文学术语翻译(谷歌翻译)

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网文圈100个专业术语

网文圈100个专业术语作为一个内容创作者，熟练掌握专业术语是必不可少的。

在网文圈中，有着许多与写作相关的术语。

在此，我将介绍100个常见的网文圈专业术语。

1. Fic：指一篇小说或故事，通常是基于现有作品或世界构建的2. AU：Alternate Universe的缩写，指与原作不同的虚构世界3. OC：Original Character的缩写，指一个作者编写的原创角色4. Canon：指原作中确切发生的事情5. Fanon：指粉丝们认同的事情，但并不一定在原作中被证实6. Fluff：指轻松、愉快的内容，通常是甜蜜的爱情故事7. Smut：指性暗示或直接描述性行为的内容8. Hurt/Comfort：指故事中一个角色遭受了苦难，其他角色帮助他们恢复过来的情节9. Crack：指一个荒谬无稽的故事10. Angst：指一个角色心灵上的痛苦和折磨11. Plot Bunny：指突然浮现在脑海中的创作灵感12. Mary Sue：指一个完美无缺的角色，通常是作者的自我诠释13. Self-Insert：指作者自己扮演故事中的角色14. Headcanon：指一个粉丝经常认为的某些事情在原作中没有明确说明15. Ship：指一个作者喜欢的假想情侣关系16. OTP：One True Pairing的缩写，指作者的最爱假想情侣关系17. Slash：指同性恋关系，主要是男同性恋关系18. Fanfic Trope：指常见的故事情节或教条性的写作元素19. Crossover：指不同的作品或世界间组合的故事20. Drabble：指少于1000字的短小故事21. One-shot：指只有一章的故事22. Multichapter：指要分多章进行故事叙述的作品23. WIP：Work in Progress的缩写，指尚未完成的故事24. Editor：指一个专门帮助作者编辑和完善作品的人25. Beta Reader：指一个测试和审查草稿的人，指出错误和提供反馈和建议。

文学批评术语词典

文学批评术语词典
文学批评术语词典是一本汇集了文学批评领域常用术语、概念和理论的专业工具书。

它可以帮助读者更好地理解文学批评的理论基础和实践应用，是文学研究者和爱好者必备的参考书。

以下是文学批评术语词典中收录的一些重要术语：
1. 文本（Text）：指文学作品本身，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。

2. 语境（Context）：指文学作品所处的历史、社会、文化背景等。

3. 意图（Intent）：指作者的创作意图，即作者在创作过程中想要表达的思想、情感或主题。

4. 读者反应（Reader Response）：指读者在阅读文学作品时所产生的感受、理解和评价。

5. 形式主义（Formalism）：指将文学作品视为独立自足的文本，忽略其历史、社会和文化背景等外部因素。

6. 符号学（Semiotics）：研究符号系统的科学，涉及语言、文字、图像等符号的生成、传播和解释。

7. 叙事学（Narratology）：研究叙事作品的形式、结构和技巧的科学。

8. 接受美学（Reception Aesthetics）：强调读者在阅读过程中的主体性和创造性，认为作品的意义是在读者的参与下生成的。

9. 结构主义（Structuralism）：将文学作品视为一个整体，研究其内在的结构、关系和规律。

10. 后结构主义（Poststructuralism）：对结构主义的批判和超越，强调个体主体性和文本的开放性。

这只是一小部分文学批评术语的示例，实际上，文学批评领域的术语极为丰富多样。

文学批评术语词典将会对深入理解文学批评的概念和理论提供极大的帮助。

什么app有大学英语教材翻译

什么app有大学英语教材翻译有很多APP可以帮助学生进行大学英语教材的翻译，以下是一些常用的APP：1. Google Translate（谷歌翻译）：Google Translate是一款广泛使用的翻译工具，提供多种语言的互译服务。

它可以通过文本输入、语音输入或拍照输入等多种方式进行翻译，并且支持离线翻译功能。

虽然Google Translate的翻译质量有时会存在一些问题，但它仍然是一个方便快捷的工具，适合在紧急情况下进行简单的翻译。

2. Pleco（扑克词典）：Pleco是一款专业的中英文翻译工具，主要针对学习汉语的外国学生。

除了提供词典功能外，Pleco还提供了基于OCR技术的拍照翻译功能，可以通过拍照识别英语教材中的文字并进行翻译。

此外，Pleco 还提供了大量的例句和造句，方便学生更好地理解和应用英语单词和短语。

3. Microsoft Translator（微软翻译）：Microsoft Translator是由微软公司开发的一款多语言翻译工具。

它支持文本翻译、语音翻译以及即时翻译功能，可以满足不同场景下的翻译需求。

与其他翻译工具相比，Microsoft Translator的精度和稳定性较高，对于复杂句子和专业术语的翻译效果也比较理想。

4. YouDao Dictionary（有道词典）：YouDao Dictionary是一款综合性的翻译工具，提供了中文、英文、日文、韩文等多种语言的翻译功能。

它支持单词、词组和句子的翻译，并且提供了真人发音和实时在线翻译的功能。

此外，YouDao Dictionary还提供了词形变化、同义词、反义词等详细解释，帮助学生更好地理解英语教材中的内容。

总结：以上所介绍的APP都可以帮助学生进行大学英语教材的翻译，每个APP都有各自的特点和优势，可以根据个人需求选择适合自己的工具。

在使用这些APP进行翻译时，需要注意一些翻译的限制和误差，尽量结合上下文来解释翻译结果，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅度。

文学术语翻译(谷歌翻译)

十四行诗是一首抒情诗，包括一个单节14抑扬格五音线连接的复杂的押韵。

用英文写的十四行诗中的诗韵有两种主要模式。

意大利彼特拉克的十四行诗（14世纪意大利诗人彼特拉克的名字命名的）包括一个倍频程（8线），押韵abbaabba和一个sestet的（6线），押韵cdecde 或cdccdc。

倍频程的sestet的转变往往与“转向”的说法或心情的诗。

莎士比亚的十四行诗（其最大的医生的名字命名的）包括三个绝句和最后的对联，押韵ababcdcdefefgg。

“转向”最后的对联，有时可能会达到一个警句。

有一个显着的变体，斯宾塞斯宾塞十四行诗，其中每首四行诗联系起来，未来持续韵：ABAB BCBC CDCD EE。

有三个著名的十四行诗在伊丽莎白时代- 斯宾塞的Amoretti，莎士比亚的十四行诗和悉尼的星者和Stella序列。

颂：一些长度，复杂的抒情诗，以崇高的有尊严的生活，本来是唱的主题。

颂诗是写一个特殊的场合，，兑现一个人或一个赛季或纪念事件。

头韵，头韵或初步韵是指相同的声音，通常声母的字或重读音节中任何相邻的序列的重复。

英雄对联（英雄双韵体）是一个押韵的对抑扬格五音线。

它是由乔叟作为一个主要的英文诗叙事和其他种类的非戏剧诗歌的形式，它占主导地位的18世纪英语诗歌在19世纪初的重要性下降之前，特别是在教皇的诗歌。

斯宾塞节是9行节押韵的ABAB BCBC C，斯宾塞发明的。

第一八是抑扬格五音线，最后一行是一个抑扬六步格线。

意识流：威廉·詹姆斯（William James）的看法，想法和感情在清醒的头脑来形容不间断的流，这是一个短语，它已被用来描述现代小说的叙事方法。

它始终以内心独白的形式。

詹姆斯·乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是英国作家的青睐和采用这种技术。

是一种常用的抑扬格五音韵律线，在传统的诗歌和诗剧。

这个术语描述特定的节奏，在该行建立。

这种节奏的测量音节的小团体，这些小团体的音节被称为“脚”。

翻译用什么软件

翻译用什么软件
翻译可以使用各种不同的软件，以下是一些常用的翻译软件：
1. 谷歌翻译（Google Translate）：谷歌翻译是一款免费在线翻译工具，支持多种语言之间的互译。

用户可以输入待翻译的文本，谷歌翻译会自动识别语言并提供翻译结果。

2. 百度翻译（Baidu Translate）：百度翻译是百度推出的一款
在线翻译工具，支持多种语言的互译。

用户可以输入待翻译的文本，百度翻译会提供翻译结果，并提供同义词、例句等辅助信息。

3. 欧路词典（Eudict）：欧路词典是一款专业的多语种在线翻
译工具，支持多种语言之间的互译。

它除了提供字词翻译外，还提供了词组、例句、发音等辅助功能。

4. 金山词霸（Kingsoft Powerword）：金山词霸是一款全面的
英语学习软件，其中包含了强大的在线翻译功能。

用户可以输入待翻译的文本，金山词霸会提供翻译结果，并提供词义、例句、发音等详细解释。

5. SDL Trados Studio：SDL Trados Studio是专业的计算机辅助
翻译（CAT）工具，广泛应用于翻译公司和专业翻译人员之间。

它提供了各种功能，包括翻译记忆、术语库、自动翻译等，可以提高翻译效率和一致性。

这些软件都有各自的特点和适用场景，选择使用哪个软件取决
于翻译任务的性质和个人偏好。

对于简单的翻译需求，像谷歌翻译和百度翻译等在线翻译工具已经能够满足大部分需求。

对于专业翻译人员和翻译公司，使用专业的CAT工具如SDL Trados Studio可以提高翻译效率和质量。

英美文学术语,中英对照简洁版

1. Allegory （寓言）A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。

2. Alliteration （头韵）Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。

3. Allusion （典故）A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。

4. Analogy （类比）A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。

5. Antagonist （反面主角）The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。

6. Antithesis （对仗）The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences. 对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。

英美文学常用术语及解释

英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。

01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。

高二英语文学作品分析术语表

高二英语文学作品分析术语表1. 幽默（Humor）：用于在文学作品中创造笑料和引起观众开心的技巧或手法。

2. 叙述（Narration）：将事件或情节以一定的方式进行组织和呈现的行为。

3. 描写（Description）：使用生动的语言和艺术手法来刻画人物、情节、地点等的行为。

4. 比喻（Metaphor）：通过将一个事物与另一个看似不相关的事物进行类比，以便传达一种隐喻意义的修辞手法。

5. 暗示（Foreshadowing）：用于提前暗示或预示故事中将要发生的事情的技巧，常常给读者留下悬念。

6. 反讽（Irony）：意指事与愿违的情况，或言外之意与表面意思相反的修辞手法。

7. 对比（Contrast）：通过展示两个或多个事物之间的差异，以突出其中之一的技巧。

8. 转折（Plot twist）：在故事中出现的出人意料的事件或情节发展，能够给故事增添戏剧性和悬念。

9. 水墨（Ink wash）：一种以水和墨汁为主要材料的绘画技巧，常用于描绘中国山水画或传统人物画中。

10. 反派角色（Antagonist）：故事中与主人公发生冲突或是主要阻碍主人公实现目标的角色。

11. 意象（Imagery）：通过艺术化的文字描述，使读者能够感觉到故事中的画面、声音、味道、触感等。

12. 主题（Theme）：文学作品或故事中探讨的中心思想、观点或教训。

13. 隐喻（Symbolism）：使用一个事物来代表另一个或多个更深远的含义的修辞手法。

14. 直喻（Simile）：通过明确地使用“像”或其他比较性词语来进行比较的修辞手法。

15. 快节奏（Fast-paced）：用来描述故事发展迅速，情节紧凑，节奏感强的作品。

16. 指代（Reference）：通过使用代词或其他词语来指代先前已提及的事物。

17. 情感描写（Emotional description）：描述人物内心感受或情绪状态的文学技巧。

18. 反英雄（Anti-hero）：具有明显缺点或矛盾性格的主人公角色。

ambiguity 翻译

一、什么是模糊语(Ambiguity)歧义或歧义谬误是包含多个含义的单词、短语或陈述。

模棱两可的词或陈述会导致含糊不清和混乱，有时会有无意的幽默出现。

二、模糊语类型模糊语可被分为以下3种类型：1、词法歧义(lexical ambiguity)：由同义词或同声词引起的语意模糊例：John took off his trousers by the bank.谷歌翻译：约翰在银行旁边脱下裤子。

翻译解析：Bank 可以指河流或银行。

例："You know, somebody actually complimented me on my driving today. They left a little note on the windscreen; it said, 'Parking Fine.' So that was nice."(English comedian Tim Vine)谷歌翻译：“你知道，实际上有人称赞我今天开车。

他们在挡风玻璃上留下了一张小纸条；上面写着，‘停车很好。

’所以那很好。

”（英国喜剧演员蒂姆·维恩）翻译解析：fine 有"罚单"的意思，也有"好"意思2、结构歧义(structural ambiguity)：结构歧义是指一个句子因词的关联方式不同，可能有不同的含义.例：She observed the man with the binoculars.谷歌翻译：她用双筒望远镜观察那个男人。

翻译解析：Was the woman looking at the man through binoculars 还是was the man she was observing carrying the binoculars?“那个女人是通过双筒望远镜看那个男人”还是“她正在观察的那个拿着双筒望远镜的男人”。

翻译专业术语大全

翻译专业术语大全本文为翻译专业术语大全，介绍翻译领域中常见的术语及其解释。

一、翻译1. Translation 翻译：将一种语言的文本用另一种语言表达的过程。

2. Translator/Interpreter 翻译员：从一种语言转换为另一种语言的专业人士。

3. Source Language（SL）源语言：被翻译文本的语言。

4. Target Language（TL）目标语言：翻译后的目标语言。

5. Bilingual 双语的：能听说读写两种语言的人。

6. Multilingual 多种语言的：能听说读写多种语言的人。

7. Translate 翻译：将源语言文本转换成目标语言文本。

8. Interpretation 口译：将源语言口述转换成目标语言口述。

9. Localization 本地化：将一个产品从一种语言转换成另一种语言，并符合该地区的文化、政治、习俗等环境。

二、文本类型1. Technical Text 技术文本：对某种科技、专业领域的知识、技能、思想等进行描述的文本。

2. Legal Text 法律文本：含法律内容的文本，如合同、法规等。

3. Medical Text 医学文本：含医学内容的文本，如医学论文、病历等。

4. Financial Text 金融文本：含金融内容的文本，如财经新闻、报告等。

5. Literary Text 文学文本：小说、诗歌等文学作品。

6. Commercial Text 商业文本：广告、宣传资料等商业性文本。

三、翻译术语1. Translation Theory 翻译理论：研究翻译规律、方法和技巧的学科。

2. Translation Studies 翻译研究：研究翻译现象、理论和实践问题的学科。

3. Translation Criticism 翻译批评：通过对原著和译文进行分析、比较和评价来评判翻译质量的学科。

4. Translation Equivalence 翻译等值性：翻译过程中，源语言和目标语言表达方式和意义上的相当性。

英汉术语翻译术语

绝对翻译。

Absolute Translation。

按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。

Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。

3滥译。

Abusive Translation。

路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。

4可接受性。

Accetability。

图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。

A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。

5准确。

Accuracy。

翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。

A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。

6改编Adaptation。

传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。

文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语

文学英语词汇大全了解经典文学作品的专业术语文学作品是人类智慧与情感的结晶，它们通过语言表达思想，启迪读者的想象力与情感。

作为文学爱好者，了解并掌握相关的文学英语词汇是必不可少的。

本文将介绍一些经典文学作品中常见的专业术语，帮助读者更好地理解文学作品。

一、小说常用词汇1. Protagonist（主角）- 故事的中心人物，通常是发展故事情节的主要推动力。

2. Antagonist（对手）- 与主角相对立的人物，通常是制造冲突和故事发展的阻碍者。

3. Plot（情节）- 故事的基本框架，包括起承转合等不同部分。

4. Setting（背景）- 故事发生的地点和时间背景。

5. Conflict（冲突）- 故事中出现的矛盾和问题，是推动情节发展的驱动力。

6. Theme（主题）- 故事的核心思想或主旨。

7. Foreshadowing（暗示）- 在故事中提前暗示后续发展的情节或事件。

8. Symbolism（象征主义）- 通过特定的符号或象征来传递更深层次的意义。

9. Irony（讽刺）- 用逆转的手法展示出与表面相反的结果或意义。

10. Point of view（视角）- 故事叙述的角度，可以是第一人称、第三人称等。

二、诗歌专业术语1. Rhyme（押韵）- 诗歌中相邻句子或词语的音韵相同或相似。

2. Meter（韵律）- 诗歌中由重音和轻音组成的节奏。

3. Stanza（诗节）- 诗歌中的一组排列整齐的行。

4. Simile（明喻）- 通过使用"like"或"as"来进行比喻的修辞手法。

5. Metaphor（隐喻）- 直接将一个事物比作另一个事物的修辞手法。

6. Personification（拟人）- 赋予非人事物以人类特征的修辞手法。

7. Alliteration（头韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的辅音开头。

8. Assonance（押韵）- 诗句中多个字母或音节以相同的元音结尾。

文论术语中英对照表

英、法、德部分A《A map of misreading》《误读的地图》Ableben der kunst艺术的终结Abrams,Meyer Howard阿勃拉姆斯Abstractism抽象论Absurd荒诞Act行为Actant行为体Acte de discours话语行为Action动作Adaptation改编Adaquate konkretisation恰当的具体化Adorno, Theodot Weisengrund阿多尔诺Affective fallacy感受谬见Affinity类同Alexandrin亚历山大体Alienation异化Allegory寓言Allegorical symbol寓言式象征Alliteration头韵Allusion引喻Althusser, Louis阿尔杜塞Ambiguity含混American school美国学派Analogy类比Analyse de contenu内容分析Analyse de texte文本分析Analyse litteraire文学分析Analyse semantique语义分析Analyse structurale结构分析Analytical/non-analytical分解性符号链/非分解性signchain符号链Anaphora首语重复法Anapest抑抑扬格《Anatomy of Criticism》《批评的剖析》Anchoring锚定Animus und anima男性潜倾和女性潜倾Anthology选集Anthroponym人素Anti-climax反高潮Antiheros反英雄Anti-intellectualism反智性Anti-kunst反艺术Antinarratve反叙述Antinaturalism反自然主义Antiquarianism复古主义Anxiety of influence影响焦虑Apllonian spirit日神精神Apocalyptic启示性Apocrypha集外拾遗Appellstruktur召唤结构Applikation运用Appropriation据为己有Arcadianism阿卡迪亚情调Archaism仿古Archetyp原型Aristoteles亚里士多德Arnold, Matthew阿诺德,马修《Art poetica》《诗艺》Art as device作为技巧的艺术Artistic beauty艺术美《Art poetique》《诗的艺术》Art pour art为艺术而艺术Aside旁白Association联想Assonance半谐韵Assonance不完全韵《Asthetik》《美学》Asthetische bildung审美陶冶Asthetische distanz美感距离Asthetische erfahrung审美经验《Asthetische Erfahrung uad Literarische Hermeneutik》《审美经验与文学阐释学》《Asthetische Theorie》《美学理论》Augustinus, Aurelius奥古斯丁Ausdruck表达Authentity本真性Autobiography自传Autobiographical novel自传体小说Automoner komplex自主情结Autonomie der kunst艺术的自律性Avant-garde先锋派Avant-texte前文本BBacon, Francis培根,费兰西斯Ballad歌谣Barthes, Roland巴尔特,罗朗Baudelaire, Charles波德莱尔Beauty美Begining rhyme起韵Behavourist begining行为主义式开场法Belles-lettres美文学Benjamin, Walter本雅明Biographical criticism传记批评Black humour黑色幽默《Black Qrpheus》《黑肤的奥尔甫斯》Blank verse素体诗《Blindness and Insight》《盲目与悟解》Bloch, Ernst布洛赫Bloom, Harold布鲁姆Boileau, Nicolas布瓦洛Booth, Wayne布思Borrowing借用Bound motif束缚母题Brecht, Bertolt布莱希特Brooks,Cleanth布鲁克斯Brunetiere, Ferdinand布吕纳介Bucolic田园风味Burke,Kenneth勃克Burlesque谐谑模仿CCaesure停顿Cartesianism笛卡尔主义Cassirer, Ernst卡西尔Catalog排列Catalyser催化单元Catastrophe结局Catharsis宣泄Causal sequence因果序Chain verse连环诗Channel渠道Chanson de geste武功歌Chapelain, Jean夏泼兰Chiasmus交叉排比《Chinese character as medium for poetry》《作为诗歌手段的中国文字》Chinoiserie中国风Chronical play编年史剧Chrononym时素Climax高潮Cloak and dagger阴谋小说Cloak and sword剑侠传奇Closet drama书案剧Co-textual context共存文本语境Code信码Coincidence巧合Coleridge, Samuel Taylor柯勒律治,萨缪尔·泰勒Collage拼贴Collective foculization集体视角式Comedy of manners风俗喜剧Comic relief喜剧穿插Commentary评论Comparative literature比较文学Comparative poetics比较诗学Compound narrator复合叙述者Computational stylistics数理风格学Conative意动性Conceit曲喻Context语境Contextualism语境论Contrapuntal对位式Contrast对比Convention常规Conventionality规约性Cousin,Victor库赞Crane, R.S.克莱恩,R.S.Crenologie渊源学Critical distance批评距离《Criticism and Ideology》《批评与意识形态》Croce, Benedetto克罗齐Crown of sonnets皇冠十四行诗Cubic poetry立体诗Cult value崇拜价值DDactyl扬抑抑格Dante, Alighieri但丁Das asthetische objekt审美对象Das asthetische erlebnis审美体验Dasein此在《Das Literarische Kunst-werk》《文学艺术作品》《Das Prinzip der Hoffnung》《希望的原则》Das selbst自性De Man, Paul德曼Dead space空档Decentering of subjectivity主体分化Decoding解码Decorum合体Deep-structure深层结构Demystification非神话化Denudation剥离Der funkionale realismus功能现实主义Der hermeneutische zirkel阐释的循环Der implizite leser隐在的读者《Der Implizite Leser》《隐在的读者》Derrida, Jacques德里达Description描写Desemantization消义化Diachronic历时性Diachronische analyse历时性分析Diary fiction日记体小说Dichotomy对立式《Dichter und Phantasie》《诗人与幻想》“Dictionary”interpretation“词典”式释义Diderot, Denis狄德罗《Die Beziehung Zwischen Dichter und Tagtraum》《诗人与白昼梦的关系》《Die Eigenart des Asthetischen》《审美特性》Die frankfurter schule法兰克福学派《Die Geburt der Tragodie》《悲剧的诞生》《Die welt als wille und vorstellung》《作为意志和表象的世界》Differentia of literature文学特异性Dilthey, wilhelm狄尔泰Dime novel一角钱小说Dimeter双音步诗行Dionysian spirit酒神精神Direct free form直接自由式Direct quoted form直接引语式Directory指点Disclosure去蔽Discourse讲述《Discours surl'art Paetique》《关于诗歌艺术的演讲》《Discours surle style》《论风格》Disengagement脱身Dissociation of sensibility感觉解体Distortion of duration时长变形Doggerel打油诗Doxologie流传学Dramatism戏剧化《Du Sublime》《论崇高》Dynamic motif动力性母题EEagleton,Terry伊格尔顿《Eckermann:Gesprach mit Goethe》《和爱克曼的谈话录》Ecole de geneve日内瓦学派《Economic and philosophic Manuscripts of 1844》《1844年经济学哲学手稿》Ecriture automatique自动写作Ego自我Einfuhlung;Empathy移情Elegy挽诗Eliot,T.S.艾略特Ellipsis省略Emotive情绪性Empson,William燕卜荪Encoding编码Encomium赞诗“Encyclopedia”interpretation“百科式”释义Endogene bilder内生图象End-rhyme尾韵Engels, Fridrich恩格斯Enjambement跨行Erlebnis体验Enonce表述Enonciation表述行为英Enonciation/utterance法表述/被表述Enonciation/enonceEntkunstung非艺术化Envelope structure封套结构Epigram警句Epiphany灵悟Epistolary fiction书信体小说Epithalamium,epithalamion婚后诗Epoch时代Erwartungshorizont期待视野Euphuism游浮体Evaluative commentary评价性评论Exhibition Value展览价值Expectation期待Expectation of meaning意义期待Expectation of non-reference非指称化期待Expectation of rhythm节律化期待Expectation of totality整体化期待Explanation/understanding说明/理解Explanatory commentary解释性评论Explication de texte文本解释Explicit ellipsis明省略Explicit narrator现身叙述者Extra-textual elements超文本成分Eye-rhyme目韵Eye-rhyme视韵FFable寓言Fallacy of communication传达谬见Fairy-tale童话Fait social社会事实Farce笑剧Feminine rhyme阴韵Feminist criticism女权主义批评Fest节日Fields of semiotics符号学领域分科Fish, Stanley Eugene费什Flashback倒述Flashforward预述Flat character扁平人物“Fly-on-the-wall”technique“墙上苍蝇”式叙述法Focalization叙述角度Focus character视角人物Folklore民间传说Folktale民间故事Followability可追踪性Foregrounding前推Foreshadowing伏笔Form形式Formalism形式主义Fortune际遇Foucault,Michel福柯,米歇尔Fourteener七音步十四音节Frame story框架故事Framework-story连环故事France,Anatole法朗士Free motif自由母题Free verse自由诗French school法国学派French poststructuralist法国后结构主义符号学派Freud,Sigmund弗洛伊德Freytag pyramid弗雷塔格金字塔Function功能Function功能体GGadamer,Hans Georg迦达默尔General literature总体文学Generation代Genetic fallacy发生谬见Genette,Gerard惹奈特,杰Genre文类Genology文类学Gesellschaftlichkeit der Kunst艺术的社会性Gesellschaftliche rezeption社会接受Gesellschaftliche vermittelung社会中介Gestalt格式塔Gestaltgesetze格式塔规律Gestaltqualitat格式塔质Gide,Andre纪德Gnomic verse格言诗Goldmann,Lucien戈德曼Gongorism贡古拉文风Gothic novel哥特小说Grotesque怪诞Greimas,Algidas Julien格雷马斯HHabermas,Jurgen哈贝马斯Half-rhyme半韵Half-rhyme腰韵Heiddeger,Martin海德格尔Heresy of paraphrase意释误说Hermeneutik阐释学Heroic couplet英雄双韵诗Hexameter六音步诗行High comedy高雅喜剧Higher narrative level高叙述层次Hirsch,Eric Donald Jr赫什Histoire litteraire文学史Historical narration历史叙述/文学叙述Holland,Norman N.霍兰德Horizont视界Horizont verschmelzung视界融合Hulme,T.E.休姆Humanism人文主义Humanistic criticism人文主义批评Humor幽默Hymn赞美诗IIamb抑扬格Iconicity象似性Id本我Identif ikationsmuster认同类型Ideologie kritik意识形态批评Image意象Imagination想象Imitation模仿Impersonality非个性化Implicit ellipsis暗省略Implicit lower narrative level隐式低叙述层次Implicit narrator隐身叙述者Implied author隐指作者Implied metaphor潜喻Implied reader隐指读者Impure poetry不纯诗Impressionistic criticism印象式批评Index指示体Indexical context标示语境Indexicality标示性Indice标记体Indirect free form间接自由式Indirect quoted form间接引语式Individuation个性化Influence影响Influence study影响研究Informant信息体Ingarden, Roman英加登Institution litteraire文学建制Intertextuality互文性Intentional context意图语境Intentional fallacy意图谬见Intentionaler gegenstand意向对象Intentionalitat意向性Interdisciplinary study跨学科研究Interior monologue内心独白Internal rhyme内韵Interpretation阐释《Intuition creatrice en art et en poesie》《艺术和诗的创造性直觉》Irony反讽Ironic commentary反讽性评论Ironic narrative反讽叙述《Is there a text in this class?》《这门课有无文本?》Isomorphie异质同构JJames,Henry詹姆斯,亨利Jameson,Fredric詹姆逊Johnson,Samuel约翰逊,萨缪尔Journal intime内心日记Jung,Carl Gustav荣格Juxtaposition意象并置Juxtaposition并置KKeats,John济慈,约翰Kermode,J.Frank科默德Kollektives unbewaβtes集体无意识Komplex情结Konkrete Poesie具象诗Konkretisation具体化Krieger,Murray克里格Kristeva,Julia克里斯特娃,朱《Kritik der Urteilskraft》《判断力批判》Kulturindustrie文化工业LLa nouvelle critique法国新批评La psychocritique精神批评《La phylosophie de l'art》《艺术哲学》Lacan,Jacques拉康Lament哀诗Language as gesture姿势语论Langue/parole语言/言语Lanson,Gustave朗松,G.Leavis,F.R李维斯Lebenstrieb/eros生本能/性本能Leitmotiv主导母题Leser读者Libido力必多Lichtung澄明Life expression生命表达Link sonnet连韵十四行诗Lisibilite可阅读性Lipps,Theodor李普斯Literalism字面论Local colour地方色彩Low comedy低俗喜剧Lower narrative level低叙述层次Lukacs,Georg卢卡契Lyric抒情诗MMacherey,Pierre马舍雷,彼Macro-semiotic system宏观符号系统Macro-sign宏观符号Macro-text宏观文本Main plot主情节Manipulative narrative操纵式叙述Mannerism矫饰主义Manuscript手写本Marcuse,Hebert马尔库塞Marx, Karl马克思Masculin rhyme阳韵Medium中介Medievalism中世纪精神Melodrama情节剧Memoires fiction回忆录小说Mesologie媒介学Message信息Meta-元Metacriticism元批评《Metahistory》《元历史》Metalanguage元语言Metalingual元语言性Metaphysische qualitat形而上质量Metaphor隐喻Meter音步Metonymy转喻Miller,J. Hillis米勒Mime哑剧Miracle play奇迹剧Mise en scene导演Misreading误读Mock-heroic戏仿英雄体Monodrama独角戏Montage蒙太奇Montivation促动因素Moral criticism道德批评Motif母题Motivation根据性Movement运动Mukarovsky,Jan慕卡洛夫斯基Multiple plot复合情节Musical comedy音乐喜剧Myth神话NNaive dichtang素朴诗Narratee叙述接收者Narrative叙述Narratorial intrusion叙述干预Narrative poem叙事诗Narrative perspective叙述方位Narrative setup叙述格局Narrative stratification叙述分层Narrativity叙述性Narratology叙述学Narrator叙述者Narrativity叙述性Narratorial mediation叙述加工National literature民族文学Naturalization自然化Natural beauty自然美Negative influence负影响Negativitat der kunst艺术的否定性Neologism新词风格New criticism新批评派Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm尼采Nokan,Charles诺康Non-referential pseudostatement非指称性伪陈述Non-significant system无意义组合Northrop Frye诺思洛普·弗莱Novel长篇小说Novella中篇小说Nucleus核心单元OObjective criticism客观批评Octave rima八行诗Ode颂诗Odipuscomplex俄底浦斯情结Omniscient narrative全知式叙述《On Modern Novel》《现代小说》《On Dramatic Art》《论戏剧艺术》Onomatopoeia拟声Ontological criticism本体式批评Open-ended开放结尾式Opera歌剧Organism有机论Ostranenie陌生化Overcoding附加解码Overstatement夸大陈述PPalindrome回文Panegyric颂文Pantheism泛神论Paradigm纵聚合系Paradox悖论Paralipses假省笔法Parallel study平行研究Paraphrasability可意释性Paratextual elements类文本成分Parole言语Parody戏仿Passion play耶稣受难剧Pastiche仿作Pastoral牧歌Pater,Walter佩特,沃尔特Pathetic fallacy感情误置Pathos哀婉感受Pause停顿Periphrasis迂回Period时期Persona人格面具Personliches unbewates个人无意识Perspective of incongruity不相容透视Phatic交际性《Phenomenologie de l'experience esthetique》《审美经验现象学》Phrase rhythm词组节奏Picaresque novel流浪汉小说Pirated edition盗版Platon柏拉图Platonism柏拉图主义Plot情节Plotinus普洛丁Plot typology情节类型学Poetic licence诗歌特权Poetic drama诗剧Poetic truth诗歌真理《Poetics》《诗学》Poetique de lespace空间诗学Poetry诗Poetry of inclusion包容诗Poetry of exclusion排它诗Point of view视点Poulet, Georges布莱Polyphone harmonie复调和谐Pope,Alexander蒲柏,亚历山大Pornography色情文学Possible worlds可能世界Post-structuralism后结构主义Pound, Ezra庞德Pragmatics符用学Prague school布拉格学派Preciosite高雅Pre-text前文本Prinzip der aquivalerz等值原则Prinzip der entropie均衡原则Private symbol私设象征Problem novel问题小说Problem play问题剧Production of art艺术生产Projektion投射propagandism宣传Prosody诗律Prothalamion婚前诗Proverb格言Proverb谚语Provincialism外省风格Proust, Marcel普鲁斯特Psychische energie心理能Psychische funktion心理功能Psychische valenz心理值Psychische zustand心态Psychological context心理语境Psychological fiction心理小说Psychological realism心理现实主义Psychologische und心理型和幻想型illusionarer typPsychologische rezeptionsforschung接受心理分析Psychologische typen心理类型Psychologism心理主义Public symbol公共象征Pulp magazine fiction廉价杂志小说Pun双关语Pure poetry纯诗QQualisign/sinsign/legisign形符/单符/义符Qualitative knowledge质的知识Qualitative progression质性进展Querelle des anciens ermodernes古今之争RRationalism理性主义Rational and perceptual理性与感性Raymond Williams维廉斯·雷蒙德Ransom, John Crowe兰色姆Reader-response criticism读者反应批评Realismo magico魔幻现实主义Referential指称性Reflection/nachdenken反思Reification物化Repetition重复Repetition复述Replica复制Reported speech转述语Reproduction复制Resemantization再义化Revenge tragedy复仇悲剧Rezeptionsasthetik接受美学Rezeptionsvorgabe接受前提Rhapsody狂诗Rhyme韵Rhythm节奏Richards.I.A.瑞恰慈Riviere,Jacques里维埃,J.Rohstoff素材Romanaclef影射小说Roman noir/Gothic novel黑色小说/哥特小说Romantic irony浪漫式反讽Round character圆形人物Rousseau,Jean-Jacques卢梭,让-雅Ruskin John拉斯金·约翰SSage 英雄传奇Said,Edward W.赛义德Saint Thomas Aquinas托马斯·阿奎那Sainte-Beuve,Charles Augustin圣伯夫Sapphics萨福体Sartre,Jean-Paul萨特Saussure,Ferdinand de索绪尔,费德Scene场景Schatten阴影Schematisierte ansichten轮廓化图象Schichtenaufbau层次构造Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel施莱尔马赫Schoppenhauer,Arthur叔本华Science fiction科幻小说Scientific criticism科学化批评Scriptible/lisibe可写式/可读式Secondary system二度体系Semanalysis符号分析学Semantics符义学Semantique poetique诗歌语义学Semantique structurale结构语义学Semiosis符指过程Semiotics符号学Sensibility感性Sentimentalische dichtung感伤诗Sentimentalism感伤主义Sequence deformation时序变形《Seven Types of Ambiguity》《含混的七种类型》Shelley,Percy Bysshe雪莱Shock震惊Short story短篇小说Sign符号Signifier/signified能指/所指Simile明喻Situational context场合语境Skaldic verse行吟宫廷诗Sociology of literature文学社会学Soliloquy独白Sonnet十四行诗Sontag, Susan桑塔格,苏珊Source渊源Source study渊源研究Southern critics南方学派Soviet semiotics苏联符号学派Spatial form空间形式Spatial sequence空间序Spiel游戏Stadialism阶段平行论Stael, Madame de斯塔尔夫人Stanzaic form诗节形式Stanzaic form段式Starobinski, Jean斯塔罗宾斯基Static motif静力性母题Stereotype模式Stoffgeschichte主题学Stream of consciousness意识流Stretch延长Structural realism结构现实主义Structuralism结构主义Structuralist/post-structuralist semiotics结构主义与后结构主义符号学《Structuralist Poeties》《结构主义诗学》Structure结构Structure/texture构架/肌质论Stylistics风格学Stylization风格模仿Sub-narrative次叙述Sub-plot次情结Sublimation升华Sublime崇高《Summa Theologiae》《神学大全》Summary缩写Superego超我Super-narrative超叙述Superposition意象迭加Super-sign超符号Supplementary commentary补充性批评Surface structure表层结构Suspense悬疑Symbol象征Symbolic action象征行动Symptomatic reading症候式阅读Synaesthesia通感Synaesthesis综感Synchronic/diachronic共时性/历时性Synchronische anayse共时性分析Synecdoche提喻Syntactics符形学Syntagm横组合段Syntagmatic/paradigmatic横组合/纵聚合TTaboo塔布Tagtraum白日梦Taine, Hippolyte泰纳Tate, Allen退特Tecriture文体Temporal deformation时间变形Temporal sequence时间序Tendenz倾向性Tenioha天尔运波Tenor/vihicle喻指/喻体Tension张力Tercet三行体诗节Terza rima三行连环韵诗Tetralogy四部曲Tetrameter四音步诗行Text/discourse文本/讲述Textual criticism文本批评Texture肌质Theatre of cruelty残酷剧The epic theatre叙事剧The new criticism新批评The new humanism新人文主义《Theory of Literature》《文学理论》The past/the present叙述现在/被叙述现在《The Political Unconsciousn》《政治无意识》《The Sacred Wood》《圣林》The Second self第二自我《The Well-Wrought Urn》《精致的瓮》The Verbal Icon《语象》The yale critics耶鲁学派Thibaudet, Albert蒂博代Three unities三一律Todestrieb /thanatos-trieb死本能Todorov, Tzvetan托多罗夫Toponym地素Totality总体性Totem图腾Tradition传统Tragicomedy悲喜剧Translation翻译Transpassing of stratification跨层Trilogy三部曲Trilling, Lionel特里林Trimeter三音步诗行Type类型Typicality典型性Typical character典型人物Typology类型学UUgliness丑Unbestimmtheit不确定性《Uber die Beziehungen der Analytischen Psychologie zur Dichtung》《分析心理学与诗的关系》Undercoding不足解码Understatement克制陈述Unite narrative叙述单元Unite significative意义单元Unites romanesques小说单元Unreliable narrative不可靠叙述Urtumliche bilder原始意象Utilitarianism功利主义Utopian literature乌托邦文学V《Validity in interpretation》《解释的正确性》Valery, Paul瓦雷里,P.Variorum edition集注本Verbal icon语象Verfremdung陌生化Verfremdungseffekt陌生化效果Verstehen理解Verisimilitude逼真性Vico, Giovanni Battista维柯V orurteil成见W《Wahreit und Methode》《真理与方法》Wellek, Rene韦莱克Well-made play巧构剧Werkimmanente kritik文本批评Wilde, Osear王尔德Wilson, Edmund威尔逊,艾德蒙Wimsatt, William K.Jr维姆萨特Wirkungsgeschichte作用史Wittgenstein,Rudwig维特根斯坦World/earth世界/大地World literature世界文学ZZero-sign零符号Zola,Emile左拉Zwei-pole-theorie两极理论拉丁文部分AAarud al-khalil哈利勒韵律Abd al-Aziz al-Magalih麦考利赫‘Abd ash-shi‘r诗奴Abhidha-sakti字面功能(表示功能)Abhinavagupta新护Abu Nasaier Fapabi阿布·纳赛尔·法拉比Acalikata区域性Acchadaka-kavi隐藏诗人Adab艾达卜Adawat ash-shi‘r诗的材料Adab al-mahjar旅美派Adab ar-riwaya传述文学Adbhuta rasa奇异味Ahd ar-riwayah传述时代‘Ajz后股Ajza’波斯—阿拉伯古典诗律音步Akh-khalg al-adabi创作三段论Akhyayika章回小说;故事‘Aks逆反格《Al-‘amdah fi as -sina‘at ash-shi‘r wa nagdihi》《诗艺与诗评之基础》Al-Amidi阿麦迪Alankara庄严(修辞)Alankara-Sanpradaya庄严(修辞)派Alankara-Sarvasva《庄严论精华》Alankara-Siddhanta庄严论Al-‘Aqqad, ‘Abbas Mah ud阿卡德Al-‘Askari阿斯凯里Al-A‘sha艾勒阿尔沙《Al-Badi‘a》《贝蒂阿》Al baslinyet巴士拉学派《Al-bayan wa al-tabin》《修辞与阐释》Al-burd斗篷诗Al-burj al-‘aji“象牙之塔”论《Al-Fann Allthi Nahtaj Ilaihi》《我们所需要的艺术》Al-ghazal fi al-ghilman/al-ghazal fi al-mudhakkar恋童诗《Al-Ghirbal》《筛》《Al-H adith》《哈底斯》Al-hagu we al-kizb诗的真与假Al-Himsi, Qustaki希木绥,古斯塔基Al-ibdauwe al-taklid创新与模仿Al-jurjani朱尔加尼Al-jurjani,Abdal-Qahir朱尔加尼,阿卜杜勒·卡希尔《Al-khayyal ash-shi‘ri‘inda al‘arab》《阿拉伯人的诗的想象力》Al-lughat ath-thalithah第三种语言Al-lughat ath-thalithah第三种语言论《Al-mathal as-sayir fi adab al-katib wa ash-sha‘ir》《作家和诗人在文学中的流行格言》Al-Mazini, Ibrahim马齐尼Al-meirna we al-kalimei诗的词与义Al-mirbad米尔拜德Al-mis riyyah埃及主义Al-mu‘allagat悬诗Al-muwashshah彩诗《Al-Muwazanah Baina Abi Tamam Wa al-Buhturi》《阿布·台玛木与布赫图里诗歌之比较》Al-nagd纳格德AL-qira‘at诵读学Al-qissah dakhil al-qissah框架结构Al-rawi拉维Al-sabi萨比Al-sug al-adabi文学集市Al-sahihi we al-hatagu正确与错误Al-shi‘r we al-din诗与宗教道德Al-usbah al-andlusiyyah安达卢西亚文学团Al-umad al-sab‘诗的七大支柱Al-wagi‘iyyat attanwiriyya启蒙现实主义《Al-wisatat baina almutanabi wa khusumihi》《在穆台纳比及其对手间调停》Amir ash-shu‘ara’诗王Amir ash-shu‘ara’“诗坛酋长”Amthal谚言格言Ananda喜Anandavardhana阿难陀伐弹那即欢增Ananvaya无关联Angi rasa主味Anicvacaniya难以表达性Anka场或幕Anjiho暗示法Antarika alocana pranali内在批评Anucitya合适Anucitya-sanpradaya合适派Anucitya-siddhanta合适论Anuprasa谐声Apahnuti隐匿Appaya,Diks ita阿帕叶,迪卡什特Aprastuta-prasansa缺述Aragodo荒事Ar-rabit ah al-qalamiyyah笔会Ar-rafi’ah雅Ar-rafi‘i, mustafa sadiq拉斐仪Arthalamkara词义修辞Artif情Artificiality ‘Arud技阿鲁孜《As-Sna‘atani:an-Nazm wa an-Nathr》《双技:韵文与散文》Ash-sha‘ir al-faris骑士诗人Ash-shi‘r al-muhadath现代诗Ash-shi‘r al-wafid/immigrant verse客居诗《Ash-shi‘r wa ash-shu ‘ara’》《诗与诗人们》Ash-shu‘ara’as-sa‘alik游侠诗人As lilata淫秽/色情《Asrar al-balaghah 》《修辞的奥秘》At-tariqat ar-ramziyyah象征法《Ath-Thaqafat alQawmiyyah wa athThawrah》《民族文化与革命》Atisayokti夸大或夸张Atma灵魂Avicala alocana静态批评Awubhava随情《Ayyamal al-‘A’rab》《日子》Azah if波斯—阿拉伯古典诗律变格Az-ziyadah fi akhir alkalimah/paragoge增尾BBahr-e-Tavayl巴赫尔·塔维尔Bait拜特Bait联句Bara’at-i istihlal序诗Basi t宽律Batr截尾格Bhamaha婆摩诃Bhava情Bhayanaka rasa恐怖味Bharatamuni婆罗多牟尼即婆罗多仙人《Bharatiya ksvyasastra ki parampara》《印度诗学传统》Bhikharidara庇哈利达斯Bhramaka-kavi迷惑诗人Bhrantiman错觉Bibhatsa rasa厌恶味Bila kayf“无方式”信条《Bitekiseikatsuotonzu》《论美的生活》Bugaku舞乐Buhur波斯—阿拉伯古典诗律Bunkashugi文化主义《Bunkyohifuron》《文镜秘府论》Bungakukanshosankeikisetsu文学鉴赏三契机说Bunmeihihyo文明批评Bunshosirgaku文章心理学Buntaibigaku文体美学Buraiha无赖派Burhan ash-shi‘r诗的证明CCamatkara惊奇Camatkara-sanpradaya惊奇派Campu占布Chanda韵律Chapters of the Qur’an《古兰经》章节Chaya nat ya影子戏或皮影戏chazal伽扎尔Choka长歌Choku长句Cintaman i-kavi思想宝石诗人Citratmakata画性Ckadai隐题Coffin texts棺椁文Cotaji抑字Cunbaka-kavi磁石诗人DDa‘a’im al-adab作品成分Dakhil插入Dainigei jutsuron第二艺术论Daisannoshinzin第三新人DaisannoshinDanrinha淡林派Dardi檀丁《Dasarupaka》《十色》Dengaku田乐Dhananjava胜财Dhaniyon ka sansristi混合韵Dhvani kavya韵诗Dhvani韵Dhvani-sanpradaya韵派Dhvani-siddhanta韵论Dhvaniyon sankara叉韵《Dhvanyaloka》《韵光》Dipaka灯喻《Discours sur l'art poetiqhe》《关于诗歌艺术的演讲》Dobet; couplet杜比特体Doi Kochi土居光知Doreinoyinritsu奴隶的韵律Dosa病Dristata范例Dravaka-kavi溶化诗人Du bayti杜·贝蒂EEdofu/ukiyofu江户风/浮世风Edoza江户座Elegie诗体哀歌Eikyoku郢曲Emaki绘卷En/yoen艳/妖艳Endowment天赋End-stopped line孤联Engo缘语FFakk拆离Fasad败坏Finiqiyah腓尼基主义Foundations of literature文学的支柱Foot音步Fuekiryuko不易流行Fuganomakoto风雅之诚Fukuseigeijutsu复制艺术Funun al-udaba’写作八法Furyu风流Futai风体《Fuzokushosetsuron》《风俗小说论》GGagaku雅乐Gagen雅言Gaizaihihyo外在批评Gas ida格绥达Gatyatmaka alocana pranali动势批评Gatha吟唱叙事诗Gei艺Genbaku bungaku原爆文学Gehbunicchi言文一致Gesaku戏作Ghali Shukri昂利·舒克里Gharib异律Ghazal抒情诗Ghazal伽扎尔Gigaku伎乐Gitrakavya彩诗Givanavrttantiya alocana生活描述批评Gokan合卷Gout hi乔罗Griot格里奥Gun d德Gundo ku群读Gunkimonogatari军纪物语Guzenbungakuron偶然文学论HHagayaichi芳贺矢一Haida wa intiqal偏迁Haibun俳文Haikai俳谐Haiku俳句Hairon俳论Hajari prasada Dviredi赫加利·伯勒萨德·德维威蒂Hall松解Hanasa豪情诗Hangeizyutsu e hangeizyutsu ronso反艺术与反艺术论争Hanja判者Hanka反歌Hanrekishishugi反历史主义Haoliyat变诗Harakat at-ta‘rib阿拉伯化运动Harakat ash-shi‘r al-hurr自由诗运动Hasiw补缀Hasya rasa滑稽(幽默)味Hatm敲门齿格Hazaj雷律Hazf删节格Hazf无点格Heimenbyosha平面描写Hibiki响Hikayat故事Hininjo非人情Hisamatsusenyichi久松潜一Historia克列奥尔语“故事”Homme-foule“人氓”Honkadori本歌取Hushiyi/wahiyi野词Husn-it‘alil因由格Husnu at-takhallus妙出Hyogenyomi表现阅读IIbn al-athir,daya ad-din伊本·阿细尔Ibn Al-Mu‘tazz伊本·穆阿塔兹Ibn haldun伊本·赫尔顿Ibn Qutaibah伊本·古太白Ibn Rashig al-Qairuwani伊本·拉希格Ibn salam伊本·萨拉姆Ibn Tabataba伊本·塔巴塔巴Ibtikarat jadidah创造性Ichigenbyosha一元描写Iham-i tauriye歧解双关格Iham-i tamasub歧义双关格Ihtiras谨慎Ijazat shi‘riyyah/poetic license变通Ikfa代韵Iki意气Imayo今样Inzyabungaku隐者文学Iqtibas征经格Iqwa出韵Irdaf相随Irs ad预拨Irsal-i mesel谚语格Isbagh圆满格Ishba‘/tabligh/padding for rhyme’s sake意尽韵足Ishtiqaq同根格Istigsa穷义《Ittijahat an-Nagd alAdabi》《文学批评的倾向》《‘Iyar ash-shi‘r》《诗的标准》Izalt屈辱格JJabb阉割格Jad‘劓鼻格Jahf消除格Jahiz贾希兹Jama‘at abulu ash-shi ‘riyyah阿波罗诗社Jatparya-vritti意义功能Jayadeva胜天Jiamari字余Jibran Khalil纪伯伦Jiksokannyu实相观入Jingiga神祇歌Jiuta地歌Jiyaritsu自由律Jiyushi自由诗Johobigaku情报美学Joruri净瑠璃Joryubungaku女流文学Joshi序词Julyayogita似联Jushichionryosetsu十七音量说Junsuishosetsuron纯粹小说论KKabari卡巴里Kabuki歌舞伎Kabyo歌病Kachofue花鸟讽咏Kadai隐题Kaff断尾格Kagurauta神乐歌Kaibun回文Kaishi怀纸Kajitsu花实Kakekotoba挂词《Kakyohyoshiki》《歌经格式》Kalpana想象Kamil完律Kamono Mabuchi贺茂直渊Kana假名Kanazoshi假名草子Kanoseinobungaku可能性的文学Kanshi汉诗Kanshiki卷式Kan-wa-ka n卡纳沃卡纳Kanzenchoaku劝善惩恶Karon歌论Kars aka-kavi耕耘诗人Kart‘e伽特埃Karumi轻Karuna-rasa悲悯味Kasen歌仙Kashf裸露格Kaside伽西代Katauta片歌Katha小说或故事Kato Shuichi加腾周一Katsygenbo活眼法《Kauyadarsa》《诗镜》《Kavyaprakasa》《诗光》Kavya-bheda诗型Kavya-hetu诗因《Kavyalankarasutravratti》《诗庄严经》《Kavyalankara》《诗庄严论》《Kavya-mimansa》《诗探》Kavya-prayojana诗图Kavya-sastra诗学Keichu契冲Keishikis hugibungakuron形式主义文学论Kesavadasa盖什沃达斯Khabl残疾格Khabn缝缀格Khafif轻律Khalid Muhammad khalid哈利德Khancla kavya短诗或断章诗Kharb毁坏格Kharja花饰Kharm凿孔Kharm穿鼻格Khayfa间点格Khazz割尾格Khut bah呼图白Khvaje Nas iraldinTusi哈杰·纳西尔丁·图西Kibiyoshi黄表纸Kijunritsu基准律Kigao季语Kikaish ugibungakuron机械主义文学论Kikobungaku纪行文学Kimbanguisme金班古主义Kindainochokoku近代超克Kindaishugihinyo近代主义批评Kireji切字Kiriku切句Kishitsumono气质物《Kitabl al-amwat》《亡灵书》Kitai季题Kobayashihideo小林秀雄Kobungaku硬文学Kodan讲谈Kodoshugi行动主义Kogaku古学Kogakuha古学派Kokincho古今调Kokinfu古今风Kokkeibon滑稽本Kokorozuke心付Kokubungaku国文学Kokugaku国学Kokuminbungaku国民文学Kokuminbungakuron国民文学论Kokuminbungakuronso国民文学论争Kosa库藏诗Koshogaku考证学Koshokubon好色本Kos ma科斯玛Kotodama/kotodamashinko言灵/言灵信仰Ksemendra安主Kuawase句合Kukai空海Kulaka五节诗《Kumonnoshocho》《苦闷的象征》Kuntala或Kuntaka恭多罗或恭多迦Kunten训点Kurahara Korehito藏原惟人Kusazoshi草双纸Kuwabaratakeo桑原武夫Kyodogenso共同幻想Kyodoseisaku共同制作Kyogen狂言Kyojitsu虚实Kyoka狂歌Kyoku狂句《Kyoraisho》《去来抄》kyobun狂文Kyoshi狂诗Kyoyoshugi教养主义LLaff-o nashr卷舒格Laksana特异性Laksana-sakti引申(指示)功能Laisa lahu qiran无缘Leonine rhyme非必需的必需Leopold sedar senghor桑戈尔Lidprersa设想Litterature de colonisation殖民文学Litteratured’exil流亡文学Luwis‘Awad路易斯·阿瓦德MMadh颂赞体Madhurya-guna甜密德Madid延律Madrasat ad-diwan笛旺派Madrasat al-iskandariyyah亚历山大诗派Mahakavya大诗Mahasinu al-kalam美言Mahavira prasada Drivedi默哈维尔·伯勒萨德·德维威蒂Mahfuz,Najib马哈福兹,纳吉布Mahiman Bhatta摩希曼·跋吒Majaz路Makoto诚Mammata曼摩吒Mandur,Mnhammad曼都尔,穆罕默德《Manhal al-Warid Fi‘Ilm al-Intigad》《批评学取饮者之泉》Manhuk破碎联Manovislesatmaka samik sa心理分析批评派Manqut全点格Manyofu万叶风Maqama玛卡梅Mard hekara默尔泰克尔Mashtur被分割的诗联Mashubat混杂诗Masnair玛莎伊利Masnawi双行诗Masrah iyyat al-qira‘h阅读剧Masrahiyyat shi‘riyyah诗剧Masrahiyyat siyasiyyah哲理剧Mat ali‘ash-shi‘r/opening verses诗的开篇Mathnavey玛斯纳维Mawaliyya马瓦利亚体Mawfur富词Maya幻影Mayirupatmara新形式主义Mendicant poets行乞诗人Metafuijikku形而上批评Minoha美浓派Minstrel游吟诗人Mis ra‘-i da’ira诗轮Mithaka神话Mithaliyyat ash-shiyam alarabiyyat ar-rafi‘ah阿拉伯风范诗Miyabi雅Mofradat莫弗拉达特Molamma‘莫拉玛Momma莫阿玛Monogatari物语Monoha物派Mononoaware感物兴叹Monozuke物付Mosammat莫萨玛特Mostazad莫斯塔扎德Motoori Norinaga本居宣长Mu‘ashshar十行组诗Mubalagha夸张格Mudhahhabat描金诗Muhadarah‘an fanash-shi‘r古杂体诗Muhammad Marzuqi马尔祖基Muhammad muzali穆罕默德·姆扎利Mujtas s断律Mukaiketsumurisoshugi无解决无理想主义Mukai Kyorai向井去年Mukhad ram跨代诗人Mukhammas五行组诗Mukhammas/cinguain穆哈迈斯体Muktaka单节诗Muktaka自由诗Mula-rasa基味Munsarih悠律Munsifat信诗(孟绥法特)Muqatta‘断母格Muqtaz ab兴律Murabba四行组诗Murji‘a展缓派诗人Musabba‘七行组诗Musaddas六行组诗Musamman八行组诗Musammat穆塞迈特体Musammat ghazal实体抒情诗Mushakil类律Mushakal双关格Mushin无心Mushinrenga无心连歌Mustazad ghazal增字抒情诗Mutadarik及律Mutalauwin变律诗Mutaqarib近律Muttasa‘九行组诗Muwashshah离合诗Muwashshahat彩诗Muwassal连母格Muzari‘行律NNagayid对驳诗《Nagd ash-shi‘r》《诗的批评》Nagendra纳盖德拉Nahr割喉格Naizairitsu内在律nanbungaku软文学Nan Dulare Bajapeyi南德·杜拉利·瓦杰伯伊Nanshokumono男色物Narrative literature故事文学Nasib纳希卜Nataka剧。

哪个翻译软件最好用

哪个翻译软件最好用随着全球化的发展，跨语言沟通的需求越来越大。

翻译软件的出现极大地方便了人们的生活和工作，但是在众多翻译软件中，哪个翻译软件最好用呢？下面将介绍几款广受好评的翻译软件。

首先是著名的谷歌翻译（Google Translate）。

作为全球最大互联网公司之一，谷歌的翻译软件具有很高的准确度和速度。

谷歌翻译支持多种语言的互译，用户只需输入待翻译的文字或语音，软件会迅速给出翻译结果。

此外，谷歌翻译还提供一些实用的功能，如拍照翻译、手写输入等，极大地方便了用户。

然而，由于谷歌翻译依赖于自动翻译算法，有时候对于长句子或复杂语境的翻译可能会出现偏差，所以在对翻译的准确性有较高要求的情况下，建议结合其他翻译工具使用。

其次是微软翻译（Microsoft Translator）。

微软翻译是微软旗下的翻译软件，具有与谷歌翻译相似的功能，支持多种语言的互译，且准确度较高。

微软翻译还支持实时语音翻译，用户可以通过录音或语音输入的方式进行翻译，非常方便。

另外，微软翻译还提供了浏览器扩展和手机应用程序，用户可以随时使用。

再有是有道翻译（YouDao Translate）。

有道翻译是网易公司旗下的一款翻译软件，也是国内较为知名的翻译工具之一。

有道翻译支持中英互译以及多种语言的互译，且有较好的准确度。

与其他翻译软件相比，有道翻译在用户体验上更加注重，界面简洁清晰，操作方便。

此外，有道翻译还提供了在线课堂、背单词等实用功能，为用户提供全方位的学习辅助。

最后是百度翻译（Baidu Translate）。

作为国内最大的互联网公司之一，百度翻译在国内拥有广泛的用户群体。

百度翻译支持中英互译以及多种语言的互译，准确度相对较高。

百度翻译还提供了拍照翻译、手写输入等实用功能，用户可以根据自己的需求选择不同的输入方式。

此外，百度翻译还提供了手机应用程序和浏览器插件，方便用户随时随地使用。

综上所述，谷歌翻译、微软翻译、有道翻译和百度翻译都是非常好用的翻译软件。

英美文学名词解释汉语版

英美文学名词解释汉语版
1. 小说 (Novel): 是一种长篇的虚构故事，通常以人物形象和情节为主要构成要素。

2. 散文 (Prose): 是一种以自由的、非诗歌形式的文学作品，通常有较为正式的句子结构和逻辑表达方式。

3. 诗歌 (Poetry): 是一种以押韵、节奏和音乐性为特点的文学形式，通常用比喻、象征和意象来表达作者的情感和观点。

4. 戏剧 (Drama): 是一种能够在舞台上演出的文学形式，通常包括对话、角色互动和舞台指导。

5. 悲剧 (Tragedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常描绘了主角在命运和自身缺陷之间的斗争，并以悲惨结局告终。

6. 喜剧 (Comedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常以幽默和滑稽情节为特点，旨在给观众带来愉快和欢笑。

7. 叙事诗 (Epic poem): 是一种长篇叙事诗歌，从古代传统英雄故事中派生而来，通常讲述了一个英雄或重大事件的史诗式叙事。

8. 短篇小说 (Short story): 是一种长度较短的虚构故事，通常聚焦于一个具体的事件或角色，呈现出作者的观点或主题。

9. 传记 (Biography): 是一种通过详细描述一个人的生平和事迹来记录他们的生活和成就的文学作品。

10. 自传 (Autobiography): 是一种以作者自己的经历和回忆为基础写成的传记，通常描绘了作者的成长经历和个人观点。

谷歌英语翻译

谷歌英语翻译
谷歌英语翻译（Google Translate）是一个在线翻译工具，由谷歌公司开发和提供。

它可以通过输入文本或上传文档，将文本从一种语言翻译成另一种语言。

谷歌英语翻译具有高质量和准确的翻译结果，在全球范围内被广泛使用。

谷歌英语翻译基于人工智能和机器学习技术，并结合大量语料库和翻译资源进行训练。

它支持超过100种语言之间的翻译，包括英语、中文、法语、西班牙语、德语等。

使用谷歌英语翻译非常方便，只需在输入框中输入要翻译的文本，然后选择源语言和目标语言，即可获得翻译结果。

用户还可以使用谷歌英语翻译的功能，如自动检测语言、发音、语音输入等。

不过，谷歌英语翻译仍然存在一些问题。

由于语言之间的语法、词义和文化差异，翻译结果可能会存在一定的错误或不准确。

特别是在处理特定领域、专业术语或口语表达时，翻译质量可能会下降。

另外，由于谷歌英语翻译是一个机器翻译系统，它只能提供字面上的翻译，并不能理解上下文、语境或隐含含义。

因此，在使用谷歌英语翻译时，仍然需要人工的审查和判断，以确保翻译结果的准确性和可读性。

总之，谷歌英语翻译是一个强大且普遍使用的在线翻译工具，可以帮助用户快速获得翻译结果，解决语言沟通的障碍。

但是
在使用时还需谨慎，特别是对于重要或专业性的文本，建议进行人工校对和修正，以确保翻译质量的准确性和流畅性。

文学术语汇编

文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. art for art’s sake: or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Prog ress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, b ut some are aimed at a specialgroup.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity （《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English. 20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization and self-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such a s Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton. 24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own li fe. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in whichactors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue.34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy isa type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is notorganized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also has irregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture –which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E.Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. 51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52.Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.53 回答问题Romanticism: In the most abstract terms, Romanticism may be regarded as the triumph of the values of imaginative spontaneity, visionary originality, wonder, and emotional self-expression over the classical standards of balance, order, restraint, proportion, and objectivity. Its name derives from romance, the literary form in which desires and dreams prevail over everyday realities.54 Byronic hero, characteristic of or resembling *Byron or his poetry; that is, contemptuous of and rebelling against conventional morality, or defying fate, or possessing the characteristics of Byron's romantic heroes, or imitating his dress and appearance; as *Meredith describes it, 'posturing statuesque pathetic'; or in the words of *Macaulay, 'a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection'.55 回答问题Realism stressed 'sincerity' as opposed to the 'liberty' proclaimed by the Romantics; it insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, an accumulation of the details of material fact, an avoidance of poetic diction, idealization, exaggeration, melodrama, etc.; and subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. This emphasis clearly reflected the interests of an increasingly positivist and scientific age.。