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lecture5

实验区（过渡区）：在缓冲区的周围划出一定地段的保护区。可根据自然资源条件，开展科学试验、教学实习、参观考察、驯养繁殖和多种经济活动。
七、自然保护区的发展历史
世界的第一个自然保护区为1864年美国为保护红杉树而在约西迈特山谷建立的自然保护区。 1872年美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园，即黄石国家公园。 1879年，澳大利亚在悉尼附近建立了世界上第二个国家公园。自此以后，尤其是本世纪三十年代以后，世界各国都陆续开展建立自然保护区的工作。
6 多种经营管理区（Multiple-use 多种经营管理区（Multiplemanagement areas）与自然资源保护区 areas）与自然资源保护区（Resource reserve） reserve）单项自然资源的保护地或储备地、禁猎区等。目的是为资源持续利用创造条件。具有相当大面积的区域，可以进行木材生产、水资源利用、放牧、养殖等活动。要计划经营，并进行一定的保护管理，划分为多个小区，分别经营和管理。
我国自然保护区的发展历史 ---创建时期（1956-1965） ---创建时期（1956-1965）
1957年在福建建立了以保护中亚热带常绿阔叶林为主的万木林自然保护区。 1958年在云南西双版纳建立了小勐养、勐后、勐腊三个保护区，对热带雨林及珍稀动物亚洲象、野牛、犀鸟等进行保护。 1961年，全国各地规划的自然保护区和禁猎区有70多处，其中自然保护区级20处，面积 814万ha，约占我国国土面积的0.1％。到1965年为止，我国正式建立的自然保护区 19处，面积为64.8874ha。
2 国家公园（National Parks）国家公园（ Parks）
国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有：国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有：（1）面积较大。（2）区内具有一种或几种未被人类开发利用的生态系及一些可供观赏的自然景观。（3）在区域内严禁开发自然资源的大规模生产性活动。（4）可以参观访问。

lecture5

第五讲载流子产生与复合（续）9月12，2001内容：1.热平衡之外的G&R率2.表面产生与复合阅读作业del Alamo Ch. 3，§§3.4 ,3.6主要问题●当载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值时，对产生和复合之间的平衡发生了什么影响？●对每个G&R机制是如何打乱的？●决定G&R率平衡的主要因素是什么？●如何能表征表面G&R？⒈ 平衡之外的G&R率●在热平衡时：●在热平衡之外（载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值）：如果,G R 载流子浓度随时间变化。

定义净复合率U 是十分有用的：U R G=−反映内部G&R 机制的平衡：如果0R G U >，净复合占优势如果0R G U <，净产生占优势如果几个机制同时作用，定义：i i iU R G =−而iU U =在热平衡之外的不同机制对G&R 率会发生什么影响？a ）能带到能带光学G&R●光产生率没有变化，因为键合数目没有变化：00rad rad rad G g r n p ==●如果电子和空穴浓度发生变化时，光复合率受到影响：rad rad R r np=●定义净复合率：()00rad rad rad rad U R G r np n p =−=− －如果00np n p >，0rad U >，净复合占优势－如果00np n p <，0rad U <，净产生占优势●注意：我们假定rad g 和rad r 与平衡时无变化b ）俄歇G&R●包括热电子：eeh eeh G g n= 2eeh eeh R r n p=如果eeh g 和eeh r 间关系和TE 时无差别：()00eeh eeh eeh eeh U R G r n np n p =−=−●同样，包括热电子：()00ehh ehh U r p np n p =−●总的俄歇：()()00Auger eeh ehh U r n r p np n p =+−c ）与陷阱有关的热G&R在平衡之外，如果产生复合率常数不受影响：复合：捕获一个电子＋一个空穴净复合率＝净电子捕获率＝净空穴捕获率tr ec ee hc heU r r r r =−=−从这，推导出t n ，并最终得到tr U ：()()00tr ho i o inp n p U n n p n ττ−=+++d ）所有过程组合起来□ 特殊情况：低水平掺杂定义过剩载流子浓度：'0n n n =+ '0p p p=+LLI ：平衡的少数载流子浓度占主导但对多数载流子浓度扰动可以忽略－对n 型：－对p型：在LLI中：U的所以表达式仿效下面形式：τ为过程i的载流子寿命，每个G&R过程的一个特征常数：i在LLI 情况下，净复合率作为材料和温度的一个常数，线性的取决于过剩载流子浓度。

Lecture 5气候经济学

5.1. Public goods5.1. Public goods - IntroductionIn the perfectly competitive market, property rights are assumed to be perfectly defined and enforced. This implies goods and services are excludable and rivalrous in consumption.Excludable Non-excludableRivalrous Non-rivalrousClub goods Common resources Public goodsIn reality, many goods and services are associated with property rights problems:Private goodse.g. ice-cream, clothing e.g. cable TV, club membershipe.g. fish in the ocean, the environment e.g. basic research, national defenceDefinitions: non-excludable: once produced, no one can be prevented from using the good; and non-rivalrous: one person’s use of the good does not diminish other people’s use.5.1. Public goods - Market failurePrivate goods and club goods do not present market failure – they have prices attached to them. Public goods and common resources present market failure – externalities arise because something of value has no price attached:• If a person were to provide a public good, for e.g. national defence, others would be better off and yet they are not charged for this benefit;• If a person uses a common resources, for e.g. fish in the ocean, others would be worse off and yet they are not compensated for this loss.Due to these externalities, private decisions about production and consumption can lead to inefficient outcomes (market failure).Government intervention (public solutions) can potentially correct inefficiency and raise economic well-being.5.1.1. Public goodsDue to these two features, people have an incentive to be free riders:The existence of free riders lead to the under-provision of public goods in the market (the free rider problem ).The market fails to provide the efficient outcome because those who gain a benefit fromconsuming the public good do not compensate the supplier for the production costs. Hence, the supplier has no incentive to provide the good.The government can remedy this problem by providing or subsidising the public good and paying for it with tax revenue, to make everyone better off. This is a public solution.Some examples: fireworks displays, lighthouses, national defence, basic research (knowledge), free-to-air TV and radio.Definition: public goods are goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.Definition: free rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.National defence - one of the most expensive public goods.• Solution: People may disagree on the appropriate levels, but most will agree that some government spending on defence is necessary.Basic research (knowledge) – general knowledge is a public good; profit seeking firms have incentive to free ride on the knowledge created by others.• Solution: Government subsidises the basic research carried out by universities and other research organisations (this is a corrective subsidy on the positive externality generated). Fighting poverty – everyone prefers living in a society without poverty, but fighting poverty is not a ‘good’ that private actions will adequately provide.• Solution: Many government programs are aimed at helping the poor, for e.g. unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, disability support, funded by tax revenue.Before providing a public good, government conducts a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether it is efficient to do so.Definition: cost-benefit analysis is a study that compares the costs and benefitsto society of providing a public good.Free-to-air TV and radio - non-excludable and non-rivalrous, yet provided by private firms as for-profit business. For e.g. Freeview.How is revenue generated, when consumers enjoy for free?• Solution: broadcasters sells a complementary, private good i.e. advertising. Sells airtime to advertisers.Advertisers are willing to pay more if their ads are shown during a program that has many viewers. This gives broadcasters incentive to show programs that viewers want to watch. Hence, viewer demand drives what is shown.Other examples of the private provision of public goods: search engines e.g. Google and Bing; and video sharing sites e.g. YouTube and Vimeo. These are funded by the revenue from the ads displayed on the webpages.5.1.2. Common resourcesThe tragedy of the commons refers to the overgrazing of communal land surrounding medieval English villages.Each family in the village has the right to graze sheep on the commons. When one family ’s flock grazes on the common land, it reduces the quality of the land available for other families. Because people neglect this negative externality when deciding how many sheep to own, the result is an excessive number of sheep. Overgrazing eventually damages the land ’s ability to replenish itself, destroying the common resource for all families in the village.Some examples: clean air and climate change, oil deposits, congested non-toll roads, fish, whales and other wildlifeSolutions to the common resource problem can be private and/or public. Definition: common resources are goods that are non-excludable but rivalrous.Definition: the tragedy of the commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.Clean air and climate change – greenhouse gasses emitted in one country spread around the world contributing to climate change in every country. When a government in one country regulates emissions, it considers only its own environment, not the effects on other countries. • Solution: the Coase Theorem suggests that nations can enter into a treaty (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol) which commits them to reduce their own emissions. The treaty behaves like contract, internalising the externality.Oil deposits – a large oil field lies under many properties with different owners. Any of the owners can extract the oil, but when one owner extracts oil, less is available for the others. Because each owner who drills a well imposes a negative externality on the other owners, the benefit to society of drilling a well is less than the benefit to the owner who drills it. If owners of the properties decide individually how many oil wells to drill, they will drill too many.• Solution: some type of joint action or agreement among the owners is necessary to solve the problem and ensure that oil is extracted at lowest cost.Overgrazing on the commons - the community can prevent the tragedy in a number of ways. • Solution: regulate the number of sheep in each family ’s flock or divide up the land among the families.Congested roads - yield a negative externality. When one person drives on the road, it becomes more crowded, and other people must drive more slowly.• Solution: Government levies a toll or a congestion charge. A toll is a corrective tax on the externality of congestion. Sometimes congestion is a problem only at rush hour. Government can charge higher tolls at rush hour as an incentive for drivers to alter their schedules.Many species of animals (fish, whale, other wildlife) – are common resources.Fish, for instance, have commercial value, and anyone can go to the ocean and catch whatever is available. Each person has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year. Just as excessive grazing can destroy the commons, excessive fishing can destroy marine populations. • Solution: ??Two problems prevent successful Government regulation of fish stocks:(1) many countries have access to the oceans, so any solution would require internationalcooperation among countries that hold different values;(2) because the oceans are so vast, enforcing any agreement is difficult.5.2. Government intervention - IntroductionGovernments intervene in markets to correct market failures, such as inequality, externalities and public goods. Objective: to restore efficiency and increase economic well-being of society. Government can intervene: • Directly – by controlling prices in the markets• Indirectly – by taxing and/or subsiding demand and supplySome policy tools used bygovernment:• Price controls• Taxes• Subsidies5.2.1. Price controlsInequality and fighting poverty are market failures.Governments can directly control prices in different markets by using price ceilings and price floors to ensure all members of society enjoy a certain standard of living.Definition: price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold. Definition: price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.5.2.1. Price controls: price ceilingA binding price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price.Price ceilings result in shortages of the good, as the market cannot achieve equilibrium.To manage the shortage, somemechanism for rationing the good will naturally develop, for e.g. queuing. In the case of rent control , landlords may be discouraged from maintaining their buildings.A price ceiling is only binding if set belowthe equilibrium price. If set above , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market from achieving equilibrium.SupplyDemandPrice ceiling $3 $2100 75 125Price QuantityQuantity supplied Quantity demandedShortage5.2.1. Price controls: price floorA binding price floor is set above the equilibrium price.Price floors result in surpluses of the good. Some sellers are able to sell their goods at the higher price, but others will not be able to.Some method for rationing will naturally develop, for e.g. appealing to the personal biases of the buyers. In the case of minimum wage , the surplus is unemployment.Rationing may lead to discriminatory hiring practices in the labour market.A price floor is only binding if set above theequilibrium price. If set below , it is non-binding as it does not prevent the market fromachieving equilibrium. SupplyDemandPrice floor$3$4 100 75 125 Price Quantity Quantity suppliedQuantity demanded SurplusDefinition: tax incidence is the study of who bears the burden of taxation, the degree to which buyers and sellers will be worse off due to the tax.5.2.2. TaxesGovernment taxes firms and households in different markets.Taxes fulfill two functions:(1) Provide government with the resources required for intervention, for e.g. government uses taxrevenue to provide or subsidise public goods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can tax activities that havenegative externalities an amount equaling its external cost.Definition: tax is a payment to government, from buyers or sellers, for each unit of good that is bought or sold.The government requires buyers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit purchased.This shifts demand to the left (demand falls) by the amount of the tax.The tax creates a wedge between the price buyers effectively pay ($3.30), and the price sellers receive ($2.80).Although the tax is levied on buyers, the burden of the tax falls on both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is $0.30 higher than before, the price sellers receive is $0.20 lower than before.Moreover, the quantity traded falls (100 to 90).SupplyDemand 1 $3 $2.8010090 Price QuantityEquilibrium without tax Demand 2$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50The government requires sellers to pay a tax of $0.50 on each unit sold.This shifts supply to the left (supply falls) by the amount of the tax. Otherwise, the effects are identical to tax incidence on buyers.How taxes affect market outcomes:Taxes discourage market activity:• When a good is taxed, the quantity traded falls;• Buyers pay more for the good and sellers receive less.Buyers and sellers share the tax burden. It does not matter who the tax is levied on. The effects on the market and the tax incidence are identical.Supply 1Demand$3 $2.8010090 PriceQuantityEquilibrium without tax$3.30 Equilibrium with taxTax $0.50Supply 25.2.2. Taxes: elasticity and tax incidenceSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers payPrice sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersSupply 1DemandPrice without tax PriceQuantityEquilibrium without taxEquilibrium with taxTaxSupply 2Price buyers pay Price sellers receiveTax incidence on buyersTax incidence on sellersBecause supply is elastic , the price sellers receive does not fall much, so sellers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price buyers pay risessubstantially, so buyers bear most of the tax burden.Because demand is elastic , the price buyers pay does not rise much, so buyers bear only a small burden. In contrast, the price sellers receive falls substantially, so sellers bear most of the tax burden.5.2.3. SubsidiesGovernment sometimes subsidises firms and households in different markets.Definition: subsidy is a payment from government, to buyers or sellers, for each unitof good that is bought or sold.Definition: subsidy incidence is the study of who receives the benefit of the subsidy,the degree to which buyers and sellers will be better off due to the subsidy.Subsidies fulfill two functions:(1) It can be regarded as negative taxes, for e.g. government subsidises the provision of publicgoods;(2) Corrective measure to internalise externalities, for e.g. government can subsidise activitiesthat have positive externalities an amount equaling its external benefit.5.2.3. Subsidies: subsidy incidence on sellersThe government pays sellers a subsidy of $1.00 for each unit sold.This shifts supply to the right (supply increases) by the amount of the subsidy.Like a tax, the subsidy creates a wedge between the price buyers pay ($2.40), and the price sellers receive ($3.40).In this case the subsidy is paid to sellers, yet the benefits areenjoyed by both buyers and sellers. The price buyers pay is lower than before and the price sellers receive is higher. Moreover, the quantity traded rises as a result of the subsidy.The market outcomes are identical if the subsidy is paid to buyers.How subsidies affect market outcomes:Subsidies encourage market activity:• When a good is subsidised, the quantity traded rises;• Buyers pay less for the good and sellers receive more (the government makes up the difference).Buyers and sellers share the benefit. It does not matter whoreceives the subsidy. The effects on the market and the subsidy incidence are identical.Supply 2Demand$3 $2.40120100 PriceQuantity $3.40 Equilibrium with subsidySubsidy $1.00Supply 1Equilibrium without subsidyThe demand of first home buyers for housing tends to be relatively elastic. The supply of housing tends to be relatively inelastic.The subsidy creates a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers.The price buyers pay does not fall much, so buyers gain a small benefit. In contrast, the price sellers receive rises substantially, indicating that sellers gain most of the benefit.Price QuantityPrice buyers payDemand1SupplyPrice sellers receivePrice without subsidy Subsidy ($7000)Sellers’ shareBuyers’ shareUnder this scheme, to assist first time home buyers,the government pays buyers a subsidy of $7000 when they purchased their first home.Using the tools of demand, supply and elasticity, we can determine who gets the benefits from this scheme.Demand2 5.2.3. Subsidies: application - who benefits from the First Home Owner Grant scheme?。

lecture5[1]PPT课件

马克思主义经典作家对马基雅维里有很高的评价，说马基雅维里及后来的一些思想家所确立的是与神学世界观不同的法律世界观，因为它的最大特点之一是把形式上的资产阶级法跟宗教的主要是道义性质的指令区别开来。他们“已经用人的眼光来观察国家了，他们都是从理性和经验中而不是从神学中引出国家的自然规律”
Engels: The Great Time
这是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的，进步的变革，是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人－－在思维能力，热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代．给现代资产阶级统治打下基础的人物，决不受资产阶级的局限．相反地，成为时代特征的冒险精神，或多或少地推动了这些人物．
Hamlet’s puzzle
人是怎么一回事：理想多么崇高！能力多么无限！在形状同行动上多么敏捷而可羡！在举动上多么像天使！在体会上多么像个神！是世界上的奇迹！是万物的精英！但是，对于我，这烂泥捏成的究竟是个什么？我看见人简直不能喜欢．“一个被毁掉了的高贵心胸”
Respond to Hamlet from a Humanist
Luther’s Reform: Free Theology from Politics
路德的改革和体现这种改革的德意志各公国的革命，通过清除教会的权能打破了教会法和世俗法这种罗马天主教的二元制。在路德主义获得成功的地方，教会逐渐地被作为无形的、无政治意义的和无法律意义的东西；仅有的主权和法律（政治意义上的）是世俗王国或公国的主权和法律。事实上，刚好在此前，马基雅维里曾以一种新的方式使用“国家”一词，用来表示纯粹的世俗社会秩序。路德教的改革者们在一种意义上是马基雅维里派：他们对人能够创造反映永久法的人法的权力这一点持怀疑态度，他们明确否认发展人法是教会的任务。这种路德派的怀疑论使法律实证主义的法律理论的出现成为可能，它把国家的法律视为在道德上中立的，是一种手段而不是目的，是一种表现主权政策和确保服从它的办法。但法律的世俗化和实证主义法律理论的出现只是路德宗教改革对西方法律传统贡献的一个方面。另一个方面是同等重要的：通过使法律摆脱神学教条和基督教教会的直接影响，这种宗教改革能够使法律经历一种新的和有前途的发展。用德国伟大的法学家鲁道夫·索姆的话讲：“路德的改革不仅使对信仰的革新而且也是对世界--宗教生活世界和法律世界--的革新”。 Berman

Lecture 5拟人、拟声、拟物

拟声词可呈多种次词类形式，其中最常见的是名词、动词、副词和感叹词。 E.g. The angry husband shut the door with a bang. （用作名词） My heart is banging in my ears. （用作动词）
The drunken driver drove bang into the store window. （用作副词）
Lecture 5
Personification
• It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. Personification is treating a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. • It is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person.
There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground
2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced
3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves

Lecture5习语的翻译

习语的翻译
• 习语,包括固定搭配使用的词组或短语、成语、典故、俚语、歇后语、谚语、格言等。 • 从广义上说,习语是语言的精华。 • 它所承载的文化信息特别集中,并且带有强烈的民族文化特色。
中英习语文化特色的比较
• 思维方式的不同 • 由于东西方之间自然与社会条件差别极大,人们形成了不同的思维模式。 • 英语强调个体、逻辑,而不是主语,并习惯于抽象思维;汉语则强调整体、直觉和主语,并常运用具体形象思维。
• 谋事在人,成事在天 • Man proposes, God disposes • Man proposes, Heaven disposes
心理联想的比较
• 同一种形象在不同的文化国度中会有不同的联想意义。 • 例如vinegar在汉语中的比喻联想意义是“忌妒”——“醋劲大发”、“醋坛子”、“醋罐子” 等;而在英语中它的联想意义是“bad temper”或 “being unhappy” 。 • 如“His resort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar”,译成正确的汉语应为“他怒气冲冲地进行了回击”。
习语翻译中文化特色处理的技巧
直译法
• • • • • • • • • • • 金元外交 “dollar policy” 大棒加胡萝卜政策 “a stick_and_carrot policy” 时间就是金钱 “Time is money” paper tigers 纸老虎 An inch of time is an inch of gold 一寸光阴一寸金 A gentleman uses his tongue,not his fists 君子动口不动手
• • • •tread on thin ice 如履薄冰 as clear as crystal 像水晶一样透明 as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 bull market 牛市 Bear market 熊市 tower of ivory 象牙之塔

最优化方法Lecture5 灵敏度分析

0 cr cr 0
目标函数值 cB cB B1b cB B1b cB B1b
cB B1b cr br
cr变为cr’ 后，只要把原单纯形表中xr所在的行乘以(cr’-cr)加到
判别数行，并使xr对应的判别数为0，继而可用单纯形法继续做下去。
例：min x1 2x2 x3 s.t x1 x2 x3 4 3x1 2x2 6 xj 0 j 1,2,3
2. 基列Pj→Pj’ 重新计算
练习题
一个LP问题为 min z 10x1 16x2 x3
s.t
x1 2x2 x3 2 2
x1 x2
4
x j 0, j 1, 2,3
其中 0,求：
1）当 0 时，求解上述LP问题；
2）在什么范围内变化，原问题的最优性不变。
有两个LP问题如下：
5 0 2 1 14
-3+5 0 -3+5 0 -8+20
x* 0, 0, 4, 6T
fmin 4
x3 1 1 1 0 4 x4 3 -2 0 1 6
0 -2 0 0 4
问题：c2在什么范围变化时，最优解不变？
二、改变右端向量b
设b→b’,而且改变前的最优基矩阵为B
1. B1b ' 0 此时，原来的最优基仍为最优基，
x1 x2 x3 x4 x3 1 1 1 0 4 x4 3 -2 0 1 6
0 3 0 04
最优表为：
x1 x2 x3 x4 x2 1 1 1 0 4 x4 5 0 2 1 14
-3 0 -3 0 -8
x* 0, 4, 0, 14T
fmax 8
x1 x2 x3 x4
x3 1 1
1 04

操作系统课件：Lecture5 进程的控制与调度

➢简单、可靠；
公平性
➢容易理解、实现方便；
吞吐量
➢非抢占式的。
及时性
缺点：
周转时间
➢作业的平均等待时间过长，系统效率低下；
➢不适合于分时系统。
例，几乎同时到达的三个作业j1、j2、j3。j1运行2 小时，j2和j3只需1分钟。三个作业的平均周转时间为2个小时多。增长了短作业的周转时间。
（系统先运行j1，j2和j3要等2个小时。j1完成之后，j2和j3再分别运行1分钟。）
（3）为支持可剥夺调度，即使没有新就绪进程,为了让所有就绪进程轮流占用处理机，可在下述情况下申请进行进程调度：当时钟中断发生,时钟中断处理程序调用有关时间片的处理程序，发现正运行进程时间片到，应请求重新调度。以便让其他进程占用处理机。在按进程优先级进行进程调度的操作系统中，任何原因引起进程的优先级发生变化时，应请求重新调度。如进程通过系统调用自愿改变优先级时或者系统处理时钟中断时，根据各进程等待处理机的时间长短而调整进程的优先级。
内核进程1 调度
时间片到
进程2
内核调度
I/O请求
进程3
内核调度
时间片到
进程1
内核调度
进程3
...
时间片到
时间片到
引起进程调度因素（3大类）:
（1）进程主动放弃处理机时：
正在执行的进程执行完毕。操作系统在处理进程结束系统调用后应请求重新调度。正在执行的进程发出I/O请求，当操作系统代其启动外设I/O后，在I/O请求没有完成前要将进程变成阻塞状态，应该请求重新调度。正在执行的进程要等待其它进程或系统发出的事件时。如等待另一个进程通讯数据，这时操作系统应将现运行进程挂到等待队列，并且请求重新调度。正在执行的进程暂时得不到所要的系统资源，如要求独占资源，但其被其它进程占用，这时等待的进程应阻塞到等待队列上，并且请求重新调度。

Lecture_5

– Shield Volcanoes – Calderas
• Hydrothermal systems • Explosive vs. Extrusive
Stratovolcanoes
(composite volcanoes)
Servicio Nacional de Turismo, Chile
Stratovolcanoes
USGS, Mt St. Helens
Mt St. Helens
USGS
Before
After
Mt St. Helens
???
Present
Lava Domes
• Occur in craters of stratovolcanoes
– Magma is so viscous that it cools very quickly
– Provide structure and streesistance to slope failure
Rarely, more fluid lavas can also be extruded
Old blocky andesitic lava flow, El Reventador volcano, Ecuador, 2005
– No one established conduit
Shield Volcanoes
• Volcanoes constructed almost entirely out of lava flows
– Usually basaltic or other low-viscosity magma
• Shield-shaped
• Violent eruptions can add ash layers to the volcanic cone, building it even higher

Lecture 5 语态转换 (YOKI)

概述
英语中被动语态的使用频率较汉语要高得多，其原因至少有以下几点：受事方是谈话的主题或中心；施事方不明或无说明之必要；出于某种考虑故意不提施事方；语篇内部的衔接
概述
• 因此，在英汉互译过程中要注意语态之间的转换，从语义角度出发，灵活处理语言的表达形式，着眼译文的通顺，遵守译文读者的语言习惯，避免生硬的翻译，提高翻译质量。
具体译法分析
英语被动句汉语施事方主动句
• It was announced that there will be a new film tomorrow. • 有人通知明天放映新影片。 • Rubber is found to be a good insulation material. • 人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。 • The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night. • 有人看见老教授深夜还在做实验。 • It was pointed out that the accusations were groundless. • 有人指出，这些指控是毫无根据的。
具体译法分析
英语被动句汉语无主语主动句
• Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly. • 已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。 • Water can be shown as containing impurities. • 可以证明，水含有杂质。 • 必须立即停止这种讨厌的噪声。 • The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.

LECTURE-5-种下数据分析方法

种间树状进化遗传分歧
种内网状进化遗传多态性
研究内容的区别
种下研究 (1) 群体遗传结构（population genetic structure) (2) 群体分化（population subdivision) (3) 谱系生物地理学（phylogeography） (4) 分子进化动力(the forces of molecular evolution) (5) 个体/群体/亚种系统发育关系 (individuals/populations/subspecies phylogenetic analysis) 种上研究 (1) 种界确定（species boundary delimitation） (2) 分类单元单系性检验（testing taxa monophyly） (3) 系统发育关系重建（phylogenetic relationship among taxa） (4) 性状进化（character evolution）
识别单倍型的意义
构建基因树的基础
识别致病基因
理解重组和LD模式
单倍型的起源与进化
位于Y染色体和mtDNA上的单倍体分子标记无重组，
因而单倍型多样性仅仅是由于突变产生。二倍体分子标记的单倍型的起源有突变和重组二种原因。如果重组是随机发生的，则n个等位基因可以有2n种单倍型。任何2个标记之间发生重组的可能性取决于它们的相互距离和位置。不同座位的等位基因之间由于重组降低而导致的association称为连锁不平衡（linkage disequilibrium，LD）。
3. 种下遗传多样性和分化参数及应用
物种遗传变异程度的度量
测量遗传变异参数的方法随所研究标记的类型和遗传方式而异。一般地，物种的遗传变异可以从三个方面来描述：

Lecture 5

• She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library. • 她迅速把他们领出拥挤的客厅，带到了人少的图书馆。
4、others
• One should be psychologically as well as physically sound.
Please have a try！
• An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.
• 熟悉一些世界史有助于学习时事。 • He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies. • 他告诫全国人民，必须坚持参加政治论战。
• 老年人什么都相信；中年人什么都怀疑；青年人什么都懂。 • Under given condition, the harmful can be transformed into the beneficial. • 在一定条件下，坏事可以变成好事。
3、n → adj
• I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. • 我认识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。
Lecture 5
翻译的基本技巧
闫宇涵
L/O/G/O
翻译的基本技巧
• • • • • 转性与变态增补与省略正译与反译抽象与具体分句与合句

LECTURE5种下数据分析方法

进化模式不同
? 大进化=种上分类单元进化：树状分歧进化为主。种间由于生殖隔离和突变以及分歧导致有完全不同的基因型的固定，从而形成非重叠的基因库（ nonoverlapping gene pools ）和相互的单系性 (reciprocally monophyletic lineages) 。
? 小进化=种下进化：网状形式的进化种内群体内 /间的个体因随机交配有发生重组的机会，从而使个体的基因谱系呈现网状关系（ reticulating relationships =tokogeny) 。
among taxa） (4) 性状进化（character evolution）
研究方法的区别
? 采用分子标记不同 ? 抽样策略不同（Sampling strategy） ? 数据分析方法不同
Molecules and their useful ranges in phylogenetic relationships
遗传方式
? 父系遗传标记
? Y Chromosome
? Haploid, none or little recombination ? 1.9×10－9～5.4×10 －9 per site per year ? 母系遗传标记
? Mitochondrial DNA
? Haploid, none or little recombination ? 3.5×10－8 per site per year ? 双亲遗传标记 ? nDNA ? Diploid, undergoes recombination
种下数据分析方法 Data Analysis at Intraspecies
Level
黄原 2010-3
主要内容

Lecture5 表面等离激元ppt课件

可编辑课件PPT
32
Band-structure effects
微观描述的关键
n 1 ( r ,) d 3 r 1 ( r ,r ,) s( c r ,f)
1 (r ,r , ) k ,k (fk fk )k * (r ) k (r k ) k * k ( r i )k (r )
z=0
n（ D2 D1 )
n ( E2 E1 ) 0
可编辑课件PPT
11
z≠0
代入
z=0
0,(z 0) (z) 1,(z 0)
可编辑课件PPT
12
Retarded regime (light speed c is finite)
由麦克斯韦方程组：
可编辑课件PPT
13
可以证明：s-polarized wave (TE mode) 在表面上不能存在！因此，我们只考虑 p-polarized wave (TM mode)：
39
几种极限情况
可编辑课件PPT
40
Free-standing Ag薄膜的表面等离激元
反对称模式 -+-+-++-+-+-+
对称模式 +-+-+-+ +-+-+-+
可编辑课件PPT
41
Z. Yuan and S. Gao, Phys. Rev. B 73, 155411 (2006)
表面等离激元的杂化理论
可编辑课件PPT
37
模型（Non-retarded regime）
z
v 1 v
c
1
2 c
2
c

lecture5 定态薛定谔方程及可解问题(I)

定态薛定谔方程
及可解问题(I)
1.定态薛定谔方程
2 2 U (r , t ) 1) 薛定谔方程: i t 2
2) 得到定态薛定谔方程的前提条件:势能不显含时间变量 U ( r )
3) 由2)条件,薛定谔方程变为: 2 i 2 U (r ) t 2 4) 利用分离变量法,考虑方程一特解: (r , t ) (r ) f (t )
几率密度与时间无关
i b.几率流密度: J ( * * ) 2 i J ( * * ) 2
( r , t ) ( r )e

几率流密度与时间无关
定态下,几率密度和几率流密度都不随时间而变化！
11) 由5)和6)得与时间无关的关于 (r ) 的方程:
？ (r ) 中,得薛定谔方程特解 8) 将7)中的任意常数并入
( r , t ) ( r )e
iE t
因为 (r ) 中也有任意常数
9) e

iE
t
E
为角频率

E
E 为系统能量 E 是确定常数
iE

薛定谔方程特解 (r , t ) (r )e

t
对应着确定的能量 E
* ( x ) 3)所以, 和 ( x) 都是定态薛定谔方程的相应于 E 的解
4)推论: 如果关于 E 的解无简并,则该解总可以表示为实数
E 解无简并 C C C C C 为实数取C 1
*
* * *
2
C 1
2
定理2 设 V ( x) 具有空间反射不变性 V ( x) V ( x) ，如果 ( x)
( x) C ( x)

lecture 5

• 我们应继续采取措施进一步提高常规教育、成人教育以及在职培训。 A: We should continue to take measures to further improve regular education, adult education and on-the-job training program. B: We should continue to improve regular education, adult education and on-the-job training program. [- “Continue” to improve=“further” improve. -take measures to improve, unnecessary verb phrase, should be dropped.]
• [- “Make vigorous efforts to” is a variant of “make great efforts to.” • - “To establish the institution of regulating”= “to regulate”.
Unnecessary Modifiers
• 今年从国外进口的汽车数量急剧下滑。 A: Imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this year. B: Imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year. [we cannot import a domestic product.]
• Adverbs of time: • 过去我们经常过分强调阶级斗争的需要。 A：Previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggle. B：We B We used to overemphasize the need for class struggle. [Such adverbs of time as “at present”, “in the future”, “and in the past” appear in the Chinese publications. Actually their function is served by the tense of the verb.

地球物理流体力学 Lecture 5_浅水模型和地转流

A
Ω= 0 i+ Ω cos f j + Ω sin f k
Ekman number 埃克曼数
Ek<<1 viscosity can be neglected Ek~1 viscosity is important
Ek
AV H 2
Ek
AV H 2
埃克曼层（Ekman layer）是流体中压力梯度力、科氏力和湍流粘性力三力平衡的一层, 粘性力不可忽视。由瑞典海洋学家埃克曼提出。埃克曼层理论适用于许多地区，包括大气层底部（接近地球表面和海洋），大洋底部（海床附近）和表层海水（海气界面附近）。
上次课堂作业
da
dt
(a
)V
a V
p 2
( 1
ij )
(a )V 为涡管的倾斜效应 (for vortex tilting)
(a ) V为涡管的伸长效应
(for vortex strectching)
p 2
为力管项,因为斜压性,为涡度源(due
to
baroclinicity)
(
1
局地直角坐标（or z coordinate): 随地球转动而运动的正交坐标系 The variables x and y are distances eastward and northward on the globe. We will ignore the effects of sphericity except in the Coriolis term. Then (x, y, z) are equivalent to Cartesian coordinates.
t
u
(uu) x
(vu) y
(wu) z

Lecture 5(Supply chain concept)

8

As opposed to MTO, the make-to-stock (MTS) system, or push system, is a supply chain model in which the manufacturer makes the production distribution decisions on the basis of market forecasts. Production planners forecast and estimate the effective demand and inventories are held in warehouses and at the retailers. MTS is a forecast-driven supply chain model. Whether a push system is more appropriate than a pull system depends on product features, manufacturing process characteristics, as well as demand volume and variability.
2
WHAT IS A SUPPLY CHAIN?

A supply chain is a complex logistics system in which raw materials are converted into finished products and then distributed to the final users (consumers or companies). It includes suppliers, manufacturers, warehouse, DCs and retail outlets. Figure 1 shows a typical supply chain for manufactured goods.

lecture 5 超验主义

Life
A. born in a clergyman’s family in New England B. graduated from Harvard C. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal D. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential
Resources
• A. Puritan heritage At the eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱd of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一神教） appeared. It stressed ―continual progress of mankind‖. • Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals. Then he resigned from the position. Emerson also believed in individuality. He inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.
• A foolish consistancy is the hobgoblin of little minds… • With consistancy a great soul has simply nothing to do.