优选微观经济学统考课程试卷B
微观经济学B(附答案)
上海财经大学研究生试题命题纸（B ）（2012－2013学年 第二学期）（时间120分钟 闭卷 请独立完成）课程名称：微观经济学一、判断题：（10×2´=20´）（ ）1.如果效用函数为U （x,y ）=ax+by ，则两种商品完全替代。
正确；效用函数成一条直线。
（ ）2.完全竞争市场长期均衡时，价格一定是长期平均成本的最低点。
正确；P=MR=AR=SMC=LMC=SAC=LAC（ ）3.当边际成本递增时，平均成本也是递增的。
错误；如图所示（ ）4.需求曲线上每一点的弹性不同，但每一点的斜率是相同的。
正确；讲义中有详细证明（ ）5.无差异曲线上任一点斜率的绝对值代表了两种商品的价格比率。
正确；（ ）6.低档商品的替代效应小于收入效应。
错误；一般情况下，替代效应大于收入效应。
（ ）7.假定商品的价格从7元降到5元，需求量从8单位增加到10单位，则商品的总收益将会减少。
正确；（ ）8.斯威齐模型中，成本在一定范围内变动，对均衡产量和均衡价格没有影响是因为其中断的边际收益曲线。
正确；（ ）9.生产函数Q=3/24/3K L ，是规模报酬递增的。
正确；（ ）10.二级价格歧视下，一部分消费者剩余会变成厂商的超额利润。
正确；二、分析论述题：（4*12´=48´）1.什么是边际替代率MRS，分析边际替代率MRS递减的原因。
答：边际替代率递减规律是指在维持效用水平不变的前提下，随着一种商品的消费数量的连续增加，消费者为得到的每一单位的这种商品所需要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量是递减的。
其原因在于：随着一种商品的消费数量的逐步增加，消费者想要获得更多的这种商品的愿望就会递减，从而他为了多获得一位的这种商品而愿意放弃的另一种商品的数量就会越来越少。
2.如果政府采取低房租政策对房租进行控制，假定该行业是成本递增的，画图分析这种控制的长期后果。
答：政府采取低房租政策对房租进行控制，即对房租有最高限价。
微观经济学B附答案备课讲稿
一、名词解释（共15分，每小题3分）1. 需求和需求量的变动2. 替代效应3. 经济利润4.生产者剩余5.多余的生产能力二、单项选择题（共15分，每小题1分）1．以下问题中哪一个不属微观经济学所考察的问题？( )A．一个厂商的产出水平B．失业率的上升或下降C．联邦货物税的高税率对货物销售的影响D．某一行业中雇佣工人的数量2. 经济学家提出模型的主要理由是( )A．一个模型为验证一种假设所必需B一个模型可帮助理解对论点的思考过程C．一个模型为决定一个指数所必需D．只有模型中才可使用实际变量3.若X和Y二产品的交叉弹性是-2.3，则( )。
A.X和Y是替代品B.X和Y是正常商品C.X和Y是劣质品D.X和Y是互补品4.如果某商品富有需求的价格弹性，则该商品价格上升( )。
A.会使销售收益增加B.该商品销售收益不变C.会使该商品销售收益下降D.销售收益可能增加也可能下降5. 在消费者均衡点以上的无差异曲线的斜率( )。
A.大于预算线的斜率B.小于预算线的斜率C.等于预算线的斜率D.可能大于、小于或等于预算线斜率6. 假定X、Y的价格Px、Py已定，当MRy＞Px/Py时，消费者为达到最大满足，他将( )。
A. 增购X，减少YB. 减少X，增购YC. 同时增购X、YD. 同时减少X、Y7. 若厂商增加使用一个单位劳动，减少两个单位资本，仍能生产相同产量，则MRTS Lk是( )。
A.1／2B.2C.1D.48.在生产有效区域里，等产量线( )。
A.凸向原点B.不能相交C.负向倾斜D.以上都对9. 假如增加一单位产量所带来的边际成本大于产量增加前的平均可变成本，那么在产量增加后，平均可变成本一定( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.处于最低点10.当AC达到最低点时，下列哪一条是正确的( )。
A.AVC＝FCB.MC=ACC.P=AVCD.P=MC11. .完全竞争市场的厂商总收益曲线的斜率为（）。
A.固定不变；B.经常变动；C.1；D.012.在完全竞争市场中行业的长期供给曲线取决于（）。
微观经济学B附答案
一、名词解释（共15分，每小题3分）1. 需求和需求量的变动2. 替代效应3. 经济利润4。
生产者剩余5。
多余的生产能力二、单项选择题（共15分，每小题1分）1．以下问题中哪一个不属微观经济学所考察的问题？（)A．一个厂商的产出水平B．失业率的上升或下降C．联邦货物税的高税率对货物销售的影响D．某一行业中雇佣工人的数量2。
经济学家提出模型的主要理由是（)A．一个模型为验证一种假设所必需B一个模型可帮助理解对论点的思考过程C．一个模型为决定一个指数所必需D．只有模型中才可使用实际变量3.若X和Y二产品的交叉弹性是-2。
3,则（).A.X和Y是替代品B。
X和Y是正常商品C.X和Y是劣质品D。
X和Y是互补品4.如果某商品富有需求的价格弹性，则该商品价格上升（)。
A.会使销售收益增加B。
该商品销售收益不变C.会使该商品销售收益下降D.销售收益可能增加也可能下降5. 在消费者均衡点以上的无差异曲线的斜率( )。
A。
大于预算线的斜率 B.小于预算线的斜率C.等于预算线的斜率D。
可能大于、小于或等于预算线斜率6。
假定X、Y的价格Px、Py已定，当MRy＞Px/Py时,消费者为达到最大满足，他将（)。
A。
增购X，减少Y B. 减少X,增购YC。
同时增购X、Y D。
同时减少X、Y7。
若厂商增加使用一个单位劳动，减少两个单位资本，仍能生产相同产量，则MRTS Lk是（）。
A。
1／2 B。
2 C.1 D.48.在生产有效区域里，等产量线( ）。
A。
凸向原点 B.不能相交C。
负向倾斜D。
以上都对9。
假如增加一单位产量所带来的边际成本大于产量增加前的平均可变成本，那么在产量增加后，平均可变成本一定（）。
A.减少B。
增加 C.不变 D.处于最低点10。
当AC达到最低点时，下列哪一条是正确的( ）。
A.AVC＝FCB.MC=AC C。
P=AVC D.P=MC11. .完全竞争市场的厂商总收益曲线的斜率为（）。
A。
固定不变； B.经常变动；C。
《微观经济学》考试试卷试题及参考答案
微观经济学模拟试1一、名词解说（每题3分，共9分）2、需求的改动3．边沿利润4．花费者节余5二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）6．在得出某棉花栽种田户的供应曲线时，以下除（）外均保持常数。
Ａ.土壤的肥饶程度Ｂ.技术水平C.棉花的栽种面积Ｄ2．已知一件外衣价钱.棉花的价钱80元，一本书价钱20元，在某花费者对于这两种商品的功效最大化的平衡点上，一本书对套的边沿代替率为（）A、、C、、A3．长久均匀成本曲线成为U形的原由与（）。
B．规模酬劳改动有关C．外面经济与不经济有关D．因素的边沿生产率有关E．固定成本与可变为本所占比重有关4．当某花费者对商品X的花费达到饱和点时，则边沿功效MUxA、正当B、负值C、零D、不确立，需视详细状况而定5．假如在厂商的短期平衡产量上，AR小于SAC，但大于AVCA、损失，立刻停产B、损失，但连续生产C、损失，生产或不生产都能够D、获取正常利润，连续生产为（），则厂商（）8．在垄断厂商的短期平衡时，垄断厂商能够（）91011．两种商品在两个人之间的分派，能被称为帕累托最优的条件为（）12．不使某个人受损失就不可以使另一个人得益13．个人都处在其花费契约线上14．个人都处在他们的功效可能性曲线上15．包含以上所有条件16．在厂商的停止营业点上，应当有（）A．AR=AVCB ．总损失等于TFCC．P=AVCD ．以上说法都对9．所有以下因素除哪一种外都会使需求曲线挪动？（）A．花费者收入变化B．商品价钱变化C．花费者偏好变化D．其余有关商品价钱变化10．某田户今年扩大播种面积并获得丰产，则可预期他的收入会（）。
A．增添B．减少C．不变D．不确立三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1．若某产品需求曲线向右下方倾斜，则可判断它必为正常品。
（）．以不同价钱销售同一种产品被称为价钱鄙视。
（）．只需市场价钱高于边沿成本，垄断公司必然扩大产量。
（）．不完好竞争市场是指整个行业中只有独一的一个厂商的市场组织。
大学课程《《微观经济学》(双语)》专业期末试题B卷及答案
《微观经济学》（双语）试卷B本试卷适用于试卷所需时间120分钟。
一、单项选择题：（共20小题，每题1分，共20分）1. A normal good:A. must have an upward-sloping demand curve.B. must have a downward-sloping demand curve.C. could possibly have an upward-sloping demand curve.D. will have a horizontal demand curve. 2. A Giffen good:A. has an upward-sloping demand curve.B. has a downward-sloping demand curve.C. has a horizontal demand curve.D. has a vertical demand curve. 3. The consumer optimum occurs at:A. any point of intersection between the budget line and an indifference curve.B. a point of tangency between the budget line and an indifference curve.C. the point where the slope of the indifference curve equals the ratio of the quantities.D. a point where the budget line cuts the curve from below. 4. The slope of the budget constraint line is equal to: A. the ratio of marginal utilities.B. the ratio of money income to the price of the good on the horizontal axis.C. the ratio of money income to the price of the good on the vertical axis.D. the relative price of the two goods —the price of one good compared with the price of the other.5.Assume the demand curve for compact discs slopes downwards, and the supply curve slopes upwards. If the price of CD players decreases, then: A. the equilibrium price of compact discs will fall B. the equilibrium price of compact discs will riseC. the equilibrium price of compact discs will stay the sameD. None of the above are correct6.If a 5% increase in income leads to a 12% increase in the quantity demanded of mobile phones, ceteris paribus, the value of the income elasticity of demand for mobile phones is:A. 2.4 and mobile phones are a normal goodB. 0.42 and mobile phones are a normal goodC. 2.4 and mobile phones are an inferior goodD. 0.42 and mobile phones are an inferior good 7. Demand for a good is likely to be more elastic:A. the smaller the fraction of consumer income absorbed by the goodB. in the short run than in the long runC. the more broadly defined the goodD. the greater the number of available substitutes for the good8. The rate at which a firm can substitute one factor for another while still producing the same level of output is known as the:A. degree of returns to scaleB. marginal rate of substitutionC. marginal rate of technical substitutionD. marginal physical product9. The marginal output rule states that if a firm does not shut down, then it should produce output at a level where:A. average revenue equals average costB. marginal revenue equals marginal costC. marginal revenue equals average costD. marginal cost equals average revenue 10. Suppose that all the firms in a competitive industry have access to the same technology and that input prices are not affected by the size of the industry. If the minimum value of the long-run average cost curve is £5, then entry of new firms will occur until the market price: A. equals £6 B. equals £7 C. equals £5 or less D. exceeds £511. For a price-taking firm in both the input and output markets, the MRP curve for labour slopes downward because:A. of the diminishing marginal productivity of labourB. the output price falls as the output level risesC. the wage rate rises as the amount of labour risesD. Both A and B are correct12. Explain the following "puzzle." Over the long run, worldwide supplies of agriculture products have increased dramatically, but at the same time farmers' incomes have also fallen sharply.A. Total revenue from farming decreased as output increased because demand for most farm products is inelastic.B. The demand for farm products has declined over the past few decades.C. Farm price supports have robbed farmers of their income.D. All of the above.院系： 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：装 订 线13. Which of the following is not an accurate statement about cross-price elasticity? A. Whether a good is a substitute or complement has no effect on its cross-price elasticity.B. Cross-elasticity of demand for a substitute is positive.C. Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how the quantity demanded of one good changes as the price of another good changes.D. Cross-elasticity = % change Q d good 1 / % change P good 214. If a 20 percent increase in price results in the same quantity sold before and after the price hike, price elasticity of demand is:A. infinityB. 0.20C. zeroD. 1.0 15.Which of the following is correct?A. When marginal cost is greater than average cost, average cost is falling.B. When marginal cost is less than average cost, average cost is increasing.C. When average cost is at its maximum, marginal cost is equal to average cost.D. When average cost is at its minimum, marginal cost is equal to average cost 16. Implicit costs are:A. the payments made to labour only.B. the payments made by the firm to others.C. the opportunity cost of resources owned by the firm.D. the same as accounting profit. 17. When marginal cost is rising:A. average variable cost must be rising.B. average variable cost must be falling.C average variable cost may be rising or falling. D. average fixed cost must be rising.18. When a firm's cost curves exhibit economies of scale: A. the long-run average cost curve is horizontal.B. the long-run average cost curve is downward-sloping.C. the long-run average cost curve is upward-sloping.D. the long-run average cost equals the short-run average cost for all levels of output. 19. Economic profits for perfectly competitive firms: A. will continue in the long run for a few efficient firms. B. will shift the industry demand function rightward. C. will attract new firms into the industry in the long run. D. will result in an increase in long-run equilibrium price.20.Which of the following industries is closest to perfect competition? A. steel B. cereal C. wheat D. aluminum二、判断题（T/F ）：（共10小题，每题1分，共10分）1. Market failure refers to a situation in which the market does not allocate resourcesefficiently.2. Drug education, which reduces the demand for drugs, can reduce both drug use and drug-related crime.3.The market clearing price will always be lower than the equilibrium price.4. The flatter the demand curve that passes through a given point, the more inelastic the demand.5. The labor supply curve reflects how workers’ decisions about the labor -leisure tradeoff respond to changes in the opportunity cost of leisure.6. If a price ceiling of $2 per gallon is imposed on gasoline, but the market equilibrium price is $1.50, the price ceiling is a binding constraint on the market.7. The area above the demand curve and below the price measures the consumer surplus in a market.8. Efficiency refers to whether a market outcome is fair, while equity refers to whether the maximum amount of output was produced from a given number of inputs.9. When a firm operates at efficient scale, it is producing at the minimum point on its average total cost curve.10. In general, a tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is more inelastic.三、名词解释：（共6小题，每小题3分，共18分）1. Positive analysis;2. Cardinal utility function;3. Cross-price effect4. Opportunity cost;5. A price-taking firm;6. Compensating differentials四、简述题：（共4小题，每题8分，共32分）1. What are the determinants of price elasticity of demand, and how does each affect elasticity?2. List and briefly explain each of the four properties of Indifference Curves.3. If an event occurred which changed a market equilibrium, how would an economist go about analyzing the change in equilibrium?4. List the factors which are key determinants of the productivity of labor. For each one, describe how each specifically influences labor productivity.五、作图分析题：（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）1. What is the difference between a “change in demand” and a “change in quantity demanded”? Graph your answer.（NOTE: Examples will be conducive to a high mark ）2. Use a graph to demonstrate the circumstances that would prevail in a perfectly competitive market where firms are experiencing economic losses. Identify costs, revenue, and the economic losses on your graph. Using your graph, determine whether this firm will shut down in the short run, or choose to remain in the market. Explain your answer.院系： 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：装 订 线《微观经济学》（双语）试卷B答案一、单项选择题：（共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A C CB B D DC B B11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20B D A B D B D D B B二、判断题：（共10小题，每题1分，共10分）1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10T T F F T F F F T T三、名词解释：（共6小题，每小题3分，共18分）1. Positive analysis: de als with statements of cause and effect. It doesn’t indicate whether the phenomenon under consideration is “good” or “bad” ——it merely attempts to describe the world.2. Cardinal utility function: The values of the utility function tell us exactly how much better some commodity bundles are than other bundles.3. Cross-price effect: The impact of a change in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good.4. Opportunity cost: the value of the most highly valued forgone alternative.5. A price-taking firm: it chooses its actions under the assumption that it cannot influence the prices of the output that it sells or the inputs that it buys.6. Compensating differentials：refer to differences in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs.四、简述题：（共4小题，每题8分，共32分）1. (1) Whether the good is a luxury or a necessity. Luxuries tend to have higher price elasticities of demand and necessities tend to have small price elasticities of demand.(2 points)(2) Availability of close substitutes. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demand than do goods without close substitutes. (2 points)(3) Definition of the market. Narrowly defined markets tend to have more elastic demand, and broadly defined markets tend to have less elastic demand. (2 points)(4) Time horizon. The longer the time horizon over which demand is measured, thegreater is the ability of buyers of the good to find substitutes for products whose prices have risen. Therefore, the longer the time horizon, ceteris paribus, the larger is the elasticity of demand. (2 points)2. (1) Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones. (2 points)(2) Indifference curves are downward sloping. (2 points)(3) Indifference curves do not cross. (2 points)(4) Indifference curves are bowed inward. (2 points)3. Analyzing changes in equilibrium is called comparative statics. The three steps in doing comparative statics are: (2 points)(1) Decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve. (2 points)(2) Decide which direction the curve shifts. (2 points)(3) Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium.(2 points)4. (1) Physical capital: When workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures they produce more. (3 points)(2) Human capital: When workers are more educated they produce more. (2 points)(3) Technological knowledge: When workers have access to more sophisticated technologies they produce more. (3 points)五、作图分析题：（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）1. A change in demand refers to a shift in the demand curve. A change in quantity demanded refers to a movement along a fixed demand curve. (illustrate 6 points; graph, 4 points)2. The loss and revenue are identified on the individual firm graph. Total cost is equal to the sum of the losses and revenue. The decision about whether this firm shuts down or remains in the market depends upon the position of average variable cost. If average variable cost is below P0 at output level Q0, the firm will remain in the market. If average variable cost is above P0at output level Q0the firm will exit the market. (illustrate 6 points; graph, 4 points)。
微观经济学B卷09年6月
重庆工学院考试试卷2009 ～2010 学年第2 学期班级09管理类专业学号姓名考试科目微观经济学B卷闭卷共 6 页····································密························封························线································学生答题不得超过此线的答题卷上，试卷可以不交。
）一、选择题 (每题1分，共20分。
每小题的四个选项中只有一个是最合适的。
微观经济学期末试卷(B)答案
微观经济学期末试卷（B）答案：一、单项选择1-5：BBCCB 6-10：ACACD二、多项选择1、ABCD 2、ABCD 3、BCD 4、ABCD 5、ABCD三、名词解释1、（1）供给量的变动是指：在其他条件不变时，由某商品的价格变动所引起的该商品供给数量的变动。
（2）供给的变动是指：在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。
2、边际生产力递减规律是指：在技术水平不变的条件下，在连续等量地把某一种可变生产要素增加到其他一种或几种数量不变的生产要素上去的过程中，当这种可变生产要素的投入量小于某一特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递增的；当这种可变要素的投入量连续增加并超过这个特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。
3、生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指：生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。
4、如果对于某种既定的资源配置状态，所有的帕累托改进均不存在，即在该状态上，任意改变都不可能使至少一个人的状况变好而又不使任何人的状况变坏，则称这种资源配置状态为帕累托最优状态。
换句话说就是，如果对于某种既定的资源配置状态，还存在有帕累托改进，即在该状态上，还存在某种（或某些）改变可以使至少一个人的状况变好而不使任何人的状况变坏，则这种状态就不是帕累托最优状态。
5、寻租活动是指：非生产性的寻利活动，也就是为获得和维持垄断地位从而得到垄断利润（亦即垄断租金）的活动。
四、简答题1、规模报酬变化是指：在其他条件不变的情况下，企业内部各种生产要素按相同比例变化时所带来的产量变化。
企业的规模报酬变化可以分为：规模报酬递增、规模报酬不变、规模报酬递减三种情况。
规模报酬递增是指：产量增加的比例大于各种生产要素增加的比例。
规模报酬不变是指：产量增加的比例等于各种生产要素增加的比例。
规模报酬递减是指：产量增加的比例小于各种生产要素增加的比例。
2、答：帕累托最优需要具备的条件是：（1）、交换的最优条件：要使两种商品X和Y在两个消费者A和B之间的分配达到帕累托最优状态，则对这两个消费者来说，这两种商品的边际替代率必须相等用公式来表示就是：MRS XY A=MRS XY B（2）、生产的最优条件：要使两种要素L和K在两个生产者C和D之间的分配达到帕累托最优状态，则对这两个生产者来说，这两种要素的边际技术替代率必须相等用公式来表示就是：MRTS LK C =MRTS LK D（3）、交换和生产的最优条件：生产可能性曲线上的给定的点的斜率和相应的交换的埃奇沃斯盒状图中的交换的契约线上的点的斜率相等的时候才达到了交换与生产的帕累托最优状态。
微观经济学(B卷)
安徽大学20 12 —20 13 学年第 二 学期《 微观经济学 》考试试卷（B 卷）（闭卷 时间120分钟）考场登记表序号一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1．下列因素除哪一种以外都会使需求曲线移动？（ ）A ．购买者（消费者）收入变化B ．商品价格下降C ．其他有关商品价格下降D ．消费者偏好变化 2．小麦歉收导致小麦价格上升，准确地说在这个过程中（ ）。
A ．小麦供给的减少引起需求量下降B ．小麦供给的减少引起需求下降C ．小麦供给量的减少引起需求量下降D ．小麦供给量的减少引起需求下降 3．生产函数Q K L KL 属于规模报酬（ ）。
A ．递增 B ．不变 C ．递减 D ．不能确定 4．边际产量与平均产量之间的关系是（ ）。
A ．当边际产量曲线在平均产量曲线之上时，平均产量曲线呈上升趋势B ．当边际产量曲线在平均产量曲线之下时，平均产量曲线呈下降趋势C ．两者相交时，平均产量的值为最大D ．以上三者皆是5．假设生产函数为min(2,)Q L K 。
如果价格是（2，1），则产量为30时的最小成本为（ ）。
A ．20B ．75C ．30D ．60 6．等成本线围绕着它与纵轴的交点顺时针移动表明（ ）。
A ．生产要素Y 的价格上升了B ．生产要素X 的价格上升了C ．生产要素X 的价格下降了D ．生产要素Y 的价格下降了 7．下列哪一个行业最接近于完全竞争市场？（ ）题 号 一 二 三 四 五 总分得 分阅卷人院/系 年级 专业 姓名学号 答 题 勿 超 装 订 线 ------------------------------装---------------------------------------------订----------------------------------------线----------------------------------------得分A．钢铁 B．服装 C．汽车 D．农业8．如果某垄断企业的边际收益为5元，边际成本为7.5元。
《微观经济学试题B》word版
文档供参考，可复制、编制，期待您的好评与关注！陕西师范大学2005—2006学年第二学期期末考试 国际商学院2005级通修专业 微观经济学（B ）答卷注意事项： 、学生必须用蓝色（或黑色）钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔直接在试题卷上答题。
2、答卷前请将密封线内的项目填写清楚。
3、字迹要清楚、工整，不宜过大，以防试卷不够使用。
4、本卷共 7 大题，总分为100分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分） 1、边际效用 2、需求： 3、边际技术替代率 4、完全竞争市场二、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.生产可能性曲线凸向原点的原因是( )A.两种产品的边际转换率递增B.两种产品的边际转换率递减C.两种产品的边际替代率递增D.两种产品的边际替代率递减2.一种商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是( )A.互补品的需求曲线向左移动B.互补品的需求曲线向右移动C.互补品的供给曲线向右移动D.互补品的价格下降3.消费者的预算线反映了( )A.消费者的收入约束B.消费者的偏好C.消费者的需求D.消费者效用最大化状态4.给消费者带来相同满足程度的商品组合集中在( )A.生产可能性曲线上B.无差异曲线上C.预算约束曲线上D.需求曲线上5.经济学分析中所说的短期是指( )A.一年之内B.全部生产要素都可随产量调整的时期C.至少有一种生产要素不能调整的时期D.只能调整一年生产要素的时期6.假如厂商生产的产量从1000单位增加到1002单位，总成本从2000美元上升到2020美元，那么它的边际成本约等于( )A.10美元B.20美元C.2020美元D.2美元7.下列说法中正确的是( )A.厂房设备投资的利息是可变成本B.商标注册费是可变成本C.购买原材料的支出为不变成本和可变成本D.补偿机器设备无形损耗的折旧费是不变成本8.下列行为中最接近于完全竞争模式的一项是( )A.飞机制造业B.烟草业C.日用小商品制造业D.汽车制造业9.在完全垄断市场上，对于任何产量，厂商的平均收益总等于( )A.边际成本B.平均成本C.市场价格D.边际收益10.在完全竞争市场上，单个厂商对生产要素的需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因是( )A.要素所生产产品的边际效用递减B.要素的边际产量递减C.等产量曲线向右下方倾斜D.生产的规模收益递减温馨提示-专业文档供参考，请仔细阅读后下载，最好找专业人士审核后使用！。
微观经济学B卷
红河学院2007-2008学年春季学期《微观经济学》 课程期末考试试卷卷别： B 卷考试单位：考试日期： 年 月 日一、选择题(每小题 1 分，共 30 分)1. A market economy relies on ( )a. decentralized choices coordinated by Adam Smith's "invisible hand."b. centralized choices coordinated by Adam Smith's "invisible hand."c. decentralized choices coordinated by the "visible hand" of authority.d. centralized choices coordinated by the "visible hand" of authority.2. Which of the following is an example of market power? ( )a. Elaine engages in less research than she would if the government were to subsidize her research activities.b. Mark's company charges a higher price for its product because government regulations force the company to clean-up its emissions into a local waterway.c. Because of the high cost of gasoline, Jennifer buys a smaller, more fuel-efficient car.d. The town's only cable company charges a higher price than it would if it faced competition from other firms.3. Economists use assumptions ( )a. to make the real world easier to understand.b. to make their models more accurately reflect the real world.c. to make their models more complex.d. to make it more difficult to understand how the real world operates.4. A technological advance or an increase in the factors of production is represented as ( ) a. a shift of the production possibilities frontier in towards the origin. b. a shift of the production possibilities frontier away from the origin. c. a movement down the production possibilities frontier. d. a movement up the production possibilities frontier.5. In one hour Matt can debug one computer program or type ten pages of a report. Matt's opportunity cost of debugging a computer program is ( ) a. one page of a report. b. ten pages of a report. c. 1/10 of a page of a report. d. one hour of his time.6. Answer this question on the basis of the diagram that shows the production possibilities frontier (PPF) for Spain and Italy. Assume the amount of resources available to produce wine and cheese is the same in both countries. Which country has a comparative advantage in the production of wine? ( )a. Spain.b. Italy.c. Neither country.d. Both countries.7. A purely competitive market does NOT ( ) a. have many buyers.b. trade goods that are identical.c. have only one seller.d. have many sellers.8. If demand is elastic, all other things remaining the same, an increase in price will ( ) a. cause total revenue in the industry to fall.b. cause total revenue in the industry to rise.c. cause total revenue, output, and price in the industry to rise.d. not change total revenue in the industry.9. Rent controls on apartments: ( )a. decrease the supply of apartments.b. increase the demand for apartments.c. hold down the demand for apartments.d. cause a chronic shortage of apartments.10. If a price ceiling above the equilibrium price is imposed on gasoline, which of the following will result? ( )a. There will be a surplus of gasoline.b. The quantity demanded will exceed the quantity supplied.c. The quantity supplied will exceed the quantity demanded.d. The quantity of gasoline demanded will equal the quantity of gasoline supplied.11. If the United States allowed a free market in human organs, who would not benefit? ( )a. Doctors performing transplants.b. Potential organ recipients.c. Administrators running the current system.d. Organ donors.12. A tax on a good will affect welfare because ( )a. it affects the behavior of buyers and sellers.b. it causes the market to expand production beyond the optimum quantity.c. it causes sellers to produce more than they would in the absence of the tax.d. it causes buyers to purchase more than they would in the absence of the tax.13. The diagram represents the market for beer. Suppose government imposes a tax so the price paid by buyers increases from P1 to P2. The price received by sellers falls from P1 to P3. The tax revenue raised by the government is represented by area ( )a. A+B+C.b. D+E+F.c. A+B+C+D+F.d. B+D.14. Suppose a country eliminates its trade restrictions on computer chips. The country will ( )a. export computer chips if its domestic price is greater than the world price.b. export computer chips if its domestic price is less than the world price.c. export computer chips if its domestic equal to the world price.d. export computer chips only if its domestic producers upgrade and use the most modern production technology.15. If each country stopped trading with every other country ( )a. employment would increase in countries with trade deficits and decrease in countries with trade surpluses.b. the standard of living in countries with trade surpluses would fall, but the standard of living in countries with trade deficits would either be unaffected or improve slightly.c. each country would become more economically developed as a result of its new self-sufficiency.d. economic well-being would fall in every country.16. A beneficial impact of one person's actions on the well being of a bystander is referred to as ( )a. a positive externality.b. a negative externality.c. positive internalities.d. a social cost.17. The diagram shows that at the optimal level of output: ( )a. private costs = social value.b. private value = social value.c. private costs = private value.d. price will exceed the market determined price.18. Internalizing an externality refers to ( )a. the fact that sellers only consider their private costs when making a decision.b. the fact that buyers only consider their private benefits when making a decision.c. altering incentives so people consider the external effectsof their actions when making a decision.d. government establishing agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce regulations.19. What is the free rider problem? ( )a. the growing problem of income tax evasion in this countryb. the shifting of the burden of social services from the federal government to state and local governmentsc. the inability to prevent individuals who do not pay for a good from using itd. the ability to let the individual who receives benefits from a good to give the benefits to another individual20. Suppose twenty ranchers jointly own 500 acres. Their cows graze on the land during spring and summer. The land becomes over-grazed. This is an example of ( ) a. the Tragedy of the Commons. b. an assignment of pollution rights. c. negligence.d. a positive externality.21. When a corporation pays a tax, ( )a. the burden falls on the owners, customers, or workers of the corporation.b. horizontal equity is achieved.c. the burden of the tax is borne solely by its owners.d. the burden falls on the corporation.22. If Susan earns $80,000 annually while George earns $160,000 annually and Susan pays $16,000 in taxes while George pays $32,000 in taxes, the income tax system is: ( )a .progressive. b. regressive. c. proportional. d. confiscatory.23. A monopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve because ( ) a. it can sell all the output it desires at the market determined price. b. it must lower the price in order to sell more output. c. it sells a product with many close substitutes.d. it must raise the price in order to sell more output.24. According to your text, the firm's objective is to ( ) a. maximize sales. b. maximize profits.c. maximize total revenues.d. maximize returns to stockholder.25. Suppose the firm in the diagram operates in a competitive market. If price is $10, we know that: ( )a. in the short run, the firm is earning an economic profit.b. in the short run, the firm will shut down.c. in the short run, the firm is earning zero economic profit.d. in the short run, the firm is earning an economic loss.26. Suppose a firm's average variable cost is $13, average total cost is $20 and the price of output is $12. In this case, ( )a. the firm will shut down.b. the firm will stay open and will lose its fixed cost.c. the firm will stay open and will lose its variable cost.d. the firm will stay open since it is earning an economic profit.27. The prisoners' dilemma helps to explain ( ) a. why cooperation occurs in strategic situations.b. why cooperation is difficult to maintain in strategic situations.c. why cooperation is mutually beneficial in strategic situations.d. why cooperation never occurs in strategic situations.28. The agreement that requires buyers of Microsoft Windows to also purchase the Microsoft browser is an example of a ( ) a. tying agreement.b. resale price agreement.c. horizontal restriction.d. product territorial agreement.29. Recently economists have argued that brand names may ( )a. convey useful information to consumers about the likely quality of various products.b. remove sellers' incentives to supply the level of quality consumers expect of their brands.c. give sellers the incentive to engage in false or misleading advertising.d. provide little information to consumers.30. In a competitive labor market, to maximize profit a firm hires additional labor as long asa. the value of the marginal product is greater than the worker's wage.b. the value of the marginal product is greater than the output price.c. the value of the marginal product is less than the output price.d. the value of the marginal product is less than the worker's wage.二、判断题(20题，每题1分，共20分，请在你认为正确的论述后的括号中打“√”，在你认为错误的论述后的括号中打“X”)1. The quantity available of one factor of production can affect the marginal product ofother factors. ( )2. Monopolistic competition is the only market structure that features “many sellers.”( )3. When advertisingis used to relay information about price, each firm is able to enhance market power. ( )4. Duopolists and oligopolists face different pricing dilemmas. ( )5. It doesn’t make sense to talk about a monopolist’s supply curve. ( )6. For a firm in a competitive market, marginal revenue is always equal to average revenue. ( )7. Marginal adjustments to production end when firms in competitive markets experience a price equal to marginal revenue. ( )8. Implicit costs are costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. ( )9. A second or third worker may have a higher marginal product than the first worker in certain circumstances. ( )10. When one person enjoys the benefit of national defense, he (or she) reduces the benefit to others. ( )11. The government developed the patent system so that private inventors could make a reasonable profit from their own inventions. ( )12. Clean air and clean water are both public goods. ( )13. When people take into account how their actions affect others, the problem of externalities is solved. ( )14. If the world price of a good is greater than the domestic price in a country that can engage in international trade, that country would become an importer of that good. ( )15. Import quotas and tariffs both cause the quantity of imports to fall. ( )16. Each seller of a product is willing to sell as long as the price he or she can receive is greater than the opportunity cost of producing the product. ( )17. If a price ceiling is not binding, it will have no effect on the market. ( )18. Price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. ( )19. A movement along a supply curve is called a change in supply while a shift of the curve is called a change in quantity supplied. ( )20. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. ( )三、名词解释(每小题 2 分，共 10 分)1. adverse selection:2. excludability:3. vertical equity:4. scarcity:5. law of demand:四、简答题(从下面8题中任选6题回答，每题5分，共30分)1. What is the difference between a “change in supply” and a“change in quantity supplied”? Graph your answer.2. Describe the difference between a diminishing marginal product of labor and a negative marginal product of labor. Why would a profit-maximizing firm always choose to operate where marginal product of labor is decreasing (but not negative)?3. What are the four ways that government policymakers can respond to the problem of monopoly?4. What is meant by "internalizing" an externality? How can a negative externality be internalized?5. Are the following statements true or false?a. “Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one of the countries has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.”b. “Certain very talented people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.”6. Lovers of classical music persuade Congress to impose a price ceiling of $40 per ticket. Does this policy get more or fewer people to attend classical music concerts?7. For each of the following pairs of goods, which good would you expect to have moreelastic demand and why?a. required textbooks or mystery novelsb. Beethoven recordings or classical music recordings in generalc. root beer or water8. Imagine that winemakers in the state of Washington petitioned the state government to tax wines imported from California. They argue that this tax would both raise tax revenue for the state government and raise employment in the Washington State wine industry. Do you agree with these claims? Is it a 2good policy?五、讨论题(从下面两题中任选一题回答，10分)1. One common example of a price ceiling is rent control. In some provinces of U.S., the provincial government places a ceiling on rents that landlords may charge their tenants. Try to explain the effects of the price control policy.2. In recent years, proposals to increase the cigarette tax drastically have gained strength. Critics of the proposed tax argue that such an increase would be undesirable, because it would cause tremendous deadweight loss to society. They also argue that it would be unproductive in reducing smoking, because the demand for cigarette is inelastic. Is this argument consistent? Is the notion of deadweight loss even appropriate when the goal is to distort behavior away from smoking? Discuss.。
2020-2021某大学《微观经济学》期末课程考试试卷B(含答案)
2020-2021《微观经济学》期末课程考试试卷B一、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1.供给曲线是一条向（）倾斜的曲线。
A．右下方 B．右上方 C．左下方 D．左上方2．对大白菜供给的减少，不可能是由于（）。
A．气候异常严寒 B．政策限制大白菜的种植C．大白菜的价格下降 D．化肥价格上涨3．某商品的市场供给曲线是一过原点的直线，则其供给的价格弹性（）。
A.随价格的变化而变化B.恒为1C.为其斜值D.不可确定4．边际效用随消费量的增加而（）。
A.递减B.递增C.按相同方向变动D.保持不变5．垂直的无差异曲线意味着（）。
A.当消费者增加横轴上商品的消费时，他的满足不会增加B.当消费者增加纵轴上商品的消费时，他的满足不会增加C.当两种商品的消费量都增加时，消费者的满足会增加D.以上说法都不正确6．边际成本曲线与平均成本的交点是（）。
A.收支相抵点B.停止营业点C.厂商均衡点D.平均成本最低点7．两种生产要素形成的等产量曲线凸向原点意味着边际技术替代率（）。
A.可变B.不变C.递减D.递增8．作为市场价格接受者的的厂商是（）A.完全竞争厂商B.完全垄断厂商C.垄断竞争厂商D.寡头垄断厂商9．已知产量为8个单位时，总成本为90元，当产量增加到9个单位时，平均成本为11元，那么，此时的边际成本为（）。
A．1元 B．9元 C．11元 D．90元。
10．垄断厂商在短期均衡点上，可以（）。
A.获得最大利润B.利润为零C.亏损最小D.上述都有可能二、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1.商品的边际替代率递减规律决定了无差异曲线的形状是凸向原点的。
2.边际效用为正时，总效用必然增加。
3.平均产量曲线与边际产量曲线交于平均产量曲线的最大值点上。
4.边际技术替代率等于两要素的边际产量之比。
5.边际产出递减必然带来平均产出递减。
6.完全竞争厂商短期供给曲线就是整条MC线。
7.规模报酬递减的原因主要是规模过大造成管理费用的增加和管理效率的降低等。
微观经济学考试题库及答案详解
微观经济学考试题库及答案详解一、选择题1. 需求法则表明，其他条件不变时，商品的价格与其需求量成反比。
（）A. 正确B. 错误答案：A2. 完全竞争市场的特点包括以下哪项？A. 产品同质化B. 买卖双方众多C. 买卖双方对市场信息完全了解D. 所有选项答案：D3. 边际效用递减原理指的是随着消费者消费某一商品数量的增加，每增加一个单位商品所带来的额外满足感逐渐减少。
（）A. 正确B. 错误答案：A二、简答题1. 请简述完全竞争市场与垄断市场的区别。
答案：完全竞争市场与垄断市场的主要区别包括：- 完全竞争市场存在众多买家和卖家，没有单个买家或卖家能够影响市场价格；而垄断市场中，一个卖家控制整个市场，能够影响价格。
- 完全竞争市场中的产品是同质的，没有品牌差异；垄断市场中的产品可能是独特的，具有品牌差异。
- 完全竞争市场中进入和退出市场没有障碍；垄断市场中存在进入障碍，新企业难以进入。
2. 什么是价格弹性？请举例说明。
答案：价格弹性是指需求量或供给量对价格变化的敏感度，用公式表示为：弹性 = (需求量的百分比变化 / 价格的百分比变化)。
例如，如果某种商品的价格上升10%导致需求量下降20%，那么该商品的需求价格弹性为-2，表示为弹性大于1，是弹性较大的商品。
三、计算题1. 假设某商品的需求函数为 \( Q_d = 100 - 5P \)，供给函数为\( Q_s = 2P \)。
求市场均衡价格和数量。
答案：市场均衡时，需求量等于供给量，即 \( Q_d = Q_s \)。
\( 100 - 5P = 2P \)\( 100 = 7P \)\( P = 100 / 7 \)将价格 \( P \) 代入需求或供给函数求得数量 \( Q \)：\( Q = 2 \times (100 / 7) = 200 / 7 \)四、论述题1. 论述市场失灵的原因及其可能的解决措施。
答案：市场失灵是指市场机制不能有效分配资源的情况。
微观经济学A+B卷试题与答案
《微观经济学》阶段测试试卷A一、判断题（每题1分，共15分）1. 花10元钱理发的机会成本是10元钱和用来理发的时间的其他最好的用途。
（ )2。
如果某个人在生产某种物品时机会成本比别人低，就可以说这个人在生产这种物品时具有比较优势。
（ )3. 假定其它条件不变，某商品价格下降将引起需求量的增加和供给量的减少。
（）4. 假定个人电脑的需求增加而生产个人电脑的成本下降，那么就可以预期到个人电脑交易量会增加但价格可能上升也可能下降。
( ）5。
如果我们观察到香蕉的价格上升而交易量减少了，我们就知道香蕉的供给减少了。
( )6。
如果一个人对百事可乐和可口可乐的偏爱程度相同，那么，这两物品的需求交叉弹性大.( ）7。
假定A物品的需求曲线是一条直线，那么,价格越高，需求也就越富有弹性。
（）8。
供给越富有弹性，买者分摊的销售税比例就越小.（）9. 效用因人因时因地的不同而不同。
（）10. 市场需求是所有个人需求的总和。
（）11. 消费者购买两种商品的最大效用原则是MU=λ•P（）12. 均衡价格就是需求和供给相等时的价格.( ）13. 生产理论中所说的短期与长期的划分依据是以实际产量能否达到计划产量为界限。
（）14。
在生产规模报酬递减阶段,LAC与SAC切于SAC最低点的左边.（ )15。
平均产量曲线与边际产量曲线在边际产量曲线的最高点相交。
（）二、填空题(每格1分，共15分）1。
需求量随收入增加而增加的商品为 ,需求量随收入增加而减少的商品是。
2. 消费者购买两种商品的最大效用原则是；生产者在既定产量下的最小成本原则是 .3。
在确定成本时,会计师衡量的是成本，经济学家衡量的是成本.4. 需求定理告诉我们，当某种物品价格上升时，其将。
5. 供给弹性衡量某种物品的对其变动的反应程度。
6. 如果某种物品提价之后总收益增加，则这种物品的需求是弹性的.7. 只有预算线和无差异曲线上的商品组合，才是消费者获得最大满足的商品组合。
微观经济学期末考试试卷及答案 B 卷
宏观经济学期末考试试卷及答案（ B 卷）一、名词解释题（本题型共5题。
每题3分，共15分）1．国内生产总值2．平衡预算乘数3．流动性偏好4．基础货币5．充分就业二、单项选择题（本题型共30题。
每题正确答案只有一个。
每题1分，共30分）1．下列哪一项将不计入当年的GDP？（）A．当年整修过的古董汽车所增加的价值；B．一辆新汽车的价值；C．一辆二手汽车按其销售价格计算的价值；D．一台磨损的高尔夫球清洁机器的替换品。
2．在以支出法计算国内生产总值时，不属于投资的是（）。
A．某企业增加一笔存货；B．某企业建造一座厂房；C．某企业购买一台计算机；D．某企业购买政府债券。
3．用收入法计算GDP时，不能计入GDP的是（）A．政府给公务员支付的工资；B．居民购买自行车的支出；C．农民卖粮的收入；D．自有住房的租金。
4．当实际GDP为1500亿美元，GDP缩减指数为120时，名义国民收入为：（）A．1100亿美元；B．1500亿美元；C．1700亿美元；D．1800亿美元。
5．一个家庭当其收入为零时，消费支出为2000元；而当其收入为6000元时，其消费为6000元，在图形上，消费和收入之间成一条直线，则其边际消费倾向为（ ）。
A．2/3；B．3/4；C．4/5；D．1。
6．认为消费者不只同现期收入相关，而是以一生或可预期长期收入作为消费决策的消费理论是（）。
A．相对收入理论；B．绝对收入理论；C．凯恩斯消费理论；D．永久收入理论。
7．由于价格水平上升，使人们持有的货币及其他资产的实际价值降低，导致人们消费水平减少，这种效应被称为（）。
A．利率效应；B．实际余额效应；C．进出口效应；D．挤出效应。
8．如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加60亿元时，将导致均衡GDP增加（）。
A．20亿元； B．60亿元； C．180亿元； D．200亿元。
9．在下列情况下，投资乘数最大的是（ ）A．MPC＝0.9； B．MPC＝0.8； C．MPC＝0.75；D．MPC＝0.7。
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课程考试代码A卷□B卷√C卷□
（考试时间90分钟）
一、单项选择题（本大题共10个小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1、资源的稀缺性是指：()
A、世界上的资源最终会由于人们生产更多的物品而消耗光
B、相对于人们无穷的欲望而言，资源总是不足的
C、生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量很少
2、当汽油的价格上升时，小汽车的需求将：()
A、需求曲线向左移动
B、保持不变
C、需求曲线向右移动
3、均衡价格是:()
A、供给与需求相等时的价格
B、固定不变的价格
C、任何一种市场价格
4、比较下列三种商品中哪一种商品需求的价格弹性最小？()
A、食盐
B、衣服
C、化妆品
5、需求的变动与需求量的变动:()
A、是一回事
B、都是由于同一种原因引起的
C、需求的变动由除价格以外的其它因素的变动引起的，而需求量的变动由价格的变动引起
6、在短期内，（）是完全竞争厂商的关闭点。
曲线与SMC曲线的交点；曲线与SMC曲线的交点；
曲线与SMC曲线的交点。
7、在（）条件下，厂商的AR曲线、MR曲线和需求曲线d三条线是重叠的。
A．完全竞争；B．垄断竞争；C．垄断；D．寡头。
8、已知某企业生产的商品价格为10元，平均成本为11元，平均可变成本为8元。
则该企业在短期内（）。
A.停止生产且亏损；
B.继续生产且存在利润；
C.继续生产但亏损；
D.停止生产且不亏损
9、生产要素的需求是一种（）
A、派生需求
B、联合需求
C、最终产品需求
D、A、B两者
10、洛伦茨曲线用来表示（）
A、贫困的程度
B、税收体制的效率
C、收入分配不平等的程度
二、判断题（本大题共10个小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11、如果社会不存在资源的稀缺性，也就不会产生经济学。
A．正确B．错误
12、如果需求增加，需求量一定增加。
A．正确B．错误
13、供给的增加将引起均衡价格的上升和均衡数量的减少。
A．正确B．错误
14、需求的弹性系数是价格变动的绝对量与需求量变动的绝对量的比率。
A．正确B．错误
15、同一条线性需求曲线上不同点的弹性系数一定是不同的。
A．正确B．错误
16、各种药品(包括营养补品)的需求弹性都是相同的。
A．正确B．错误
17、完全竞争厂商在任何商品销售量水平上都有：AR=MR=P。
A．正确B．错误
18、在任何情况下，只要厂商实现了MR=MC，厂商就一定能获得利润。
A．正确B．错误
19、完全竞争厂商所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线，它表示，完全竞争厂商可以通过改变销售量来影响商品价格。
A．正确B．错误
20、完全竞争厂商短期供给曲线就是整条MC线。
A．正确B．错误
三、概念解释（5个概念，每个3分，15分）
21、无差异曲线
22、消费预算线
23、边际产量
24、边际产品价值
25、完全垄断
四、作图（说明）分析题（4小题，每个5分，共20分）
26、作图分析完全竞争厂商短期亏损但持续经营的状态，解释厂商为什么亏损依然要持续经营？
27、作图分析一种要素可变时的平均产量、边际产量之间的关系,并说明厂商的要素投入合理区域。
28、假设现在的粮食市场处于如图所示的均衡状态，均衡价格较低，如果政府为保护农民种粮积极性实施保护价，试分析该政策会对粮食市场有何影响？
29、请画出以下各位消费者对咖啡与热茶的无差异曲线。
（1）消费者A 喜欢喝咖啡，但对喝热茶无所谓。
（2）消费者B 喜欢一杯咖啡与一杯热茶一起喝，他从来不喜欢单独喝咖啡，或者单独和热茶。
五、简答题（3小题，每个5分，共15分）
30、影响需求价格弹性的因素有哪些？
31、简述边际收益递减规律以及其发生作用的条件。
32、简述垄断市场的特征及出现的原因。
六、综合计算分析题（2小题，每个10分，共20分）
P 0
P
S
D
Q
O Q 0
33、已知某完全竞争行业中的单个厂商的短期成本函数STC=+15Q+10。
试求：（1）当市场上产品的价格为P＝55时，厂商的短期产量和利润；（2）当市场价格下降到多少时，厂商必需停产。
34、在英国，对新汽车需求的价格弹性E
d ＝，需求的收入弹性E
M
＝，计算：（1）其
他条件不变，计算价格提高3％对需求数量的影响？（2）其他条件不变，计算收入增加2％对需求数量的影响？。