托福语法长难句
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录
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托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). (TPO 8 E某tinction of the Dinosaurs) 句子分析本句的主句是Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record，而as引导的是时间状语从句，表示“随着……〞。
在这个时间状语从句中，documenting和representing都是现在分词作后置定语，分别修饰前面的layers of rock和rocks。
词汇精记the Cretaceous指的是“白垩纪〞，是中生代的一个纪。
在这个时期里，大陆之间被海洋分开，地球变得温暖、干旱，于此同时，许多新的恐龙物种也开始出现。
the Cenozoic指的是“新生代〞，是地球历史上最新的一个地质时代。
随着恐龙的灭绝，中生代结束，新生代开始。
这一时期以哺乳动物和被子植物的高度繁盛为特点。
The Mesozoic就是“新生代之前的中生代时期〞。
abruptly作副词，表示“突然地〞，比方：It had never occurred to her that a new possibility would crop up abruptly. 她万万没有想到会突然出现一种新的可能性。
一举拿下托福阅读长难句之插入语
首先，在进行对应的讲解之前，我们必须搞清楚插入语的概念，在英语的语言使用习惯中，若有这么一部分内容，在句中以标点形式和主句分隔(常见为双逗号或破折号)，不作句子的何种成分，也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系，同时既不起连接作用，也不表示语气，这样的成分称之为插入语。
最大的原则在于如果将其删除，句子本身结构依旧完整。
就作用而言，插入语一般用于对主句的额外补充说明或解释，表示说话人的观点或想法，强调或突出主句意思，或进行逻辑上的承接和过渡等。
关于插入语的分类：1.形容词或形容词短语作插入语(true，wonderful，excellent，strange to say，most important of all， sure enough等)例一：True，he left us.例二：Most important of all，we must do enough research before writinga paper.2.副词或副词短语作插入语(indeed，surely，still，otherwise，certainly，however，generally， personally，honestly，fortunately，luckily，though，besides，exactly，perhaps，maybe，probably，frankly，or rather等)例一：Indeed，it was the attitude and not the result that is important. 例二：When we got there，we found，however，he had already gone.3.介词短语作插入语(in fact，in one’s opinion，in general，in a word，in other words，in a few words，of course，by the way，as a result，for example，on the contrary，on the other hand，to one’s surprise，in short，as a matter of fact，in conclusion，in brief等)例一：In fact，I failed the exam finally.例二：As a matter of fact，we are supposed to gain something after working hard.4.分词或分词短语作插入语(现在分词-ing，过去分词-ed)现在分词：例一：Generally speaking，men are stronger than women.例二：Judging from the tone，I think Tom is in a bad mood.过去分词：例一：Compared with women，men are stronger.5.不定式或不定式短语作插入语(to be frank，to be honest，to be sure，to tell you the truth，to make matters worse，to sum up，to start with，to begin with等)例一：To tell the truth，it was Tom who stole the bag.例二：To conclude，chances are for the people who have prepared better.6.句子作插入语(I am sure，I believe，I think，I know，I suppose，I hope，I’m afraid，you see， what’s more，that is to say，as we know，as I see，believe it or not等)例一：What’s more，enough sleep ensures a better exertion.例二：We will win the match finally，I believe.若对英语中句子成分进行划分，有以下几类：主谓宾定状补表，尤其注意，在进行理解和分类时，综上所述的插入语部分，并不在此列，属于主句以外单独的成分，实际对于主干的理解影响并不是特别重大。
托福长难句100句(一)
句子1In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。
在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carrying cooled blood…做了后置定语，造成了主语the blood vessels 和谓语run被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood……，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。
找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers[定语]run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body[定语]to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。
托福长难句120句解析
托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析：这个句子中，convoluted意为“复杂的”，表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂，以至于学生很难理解和跟随。
2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析：这个句子中，despite意为“尽管”，表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作，但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。
3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析：这个句子中，rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”，表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。
4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析：这个句子中，met with意为“遭遇”，表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。
5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析：这个句子中，has the potential to意为“有潜力”，表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。
6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析：这个句子中，plummeted意为“暴跌”，表示由于经济衰退，公司的利润暴跌。
经典托福阅读长难句翻译
1. Accordingto conventional theory， yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing， through deeperbreathing， the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。
打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。
而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries （along with high literacy， whichcontributed to it） was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素（促成这个因素的是高识字率）是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。
3. In the second case， pollinators（insects， birds） obtain food from the flowering plant， and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者（昆虫和鸟）从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练(七)
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练（七）在以下的内容中为大家整理了具有代表意义的托福阅读长难句，给出了专业的语法解析、原句翻译及意群训练，作为托福备考的重要资料。
考生可以通过这些长难句的专项训练，迅速掌握阅读长难句的理解方法和做题技巧。
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essentialto their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts oftheir oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admiredthem for their artistic qualities rather than for their religioususefulness.托福阅读长难句类型：复杂修饰本句的主句结构应该是 some early societies ceased to consider certain rites andabandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition andadmired them for their artistic qualities. 在 rites 后面有 essential to theirwell-being 做后置定语的修饰成分，在 tradition 后面有一个 the myths that had grown up around therites 的同位语从句，在 artistic qualities 后面有一个 rather than for their religioususefulness进行转折。
2016年托福阅读长难句：名词性从句解析
长难句分析的第四篇进⼊了具体的⾮简单句分类讲解部分。
这⼀部分主要分析⾮简单句中的名词性从句的处理⽅法。
由于已经进⼊了⾮简单句的具体解构环节，基础不好的同学们⼀定要仔细阅读，并在学习后⽤TPO阅读⽂章中的句⼦来进⾏印证。
另外，还是那句话，前三篇学过的内容不要忘记复习呦，尤其第三篇教程与本节内容是息息相关的。
第四章⾮简单句之名词性从句处理详解 主从复合句的分类讲解 ⼀、主语从句 1. 结构识别： 1)关系连词+句⼦+动词 2)It + be动词+形容词/名词短语+关系连词+句⼦ 3)It+不及物动词+that 【例1】That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. 【译⽂】很多年以来⼈们都知道，海洋被过度捕捞了。
【解析】that作为关系连词引导⼀个主语从句作主语，在从句结束的时候出现主句动词。
在翻译的时候采取了被动变主动的⽅法。
【例2】That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. 【译⽂】⼈们并不都认为板块是移动的。
【解析】that作为关系连词引导⼀个主语从句作主语，在从句结束的时候出现主句系动词is，在翻译的时候采取了被动变主动的⽅法。
【例3】What happened on the GuangMing Ding will be forever etched in Zhangwujis memory. 【译⽂】在光明顶发⽣的⼀切被深深的印到了张⽆忌的记忆中。
【解析】what作为关系代词引导⼀个主语从句，在从句结束的时候出现主句动词will be 【例4】It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who cangrasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbol in solving problems. 【译⽂】⼈们普遍认为，⾼智商的⼈有这样⼀些特点：理解⼒强，辨别⼒强，逻辑推理能⼒强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利⽤⽂字和数学符号。
(完整word版)新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)1。
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space。
(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures,分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2。
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析长难句是我们做托福阅读是最怕遇到的，现在小编分享一些长难句分析给大家，希望对你们的学习有帮助。
长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.长难句分析：昆虫的数量The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.(同位语从句fact that…;定语从句that comprise the bulk…)【译句】考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
托福长难句(完整版)
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”（OG-Applied arts and fine arts）长难句类型：抽象词难度：3语法分析：Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”译文：尽管现在我们倾向于根据工艺品的制造材料——比如黏土、玻璃、木头、纤维以及金属——对他们进行分类，但根据工艺品的功能进行分类（这一做法）在过去曾经很流行，（这一做法）导致了这些工艺品被称作“实用艺术”。
解释：这句话的前半句，也就是让步的部分并不难，难就难在后面的转折部分，it是形式主语，真正的主语是“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，而后面which引导的定语从句也正是修饰前面的“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，这句话是全文的第一句，事实上作者是在做一个背景导入，根据这句话，我们可知，下面要讲的就“是实用艺术”。
【托福阅读】精选阅读真题长难句50句
【托福阅读】精选阅读真题长难句50句1、 Later experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to youngbirds showed just how precise this influence was, many of them would learnthe exact pattern of the recording they had heard.2、 The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what thisrough idea may be the length, the frequency range and the breaking up intonotes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds andthose reared in isolation.3、 Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species, there is nodoubt that they are effective, it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songswhich often occur in a small patch of woodland.4、 Chemical analysis of bones enables archaeologists to determine theproportion of meat to vegetable foods in the diet by measuring the proportionof calcium to strontium in ancient bone because strontium in place of calciumin bones comes primarily from ingested plants.5、 Each dwelling had a different arrangement of the giant bones, which camefrom the skeletons of long-dead animals retrieved from the surrounding areaby occupants of the site, not from animals they had recently hunted.6、 In a precedent-setting decision, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionordered the dam removed after concluding that the environmental andeconomic benefits of a free-flowing river outweighed the electricity generatedby the dam.7、 Built nearly a century ago to provide power to lumber and paper mills in thetown of Port Angeles, these dams blocked access to upstream spawning bedsfor six species of salmon on what once was one of the most productivesalmon rivers in the world.8、 The Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite National Park might be taken down toreveal what John Muir, the founder of the prestigious environmentalorganization Sierra Club, called a valley “just as beautiful and worthy ofpreservation as the maj estic Yosemite.”9、 A chance collision between two comets, or the gravitational influence of oneof the Jovian planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—mayoccasionally alter the orbit of a comet in these regions enough to send it tothe inner solar system and into our view.10、 These comets appear to be distributed in all directions from the Sun, forminga spherical shell around the solar system, called the Oort cloud, after theDutch astronomer Jan Oort.11、 After the arrival of hunter-gatherers in the southwestern region of NorthAmerica, several alternative types of agriculture emerged, all involvingdifferent solutions to the Southwest’s fundamental problem: how to obtainenough water to grow crops in an environment in which rainfall is so low andunpredictable that little or no farming is practiced there today.12、 That fate actually befell the Mimbres, who started by farming the floodplainand then began to farm adjacent land above the floodplain as their population ca me to exceed the floodplain’s capacity to support it.13、 However, when drought conditions returned, that gamble left them with apopulation double what the floodplain could support, and Mimbres societycollapsed suddenly under the stress.14、 One more strategy was to plant crops at many sites even though rainfall waslocally unpredictable and then to harvest crops at whichever sites did getenough rain to produce a good harvest and to redistribute some of theharvest to the people still living at all the sites that did not happen to receiveenough rain that year.15、 Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations wouldhave helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animaldung for fertilizer.16、 The increase in many of these came not only from the fact that fewer peoplewere dying from infectious disease and were living longer but also from theresults of modern lifestyles in developed countries and among the upperclasses of developing countries – a more sedentary life leading to lessphysical activity, more stress; environmental pollution, andhigh-fat diets.17、 This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities considerour overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolveresistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges.18、 Therefore, on many reefs it is the fast-growing, branching corals thatultimately dominate at the upper, shallower portion of the reef, whereasmore massive forms dominate in deeper areas.19、 The fact that almost all small invertebrates on reefs are so well hidden orhighly camouflaged is another indicator of how prevalent predation is onreefs and its importance in determining reef structure.20、 Finally, they need reliable methods of storage because, where plant foodscannot provide a dietary safety net, planning has to be precise and detailedto ensure that there is enough to tide them over in periods of shortage.21、 Coins also provide a valuable source of written records: they can revealinformation about the location where they are found, which can provideevidence about trade practices there, and their inscriptions can beinformative about the issuing authority, whether they werecity-states (as inancient Greece) or sole rulers (as in Imperial Rome or in the kingdoms ofmedieval Europe).22、 The great risk with historical records is that they can impose their ownperspective so that they begin not only to supply the answers to ourquestions but subtly to determine the nature of those questions and even ourconcepts and terminology.23、 Not all botanists agree with an African-South American center for theevolution and dispersal of the angiosperms, pointing out that many of themost primitive forms of flowering plants are found in the South Pacific,including portions of Fiji, New Caledonia, New Guinea, eastern Australia, andthe Malay Archipelago.24、 To elaborate, before the eighth century, the elite marriage practice, whichwas an important instrument of political alliance making, had encouragedrulers to maintain multiple palaces: that of their own family and those of theirspouses, who commonly remained at or near their native family headquarters,at least for some years after marriage.25、 Nearly five billion years ago, some external influence, such asa shock wavetraveling from a catastrophic explosion (supernova), may have triggered thecollapse of this huge cloud of gases and minute grains of heavier elements,causing the cloud to begin to slowly contract due to the gravitationalinteractions among its particles.26、 Nearly five billion years ago, some external influence, such asa shock wavetraveling from a catastrophic explosion (supernova), may have triggered thecollapse of this huge cloud of gases and minute grains of heavier elements,causing the cloud to begin to slowly contract due to the gravitationalinteractions among its particles.27、 Steady overseas demand for colonial products created a prosperity thatenabled colonists to consume ever-larger amounts not only of clothing but ofdishware, home furnishings, tea, and a range of other items both produced inBritain and imported by British and colonial merchants from elsewhere.28、 Such materials as iron and nickel and the elements of which the rock-formingminerals are composed—silicon, calcium, sodium, and so forth—formedmetallic and rocky clumps that orbited the Sun.29、 This act was intended less to raise revenue than to serve as a protective tariff(tax) that would benefit British West Indian sugar producers at the expenseof their French rivals.30、 Parliament used British tax money to pay modest incentives to Americansproducing such items as silk, iron, dyes, hemp, and lumber, which Britainwould otherwise have had to import from other countries, and it raised theprice of commercial rivals’ imports by imposing protective tariffs on them.31、 The concept of chromatic adaptation was proposed in 1883; and thehypothesis was accepted for about 100 years, until it was realized that suchzonation did not necessarily occur and that the distribution of seaweedsdepended more on herbivory (the consumption of plant material),competition, varying concentration of the specialized pigments, and the abilityof seaweeds to alter their forms of growth.32、First, demand for news increased as Europe’s commercial and politicalinterests spread around the globe—merchants in London, Liverpool, orGlasgow, for example, came to depend on early news of Caribbean harvestsand gains and losses in colonial wars.33、 Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where aworker’s change of employer does not necessarily require investing in achange of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover thanindustries concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do.34、 Some researchers, for example, have argued that a particular kind of pottery,called Ramey incised (which is incised with figures of eyes, fish, arrows, andabstract objects and was used by the people in the area of present-dayMissouri and Illinois at about A.D 900), was primarily used to distribute foodbut was also used to communicate the idea that the society’s elite, for whomthe pots were made, were mediators of cosmic forces.35、 There are several limiting factors, but results from a recent experimentsuggest that in areas of the ocean where other nutrients are plentiful, ironmay be one of the most important and, until recently, unrecognized variablescontrolling phytoplankton production.36、 In 1894, C. Lloyd Morgan, an early comparative behaviorist, insisted thatanimal behavior be explained as simply as possible without reference toemotions or motivations since these could not be observed or measured.37、 Assuming that in the early 1770s at least half of the demand for grain fromfarmers with surpluses was satisfied through long-distance channels, theproportion of grain produced for consumption beyond the local marketprobably accounted for about a quarter of total grain production consumedby humans.38、Sea turtles’ eggs are laid at night to minimize the likelihood of their discoveryby predators, and the offspring, when ready to emerge from their eggshellsand dig their way out of the sand, hatch at night for the same reason.39、 In short, therefore, the site Memphis offered the rulers of the Early DynasticPeriod an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm, anessential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on themovement of goods.40、 In particular, research has focused on determining why such an apparentlyinhospitable place as Chaco, which today is extremely arid and has very shortgrowing seasons, should have favored the concentration of labor that musthave been required for such massive construction projects over brief periodsof time.41、 In one case, seeds of the arctic lupine, a member of the pea family recoveredfrom ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic, germinated in three days eventhough they were carbon-dated at more than 10,000years old!42、 In fact, unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity ofthe unfavorable period.43、 Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologictime by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually tothe oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever beendeposited in the past.44、 The process that marine creatures use to create light is like that of thecommon firefly and similar to that which creates the luminous green colorseen in plastic glow sticks, often used as children’s toys or for illuminationduring nighttime events.45、 But its appearance under a microscope is even more spectacular, the livingcopepod appears as if constructed of delicately handcrafted, multicoloredpieces of stained glass.46、 Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling, with littledirect help from animals, and the vast forests natural to Northern Europeremained either untouched, or perhaps cleared in small sections by fire, andthe land probably used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded goodcrops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field.47、 Because nests at the edges of breeding colonies are more vulnerable topredators than those in the centers, the preference for advantageous centralsites promotes dense centralized packing of nests.48、 In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenthcentury, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggestsmodern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances,did not exist before the planning revolution called the City BeautifulMovement that began in the 1890s.49、 There the limits that topography imposed on production have been tightenedby climate, with the result that agricultural output has been more modest andless reliable, making the risk of crop failure and hardship commensuratelygreater.50、 Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth’s history and haveradically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents withgreenery.。
托福阅读备考之分析长难句：举行集会
托福阅读备考之分析长难句：举行集会在托福阅读考试当中，大家都知道长难句是最大的一个难点，很多考生也为之头疼不已。
对于托福阅读文章本来就很长，对于一篇文章也只有20来分钟的时间，其中就有12-14道题，给了考生很大的压力。
那么应该如何应对托福阅读考试的这个长呢?下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之长难句分析：举行集会。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：举行集会The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. ( TPO43, 50) assembly /?'sembl?/ n. 集合，集会;装配，安装大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The focus of life was the agora, (the open marketplace) (where assemblies could be held) and (where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person). ( TPO43, 50)托福阅读长难句解析这个句子的主干就是：The focus of life was the agora修饰一：(the open marketplace) ，同位语中文：开发的市场修饰二：(where assemblies could be held) ，从句中文：在那里可以举行集会修饰三：(where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or therelationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person) ，从句其中还有一个插入语：as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom 中文：在那里讨论当天的问题，以及像政府的目的或法律与自由的关系这样的基本问题，并且每个人都做出自己的决定。
托福考试长难句分析
数量 答题时间
每篇0-1个 每题最多两分钟
1.2 题型识别
➢Which of the sentences below best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentences in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Group2： 1. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas 2. where surface water seeps down through underground
faults or fractures 3. to reach deep rocks 4. heated by the recent activity of molten rock material.
Sentence1: I live in a small village which is quiet and beautiful, but there aren’t many people left in the village because many young people go to big cities to make money, so there are only children and old people left, and children will also go to other places when they grow up.
托福考试阅读120句长难句解析
托福考试阅读120句长难句解析以下就是三立在线小编为大家整理的托福考试阅读120句长难句分析。
希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助：100.Not only did they cater to the governorand his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital forlegislative sessions of the assembly a nd council and the meetings of the courtsof justice.(特殊结构 notonly...but;倒装 Not only did...) 不仅他们为总督和他的圈子提供服务,而且殖民地各地的公民来首府参加两院和市政会的立法会议以及法庭会议。
分句 1:Not only did they cater to thegovernor and his circle分句 2:but citizens from all over the colonycame to the capital for legislative s essions of the assembly and council andthe meetings of the courts of justice. 1和2并列倒装+省略: 正常语序:They did not only cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony (also) came to the capital for legislativesessi ons of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.102.The motivation derived from thetext,and in the case of singing,the music, in combination with the performer'sskills,personality,and ability to create emp athy will determine the success ofartistic,political,or pedagogic communication(句子主干是the motivation...and...the music...will determine the success...;in co mbinationwith...与...相结合) 从剧本里获得的动力,还有(在演唱的情况下的)音乐,与表演者的技巧、个性和引起共鸣的能力相结合,将决定艺术、政治或者教学等交际活动的成功与否。
toefl长难句200例精讲与精练
Toefl长难句200例精讲与精练导言托福（T OE FL）考试中，长难句是阅读和听力部分常见的难点之一。
掌握长难句的解读和运用对于备考者来说至关重要。
本文将提供200个精选的长难句例题，并进行深入解析和练习，帮助考生更好地掌握托福长难句。
第一部分：例题解析1.1长难句例题1高考英语试卷中，“I t is+被强调部分+th a t/wh o+其他部分”的句型非常常见。
请分析下面这个例句：>I ti st he sh ee rs cal e of th eI nt er ne t's i nf lu en ce th at mak e si ts or e ma rk ab le.这个句子的主干是“t he sh ee rs ca le of t he In te rn et's inf l ue nc e”，而主语是整个句子的强调部分。
1.2长难句例题2在阅读中，遇到由一个“主语从句”和一个“宾语从句”组成的句子结构时，要注意从属连词的引导和从句中的主谓一致。
请分析下面这个例句：>I ti si mp or ta nt tha t st ud en ts un de rst a nd th ei mp or ta nce o ft im em a na ge me nt if th eyw a nt to su cc ee d.这个句子的主句是“I t is im po rt an t”，从句是“t ha ts tu de nt su nd e rs ta nd th ei mp ort a nc eo ft im em an age m en ti ft he y wa nt to su cc ee d”，注意从句中的主谓一致现象。
1.3长难句例题3有时候，长难句会通过添加让步状语从句来增加句子的复杂度和意义。
请分析下面这个例句：>D es pi te be in gt ire d,I de ci de dt og ofo r ar un.这个句子中，“D esp i t e be in gt ir ed”是一个让步状语从句，它表达了尽管疲倦，但我还是决定去跑步的意思。
toefl长难句
1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth.2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, froma liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more.5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...)6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit theword’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助）8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.9.The variation between the hemisphere corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.10.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john Barth, Donald Barthelme , and Tomas Pynchon, Joyce carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.11.If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence. 12.Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as are social classes.13.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation’s economy would bring social chaos.14.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird , but always functional shapes.15.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it , young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.16.The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature: furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.17.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.cation is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.19.Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of the evolutionary challenges as was the genesis of life.20.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of vast conspiracy against them.21.And there were factories in occupation such as metalwork whereindividual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.22.But as the number of wage earners in the manufacturing rose from 2.7million in 1880 to 4.5million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920. the number of huge plants like the Baldwin locomotive works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant.23.What we today call American folk art was , indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds. And especially for portraits.24.The sculpture legacy that the new united states inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.25.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired. Americans turned to foreign sculptors,as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, south Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.26.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in grant’s Gazelles.27.Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells buildings owners ho much they can charge their tenants in rent.28.Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.29.With the turn-of-century crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on , personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.30.The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. (possibly so= possibly so that)31.In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern united states, they encountered the ancestors of the modern day pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples.32.During the 1940’s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.33.What they do is look at familiar conditions from perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected.34.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.35.With the spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.36.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy.37.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them. Nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. 38.In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation.39.Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tight closed helps determine which bill design is the best.40.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration. In this case the distance that light travels in one year.41.The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert,mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit.42.The argument that humans, even in prehistoric times, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of moreand less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seem fair. For studies have shown that some animals possess sucha sense.43.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect animals, human, vegetation, or materials adversely.44.The acute, growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspaper.45.A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry,a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints. 46.Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impression of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.47.In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms shellfish, and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.48.In the twenties, jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues in the forties, rock in the fifties, and disco in the seventies.（much as...and as...-----就像...以及...一样）49.They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775, when everything English came to be frowned upon.(flown upon---对...表示不满）50.Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. 51.The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.52.Among the species of the seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate lay eggs, and rare their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.(among the species of seabirds...are...=...are among the species of seabirds...)53.The distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living.54.The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the naturalresources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production, and carried consumer goods to households.55.The native American of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes--not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats,boats,fish traps, baby carries, and ceremonial objects. (fashion 制作）56.The wrap was always made of willow, and the most commonly used welt was sedge root--a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread.57.The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reining American art organization, the National Academy of Design.58.In 15 or 30 seconds a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others.59.Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground--based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.60.Outsides the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field.61.Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the united states during the late 19th century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the united states.62.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interests to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available.63.As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.64.Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.(倒装句：here in lay the beginning=the beginning lay here in. 这里面包含了医学中从对营养疗法一无所知到否认其价值这一过程的开端)65.The flow of the industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed. (left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed= left the loom in the attic,the soap kettle in the shed idle)工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进棚子里66.They are example of a common theme in the evolution, the more orless parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason--in this case, for flight.67.Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but the citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of courts of justices.68.The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer’s skills, personality and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.69.How a speaker perceives the listener’s receptiveness, interests, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker.70.Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depression. (be evidenced,表现出来) 71.Industrialization and bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. (combined with ：加上）工业化和经济生活的官僚化，加上重新强调证书和专长，使得学校教育对经济和社会变动性越来越重要。
toefl长难句200例精讲与精练
toefl长难句200例精讲与精练【最新版】目录1.TOEFL 简介2.长难句的定义与作用3.《TOEFL 长难句 200 例精讲与精练》的主要内容4.如何使用本书提高 TOEFL 阅读能力5.本书的优点与不足正文1.TOEFL 简介TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）即英语作为外语的测试，是由美国教育测试服务机构（ETS）主办的一项全球性的英语能力测试。
TOEFL 成绩是许多国家和地区高校、研究机构和企业用于评估非英语母语国家人士的英语能力的重要标准。
对于准备赴美、加、英、澳等国家留学的学生来说，TOEFL 成绩是一项重要的申请条件。
2.长难句的定义与作用长难句是指在结构上复杂、含义上难以理解的句子。
在英语阅读中，长难句往往会影响阅读速度和理解能力。
掌握长难句的技巧，有助于提高阅读效率和准确性。
3.《TOEFL 长难句 200 例精讲与精练》的主要内容《TOEFL 长难句 200 例精讲与精练》是一本针对 TOEFL 阅读中出现的长难句进行分析、讲解与练习的书籍。
本书选取了 200 个具有代表性的长难句，通过以下三个方面帮助读者提高阅读能力：（1）精讲：对每个长难句进行结构分析，解释句子成分，梳理句子关系，让读者了解长难句的内在逻辑。
（2）精练：提供各种技巧，如划分句子成分、识别从句等，帮助读者迅速掌握长难句的精髓。
（3）精练：设计针对性的练习题，让读者在实际操作中巩固所学知识，提高阅读能力。
4.如何使用本书提高 TOEFL 阅读能力（1）系统学习：按照本书的章节顺序，逐步学习长难句的结构分析、技巧讲解和练习题。
（2）实践应用：在实际阅读中运用所学知识，分析长难句，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
（3）反复练习：通过做练习题，检验自己的学习成果，并在错误中找到自己的不足，加以改进。
5.本书的优点与不足优点：（1）针对性强：本书针对 TOEFL 阅读中的长难句进行讲解与练习，符合考生需求。
托福阅读长难句分析通用课件
培养语感，增强语境理解能力
总结词
培养语感，增强语境理解能力是托福阅读长难句分析 的重要技巧。
详细描述
语感是指对语言的感觉和领悟能力，良好的语感可以帮 助考生更好地理解文章中的长难句。在备考过程中，考 生可以通过大量的阅读和听力训练来培养语感。此外， 考生还需要学会利用上下文语境和逻辑关系来推断词汇 的含义和用法，从而增强对长难句的理解能力。
阅读时间增加
由于需要花费更多时间来分析和理解长难句，导致阅读 速度降低。
容易反复阅读
遇到长难句时，读者往往需要反复阅读多次才能理解， 浪费了时间。
理解深度不 够
细节理解不足
长难句中常常包含许多细节和修饰语， 如果不能准确理解这些内容，会对整体 意思产生误解。
VS
逻辑关系混乱
长难句中各个成分之间的关系可能较为复 杂，如果不能准确把握这些逻辑关系，会 影响对句子的理解。
长难句通常包含多种语法结构、多个 从句、特殊词汇和表达方式，能够考 察考生的语言综合能力和阅读理解能力。
长难句的分类
倒装句是指将句子中的语法成分 颠倒过来，以强调某些词语或表 达方式的重要性。
复合句是指包含两个或两个以上 主谓结构的句子，其中每个主谓 结构都可以独立成句。
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04
03
02
01
省略句是指为了简化句子结构、 避免重复或者突出重点，而省略 某些语法成分的句子。
熟悉长难句结构，提高分析能力
总结词
熟悉长难句结构，提高分析能力是托福阅读 长难句分析的核心。
详细描述
长难句通常具有较为复杂的语法结构和修饰 手段，考生需要熟悉这些结构，以便更好地 进行分析和理解。在备考过程中，考生可以 通过阅读托福历年真题中的长难句，熟悉其 结构和特点。此外，考生还可以通过语法分 析和结构划分等方法，提高对长难句的理解
托福长难句分析50句
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Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.
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•In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?
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From north or south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2, 540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsular was agriculturally more productively and supported denser populations.
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托福语法长难句分析1.From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blindpeople can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.But pictures are more than literal representations.翻译：In this paragraph the writer makes the point that blind peopleA.may be interested in studying art.B.can draw outlines of different objects and surface.C.can recognize conventions such as perspective.D.can draw accurately.1.This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blindwoman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning .To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle. I was taken aback.翻译：The writer was surprised because the blind womanA.drew a circle on her own initiative.B.did not understand what a wheel looked like.C.included a symbol representing movement.D.was the first person to use lines of motion.2.When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw aspinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, the all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion.翻译：From the experiment described in the passage, the writer found that the blind subjectsA.had good understanding of symbols representing movement.B.could control the movement of wheels very accurately.C.worked together well as a group in solving problems.D.got better results than the sighted undergraduates.3.Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from allwalks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer “ teacher-subject “ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ability to learn.翻译：The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whetherA.a 450-volt shock was dangerous.B.punishment helps learning.C.the pupils were honest.D.they were suited to teaching.gram told the teacher-subjects to ignore the reactions of thepupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.翻译：The teacher-subjects were instructed toA.Stop when a pupil asked them to.B.Denounce pupils who made mistakes.C.Reduce the shock level after a correct answer.D.Give punishment according to a rule.5.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explain his idea toa group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the averagepercentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter.翻译：Before the experiment took place the psychiatristsA.believe that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous.B.failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond toinstructions.C.underestimated the teacher-subjects ‘willingness to comply withexperimental procedure.D.though that many of the teacher-subjects would administer ashock of 450 volts.6.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We had a tradition of doctor being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.”翻译：Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A.They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B.They have often worked alongside other therapists.C.They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapistsD.They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.7.Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.In 1990, AmericansA.Were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previousyears.B.Consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C.Spent more on natural therapist than orthodox medicines.D.Made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.8.The concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two thousand years. However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the reaction principle , which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought that rocket technology was able to develop.The greatest outcome of the discovery of the reaction principle was thatA.rockets could be propelled into the air.B.space travel became a reality.C.a major problem had been solved.D.bigger rockets were able to be built.9.In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of , amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza.翻译：According to information in the passage, leukemia and pneumoniaA.Are responsible for 84,000 deaths each year.B.Are strongly linked to cigarette smoking.C.Are strongly linked to lung cancer.D.Result in 30 per cent of deaths per year.10.Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliverlife-giving oxygen to the heart .翻译：According to information in the passage, intake of carbon monoxideA.Inhibits the flow of oxygen to the heart.B.Increases absorption of other smoke particles.C.Inhibits red blood cell formation.D.Promotes nicotine absorption.11.Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.翻译：According to information in the passage, intake of nicotine encouragesA.Blood circulation through the body.B.Activity of other toxins in the blood.C.Formation of blood clots.D.An increase of platelets in the blood.。