合作原则的违反的例子
违反合作原则的20个
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What I am going to meet your kidEarl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them” How many do you haveEarl: So farMax: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your fatherMax: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From BankruptcySisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。
合作原则的违背与《老友记》中的言语幽默
合作原则的违背与《老友记》中的言语幽默更多专业、稀缺文档请访问——搜索此文档，访问上传用户主页～合作原则的违背与《老友记》中的言语幽默合作原则的违背与《老友记》中的言语幽默摘要:《老友记》是美国NBC电视台，连续十年播放的一部情景喜剧，是全球英语学习者一个不可多得的美国口语的百科全书。
剧中以六位朋友的工作，生活，爱情为例，讲述了一个个令人捧腹的故事。
本文从语用学中合作原则和礼貌原则的角度来分析老友记中的言语幽默，目的在于提高英语学习者的语言欣赏能力和对美国文化的理解。
关键词:合作原则;礼貌原则;老友记中图分类号:H03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5312(2013)02-0195-02 一、引言《老友记》又名《六人行》是美国NBC电视台从1994年开播到2004年结束，连续播出十年的一部情景喜剧，剧中主要讲述了六个朋友，三男三女，Ross， Chandler， Joey， Monica，Phoebe， Rachel，在这十年间的生活，工作，爱情。
及一系列令人捧腹的故事。
情景喜剧指的是内容短小，精悍，言语幽默，每集都是一个独立的小故事，主要是靠幽默的言语来吸引观众，情景喜剧的台词可以为语用学的研究提供丰富的研究素材。
而《老友记》凭借其主演精彩的演技和幽默的对白，及其鲜明的人物特色，成为情景喜剧的代表。
本文从语用学的角度分析，剧中的很多台词都违背了合作原则。
二、语料分析格莱斯于1975年提出了合作原则，他认为人们所说的话符合他们的阶段和目标。
并且引入了四条准则: 数量准则: 1.使所说的话正好满足当前交谈所需要的信息 2.所说的话不要多于需要的信息质量准则: 所说的话要求真实1.不要说自知是虚假的话 2.不要说缺乏足够证据的话关系准则: 要有关联方式准则: 要清晰 1.避免晦涩 2.避免歧义 3.要简练 4.要有序下面我们就以剧中的台词为例，看一下违反这些准则所产生的效果例1.Monica: There's nothing totell～ He's just some guy I work with～ Joey: C'mon， you're going out with the guy～ There's gottabe something wrong with him～ Chandler: All right Joey，更多专业、稀缺文档请访问——搜索此文档，访问上传用户主页～be nice. So does he have a hump, A hump and a hairpiece,Phoebe: Wait， does he eat chalk, (They all stare， bemused.)Phoebe: Just， 'cause， I don't want her to go through what I went through with Carl- oh～ Monica: Okay， everybody relax. This is not even a date. It's just two people going outto dinner and- not having sex. Chandler: Sounds like a date to me.这是几位朋友之间的对话，Joey 询问Monica 和她出去的男人是谁,Monica 只告诉Joey 他是个一起工作的人，而Chandler 就问那个人是不是驼背，是不是戴假发，言外之意，那个男人是不是秃顶，这就违反了合作原则中量的原则，即所说的话不应超出需要的信息，对于问话者来说，只需回答那个男人是谁，没有必要问他是不是驼背或者秃顶。
团结合作的反面著名事例
团结合作的反面著名事例
团结合作的反面著名事例主要有战国时期的合纵连横、三国时期的赤壁之战以及近代的国共合作与抗日战争。
这些例子中，各国或者各方势力时而联合，时而背叛，关系错综复杂，缺乏真正的团结和合作。
1. 战国时期的合纵连横：这是战国时期各国为了达到称霸的目的而互相勾结、联合的事例。
各国时而联合，时而背叛，关系错综复杂，缺乏真正的团结和合作。
2. 三国时期的赤壁之战：这是孙权、刘备联军在赤壁大破曹操大军的著名战役。
尽管孙刘联军在赤壁之战中取得了胜利，但双方之间依然存在利益冲突和猜忌，缺乏真正的团结和信任。
3. 近代的国共合作与抗日战争：国共合作是中国共产党和中国国民党在抗日战争期间建立的合作关系。
然而，由于双方政治理念和利益诉求的差异，最终导致了合作破裂和内战的爆发。
这些反面事例表明，真正的团结和合作是难以实现的，人们往往受到各种因素的影响而产生利益冲突和矛盾。
因此，要实现真正的团结和合作，需要各方拥有共同的目标和理念，并愿意为了共同利益而放下个人和团体的利益。
合作原则例子
一：违反数量准则1.A: When are you going to the airport?B: Sometime this morning.B的回答违反了数量原则，因为在他的回答中，他给A 提供的信息少于A 所希望他提供的信息。
如果B知道出发时间，A也知道B知道出发时间，B也知道A知道他知道自己的出发时间，那么B这样说就会产生会话含义，即“我不想告诉你什么时候去机场”。
2.Wife: When did you come back last night?Husband: Around midnight. The meeting was too long.妻子问丈夫回来的时间，而丈夫不但回答了回来的时间，还补充说会议开太久了，为自己午夜才回家找个合适的理由。
涨幅第二句话是过量信息，是妻子所不需要的，他这么说是为了避免妻子的责备和不必要的麻烦。
3.A: Where does Mr. Smith live?B: Somewhere in the town.B明白A想知道Smith先生的具体住址并想去拜访他,但他也知道Smith先生不愿意让A去他那里,所以只好违反数量准则给B以含糊的回答。
当然,B的回答并不排除另一种可能性,他自己也不知道Smith先生的具体住址,但他又不想违反质量准则而乱编一个地址给B,所以只好给予含糊的回答。
4.A: What do you think of Mark?B: His flat-mate is a wonderful cook.B对Mark没有好感,但又不好直说,更不想违反质量准则去说假话,所以故意违反了数量准则,没有给A以足够的信息,而A从B答非所问的回答中也可知道B 对Mark评价不高。
5.A: What are you reading?B: A book.从B违反数量准则的回答可以推知,他正在安心读书,不想别人打搅自己。
二：违反质量准则1.A: I might win the lottery.B: Yes, and pigs might fly.对话中B没有直接告诉A他不同意A的看法，而是说出猪可能会飞，这句明显违反质量准则的话，讥讽A的异想天开，让A得出结论他不可能赢得大奖。
合作使人失败的例子
合作使人失败的例子
1. 在企业合作中，合作伙伴之间存在不平等的力量关系时，合作伙伴可能会利用自己的优势来占据更多的利益，导致另一方的失败。
这种情况常见于大公司和小公司之间的合作。
2. 在团队合作中，某些成员可能不遵守团队规则或缺乏责任心，导致整个团队的失败。
这种情况可能发生在缺乏有效领导的情况下。
3. 在政治和国际合作中，一国可能会故意破坏另一国的合作，以获取自己的政治和经济利益。
例如，国际制裁和贸易战可能导致合作失败。
4. 在个人关系中，合作伙伴可能会互相攀比或怀有嫉妒心理，破坏合作关系，导致失败。
5. 在跨学科和跨领域的合作中，各方可能难以理解彼此的专业术语和概念，导致误解和合作失败。
违反合作原则的例子
违反合作原则的例子合作是指两个或多个个体为了达成共同的目标而共同努力、分工协作，互相支持的行为。
然而，在实际生活中，有些行为会违反合作原则，甚至会对合作关系产生负面影响。
下面我们将列举一些违反合作原则的例子。
1. 窃取他人创意：在创意产业中，窃取他人的创意是一种常见的违反合作原则的行为。
这种行为不仅会破坏合作关系，也会导致创意产业的发展受到影响。
2. 搭便车行为：搭便车行为指的是在合作中只享受合作的成果而不付出自己的努力。
这种行为不仅会破坏合作关系，也会降低合作的效率。
3. 恶意竞争：恶意竞争是指在合作中，出于个人利益的考虑，采取不正当手段去攫取更多的利益。
这种行为会导致合作关系破裂，同时也会对行业的健康发展造成不利影响。
4. 不守信用：在合作中，信用是非常重要的。
如果一个人不守信用，那么他的行为就会让其他人失去信任，从而影响合作关系的稳定性。
5. 不尊重他人：在合作中，尊重他人是非常重要的。
如果一个人不尊重他人，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得紧张，从而影响合作的效率。
6. 不善于沟通：在合作中，沟通是非常重要的。
如果一个人不善于沟通，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得困难，从而影响合作的效率。
7. 不合理的期望：在合作中，有些人会有不合理的期望，例如过高的收益要求、过分的控制欲等。
这种行为会导致合作关系的破裂。
8. 不分享信息：在合作中，分享信息是非常重要的。
如果一个人不愿意分享信息，那么他的行为就会让合作关系受到影响，从而影响合作的效率。
9. 拖延时间：在合作中，拖延时间是一种常见的行为。
这种行为会导致合作关系的破裂，同时也会降低合作的效率。
10. 不尊重合作伙伴的意见：在合作中，每个人都应该尊重他人的意见。
如果一个人不尊重合作伙伴的意见，那么他的行为就会让合作关系变得紧张，从而影响合作的效率。
语言学四个合作原则例子
语言学四个合作原则例子
1. 数量准则例子：当别人问你“吃了没”，如果你明明没吃却说“吃了”，这可就违背了数量准则呀！这就好像人家问你有几个苹果，你说有一堆，但实际上就只有一个，是不是很奇怪呢？
2. 质量准则例子：要是有人跟你说他能飞，可你明明知道人根本不可能飞呀，这就是没有遵循质量准则嘛！就如同说兔子能像马一样奔跑，这不是在开玩笑嘛！
3. 关联准则例子：大家在聊天，突然有人说起毫不相干的话题，比如正说着电影呢，他来一句今天天气真好，这不是完全不关联嘛，就好像在赛跑的时候突然说起了做饭，多离谱呀！
4. 方式准则例子：说话含含糊糊，让人摸不着头脑，就不符合方式准则啦！就好像指着一个东西，却不明确说这是什么，让人使劲儿猜，多让人着急啊！
5. 数量准则另一个例子：朋友问你要几个气球，你说要很多很多，却不说具体数字，这不是让人抓狂吗？这就好似你只说想要一堆糖果，但不告诉人到底是多少呀！
6. 质量准则再一个例子：如果有人说自己有超能力，可平时一点迹象都没有，这不就是没遵循质量准则咯！简直就是说自己能隐身，实际却一直在大家面前晃悠，这不是瞎扯嘛！
我的观点结论就是：语言学的这四个合作原则真的很有趣也很重要呀，在我们日常交流中可是起着大作用呢！聊天的时候可得时刻注意着点儿呀！。
话语中格莱斯合作原则的违背现象分析
话语中格莱斯合作原则的违背现象分析格莱斯合作原则是指在沟通、交流和合作中遵守一定的准则，保持良好的合作关系和互信。
在现实生活中，我们常常会遇到一些违背格莱斯合作原则的现象，这些现象不仅影响了人际关系和团队合作，还给整个社会带来了各种问题。
本文将从具体案例出发，分析话语中格莱斯合作原则的违背现象，并探讨其影响和解决办法。
1. 不尊重他人意见在许多合作场合，我们常常会碰到一些人并不尊重他人的意见，他们总是以自己的想法为中心，对他人的意见置之不理。
在一个工作会议上，有人提出了一个建议，而另一位同事却对此不屑一顾，直接否决了这个建议。
这种情况下，明显违反了格莱斯合作原则中的尊重他人的态度。
这种违背格莱斯合作原则的现象给团队合作带来了很大的困难。
如果大家都不愿意尊重他人的意见，那么很难达成共识，导致团队合作效率低下，甚至影响到整个项目的进展。
而且这种行为也会严重损害团队成员之间的关系，造成团队分裂和不和谐。
解决这个问题的方法是，首先需要大家意识到尊重他人意见对团队的重要性，而且每个人都应该有平等的发言权。
在合作中，应该多一些包容和接纳，尊重并听取他人的意见，相信每个人都能为团队带来新的思路和想法。
2. 打断他人发言在交流和合作中，有些人习惯性地打断他人的发言，表现出一种目中无人的态度。
在一个讨论会上，一位同事正在提出自己的观点，但另一位同事直接打断了他的发言，表达了自己的看法。
这种行为不仅是对他人的不尊重，也是对合作沟通的破坏。
打断他人发言的现象会导致沟通和合作的混乱。
在一个讨论会上，如果每个人都不顾及他人的发言权，那么很难形成有序的讨论和交流，导致会议进程混乱，无法达成共识。
而且这种行为也会给人留下不礼貌和没礼貌的印象，影响个人和团队的形象。
解决这个问题的方法是，每个人都应该养成礼貌的沟通习惯，尊重他人的发言权。
在一个讨论会上，应该给予每个人充分的表达机会，不轻易打断他人的发言。
如果真的有不同意见，可以等对方说完再提出自己的看法，保持良好的交流和合作关系。
违反合作原则的例子
违反合作原则的例子一、违反“量的准则”1.《老友记》Joey: You need anything. You can always come to Joey. I and Chandler live right across the hall and he is away a lot.Monica: Joey, stopping hitting on her. It’s her wedding day.Joey: What. Like there is a rule or something.Background: Rachel runs away from her wedding and finds Monica for a shelterAnalysis: The words of Joey violate the maxim of quantity. He gives more information than is required. The aim Joey says Chandler is away a lot is to imply Rachel she can find him at any time and nobody will disturb them.2.《老友记》Joey: I think we got a bookcase here.Chandler: It’s a beautiful thing.Joey: What’s that?Chandler: I would have to say that is an L-shaped bracket.Joey: Which goes where?Chandler: I have no idea.Background: Joey and Chandler help Ross to assemble the new bookshelf. After they finish the work, Joey finds a part redundant.Analysis: The answer of Chandler violates the maxim of quantity. He does not give a definite answer of Joey’s question. The less of information shows Chandler also has no idea of the redundant part.3.《破产姐妹》Cat Owner: Hi. Excuse me. Would it be okay if I put this flier next to your window?Caroline: Sure.Cat Owner: We lost our cat, Jinxy, like a week ago in this neighborhood. (She shows the picture) Have you seen her?Caroline: No. I haven’t seen a cay in a long time. I was just saying to her yesterday, “I haven’t seen a cat in a long time.”Max: Um, how come you didn’t have a collar on her? And, where’s her name tag? Even my mother had an I.D. tag on me. Well, it was a flea collar, but… Why did it so long to put the signs up?Cat Owner: Um, what’s happening?Background: Max and Caroline take a pet cat for a wild cat and set it free. However, the cat owner comes to their shop to find the cat.Analysis: The answer of Max and Caroline violates the maxim of quantity. They give quite more information to cover up their guilty conscience.4.《破产姐妹》Max: Earl, I have something new I want you to try.Earl: That’s the exact same sentence that got me hooked on cocaine in the 80s. Max: It’s my new cupcake flavor. Delicious dark chocolate the ladies can’t help but love. I am calling it “The Earl”.Analysis: The words of Max violate the maxim of quantity. She only tells Earl to try something new which does not give Earl enough information about what it is. Thus Earl ridicules himself about the reason of hooking on cocaine. Then Max names the dark chocolate cake after Earl which imply Earl’s skin color and his good popularity.5.《生活大爆炸》Lenard: What are you talking about?Sheldon: Einstein.Lenard: Yeah, I am going to need a little more.Sheldon: Albert Einstein.Background: Sheldon is researching the problem of grapheme. And he decides to do a large number of experiments. He tells Lenard about his idea of solving this problem.Analysis: The answer of Sheldon violates the maxim of quantity. Lenard hopes Sheldon to tell more information about his idea such as the theory of Einstein. However, two of Sheldon’s answers are both the name of Einstein. He gives quite little information and misunderstands the meaning of Lenard’s question which makes the dialogue quite humorous.二、违反“质的准则”1.《老友记》Monica: Ross, are you ok? Do you want me to stay?Ross: That’ll be good.Monica: Really?Ross: No! Go on! It’s Paul, the wine guy!Background:Monica has a data with Paul, but she really worries her brother Ross who was divorced lately. So she asks Paul whether he needs her company. Analysis:The words of Ross violate the maxim of quality. Actually, he hopes Monica to have a data with Paul. However, in order to play a joke with his sister, he says it will be good if Monica stay to accompany him.2.《老友记》Monica: How did you get through it?Paul: He may try accidently break something valuable of hers. Say her …Monica: Leg?Paul: That’s one way of doing it. Me, I went for thewatch.Analysis:The words of Monica violate the maxim of quality. Actually she knows it is impossible for Paul to break her leg. Her use of exaggeration makesthe dialogue more humorous.3.《老友记》Chandler: What is it? Dis she left you? Did she left for another woman that likes women?Ross: A little louder, Please. Because, I think there is a man on the 12th floor in coma who didn’t quite hear you.Background:Ross is hurt so he goes to the hospital with the company of Chandler and Joey. In the corridor, Chandler talks about Ross’s ex-wife loudly. Analysis: The words of Ross violate the maxim of quality. “A litter louder” is an irony. And the man in 12th is also fictitious. The aim of Ross is to complain about Joey’s behavior.4.《老友记》Rachel: Guess what?Ross: You got a job?Rachel: Are you kidding? I’m trained for nothing.Rachel: I was laughed out of 12 interviews today.Chandler: Yet you are surprisingly upbeat.Rachel: You would be too, if you found John and David boots on sale, 50% off. Chandler: How well you know me?Analysis: The words of Chandler violate the maxim of quality. Actually he has no interest in John and David boots. But, he does not want Rachel feels disappointed. So he uses an irony.5.《破产姐妹》Max: I want to go back there and see for myself.Receptionist: Family members only.Max: Well, I’m his daughter.Receptionist: Oh, really? It says here he’s 75 years old.Max: Well, he started late.Receptionist: And African American.Max: He started late with a honkey. I’m one of those combo babies. Here, you need proof? My last name is Black. See, Max Black. He is black. I am Black. It’d be dumb if we were n’t related.Background: Earl suffers a sudden heart attack and is set to the hospital. In order to know Earl’s health condition, Max wants to visit Earl.Analysis: All the words of Max violate the maxim of quality. The reason Max tells the lies is that she wants to prove herself is the daughter of Earl so that she can get the qualification to visit Earl.三、违反“关系准则”1.《老友记》Rachel: Come on, you guys. Is this really necessary? I can stop charging any time.Monica: You can’t live off your parents your whole life.Rachel: I know that. That’s why l was getting married.Analysis:The answer of Rachel violates the maxim of relation. The aim of Monica is to persuade Rachel to be dependent from her parents and find a job. However, Rachel only wants to get married and depend on her husband. The thought is entirely against the intention of Monica. Rachel’s answer actually has no relation with Monica’s words.2.《老友记》Joey: Ross, let me ask you one question. She got the future, the stereo, the good TV, what did you get?Ross: You guys.Analysis:The answer of Ross violates the maxim of relation. Joey asks Ross what householdgoods he has got when he divorced. However, Ross gives an irrelevant answer which shows us that he does not want to answer this question.3.《破产姐妹》Oleg：I have Valentine gift I want to give you.Sophie: Oh, hepatitis C?Oleg: Happy Valentine’s Day. (He lacks out a box of chocolates from his coat) Analysis: The words of Sophie violate the maxim of relation. Hepatitis C infects through blood and sex. So Sophie’s words imply that she has no interest in Oleg. And she does not want to accept Oleg’s gift or have a Valentine’s Day with him.4.《破产姐妹》Max: Hey, I am sleeping at Dick’s house tonight.Caroline: Dick’s house? You mean your boyfriend’s dumpster?Max: Yeah, so I need a, uh…Caroline: Tetanus shot? Higher standards?Max: No, a condom.Analysis:The words of Caroline violate the maxim of relation. Max will have a sleep at her boyfriend’s house. So she wants to ask Caroline for some contraceptive. However, Caroline forestalls Max’s words and asks Max whether she wants Tetanus shot which imply how dirty Dick’s house is. It is a show of humorous.5.《生活大爆炸》Penny: Sheldon, I am sorry about your ham burger okay? I just don’t want to be a waitress for the rest of my life.Sheldon: Cheese burger. I get cheese burger.Analysis: The words of Sheldon violate the maxim of relation. Penny only wants to emphasize that she does not want to be a waitress forever. So she tells Sheldon that she may be has no chance to sever him ham burger. However, Sheldon does not understand Penny’s key point. He only cares about the mistake between ham burger and cheese burger. His answer entirely has no relation with what Penny really want to express.四、违反“方式准则”1.《老友记》Rachel: Hello, Paul!Joey: Good morning, Paul!Chandler: Paul, is it?Background: It is the second time for these three people to meet Paul. Monica has already introduced Paul to them last time.Analysis:The reaction of Chandler violates the maxim of manner. He uses a rhetorical question instead of the brief words to greet Paul. It is impossible for Chandler to remember such a simple name: Paul. He is deliberate. So we can infer that Chandler does not appreciate Paul. He opposes Monica to fall in love with Paul.2.《老友记》Rachel: Isn’t this amazing? I’ve never made coffee before in my life. Chandler: That is amazing.Joey: Congratulations.Rachel: You know. I figure, if I can make coffee, there isn’t anything I can’t do. Chandler: I think it is if I can invade Poland, there isn’t anything I can’t do. Joey: Listen, while you are on a roll, if you feel like you got make like a Western omelet or something…(Joey and Chandler taste the coffee, grimace and pour it into a plant pot) Although actually I am really not that hungry…Background: It is the first time for Rachel to make coffee. Joey and Chandler are both happy with her progress.Analysis:The reaction of Joey violates the maxim of manner. The sentence “Actually I am really not that hungry”hints that the coffee made by Rachel is not delicious.3.《破产姐妹》Max: Welcome to the Williamsburg Dinner. My name’s Max.The customer: Uh, I have been out of town all summer, anything new?Max: Anything new? Let’s see. Well, Facebook went public, and Edward Snowden went private. Kim and Kanye had a baby, so now there’s anotherKardashian to not keep up with. Paula Deen id out, gay marriage is in, and a teacher in California is out for letting her student get in it. Justin Bieber got a hit and run, Chris Brown got a hit and run, Rihana got a hit and still did n’t run…Egypt went crazy, Amanda Bynes get crazier, and the NSA cheeks our phones like a crazy ex-girlfriend. Oh, and Texas hates women, Florida hates blacks, and everybody hates everything with the exception of Angelina Jolie, who is totally awesome.Analysis:The sentence “anything new”violates the maxim of manner. It is ambiguity. According to the customer, “anything new”means “Do you have some new dishes introduced?” However, “anything new” can also be understood as “Are there any fresh news?” Max deliberately misunderstands the customer’s meaning to show her humor.4.《生活大爆炸》Leonard: What do you mean he is getting deported?Sheldon: I believe it means that the U.S. government is going to expel him from the country. He could then either return to his native India, immigrate to another country that’s willing to accept him, or wander the high seas as a stateless pirate. Personally, I choose pirate.Analysis: The answer of Sheldon violates the maxim of manner. The purpose of Leonard is only to care about their friend Raj who is extremely worried to be expelled from the USA because of the failure of the experiment. Sheldon wants to show his intelligence, so he answers Leonard quite a lot of nonsense. His words are actually wordy.5.《生活大爆炸》Sheldon: What the hell do you mean “dead end”?Dennis: I mean, the whole landscape of false vacuums in string theory could be as large as ten to the five hundredth power. In addition, ooh, look, chocolate milk!Analysis:Dennis’s reaction of chocolate milk violates the maxim of manner. Dennis is a 15-year-old brilliant scientist. When he points out the problem of the string theory, he is attracted by the chocolate milk. So he does not have interest to continue the topic of string theory. His words are suddenly out of coherent that make other people at a loss.。
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例篇一：《商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例》嘿，你知道商务英语合同吗？那可真是个超级重要的东西呢。
就像两个人或者两个公司之间的一个超级约定，大家都得按照这个约定来办事，就像我们玩游戏得遵守游戏规则一样。
我给你讲个故事啊。
我叔叔有个小公司，有一次他和另外一个公司要合作一个项目，就签了一份商务英语合同。
这个合同里啊，写得密密麻麻的都是各种条款。
比如说产品的质量标准、交货的时间、付款的方式啥的。
其中有一条是关于产品质量的。
合同里写着产品的合格率要达到百分之九十九。
这看起来很清楚对吧？可是呢，合作的那家公司啊，他们送来的货里面，有好多不合格的产品。
这就很奇怪啦，他们怎么能这样呢？这就像是我们说好了要带最好吃的糖果来分享，结果你带的都是坏糖果一样，太不地道了。
我叔叔就很生气，他去找那家公司理论。
那家公司却说，他们觉得百分之九十九的合格率是一个大概的数字，只要差不多就行了。
这可不行啊，合同上写得明明白白的呢。
这就是违反了合作原则里面的质量准则。
质量准则就像是我们答应别人要画一幅超级漂亮的画，那你就得认真画，不能随便乱画一通就交差啊。
还有一次呢，我听我爸爸说他朋友的公司的事儿。
他们签的商务英语合同里规定了交货的时间是在某个月的15号之前。
可是到了15号，货还没影呢。
爸爸朋友的公司就着急了，因为他们都已经安排好了后面的事情，就等着这批货来了就开始运作。
这就好比我们约好了一起去看电影，电影都要开场了，你还没到，这多耽误事儿啊。
那家没按时交货的公司解释说他们遇到了一些困难，可是这在合同里可没说可以因为这些困难就推迟交货啊。
这就违反了合作原则里的方式准则。
方式准则就像是我们走路去一个地方，得按照规定的路线走，不能乱走一通，不然就到不了目的地了。
再说说付款的事儿吧。
我邻居阿姨的公司也有这样的经历。
合同里写着收到货物后的10天内要付款。
可是呢，对方公司拖了好久都没付款。
阿姨的公司一直催，对方就各种找借口。
关于格赖斯合作原则的违反
关于格赖斯合作原则的违反摘要: 格赖斯提出了著名的会话含义理论,并且列举出了四个具体的准则。
然而在日常生活中,人们并不总是遵守着这些原则,人们会违反规则,听话人要完全明白说话人的意思,就必须理解说话人的话语字面意义,并在此基础上结合语境和双方共有的背景知识,作出合理的推断,从而得出说话人的含蓄意义。
本文即旨在讨论格赖斯合作准则的违反在日常交际中的可用性与可行性。
关键词: 格赖斯合作原则会话含义违反牛津大学哲学家格赖斯提出了语用学中一个重要的理论――会话含义理论。
格赖斯注意到,在日常生活中人们并不总是直白地告诉对方某事,而是暗示对方。
例如,A:Do you love me?B:I like you.在这段对话中,我们可以得知B并不爱A,又不想直接拒绝伤害到A,而A也能理解B的用意。
因此,格赖斯试图弄明白,人们是怎样传递没有明确说出来的含义。
他的答案是:“会话是有规律的。
我们的交谈通常不是由一串互不相关的话语组成的,否则就会不合情理。
它们常常是合作举动,至少在某种程度上;参与者都在某种程度上承认其中有一个或者一组共同目标,至少有一个彼此都接受的方向。
换句话说,我们好像遵循了这样的原则。
这个原则就叫合作原则(Cooperation Principle),简写为CP。
”为了进一步具体说明CP,格赖斯引入了下面四条准则:1.量的准则(Maxim of Quantity):A.所说的话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息;B.所说的话不应包含超出需要的信息。
2.质的准则(Maxim of Quality),所说的话要力求真实:A.不要说自知是虚假的话;B.不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
3.关系准则(Maxim of Relevance),要有关联。
4.方式准则(Maxim of Manner),要清晰:A.避免晦涩;B.避免歧义;C.要简练(避免�嗦);D.要有序。
有关合作原则及其四条准则,从某种意义上可以看作不成文法的,并不是每个人要一直遵守,人们会违反准则,而且这些准则的违反能够达到一些格外的效果,这就是本文要讨论的合作准则的违反。
notes-合作原则 的违反-
以上规约常常被违反，正是由于违反这些准则才产生了会话含义， 但这不等于说，凡是违反这些准则都会产生会话含义，我们需要 区别违反准则的不同情况。违反准则的四种情况： ① 说话人根本就不愿意遵循合作原则，不论你说什么、问什么， 他都不愿意接过舌头。“无可奉告”、“我不想谈”。（这种违 反准则的情况不会产生会话含义，只是表明听话人不愿继续进行 交际而已） ②在日常生活中人们有时会说谎，也就是说一些自己明明知道是 不真实的话。 如:当别人邀请你但你不想接受但又不想冒犯对方时，你可能说 “对不起，我已有别的安排”或“对不起，进来身体不太好”。 （两种情况）
③说话人面临着一种冲突，为了维护一条准则，他不 得不违反另一条准则，这种冲突常常发生在数量准则 和质量准则之间。 如：A: Where dose X live? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city. （B违反了数量准则，为了遵循质量准则） ④说话人公然地不执行某一条准则，也就是说话人知 道自己违反了一条准则，同时他还想让听话人知道他 违反了一条准则（flouting蔑视）
合作原则的四个准则违反例子
合作原则的四个准则违反例子
以下是 7 条关于合作原则的四个准则违反的例子：
1. 数量准则的违反：你看，比如说咱约好一起做蛋糕，需要三个鸡蛋，你却给我拿来了五个，这不是多了嘛，这不就是违反了数量准则嘛！
2. 质量准则的违反：哎呀呀，上次那事儿，他明明不知道具体情况，还在那瞎说一通，就像没见过世面一样，这不就是没说真话嘛，这质量准则就被他给打破了呀！
3. 关联准则的违反：嘿，我们在讨论晚上吃啥，你突然说火星上有没有生命，这跟吃饭有啥关系呀，这不是明显违反关联准则了嘛！
4. 方式准则的违反：你知道吗，有的人说话含糊其辞的，问他到底啥意思，他也不说清楚，绕来绕去，这不是绕圈子嘛，这就是对方式准则的公然践踏呀！
5. 数量准则违反：就说那次分配任务，该做两件事就够了，他非得整出四件来，这不是画蛇添足嘛，妥妥的违反数量准则啊！
6. 质量准则违反：咋能这样呢，她明明不懂却装作很懂，这不就是在欺骗大家嘛，质量准则都被她玩坏了呀！
7. 关联准则违反：咱正说着项目的进度呢，他可好，开始讲他的旅游经历了，这完全不搭边呀，这可不是违反关联准则了嘛！
我的观点结论就是：在合作中如果不遵守这些准则，那肯定会出乱子，影响合作效果呀！大家可得注意啦！。
生活大爆炸语例
《生活大爆炸》中违反合作原则语例（一）违反质量原则的例子：1)自知虚假Leonard: where are you gonna live?Sheldon: until I find a permanent place, I will stay with friends.Howard: Bye.Rajesh: Well… But you can’t stay with me. I have a teeny – tiny apartment.Sheldon: Excuse me, but isn’t hosting guests an aspect of manushaya yajna, one of the five central religious duties or sacrifices of the Hindu householder?Rajesh: I hate trains.Sheldon: Don’t be ridiculous. You l ove trains.Rajesh: Yes, I do. Come on. See you later, Leonard.Leonard: Well, I’ve dated plenty of women. There was Joyce Kim, Leslie Winkle…Sheldon: Notify the editors of the Oxford English dictionary. They word “plenty”has been redefined to mean “two”.---第二季2集Leonard: Are you drinking whisky?Sheldon: Indeed, if I’m to participate in the social convention that is the stag night, then I must embrace all its components: including tobacco, swear words, and yes, alcohol. Jeepers, that’s yucky!Leonard: whoa. It’s a little early to start dropping J---bombs, don’t you think?---第五季22集P: Oh, yeah, a lot of people think I'm a water sign. Okay, let's see, what else? Oh, I'm a vegetarian. No, except for fish, and the occasional steak. I love steak.S: Well, that's interesting. Leonard can't process corn.——第一季第1集L: I love cheesecake.S: You're lactose intolerant.L: I don't eat it, I just think it's a good idea.——第一季第1集Penny: Leonard? Ah? Was this supposed to be a date?Leonard: This? No. No, of course not. This was just you and mehanging out with a bunch ofwho didn't show up 'cause of work and a colonoscopy.——第一季第3集2)没有证据Sheldon: Oh, Penny.Dr. Gablehauser: You need to get that, Dr. Cooper?Sheldon: God, no.Leslie: Well, don’t turn it off. You might miss your call from the Nobel committee letting you know you’ve been nominated as dumb – ass laureate of the year.Sheldon: Oh, yeah, well, you wouldn’t even be nominated.（二）违反数量原则的例子：P: This looks like some serious stuff. Leonard, did you do this?S: Actually, that's my work.P: Wow.S: Yeah, well, it's just some quantum mechanics...with a little string theory doodling around the edges. That part's just a joke. It's a spoof of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.——第一季第1集1)信息量不足Sheldon: But returning to your key conundrum, perhaps you should call a locksmith and have him open the door for you.Penny: I did. He said he’ll get here when he gets here.Sheldon: And you’re frustrated because he phrased his reply in the form of a meaningless tautology?2)信息量过多L: -Excuse me.Doctor: -Hang on.L: One across is Aegean, eight down is Nabokov. Twenty-six across is MCM. Fourteen down is--. Move your finger. --phylum, which makes 1 4 across Port-au-Prince. See, Papa Doc's capital idea, that's Port-au-Prince. Haiti.Doctor: -Can I help you?——第一季第1集L: Um, is this the high-IQ sperm bank?Doctor: If you have to ask, maybe you shouldn't be here.——第一季第1集L: Anyway......we brought home lndian food......and I know that moving can be stressful......and I find that when I'm undergoing stress......that good food and company can have a comforting effect.Also, curry's a natural laxative and I don't have to tell you that, you know......a clean colon is just one less thing to worry about.S: Leonard, I'm no expert, but in the context of a lunch invitation...you might wanna skip the reference to bowel movements.P: Oh, you're inviting me over to eat?L: Uh, yes.P: Oh, that's so nice. I'd love to.L: Great.——第一季第1集S: Penny.P: yeah?S: That's where I sit.P: So sit next to me.S: No, I sit there.P: What's the difference?S: What's the difference? -Here we go. In winter, that seat is close enough to the radiator to remain warm...yet not so close as to cause perspiration. In the summer, it's in a cross breeze created by opening windows there and there. It faces the television at an angle that is neither direct, discouraging conversation...nor so far wide as to create a parallax distortion. I could go on, but I think I've made my point.——第一季第1集P: Me? Okay. I'm a Sagittarius, which probably tells you way more than you need to know.S: Yes, it tells us that you participate in the mass cultural delusion...that the sun's position relative to arbitrary constellations...at the time of your birth somehow affects your personality.——第一季第1集P: Is that crazy?S: yes.L: No, it's not crazy. It's a--It's a paradox. Paradoxes are part of nature. I mean, think about light.If you look at Huygens, light is a wave, as confirmed by the double-slit experiments. But then, along comes Albert Einstein...and discovers that light behaves like particles too. Well, I didn't make it worse.——第一季第1集P: Hello.W: Enchant? mademoiselle. Howard Wolowitz, CalTech Department of Applied Physics. You may be familiar with some of my work. It's currently orbiting Jupiter's largest moon...taking high-resolution digital photographs.P: Penny. I work at The Cheesecake Factory.——第一季第1集S: I really think we should examine the chain of causality here.L: Must we?S: Event A: A beautiful woman stands naked in our shower. Event B: We drive halfway across town to retrieve a television set...from the aforementioned woman's ex-boyfriend. Query: On what plane of existence is there even a semi-rational link...between these events?L: She asked me to do her a favor, Sheldon.——第一季第1集Penny：Hey, guys.Leonard: Oh, Hey, Penny. This just arrived, we just brought this up... just now.Penny：Great. Was it hard getting it up the stairs?Leonard: No.第一季第2集L: Sheldon!Sheldon: Shh, Shh, shh. Penny's sleeping.Leonard: Are you insane? You can't just break into a woman's apartment in the middle of the night and clean.Sheldon: I had no choice. I couldn't sleep knowing that just outside my bedroom was our living room, and immediately adjacent to the hallway was... this.Leonard: Do you realize that if Penny wakes up, there is no reasonable explanation as to why we're here.Sheldon: I just gave you a reasonable explanation.Leonard: No, no, you gave me an explanation. Its reasonableness will be determined by a jury of your peers.Sheldon: Don't be ridiculous. I have no peers.第一季第1集（数量和关系）Sheldon: Hello. Looking out at your fresh young faces, I remember when I was deciding my academic future as a lowly graduate student. Of course, I was 14. And I’d already achieved more than most of you could ever hope to, despite my 9:00 bedtime. Now, there may be one or two of you in this room who has what it takes to succeed in theoretical physics. Although, it’s more likely that you’ll spend your scientific careers teaching fifth grades how to make papier mache volcanoes with baking – doda lava.Leonard: So Penny’s a little messy.Sheldon: A little messy? The Mandelbrot set of complex numbers is a little messy. This is chaos. Excuse me. Explain to me an organization system, where a tray of flatware on a couch is valid. I’m just inferring this is a couch. Because the evidence suggests the coffee is having a tiny garage sale.---第一季2集Leonard: What are you talking about?Sheldon: Einstein.Leonard: Yeah. I’m going to need a little more.Sheldon: Albert Einstein.---第三季14集Leonard: Uh...If you don't have any other plans, do you want to join us for Thai food and a Superman movie marathon?Penny：A marathon? Wow. How many Superman movies are there?Sheldon: You're kidding, right?Penny：I do like the one where Lois Lane falls from the helicopter and Superman swooshes down and catches her. Which one was that?One（其他人齐声说）Sheldon: You realize that scene was rife with scientific inaccuracy.Penny：Yes, I know, men can't fly.Sheldon: No, no. Let's assume that they can. Lois Lane is falling, accelerating at an initial of 32 feet per second per second. Superman swoops down to save her by reaching out two arms of steel. Miss Lane, who is now traveling at approximately 120 miles an hour, hits them and is immediately slice into three equal pieces.Leonard: Unless Superman matches her speed and decelerates.Sheldon: In what space, sir? In what space? She's two feet above the ground. Frankly, if he really loved her, he'd let her hit the pavement. It'd be a more merciful death.Leonard: Excuse me, your entire argument is predicated on the assumption that Superman's flight is a feat of strength.Sheldon: Are you listening to yourself?It is well established that Superman's flight is a feat of strength. It is an extension of his ability to leap tall buildings, an ability he derives from exposure to Earth's yellow sun.Howard：And you don't have a problem with that? How does he fly at night?Sheldon: Oh, a combination of the moon's solar reflection and the energy-storage capacity of Kryptonian skin cells.Penny：I'm just gonna go wash up.第一季第2集Leonard: Did it ever occur to you that not everyone has the compulsive need to sort, organize and label the entire world around them?Sheldon: No.Leonard: Well, they don't. Hard as it may be for you to believe, most people don't sort their breakfast cereal numerically by fiber content.第一季第2集Leonard：Uh... no.Penny：Oh, hey,Leonard：Good afternoon, penny. So, hi... hey.Uh...I was wondering if you had plans for dinner.Penny: Uh, you mean dinner tonight?Leonard: There is an inherent ambiguity in the word "dinner”.Technically it refers to the largest meal of the day whenever it's consumed. So to clarify here, by dinner I mean supper.Penny: Supper?Leonard: Or dinner. I was thinking 6:30 if you can go. Or a different time.——第一季第3集（三）违反方式原则的例子：1) 因表达晦涩S: If a photon is directed through a plane with two slits in it and either is observed...it will not go through both. If unobserved, it will. If it's observed after it left the plane, before it hits its target...it will not have gone through both slits.L: -Agreed. What's your point?S: There's no point, I just think it's a good idea for a T-shirt.---第一季1集Sheldon: Baby wipe?Penny: Why do you have … ?Sheldon: I’ll tell you why. I had to sanitize my hands because the university replaced the paper towels in the rest rooms with hot – air blowers.Penny: Oh, I thought the blowers were more sanitary.Sheldon: Hot – air blowers are incubators and spewers of baxteria and pestilence. Frankly, it’d be more hygienie if they just had a plague – infested gibbon sneeze my hands dry.Leonard: Any way, I was thinking more of a bio-social exploration with a neuro---chemical overlay.Leslie: wait, are you asking me our?Leonard: I was going to characterize it as the modification of our college---slash---friendship paradigm with the addition of a date like component.---第一季3集Amy: Sheldon, you’re ruining girlfriendship---boyfriendship sng---along night.Sheldon: I’m sorry. I’m looking for a barber and I’m running out of time. My hair is growing at the rate of 4.6 yoctometers per fermtosecond. I mean, if you’re quiet, you can hear it.---第五季18集2)因歧义Penny: What’s AFK?Sheldon: AFK. Away from keyboard.Penny: Oh, I see.Sheldon: What does that stand for?Penny: Oh, I see.Sheldon: Yes, but what does it stand for?3)因冗长Penny: Sheldon, may I ask you a question?Sheldon: I would prefer that you not, but I won’t go so far as to forbid it.Penny: All right. I heard “yes”, so … okay, here’s my question: Has Leonard ever dated, you know, a regular girl?(Leonard starts to read the letter.）Penny，just as Oppenheimer came regret to his contribution to the first atomic bomb,so too I regret my participation, at least error in judgment. The hallmark of the great human experiment is the willingness to recognize one's mistakes. Some mistakes，such as Madam Curie discovered radium，turned out to have great scientific potential, even though she would later die a slow, death from radiation poisoning. Another example, from the field of Ebola research...——第一季第2集Sheldon：Okay, look, I think that you have as much of a chance of having a sexual relationship with penny as the Hubble telescope does of discovering at the center of every black hole is a little man with a flashlight searching for a circuit breaker. Nevertheless, I do feel obligated to point out to you that she did not reject you.You did not ask her out.Leonard：You're right. I didn't ask her out. I should ask her out.Sheldon：No, no, now that was not my … My point was don't buy a cat.——第一季第3集4）没有条理（orderly）或关系L: Come on, you know how it is with breakups.S: No, I don't, and neither do you.——第一季第1集S: You're not done with her, are you?L: Our babies will be smart and beautiful.S: Not to mention imaginary.——第一季第1集Sheldon: What the hell do you mean “dead end”?Dennis: I mean, the whole landscape of false vacuums in string theory could be as large as ten to the five hundreds power. In addition, ooh, look, chocolate milk!---第一季12集Penny：You know, where I come from, if someone comes into your house at night, you shoot. Okay? And you don't shoot to wound. I mean, all right, my sister shot her husband, but it was an accident, they were drunk. Wait, what was I saying?——第一季第2集P: Anyways, I'm also writing a screenplay.It's about this sensitive girl who comes to L.A. from Lincoln, Nebraska......to be an actress and winds up a waitress at The Cheesecake Factory.L: So it's based on your life.P: No, I'm from Omaha.——第一季第1集S: I know. And I do yearn for faster downloads. There's some poor woman who's gonna pin her hopes on my sperm. What if she winds up with a toddler who doesn't know if he should use...a differential to solve for the area under a curve?L: -I'm sure she'll still love him.S: -I wouldn't.第一季第1集L: And she's not a lady, she's just a new neighbor.W: Hang on, there really is a lady here? Uh-huh. -And you want us out...because you're anticipating coitus?L: I'm not anticipating coitus.W: So she's available for coitus?L: Can we please just stop saying "coitus"?S: Technically, that would be coitus interruptus.——第一季第1集（四）违反关系原则的例子：Sheldon: Thank you for driving me to work.Penny: You know this is my day off, Sheldon.Sheldon: Oh, good, I’m not keeping you from anything.P: Participate in the what?L: I think what Sheldon's trying to say...is that Sagittarius wouldn't have been our firstguess.——第一季第1集P’s ex-boyfriend: Yeah?L: I'm Leonard, this is Sheldon.S: From the intercom.P’s ex-boyfriend: How the hell did you get in the building?L: We're scientists.S: Tell him about our lQ.——第一季第1集Leonard: For God's sake, Sheldon, do I have to hold up sarcasm sign every time I open my mouth?Sheldon: You have a sarcasm sign?Leonard: No, I do not have a sarcasm sign.——第一季第2集Penny：You came into my apartment last night while I was sleeping?!Leonard: Yes, but only to clean.Sheldon: Really more to organize. You're not actually dirty, per se.——第一季第2集Penny：Do you understand how creepy this is?Leonard: Oh, yes, we discussed it at length last night.Penny：In my apartment, while I was sleeping?!Sheldon: And snoring. And that's probably just a sinus infection. But it could be sleep apnea. You might want to see an otolaryngologist. The throat doctor.——第一季第2集Penny：And what kind of doctor removes shoes from asses?Sheldon: Depending on the depth, that's either a... proctologist or a general surgeon.——第一季第2集Penny: so did I win or not?Leonard: did you have fun? Because if you had fun, then you are, you are a winner. That’s that---that’s what chess is all about.---第五季18集P: So, what do you guys do for fun around here?S: Well, today we tried masturbating for money.——第一季第1集。
团结合作的反面著名事例
团结合作的反面著名事例（实用版）目录1.前言2.事例一：三国时期的赤壁之战3.事例二：美国南北战争4.事例三：印度尼西亚排华事件5.总结正文【前言】团结合作是人类社会发展的重要因素，历史上许多伟大的成就都离不开人们的团结合作。
然而，反过来看，那些因为缺乏团结合作而导致的著名事例也同样值得我们关注和反思。
本文将通过三个历史上的反面事例，来探讨团结合作的重要性。
【事例一：三国时期的赤壁之战】赤壁之战是中国历史上著名的以少胜多、以弱胜强的战例之一，也是三国时期孙刘联军打败曹操的重要战役。
这场战役中，曹操率领大军攻打东吴，而孙权和刘备联合起来对抗曹操。
最终，孙刘联军在赤壁之战中取得了胜利，曹操败北。
这个事例告诉我们，只有团结合作，才能在敌人面前取得胜利。
【事例二：美国南北战争】美国南北战争是美国历史上的第二次资产阶级革命，也是美国历史上最为惨烈的战争之一。
这场战争的根本原因是南北双方在奴隶制问题上的分歧。
南方以种植园经济为主，需要大量奴隶，而北方则以工业为主，不需要奴隶。
最终，北方在林肯的领导下取得了胜利，废除了奴隶制。
这个事例告诉我们，只有团结合作，才能解决国家内部的分歧，实现国家的统一。
【事例三：印度尼西亚排华事件】印度尼西亚排华事件是指 1998 年印度尼西亚发生的针对华人的暴力事件。
在这次事件中，大量华人被杀害，财产被抢劫，房屋被焚烧。
这个事例告诉我们，如果一个国家的人民不能团结合作，那么就有可能发生内部冲突，导致国家的不稳定。
【总结】通过以上三个事例，我们可以看出，团结合作对于一个国家、一个民族的发展和稳定都是至关重要的。
团结合作的反面著名事例
团结合作的反面著名事例
摘要：
1.团结合作的重要性
2.反面事例：美国与伊拉克战争
3.反面事例：联合国在科索沃战争中的表现
4.反面事例：安然公司破产事件
5.结论：团结合作对国家与企业的重要性
正文：
团结合作是人类社会发展的基石，无论在国家还是企业层面，团结合作都是实现共同目标的关键。
然而，历史上也存在一些著名的事例，它们反映了缺乏团结合作所带来的严重后果。
首先，让我们回顾一下美国与伊拉克战争。
在这场战争中，美国在没有获得足够国际支持的情况下，单方面对伊拉克发动了战争。
这一决定不仅导致了大量无辜平民的死亡和财产损失，还使得美国在国际社会中的地位严重受损。
这一事例清楚地表明，一个国家在处理国际事务时，如果缺乏与其他国家的团结合作，将难以实现其战略目标。
其次，我们来看看联合国在科索沃战争中的表现。
在这场战争中，联合国未能在维护国际和平与安全方面发挥其应有的作用。
相反，由于各成员国之间的分歧和缺乏团结合作，联合国在处理这一危机时表现得无所作为。
这一事例说明，在处理国际冲突时，团结合作的重要性不容忽视。
最后，安然公司破产事件是一个典型的企业缺乏团结合作的例子。
安然公
司的高管们为了追求个人利益，进行了一系列欺诈行为，最终导致公司破产。
这一事件不仅使得安然公司这个曾经的全球最大的能源公司轰然倒塌，还引发了全球范围内的企业道德和监管问题。
综上所述，这些反面事例充分证明了团结合作对国家与企业的重要性。
只有通过团结合作，我们才能共同应对各种挑战，实现共同的目标。
违反合作原则的20个
违反合作原则的20个违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What I am going to meet your kidEarl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them” How many do you haveEarl: So farMax: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meetinghis son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or t he redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your fatherMax: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From BankruptcySisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, t hough this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。
违反合作原则的对话例证
违反合作原则的对话例证违反合作原则的对话例证：第一步：场景设置在一个办公室里，小明和小红是同事关系。
今天他们因为工作安排产生了分歧。
第二步：违反合作原则的对话小明：我已经决定了明天的工作安排，你需要帮我完成这个任务。
小红：我有自己的工作要处理，没有时间帮你。
小明：你怎么可以这样！我们是同事，应该互相帮助。
第三步：分析违反合作原则的原因在这个对话中，小明违反了合作原则。
他没有尊重小红的时间和权益，强迫她完成自己的任务。
第四步：合作原则的重要性合作原则是指在人际关系中互相理解、互相尊重的基础上进行合作。
它在工作场所尤为重要，因为合作能够提高团队的效率和凝聚力。
第五步：正确的合作方式在这个例子中，小明应该采取以下正确的合作方式：1.尊重他人的时间和权益：他应该理解小红也有自己的工作要完成，不能强迫她帮自己。
2.寻求共识和谅解：他可以与小红沟通，了解她是否有能力和时间帮助他，并尝试找到一个双方都能接受的解决方案。
第六步：重塑对话小明：我已经决定了明天的工作安排，你是否有时间帮助我完成这个任务？小红：很抱歉，我有一些紧急的工作需要处理，暂时没有时间帮你。
但我可以尽量安排一些时间来协助你。
小明：谢谢你的理解，我们可以商量一下，看看是否能找到一个适合我们双方的时间。
第七步：正确的合作结果通过重新表达和理解，小明和小红达成了一个双方都能接受的合作结果。
他们互相尊重，充分考虑对方的情况，达成了一种合作的平衡。
第八步：总结这个例子展示了违反合作原则的对话是如何产生分歧和冲突的。
正确认识合作原则的重要性，并采取正确的合作方式，能够帮助我们建立良好的人际关系，提高工作效率。
关于合作的反面事例
关于合作的反面事例合作的反面事例：不合作导致的业绩下滑一、引言合作是现代社会中不可或缺的一种工作方式，通过合作，不同个体或组织共同努力，实现共同的目标。
然而，如果合作不当或存在问题，就会出现一系列负面影响，甚至导致业绩下滑。
本文将以某公司内部合作不当的案例为例，探讨合作的反面事例。
二、案例描述某公司是一家中型制造企业，拥有多个部门，包括生产、销售、研发等。
在过去的一段时间里，该公司的业绩一直保持稳定增长。
然而，最近一段时间，该公司的业绩出现了明显下滑的趋势。
经过调查和分析，发现问题的根源在于各部门之间的合作出现了一系列问题。
三、合作问题的具体表现1. 缺乏沟通和协调：各部门之间缺乏有效的沟通和协调机制，导致信息不畅通，工作重复或遗漏。
例如，生产部门和销售部门没有及时共享市场需求信息，导致生产计划与市场需求不匹配，产品积压或缺货。
2. 利益冲突和争执：由于各部门追求自身利益，导致合作时出现争执和冲突。
例如，研发部门开发出的新产品在生产上遇到了问题，但生产部门因为时间和成本压力，不愿意配合解决问题，最终导致产品质量下降，影响了销售业绩。
3. 缺乏团队意识和协作精神：各部门在合作中缺乏团队意识和协作精神，只注重自身利益而忽视整体利益。
例如，销售部门为了完成自己的销售目标，采取了过度承诺的销售手段，导致生产部门无法按时交付，最终影响了客户满意度和企业形象。
四、合作问题的影响1. 业绩下滑：由于合作问题导致工作效率低下，产品质量下降，客户满意度下降等，最终导致业绩下滑。
2. 内外部关系紧张：由于合作问题导致内部各部门之间关系紧张，外部客户和合作伙伴也会对企业的合作能力和信誉产生质疑，进一步影响企业的发展。
3. 员工士气低下：长期存在合作问题会导致员工士气低下，工作积极性下降，员工流失等问题。
五、解决合作问题的建议1. 加强沟通和协调：建立跨部门沟通和协调机制，确保信息畅通，工作协同。
2. 强调团队合作和协作精神：通过团队建设和培训，加强员工的团队合作意识和协作能力。
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合作原则的违反的例子【篇一：合作原则的违反的例子】范文一：180企业家天地#下旬刊/2009/3会话中合作原则的的违反许晴摘要:二十世纪六十年代末,美国哲学家paulgrice提出了交际双方为顺利交流所必须遵循的合作原则。
但在许多情况下,由于种种原因,交际双方会通过多种方式违反合作原则。
这时,听话人必须把握说话者的真正意图。
本文分析了大量会话中违反合作原则的例子,推导出说话人的隐含意义,指出了一些原因,并指明合作原则对正确使用和理解语言意义重大。
关键词:会话;合作原则;违反中图分类号:f123.16 文献标识码:a文章编号:cn43-1027/f(2009)3-180-02作者:湖南对外经济贸易职业学院;湖南,长沙,410008 manshand.)man:ouch!hey!yousaidyourdogdoesntbite.woman:hedoesnt,bu tthatsnotmydog.在这个对话中,女人没有提供足够的信息。
她应该早点说/这只狗不是我的0。
女人故意违反量的原则,也许是因为她不愿意与这个陌生人交流。
21a:wherehaveyoubeen?b:out.在这个对话中,b了解a想要知道他的确切的去处,但他提供的信息量比a预期的要少。
也许b的言外之意就是/我去哪里跟你无关。
031tom:areyougoingtovisitbetty?jim:yes.tom:wheredoesshelive?jim:somewhereinthesouthofthecity.在这个对话中,很明显,jim知道betty的住址,但他保留了一些信息。
也许他的意图就是/我不愿意告诉你她住在哪0。
41father:howdidyoudoyourhistoryexam?tom:oh,notatallwell,th eyaskedmethingsthathap-penedbeforeiwasborn.父亲需要的回答仅仅是/考得不好0,而tom给了过量的信息。
这暗示tom认为考得不好不是他自己的错,而是考试本身的错。
(二)质的准则的违反。
违反质的准则是指说话人提供的信息与其真正想表达的内容或意图相反,或者是故意说一些没有道理的、缺乏证据的话。
有时,比喻、夸张、讽刺等修辞手法也可以看作是违反质的准则。
如:11a:itsrathercoldtoday,isntit?b:buttheweathermansaiditwouldbewarm.hemusttakehisreading inabathroom!.a和b在谈论当天的天气。
毫无疑问,两人都很清楚当天的天气状况。
b讲反语,言外之意是气象员的天气预报不准确。
2.driver:(beingstoppedbytrafficpolicebecauseoftrave-lingat130milesperhour)sorry,officer.wasidrivingtoofast? policeman:no,sir.youwereflyingtoolow.在这个对话中,警察的话表面上违反了质的准则,说了反语。
但我们很容易了解其隐含意义,即/你确实是开得太快了0。
31aandbareclassmates.a:doyouwanttogohikingwithusthissunday?b:oh,ihavetogotosc hoolthissunday.事实上a和b都知道礼拜天是不用上课的,也就是说b礼拜天不用去学校。
所以b说的是虚假的话。
显然,b的隐含意/0。
一、合作原则会话是人们在交际过程中彼此间的谈话,它不是杂乱无章的。
日常生活中的会话实践表明,会话双方共同享有并遵循着无形却有效的规则。
二十世纪六十年代末,美国哲学家paulgrice提出了交际双方为顺利交流所必须遵循的合作原则。
他认为谈话是受一定的条件制约的,人们的交谈之所以不至于成为一连串互不连贯的话语,是因为交际双方都必须遵循一个目的,相互配合,从而使交际活动能顺利进行。
总的来说,合作原则就是要求每一个交谈参与者在交谈过程中所说的话要符合这一次交谈的目标和方向。
grice的合作原则包含四大准则:1.量的准则(themaximofquantity):所说的话应包含交谈的目的所需要的信息;所说的话不要包含不必要的信息。
2.质的准则(themaximofquality):不说明知是虚假的话;不说缺乏足够证据的话。
3.关系准则(themaximofrelation):说话要上下文关联。
4.方式准则(themaximofmanner):避免晦涩难懂的表达方式;避免歧义;要简练;要有条理。
二、合作原则的违反grice合作原则描述的是一种会话的理想状态。
一般来说,交际双方总是遵循合作原则的。
但并不意味着人们在交际中就恪守这些准则。
恰恰相反,人们会无意或有意违反这些准则。
现实生活中更常见的是违反而不是遵守这些准则的例子。
因此,如果在交际中说话人的话语在表面上违反了合作原则,那么,听话人一方就要根据当时的语境推断出说话人违反合作原则的目的及其隐含意义。
(一)量的准则的违反。
违反量的准则意味着说话人提供的信息不足或过量。
如:1.(awomanissittingonaparkbenchandadoglyingbe-sideher.amancomesalongandsitsdownonthebench)man:doesy ourdogbite?woman:no.(nhe综合/181会话中出现的某些修辞手法,如隐喻、夸张、缓叙等都可以看作是对质的准则的违反。
说话人故意说一些不符合事实的话,让听话人推导出语用含义。
如:41a:tomisaverybravesoldier,isnthe?b:yes,heisalioninbattle. tom当然不是一头狮子,这是一个隐喻。
b并非说tom真是狮子,而是喻指他很勇敢。
(三)关系准则的违反。
违反关系准则是指说话人所提供的信息与听话人所需的无关。
如:11a:howdoyoulikethisperformance?b:itisanicetheater.很明显a想知道b觉得表演怎么样,而b却说剧院很好,这跟a的提问无关。
b违反了关系准则,他的隐含意义可能是/我觉得这个表演不太好0或者是/我一点也不喜欢这个表演0。
21a:mr.whiteisanoldbag. (thereisamomentofappalledsilence)b:theweatherhasbeenquitedelightfulthiswinter,hasntit?在这个对话中,a是想说mr.white的坏话,而b说的是天气,他的反应跟a说的内容毫不相关。
很明显,b的意思是/你这么说不好,我们换个话题吧0。
3.awomanwalkedintoadrycleanersinbrooklyn.howmuchwouldy ouchargetopressthissuit?sheinquired.fourdollars.youmustcraz y,explainedthewoman,inlosan-geles,icangetitdonefortwobuck.isthatso?andhowmuchisthepla nefare?该妇女说的是干洗店开的价格太高,而店员却问机票要多少,表面上违反了关系准则,她的隐含意义可能是/如果你觉得太贵,可以去别的地方0。
41jane:shallwegoshoppingtomorrow?betty:myparentsarecomi ngtomorrow.在这个对话中,betty没有回答去还是不去,而是说她父母会来,表面上违反了关系准则。
但jane能够知道betty不会跟她一起去。
(四)方式准则的违反。
前三个准则涉及的是信息的内容,而方式准则涉及的是所传递信息的方式。
违反方式准则是指所说的话含糊、不清楚、不简练、没有条理。
如:11father:whereareyougoing?mother:s-u-p-e-r-m-a-r-k-e-t.妈妈违反了方式准则,故意表达晦涩,她要去超市但故意不直接了当地说出超市这个词。
也许是孩子们在旁边,而妈妈不想让他们知道,她可能是想跟爸爸说/不要让孩子们知道我要去哪,否则他们会要跟着我去0。
21a:whatdidjanesinglastnight?b:sheproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondedclose-lywiththescoreofbecauseyoulovedme.在这个对话中,b没有明确告诉ajane唱的是什么歌,而是采用拐弯抹角的说法,故意违反方式准则。
他的隐含意义是/她唱得太糟了0。
31a:doyouhavetheoxfordadvancedleanersdictionaryofcurrente nglishwithchinesetradition?b:yes,buticantlendittoyourightnow.imtransla-ting.a:imnotborrowingit,iwaswonderingifyoumightneedtobuyacopy.很显然a违反了方式准则,所以造成了b的误会。
4.anelderwomanenteredachemistshopandasked:whatdoyouha veforgray-hair?greatrespect,madam.re-pliedthesalesman.老太太说/grayhair就是指白头发,而店员理解为老人,所以他回答/尊敬0。
这位老太太违反了方式准则,所说的话产生了歧义。
三、违反合作原则的原因以上分析了一些违反合作原则的例子,实际上在会话中违反合作原则的情况很普遍。
接下来谈谈为什么有时人们在会话中要违反合作原则。
1.无力合作。
有时,会话参与者一方所掌握的信息不足以满足另一方的需要,所以只能提供对方所需信息的一部分。
例如,在例1.3中,如果jim真的不知道betty的确切住址,那么他就是无力合作。
2.不愿合作。
在很多情况下,由于利益、情感等方面的冲突,会话参与者一方掌握了对方所需要的全部信息却不愿意合作,故意提供零信息、不足信息、伪信息或无关信息。
例如,在例1.3中,jim正要去betty家,他明显知道betty的住址却故意不告诉tom,这就是不愿合作。
有如例1.2,b了解a想要知道他准备去哪,但他提供的信息量比a预期的要少,很明显是不愿意合作。
3.意外不合作。
有时,说话人能够合作,也愿意合作,但由于文化差异、社会地位、语言能力、语用能力等原因,可能会意外地违反合作原则。
如:foreignteacher:yourenglishisexcellent.chinesestudent:no,no.myenglishisverypoor.听到对方的赞扬,中国人倾向于回答/不,没有0以显示谦虚,而西方人倾向于回答/谢谢0。