家子弟跟随父亲在田地里，磨坊里，或者匠铺里干活。
农家女跟随母亲纺织毛线，织布，烤面包，酿制啤酒，照看奶牛和家禽，煮饭，照顾弟妹，看管菜园子。
中上层阶级的女童也要跟随母亲学习，虽然这些女童或许还可以有机会学习读写家人使用的语言（主要是英文，法文，威尔士文，或者爱尔兰和苏格兰使用的盖尔语）。
那些能送儿子上学的家庭，支付学费有几种不同的方式。
富裕的家庭直接支付学费。
其它家庭利用与教会或贵族家庭的关系获取奖学金学位。
家庭缺钱或者没有关系的男孩，即使很聪明，也很少有机会能上学，甚至也无法自学，因为当时书籍非常稀有昂贵，而且只有教会以及受过教育的人才使用拉丁文。
3）教育目标中世纪的欧洲人不赞同社会变革，因此教育并不视为社会进步的手段。
儿童都是为接替父母的地位而接受各种培训。
当时的农民确实期望以正规教育提高子女的社会地位，但贵族甚至惧怕这种社会地位的变化。
如果富裕的农民尽其所能供儿子上学，儿子也很少有机会利用所接受的教育。
通常情况下，可供给接受教育的农家子弟的唯一职位就是做当地的神父。
神父职位的工资很低，而且没有政治权力。
此外，由于神父不能结婚或者合法生育，因此整个家庭的社会地位也无法提升。
即使如此，这样的教育机会甚至还遭到贵族阶层的反对。
他们试图颁布各种法律，禁止所有的农民接受教育，虽然结果不了了之。
封建教会和封建贵族沆瀣一气，维持当时的社会现状。
2 、教育机构：学徒制和高校中世纪建立的很多教育机构，包括学徒制和大学，虽然形式变化很大，但至今仍然存在。
1）学徒制通常住在市镇里的手工业者可以代儿子签署一份学徒制法律合约。
父亲给儿子选择一门手艺，比如纺织或者木工，然后与行会的一位师傅签署一份法律合约。
父亲付钱给师傅，然后师傅给孩子提供住宿和培训。
孩子听从师傅使唤，跟随师傅学习，学艺6到7 年后获得满师学徒工地位，得到一份微薄的薪水。
最后，通常在20岁时，满师学徒工带着自己制作的一件样品与行会接洽，申请师傅职位。
申请通过后就可以自己开业，获取所有的工作酬劳。
这种学徒制形式一直延续到20世纪，直到工厂化生产以及中等教育出现后才弱化其功用。
二十世纪的学徒制接受改造，容纳了规范化的学校教育。
2）“语法学校”与“公学”“语法学校”起源于市镇里，为中上层阶级的男童提供教育。
1179年，罗马天主教教会规定，每个总教堂(由一个在教会任高职的主教管理的教堂)附近必须建立一所学校。
总教堂的主教遵从教会指令，任命一位校长给当地的神父及其他人员传授拉丁语语法。
这些学校虽然收学费，但也提供奖学金。
原因之一是当时的教会排斥妇女任职，而声乐在教会仪式中又不可或缺，所以对于教会而言，男童歌手的作用非常重要。
嗓音出众的男童可以免费接受教会的教育，在举行宗教典礼时为总教堂唱歌，以报答教会的恩典。
类似的奖学金至今仍然还有。
当初的“语法学校”通常利用慈善捐款建立，给当地的男童提供拉丁文教育。
这些学校之所以被称为“公学”，是因为学生不必付学费。
后来这些属于“公学”的文法学校逐渐接受付费的学生，这些付费生占据了学校的主导地位。
“温切斯特公学”得到一位捐赠者的资助，于1382年建立，最初打算为当地的男童和男童歌手提供免费教育，只招收少量支付学费的富家子弟。
“温彻斯特公学”的男童为毕业后进入牛津大学的“新学院”做学术方面的准备。
“伊顿公学”成立于1440年，按“温彻斯特公学”的模式建立，毕业生只能去仅接受“伊顿公学”毕业生的剑桥大学的“国王学院”。
与“温彻斯特公学”一样，“伊顿公学”富裕的付费生取代了获得奖学金的学生。
这种“公学”很快就变成了专属富家子弟的精英培训机构。
这些学校，不管是过去还是现在，都是中上阶层的英格兰人的培训基地，也是势利精英的代名词。
当时多数“文法学校”的毕业生无法上大学，而只能接受学徒制教育，或者学习父亲的手艺或者行当。
不过确实有少数人能升上中世纪混乱而又催人奋进的大学，继续接受教育。
3）英格兰的大学：牛津大学与剑桥大学中世纪的男生如果想上英格兰的大学，他们只有两种选择：要么上牛津大学，要么上剑桥大学。
这两所大学至今仍然是声名显赫的教育机构，虽然变化很大。
两所大学建校的具体日期已经很难确定了。
牛津大学是从当地一所与教会有联系的学校发展而来的，而剑桥大学则是由牛津大学里的异议分子创建的。
牛津大学教师的声誉慢慢地吸引了越来越多的学生。
正如柏拉图时期（公元前427？年至347年）的古希腊学园一样，牛津大学的学生直接向讲师支付学费。
牛津的讲师以教堂为教室，学生到镇里找住宿的地方。
当时的教师有一个非正式的组织，称为university（大学），类似于中世纪的行会。
牛津的教师们彼此间经常争论不休。
1209年的一场争吵特别激烈，导致一群教师离开牛津大学，到剑桥地区建立了一所新的大学，因为其中的一位讲师在那里有亲戚。
一场微不足道的争吵就这么决定了一所重要大学的位置。
截止至公元1300年，牛津大学有大约1500名学生，剑桥有大约500人。
随着越来越多的学生上大学，慈善捐款人捐资支付学生的食宿，建立了学生可以住宿和听课的学院。
1316年至1352年期间，总共有10个学院成立，每个学院都有自己的规章制度，收入来源也各异。
每个学院给10到20位学者提供住宿的地方。
这些学者向学院支付食宿费，学费交给大学，承诺遵守学院的规章制度，而且被视为教会机构的低级成员。
他们甚至把头剃成和教会神职人员一样。
当时上大学并没有正式的入学考试或者或毕业考试。
14或15岁的少男直接就可以进入某一个学院就读。
他们通常是属于中产阶级的富商和富裕手工业者的子弟，贵族家庭除长子之外的子弟，还有一些获得奖学金支持的较低阶层家庭的子弟。
听课四年后，这些男青年被称为bachelor“学士”，地位就像中世纪接受训练的骑士一样（欧洲封建时期跟随另一位骑士做侍从的年轻骑士）。
再经过3年的教育后，他们被称为master“硕士”。
申请“硕士”学位的学生只需宣誓已经阅读过必读的书籍，并且有一些认识自己的“硕士”作证，证明自己已经符合资格。
有点像满师学徒工要展示自己的样品一样，新进硕士要做一次示范讲座。
20世纪的牛津与剑桥大学有入学考试和毕业考试。
学生不再被当作教会机构的成员。
但牛津大学和剑桥大学的学院仍然有高度的自治权，有各自的归属感与传统，与其它大学的residence hall（“学生公寓”）有所不同。
牛津大学和剑桥大学虽然不是欧洲最古老的大学，但几百年来出类拔萃，至今仍然声名显赫，闻名天下。
在中世纪，牛津大学和剑桥大学的课程反映了当时的社会需求。
大学教育为青年男子做职业生涯的准备，以便毕业后进入教会机构的高层，或者加入逐渐扩大的公务员队伍，或者为进一步研习法律、医学打基础（研习法律一般到伦敦的法律服务中心，学医则需去意大利。
意大利的大学当时得益于阿拉伯人的医学知识）。
当时的必读书目分为七个领域，称为Seven Liberal Arts（“文科七艺”：包括语法、修辞和逻辑三艺，算术、几何、音乐和天文四艺；Liber 在拉丁文里意为“书籍”）。
“文科”一词现在仍然用来指英语，哲学，音乐，艺术和其他人文学科方面的学习。
“七艺”前三项称为trivium（三文科），包括逻辑学、拉丁文、希腊文和希伯来文的语法（这三种语言当时是《圣经》使用的语言）和修辞。
这些学习为学者以后编写教会仪式用的布道词以及研究《圣经》做准备。
其它“四艺”（quadrivium），包括算术，几何，天文和音乐，帮助学者预测诸如复活节之类的教会农历节日的日期，并为教会仪式编写乐曲。
随着社会的变化，这些科目也发生了变化。
到十九世纪中叶，这些大学已成为科学、文化与语言的研究中心，以其科目的理论研究而不是实际应用而闻名。
三、文艺复兴时期的教育1、变化：英语，自我教育，新学校都铎王朝和斯图亚特王朝的君主统治期间，也就是文艺复兴期间，英国的教育出现了一些新的变化：英语取代拉丁语成为官方语言；人们出于宗教原因被禁止入学；自我教育的机会更多；许多新的学校成立。
教育目标和教育付费方式保持原样，但出现了新的问题：谁该接受教育？1）英语语言方面的问题整个中世纪时期，英语是下层阶级遭人鄙视的语言。
英语后来取代诺曼人的法语成为上层阶级的语言，人们互相交流就遇到了很大的麻烦，因为英语方言太多。