高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构.doc
with的复合结构和独立主格结构
1. with+宾语+形容词。
比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。
Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。
2. with+宾语+副词。
比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。
What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！3. with+宾语+过去分词。
比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。
She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。
4. with+宾语+现在分词。
比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。
5. with+宾语+介词短语。
比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。
The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。
6. with+宾语+动词不定式。
比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。
Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。
高中英语语法——独立主格结构和with复合结构
Homework（having been）finished（=After homework had been finished）,the boy went out to play.做完作业后，这个男孩出去玩了。
He fell asleep with the windows open.他开着窗睡觉。
He came into the room, with his dog out.他回到了房子里，他的狗在外面。
He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
1.with+名词(代词)+分词/不定式
with+名词/代词+doing（表主动，进行）
with+名词/代词+done（表被动，完成）
with+名词/代词+to do（表将来）
With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding the address.由小男孩带路，找到这个地方我们没有困难。
The thief was brought to the front with his hand tied behind.小偷被带到前面，双手被捆在后面。
With nothing to do, he went out for a walk.
由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步去了。
2. with+名词(代词)+形容词/副词/介词短语
2020高考英语复习独立主格结构用法全解
独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
高中英语语法 独立主格结构用法全解(含答案)
独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
独立主格结构语法资料.
(2). 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于 句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词, 就不用倒装。如: In came Mr. White. Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy.
2) There ________. And here ________. A. goes the phone; she comes B. is the phone going; is she C. does the phone go; does she come D. the phone goes; come she
1. There lived a girl called A Qiao long ago.
_A__g_i_r_l _c_a_ll_e_d__A__Q_i_a_o__li_v_e_d__th__e_re__l_o_n_g__a_g_o_. 2. Here comes your husband. ____Y_o_u_r__h_u_s_b_a_n__d_c_o__m__e_s_here. 3. Out rushed the children. ____T_h__e_c_h__il_d_r_e_n__ru__s_h_e_d__o_u_t.
3) Out ________, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush
B. rushed he
C. he rushed
D. he did rush
4) ________ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.
现在分词 过去分词
2019-2020年高三英语《with复合结构与独立主格结构》标准教案
2019-2020年高三英语《with复合结构与独立主格结构》标准教案with结构的构成: With/without +n/pron+ (...)1. With/without +n/pron+adj；2. With/without +n/pron+adv；3. With/without +n/pron+prep.p；4. With/without +n/pron+ to do；5. With/without +n/pron+doing/done。
with结构的作用：作状语eg1. She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold. (伴随状语)2. With the meal over, we all went home. (时间状语)3. The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。
(伴随状语)4.The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. (伴随状语)5. She fell asleep with the light burning. (伴随状语)6. Without anything left in the cupboard， shewent out to get something to eat. (原因状语)NOTES:With+作定语。
1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.2.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.with结构的特点1. With/without +n/pron+ (...)(语法上) With/without +O+O补(逻辑上) With/without +n/pron(S逻)+adj(V逻)With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.）2. With/without +pron(宾格)+(...)He could not finish it without me to help him.几点说明：1. With结构的位置(1)with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间/条件/原因时一般放在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；(2)表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开;(3)若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰的名词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。
语法：独立主格结构(福建高考英语必考难点之一 )
高考英语难点之独立主格结构归纳独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction ）。
其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
独立主格语法考点总结讲义-高三英语复习作文专题
2024年高三英语高考三轮复习【作文专题】独立主格语法考点总结（讲义）独立主格(Abosolute Phrase)是一个短语，在句中作状语。
在使用独立主格结构之前，需要先明确主句部分和状语部分。
若状语部分的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致时(即状语部分有自己独立的主语)，则使用独立主格结构。
独立主格结构由两部分组成：前一部分是名词或代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(动名词,不定式,现在分词，过去分词)或形容词,副词,名词或介词短语。
with/without复合结构，同样也是在句中作状语，且状语部分的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致时，考虑使用。
因此with/without复合结构作状语时属于独立主格结构的其中一种。
两者的联系与区别想进一步探究的同学可以去观察总结，这里不作赘述。
这里主要讲独立主格最为常见的形式：名词/代词+分词(现在分词/过去分词)；名词/代词+不定式；名词/代词+形容词；名词/代词+介词短语。
独立主格常见结构（一）名词/主格代词+现在分词现在分词构成的独立主格结构表示状语部分的逻辑主语(名词/代词)主动进行的动作或状态。
(1).女孩盯着他，他不知所措。
(With) the girl staring at him,he was at a loss.你还有其它表示方式吗？【讲解】把“他不知所措”当作主句，那么“女孩盯着他”作伴随状语。
由于状语部分有自己独立的主语“女孩”，和主句的主语不一致，所以使用独立主格结构。
又因为“女孩”和“盯”之间表示主动，所以使用现在分词。
在作状语时，with复合结构也属于独立主格结构的一种，两者可以互换。
但在口语表达中，一般不使用独立主格结构。
(2).伤心并且害怕，他坐着一动不动，啥也没说，泪水不由自主地留下脸颊。
Heartbroken and frustrated, he sat still and said noting, (with) tears rolling down his cheeks beyond control.你还有其它表示方式吗？【讲解】“他坐着一动不动并且啥也没说”是主句,那么“伤心并且害怕(伴随状语1)”和“泪水不由自主地留下脸颊(伴随状语2)”是两个状语。
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构withwithout 引导的独立主格结构介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A.with+名词代词+形容词He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B.with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C.with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构
高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构高中英语语法通霸3：独立主格结构和with的复合结构考点1.独立主格结构的构成A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 10考点5）。
His homework was finished, he went out to play.×这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。
上句可以变为：His homework finished, he went out to play.这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。
独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。
破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。
练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。
1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home.2.He arrived at home. His face was red.3.My homework was finished. I went out to play footballwith my friends.4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me.5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done.6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home.B.独立主格结构的构成①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系）Weather permitting, we are going to visit youtomorrow.②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系）The test finished, we began our holiday.③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来）He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit.⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold.⑥名词(代词) +介词短语He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子：①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving.（前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving.(前面粗体部分是独立主格结构)可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。
高考英语 语法专题复习讲义独立主格结构
落堕市安心阳光实验学校高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义主格结构（一）：主格的概念“主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“主格结构”。
（二）：主格的功能“主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。
众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。
而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为主格结构。
其实，虽然叫做主格结构，并不是真正的，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。
如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4）表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)（三）：主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+名词名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
with的独立主格结构
with的独立主格结构With的独立主格结构（with的复合结构或介词结构）是英语句子中常见的一种语法结构，用来表示其中一种条件、伴随状态、方式等。
该结构由介词with引导，后面接名词短语、代词或动名词短语作宾语，宾语与句子的主语分开放置，构成独立的主格结构。
下面将详细介绍该结构的用法和示例。
1.表示伴随状态：With的独立主格结构可以用来表示其中一种伴随状态，即在主语动作进行的同时，还有其他状态、条件或伴随动作存在。
例如：- With a smile on her face, she greeted the guests at the door.（她面带微笑地迎接客人在门口。
）在她迎接客人的同时，她面带微笑。
- With his hands trembling, he signed his name on the documents.（他颤抖着的手，在文件上签了名。
）在他签字的时候，他的手在颤抖。
2.表示条件或原因：With的独立主格结构也可以表示其中一种条件或原因，即主语动作的发生与其中一种条件或原因有关。
例如：因为他付出了很大的努力，所以他及时完成了这个项目。
- With the support of his family, he overcame all the challenges.（在家人的支持下，他克服了所有的困难。
）因为有家人的支持，所以他克服了所有的困难。
3.表示方式或手段：With的独立主格结构还可以表示其中一种方式或手段，即主语动作的实施方式或借助其中一种手段。
例如：- With a brush in his hand, he painted the beautiful scenery on the canvas.（手里拿着画笔，他在画布上画了美丽的风景。
）他手里拿着画笔，用它画了美丽的风景。
- With a clear voice, she sang the song in front of a large audience.（她用清晰的声音，在大观众面前演唱了这首歌。
高考英语语法复习——独立主格及with的复合结构
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4. ( 05 ,北京卷) I couldn ’ t do my homework with all that noise ________ .Βιβλιοθήκη •• • • • •
A. going on B. goes on C. went to D. to go on
5. (09 全国卷Ⅰ,35) Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions __________ ? A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take 6. (06 陕西卷) With no one to ________ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless. A. turn to B. turn on C. turn off D. turn over Key: 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 2.名词或代词 + 过去分词
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如： The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
【考点训练】
• 一、单项填空
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1. (09 成都第二次诊断性检测，3) ______ time going on, what he said proved true.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through 2. (09 桂林调研卷,32) With a lot of tough problems ______ , the manager was as nervous as a cat on hot bricks.
从高考题看独立主格结构
何谓独立主格结构？它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。
它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。
它构成一个单独实体，在句中作状语，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景(2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。
其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
A．不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
例如：I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed选C。
此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示动作未完成，其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。
with的复合结构和独立主格结构.docx
.1. with+ 宾语 +形容词。
比如： . The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his barechest.那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。
Don ’ttalk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。
2.with+ 宾语 + 副词。
比如： She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。
What a lonely world it will be with you away.你不在，多没劲儿呀！ 3.with+ 宾语 + 过去分词。
比如： He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed.他眼睛半闭着听音乐。
She sat with her head bent.她低着头坐着。
4.with+ 宾语 + 现在分词。
比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes.冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning.他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。
5.with+ 宾语 + 介词短语。
比如： He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。
The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son inher arms.那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。
6.with+ 宾语 + 动词不定式。
比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film.下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。
With复合结构与独立主格结构
一：With复合结构与独立主格结构with复合结构与独立主格结构是英语中常见的两种结构形式。
从某种意义上说，它们可以算作是非谓语动词用法的延伸。
它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。
虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。
抓住这一点，就可以把二者融会贯通，从而在阅读中减少不必要的理解障碍。
with复合结构的模式是：with+名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）请看下例：一、作时间状语1、With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday.=Our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday. 3、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving.=The traffic light green, the bus got moving.4、With the wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel.=The wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel.二、作原因状语5、With it being Sunday, the library was closed.=It being Sunday, the library was closed.6、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.=The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. 7、With us to care for the children you are able to be carefree away from home.=We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree away from home.（注意此处的we 不得改成us，用了us便不是独立主格结构了。
高考语法 独立主格,插入语
独立主格，插入语独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。
With( without) 的复合结构的用法和独立主格结构基本相同，为了方便学习，不妨将其看作是独立主格结构其中的一种形式。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，独立主格结构中的不及物动词须用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
一、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/ 介词短语。
1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.◆独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，◆一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，◆二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
With的复合结构作独立主格
With的复合结构作独立主格（最新版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。
英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
而且，英语语法是一套完整的语言知识体系。
如果你想英语能够更进一步，英语语法就是其中的主要一环。
Download tips: English grammar is a series of language rules that are systematically summarized after studying the English language. The essence of English grammar lies in mastering the use of language. Moreover, English grammar is a complete language knowledge system. If you want English to go further, English grammar is the main link.正文内容表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例题The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。
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2019高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结
构
withwithout 引导的独立主格结构
介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A.with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：
在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B.with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
C.with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或
He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished.
工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn誸dare go home because the job was not finished.
E.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
F.with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
提示：
在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without 不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说一句话，直接离开了会议室。