2020年考博英语模拟试题：阅读练习(3)

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷113.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷113(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Both are aural modes which employ rhythm, rime, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration techniques. In English the two are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpist's accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode, is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song. A major source of the lyric tradition in English poetry is the songs of the troubadours. The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry. Whether the title of the work be "Gerontion", or "Hound Dog", our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same. The most important prerequisite for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealth, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poem's vision —on pain of writing only the derivative or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morality with a servile compliance to popular taste.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music______.（分数：2.00）A.is a debatable topicB.can be made but in a limited wayC.is indisputable if you analyse historyD.needs to be acknowledged more by poets(2).The author cites Beowulf in order to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.the distance between song and poetry is not so greatB.a song like Beowulf can sound like a poemC.English poetry is highly connected to songsD.songs generally evolve into poetry over time(3).Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The lyrics of a song are no different from the lyrics of poetry.B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.C.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.D.It is the time not the aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.(4).A poem or a song can be significant when______.（分数：2.00）A.it is done by a faithful writerB.the writer has a personal vision of the poem or songC.it is written within the vision of the poem, song, poet or songwriterD.the writer is willing to go outside of the vision(5).In the text, the author focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetryB.the various ways songs and poems are similarC.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre onesD.how to evaluate a poem and a song's value from a lyrical standpointWhatever their chosen method, Americans bathe zealously. A study conducted found that we take an average of 4.5 baths and 7.5 showers each week and in the ranks of non-edible items purchased by store customers, bar soap ranks second, right after toilet paper. We spend more than $700 million annually on soaps, but all work the same way. Soap is composed of molecules that at one end attract water and at the other end attract oil and dirt, while repelling water. With a kind of pushing and pulling action, the soap loosens the bonds holding dirt to the skin. Unless you're using a germicidal soap, it usually doesn't kill the bacteria —soap simply removes bacteria along with dirt and oil. Neither baths nor showers are all that necessary and unless you're in a Third World country where infectious diseases are common, or you have open sores on your skin, the dirt and bacteria aren't going to hurt. The only reason for showering or bathing is to feel clean and refreshed. There is a physiological basis for this relaxed feeling. Your limbs become slightly buoyant in bathwater, which takes a load off muscles and tension. Moreover, if the water is hotter than normal body temperature, the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow, and dropping blood pressure gently. A bath is also the most effective way to hydrate the skin. The longer you soak, the more water gets into the skin and because soap lowers the surface tension of the water, it helps you hydrate rapidly and remove dry skin flakes. However, in a bath, all the dirt and grime and the soap in which it's suspended float on the surface. So when you stand up, it covers your body like a film. The real solution is to take a bath and then rinse off with a shower, however, after leaving a tub or freshly exposed skin becomes a playground for microbes. In two hours, you probably have as many bacteria on certain parts of the body, such as the armpits, as before the bath.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement "Americans bathe zealously"(Line 1, Para. 1)is closest to saying______.（分数：2.00）A.Americans bathe wastefullyB.Americans are rather ambivalent to bathingC.Americans bathe with intense enthusiasmD.Americans bathe too much(2).Which of the following is mentioned as one of the benefits of bathing?（分数：2.00）A.Dry skins flakes will disappear from the body once you get out of the bathtub.B.It kills bacteria better than showering.C.It reduces your blood circulation if it is nice and warm.D.The floating action can reduce the stress on your muscles.(3).According to the text, bathing removes dry skin flakes because______.（分数：2.00）A.the soap draw it off the bodyB.the skin hydratesC.the circulation of blood expands skin particlesD.the change in blood pressure releases the film(4).A bath will not kill the bacteria from your body even if______.（分数：2.00）A.you use a germicidal soape an anti-bacterial soapC.you use soap to scrub it vigorouslyD.you are under special treatment for it(5).We can infer from this text that the author believes______.（分数：2.00）A.the real benefits of bathing are psychological not hygienicB.bathing is superior to taking showerC.buying soap is a waste of moneyD.we do not need to bathe as much as we do currentlyVery soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them. There's a growing gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of the science underneath, and that is very dangerous. The technologies that are particularly dangerous over the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50,000 million times smarter than the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If you're fighting against technology that is that much smarter than you, you probably will not win. We've all heard of the grey goo problem that self-replicating nanotech devices might keep on replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo, and certainly in biotechnology, we've really got a big problem because it's converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech — enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Borg in Star Trek, and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much. We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.（分数：10.00）(1).From the text, we know that the author's greatest worry is______.（分数：2.00）A.our lack of technological understanding of the process involvedB.our lack of technological capabilityC.creating technology without really understanding the issuesD.our refusal to face the consequences of the technology we create(2).It can be inferred from the text that the author______.（分数：2.00）A.thinks people overestimate the capabilities of technologyB.is not optimistic that artificial intelligence will always be used positivelyC.thinks that we should take science fiction movies more seriouslyD.believes artificial intelligence is the greatest threat we face technologically(3).Why does the author say it is not feasible in the film Terminator that the humans win?（分数：2.00）A.Because the power of the technology was exaggerated.B.Because the strength of the machines would be much greater.C.Because machines with that much intelligence would not allow it.D.Because even heroic humans would achieve nothing from such a battle.(4).The mixing of nanotech with organisms may______.（分数：2.00）A.produce dangerous viruses capable of killing many peopleB.produce creatures that are unfriendly to humansC.upset our balance of natureD.reduce the world to sticky glue(5).The author's attitude toward the emerging technologies is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.skepticalC.provocativeD.alarmistThe long, wet summer here in the northeastern U.S. notwithstanding, there's a world shortage of pure, fresh water. As demand for water hits the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves. Many people ask why wecannot simply take it from the sea, using our sophisticated technology of desalinization. But a good water supply must be hygienically safe and pleasant tasting and water containing salt would corrode machinery used in manufacturing in addition to producing chemical impurities. Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us. One very feasible way of sustaining our supply of freshwater is to protect the ecology of our mountains. Mountains and water go together, a fact to which Secretary General Kofi Annan has drawn attention more than once. From 30% to 60% of downstream fresh water in humid areas and up to 95% in arid and semi-arid environments are supplied by mountains. Without interference nature has its own way of purifying water — even though chlorination and filtration are still necessary as a precaution. In a mountainous area, aeration, due to turbulent flow and waterfalls, causes an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the water. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric generators and homes that need water to drink and for domestic use depend on these resources and, thus, we must protect mountainous areas as a means of survival.（分数：10.00）(1).The author of this text states that______.（分数：2.00）A.the problem of obtaining good drinking water has plagued man throughout timeB.palatability is synonymous with purity of waterC.most of the world's water is unusable as a water supplyD.man no longer depends on desalinization for his water supply(2).The author believes that industry avoids salt water because______.（分数：2.00）A.water is needed for livestockB.crops must be considered before man-made productsC.it is used in desalinization plantsD.it causes corrosion(3).Streams would purify themselves if not for______.（分数：2.00）A.human beingsB.natureC.chlorinationD.mountains(4).By saying that nature "has its own way of purifying water"(Line 5, Para. 3)the author is referring to______.（分数：2.00）A.aerationB.filtrationC.chlorinationD.absorption(5).The best title for this text is______.（分数：2.00）A.The Water Problem: The Dangers AheadB.The Water Supply Problem: Our OptionsC.The Mountains: Our Only Hope for WaterD.Water Conservation: The Challenges Ahead。

考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编3.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it's a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the world's poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe's population will decline, while Africa's will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people — about half the world's population — are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the world's people been malnourished. And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more countries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the country's population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we can't rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nation's economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of today's older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, India will______in 14 years.（分数：2.00）A.be a poorer countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa(2).What problem will result from the global population explosion?（分数：2.00）A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.(3).Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.rapid economic developmentB.challenge to public in institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age structure(4).Today's older adults enjoy______.（分数：2.00）A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support(5).What is the author's attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?（分数：2.00）A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalia's famine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 —1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. That's at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects. Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, "Sound the Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa. " Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decade, and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies. Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Monday's speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with today's instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given today's global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response. "In today's 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. We're no longer in a world of man against nature. " said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5. The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isn't blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didn't respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Monday's speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to animpending famine in Africa's Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.（分数：10.00）(1).The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that______.（分数：2.00）A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN(2).In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients' familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions(3).What is implied by "We're no longer in a world of man against nature?"（分数：2.00）A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.(4).Regarding the current famine in Somalia, who's to blame most?（分数：2.00）A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.(5).What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?（分数：2.00）A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.Both versions of the myth — the West as a place of escape from society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confronting society could be played out — figured prominently in the histories and essays of young Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist Frederic Remington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These three young members of the eastern establishment spent much time in the West in the 1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three bed felt thwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban world in which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physical challenges and moral simplicities extolled in the dime novels. When Roosevelt arrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he at once bought a leather scout's uniform, complete with fringed sleeves and leggings. Each man also found in the West precisely what he was looking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as The Winning of the West(four volumes, 1889-1896), mad that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice and tested an individual's true ability and character. Drawing on a popular version of English scientist Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, which characterized life as a straggle in which only the fittest and hast survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontier as the last outpost of an honest and tree social order. This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in Own Wister's enormously popular novels The Virginian(1902), later reincarnated as a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wister's tale the elemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains produces individuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, " the Virginian," an honest, strong, and compassionate man, quick to help the weak and fight the wicked. The Virginian is oneof nature's aristocrats-its-ill-educated and unsophisticated but uptight steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code in describing his view of God's justice; "He plays a square game with us. " For Wister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight on the Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice, and attacked evil. Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of the West. Critics delighted in pointing out that no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over the darker underside of frontier expansion —the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forced removal of the Indians to reservations, the racist discrimination against Mexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfish exploitation of natural resources.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is probably the main reason for the author to mention Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington and Owen Wister?（分数：2.00）A.They glorified the frontier life.B.They were constrained by the genteel urban world.C.They spent much time in the West.D.They were famous members of the eastern establishment.(2).Which of the following statements best describes The Virginian?（分数：2.00）A.It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood.B.It is a popular novel written by Own Wister and Theodore Roosevelt.C.It gives an accurate depiction of the frontier experience.D.It is one of the most successful books about the West.(3).According to the passage, which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.In one idealized view, the West was a place one can escape from society and its pressures.B.in one version of the myth, western frontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and its concerto.C.Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as a simple and innocent society.D.The extreme hardship of the frontier life is one powerful theme of the legendary West.(4).The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.to perpetuate the myth about the WestB.to introduce the famous writers and painters of the WestC.to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual realityD.to present the brutalities of Indian warfare(5).What is probably the reason for people to make up a legendary West?（分数：2.00）A.They liked to make up stories.B.They believed what they portrayed were the actual reality.C.They clung to the myth of the West as an uncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity, and moral clarity in an era of unsettling social transformation.D.They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West.The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the fact that the body's own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease firstled 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same field — including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health —is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders. The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression(still discounted in some medical circles)that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases. The brain's stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body's principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it. When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage supplies information to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that one's state of mind can affect physical diseaseB.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by the doctorsC.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people's understanding of the mind-body interaction in diseaseD.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system(2).Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease?（分数：2.00）A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect the course of illness.C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.(3).Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The responsively to stress is genetically determined.B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.(4).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn't work for the treatment for many chronic diseases.B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain and immune system.C.The disruption of the brain's stress response reduces the body's response.D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.(5).According to the passage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,______.（分数：2.00）A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extremeB.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the bodyC.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulatedD.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷121(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷121(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionIn modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called Qal’at Sherqat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Assur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians. Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C.—1400 B.C.), the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B.C.—1100 B.C.) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 934 B.C.—609 B.C.). Archaeological evidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B.C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B.C. After that fiasco, the Assyrian transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In 1813 B.C., the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbors plenty of reasons to be wary. While things were going splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B.C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad’s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded the northern Mesopotami. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B.C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B.C., Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Hurrian kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B.C. that Assayria, then ruled by Ashur-Uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.1．According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern day’s ______.A．EgyptB．IndiaC．ChinaD．Iraq正确答案：D解析：分析文章第1段，文中描述了Qal’at Sherqat是伊拉克的一个城市，它还有另外的一个名字，Ashur或Assur，Assyrians在那里居住。

考博英语模拟试题

考博英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）阅读下列文章，然后回答后面的问题。

文章一：随着全球化的发展，英语作为国际交流的主要语言，其重要性日益凸显。

然而，对于非英语母语国家的学生来说，学习英语往往是一项挑战。

本文将探讨英语学习的难点以及应对策略。

1. 英语中存在大量的不规则动词，这些动词的过去式和过去分词形式往往没有规律可循。

例如，“go”的过去式是“went”，而“eat”的过去分词是“eaten”。

学生需要通过大量的记忆和实践来掌握这些不规则形式。

2. 英语的发音对于许多非母语者来说也是一个难题。

英语中有多种音标，而且不同地区口音的差异也会影响学习者的理解。

因此，提高听力和口语能力需要大量的听力训练和模仿练习。

3. 英语词汇量庞大，学习者需要不断扩充词汇量。

除了课本学习，阅读英文原著、观看英文电影和参加英语角等活动都是有效的学习方式。

4. 英语语法结构复杂，尤其是从句的使用。

学习者需要通过练习和分析来掌握不同从句的用法。

5. 英语文化背景知识也是学习过程中不可忽视的一部分。

了解英语国家的历史、文化和习俗可以帮助学习者更好地理解语言背后的深层含义。

问题：1. 英语中不规则动词的难点在于它们的什么？2. 为什么英语发音对于非母语者来说是一个挑战？3. 扩充英语词汇量的有效方法有哪些？4. 英语语法中哪个部分对于学习者来说较为复杂？5. 为什么了解英语国家的文化背景对学习者很重要？文章二：在现代科技的推动下，人工智能（AI）技术正迅速发展，并逐渐渗透到我们生活的方方面面。

AI技术不仅在工业生产中发挥着重要作用，也在医疗、教育、交通等领域展现出巨大的潜力。

1. AI技术在医疗领域的应用主要体现在辅助诊断、个性化治疗和远程医疗等方面。

通过深度学习算法，AI能够分析大量的医疗数据，帮助医生做出更准确的诊断。

2. 在教育领域，AI可以提供个性化学习方案，根据学生的学习进度和理解能力，调整教学内容和难度，从而提高学习效率。

考博英语(阅读理解)练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionGorillas and chimpanzees possess a rudimentary speech center within their brains that until now was thought to be unique to humans, scientists have found. Brain scans of the apes—man’s closest living relatives—have revealed a small, lopsided(不平衡的) structure buried in the front part of the head which in human is critical for language. The structure, Brodmann’s area 44, is part of the language center known as Broca’s area, and the scans reveal that it is larger and more developed in the left, half of the ape’s brain than in the right hemisphere—just as it is in humans. Claudio Canialupo and William Hopkins, who conducted the study at the Yerkes Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, were surprised thai such a critical feature within the ape’s brain had gone unnoticed. Unlike humans, apes do not have language, and communicate by grunts and hand movements. The scientists believe their brains show that the evolution of language is rooted in a common ape-—human ancestor who lived more than five million years ago. Mr. Cantalupo and Mr. Hopkins say in the journal Nature-. “The part-possession by great apes of a homologue(同族体)of Broca’s area is puzzling, particularly considering the discrepancy between sophisticated human speech and the primitive vocalizations of great apes. Chimpanzees and gorillas nevertheless share one thing in common with human communication—they tend to use their right hands when grunting, which are controlled by the left-side of the brain. “Our findings suggest that the neuro-anatomical substrates(培养基) for left-hemisphere dominance in speech production were evident at least five million years ago and are not unique to hominid (原始人类) evolution,” the scientists say. “Whatever the function of area 44 in great apes, our finding that these species show a human-like asymmetry. . . indicates that the origin of asymmetry in language-related areas of the human brain should be interpreted in evolutionary terms rather than being confined to the human species. “(317 words)1．What does “rudimentary” mean in the first sentence?A．Undeveloped.B．Primitive.C．Radical.D．Aggressive.正确答案：A解析：rudimentary是“未发展的”之意。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionTo us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun. Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B.C. We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices. In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans. During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England. By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.1．The first use of umbrella was as ______.A．protection against rainB．a shade against the sunC．a symbol of powerD．a symbol of honor正确答案：B解析：本题的依据句是第1段最后一句：Its first use was a shade against the sun。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷89.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷89(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine." Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd." William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact, the more new things we try —the more we step outside our comfort zone —the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. But don't bother trying to kill off old habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind". "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.'" She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities." All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.（分数：10.00）(1).In Wordsworth's view, "habits" is characterized being______.（分数：2.00）A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.(2).Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be______.（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided(3).The word "ruts"(Line 1 , Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to .（分数：2.00）A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections(4).Dawna Markova would most probably agree that______.（分数：2.00）A.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative minds(5).Ryan's comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing______.（分数：2.00）A.prevents new habits from being formedB.no longer emphasizes commonnessC.maintains the inherent American thinking modeplies with the American belief systemThe Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest U.S. online service. "But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future," Steven Case, Chairman of America Online, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by the Freedom Forum(论坛). However, some other experts often say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources. "You don't have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper any more," Sam Meddis, online technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users. But the experts noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. "Anyone can say anything they want, whether it's right or wrong," said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. "In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less," Case said. "The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago," he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.（分数：8.00）(1).The main topic of this passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.the development of journalismB.the rapid development of the InternetC.the effect the Internet has on journalismD.the advantages of the Internet(2).It can be inferred from this passage that the fact that______may NOT be regarded as an advantage of the Internet.（分数：2.00）A.the news can be made more democraticB.the public can turn to different sourcesC.the public can get a chance to ask questionsD.anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see(3).The correct order for the appearance of the four technologies is______.（分数：2.00）A.Internet-cable-television-radioB.radio-television-cable-InternetC.radio-cable-television-InternetD.television-radio-cable-Internet(4).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others to see.B.Respected journalists will probably become more important than before.C.Everyone is using the Internet now.D.The greatest potential of public participation of the Internet is in the near future. There is a range of activities which require movements of about one to four or five miles. These might be leisure activities, such as moving from home to swimming pool, tennis club, the theater or other cultural centers, or to a secondary or more advanced school, or they might be movementsassociated with work and shopping in the central areas of cities. The use of cars capable of carrying five people at 80 mph for satisfying these needs is wasteful of space and most productive of disturbance to other road users. The use of the bicycle, or some more modern derivative of it, is probably worth more consideration than has recently been given to it. The bicycle itself is a remarkably efficient and simple device for using human muscular energy for transportation. In pure energy terms, it is four to five times as efficient as walking, even though human walking itself is twice as efficient as the movement of effective animals such as dogs or gulls. It is still widely used, not only in some developing countries where bicycles are major means of people and goods, but in a few richer towns such as Amsterdam in Holland and Cambridge in England. It usually gives inadequate protection from the weather, is not very suitable for carrying goods, and demands considerable muscular work to make progress against wind or uphill. It also offers its rider no protection against collisions with other vehicles. All these difficulties could, however, be greatly eliminated, if not removed, with relatively small changes in design. The whole machine could be enclosed in a plastic bubble which would provide some protection in case of accidents. It would be easy to add a small petrol or electric motor. A wide variety of designs would be possible. As in rowing, we might employ the power of the arms or the general body musculature, as well as those of the legs; more muscular exercise would be good for the health of many people in cities, and a wide use of bicycle like muscle-powered vehicles would be a useful way to ensure this. It could also provide ample opportunities for showing off by the young and vigorous.（分数：8.00）(1).The main idea of the first paragraph is that the car______.（分数：2.00）A.can satisfy the demand for speedB.causes waste of spaceC.produces disturbance to other road usersD.is far from perfect for short range movements(2).More attention should be given to the bicycle as a means of transport because it is______.（分数：2.00）A.a very efficient and simple deviceB.much cheaper than a carC.widely used in Amsterdam and CambridgeD.still used by rich people(3).Enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would______.（分数：2.00）A.make it easier to useB.save muscular energyC.provide protection from the weatherD.prevent it from colliding with other vehicles(4).Which of these is untrue for the present bicycle?（分数：2.00）A.It is far more efficient than the movement of animals.B.It offers its rider no protection.C.It is not very suitable for carrying goods.D.It can hardly be improved on.Telecommuting—substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes lateness and absenteeism by eliminating commuters, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour traffic and improve air quality. But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program workrequires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images. Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the quiet Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor. These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that' it is almost' impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. Management, too, must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employee's situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement. That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs of policy guidelines remains small.（分数：8.00）(1).What is the main subject of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Business management policies.B.Driving to work.C.Extending the workplace by means of computers.puters for child-care purposes.(2).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for employers that is potentially solved by telecommuting?（分数：2.00）A.Employees' lateness for work.B.Employees' absence from work.C.Employees' need for time alone to work intensively.D.Employees' conflicts with second jobs.(3).Which of the following does the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting?（分数：2.00）A.Small children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.puter technology is never advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.C.Electrical malfunctions can destroy a project.D.The worker often does not have all the needed resources at home.(4).Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.B.A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home.C.A computer technician repairing an office computer network.D.A teacher directing computer-assisted learning in a private school.。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷105.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷105(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.（分数：10.00）(1).The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries______.（分数：2.00）A.is subject to groundless doubtsB.has fallen victim of biasC.is conventional downgradedD.has been overestimated(2).It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______.（分数：2.00）A.challenges economists and politiciansB.takes efforts of generationsC.demands priority from the governmentD.requires sufficient labor force(3).A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that______.（分数：2.00）A.the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB.the Japanese workforce is more productiveC.the U.S. workforce has a better educationD.the U.S. workforce is more organized(4).The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged______.（分数：2.00）A.when people had enough timeB.prior to better ways of finding foodC.when people on longer went hungD.as a result of pressure on government(5).According to the last paragraph, development of education______.（分数：2.00）A.results directly from competitive environmentsB.does not depend on economic performanceC.follows improved productivityD.cannot afford political changesIf ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.（分数：8.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if______.（分数：2.00）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is______.（分数：2.00）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because______.（分数：2.00）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained______.（分数：2.00）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might — surprise — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate demand of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.（分数：8.00）(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：2.00）A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.panies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to______.（分数：2.00）A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD.feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern(3).The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that______.（分数：2.00）A.some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB.helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC.product labels would eventually be discardedD.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes(4).The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.biasedB.indifferentC.puzzlingD.objectiveIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（分数：8.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business______.（分数：2.00）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists,______.（分数：2.00）A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that______.（分数：2.00）A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power。

考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷78.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷78(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from diseases that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them. Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease. In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled. Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society, however, they were not present until scientists discovered them. Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph the author implies that we______.（分数：2.00）A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific with advances(2).The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.how science has been developedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society(3).Nothing, according to the author, can match the invention of the computer in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsplexity(4).The author seems to be unhappy about______.（分数：2.00）A.people's ignorance of their cultureB.people's ignoring the amenities of scienceC.people's making no contributions to societyD.people's misunderstanding of scientific advance(5).The author's tone in the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxicalDrinking wastewater? The idea may sound distasteful, but new federally funded research says more Americans are doing so —whether they know or not —and this reuse will be increasingly necessary as the U. S. population expands. Treated wastewater poses no greater health risks than existing water supplies and, in some cases, may be even safer to drink, according to a report released by the National Research Council, " We believe water reuse is an option to deal with growing water scarcity, especially in coastal areas," says Jorg Drowes, an engineering professor at the Colorado School of Mines. "This can be done reliably without putting the public at risk," he says, citing technological advances. He says it's a waste not to reuse the nation's wastewater, because almost all of it is treated before discharge. This water includes storm runoff(径流)as well as used water from homes, businesses and factories. In many places, the report says, the public does not realize it's drinking water that was treated after being discharged as wastewater somewhere upstream. For example, wastewater discharged into the Trinity River from Dallas/Fort Worth flows south into Lake Livingston, the source for Houston's drinking water. Despite the growing importance of this reuse, the report says there's been no systemic analysis of its extent nationwide since a 1980 study by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Alan Roberson of the American Water Works Association says wastewater reuse is common, so the council's report is important but not surprising. Roberson expects this recycling will continue to increase, especially for irrigation and industrial needs. He says it will take longer to establish potable(适于饮用的)uses because of public nervousness about drinking wastewater, however treated. "We have to do something to address water scarcity," says Olga Naidenko, a senior scientist at the non-profit Environmental Working Group. " Less than 10% of potable water is used for drinking, cooking, showering or dishwashing. We flush it down the toilet, literally. " Technologies exist to safely treat the water, she says, although some are expensive. The report says water reuse projects tend to cost more than most water conservation options but less than seawater desalination(脱盐)and other supply alternatives. It calls on the EPA to develop rules that set safe national standards.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements would Jorg Drewes agree to?（分数：2.00）A.Water reuse may eventually put the public at risk.B.Water reuse is preferable to wasting water.C.Water reuse is far from a solution to water shortage.D.Water reuse is possible only after greater tech advances.(2).Lake Livingston is mentioned to show that the public______.（分数：2.00）A.Accepts the fact of drinking wastewater calmlyB.Is concerned about the safety of the drinking waterC.Does not believe that wastewater is safe to drinkD.Is not aware of the nature of their drinking water(3).According to Alan Roberson, ______.（分数：2.00）A.It is not safe to drink wastewaterB.The report has surprised the publicC.the report helps build up public confidenceD.The public has yet to accept drinking wastewater(4).Olga Naidenko's remarks emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.The recent progressB.The existing problemsC.The new perspectiveD.The potential risks(5).What does the report suggest to the EPA?（分数：2.00）A.Weighing different water conservation options.B.Exploring new technologies to treat wastewater.C.Setting up national standards for water reuse.D.Monitoring water supplies at a national level.Rain is not what it used to be. A new study reveals that much of the precipitation in Europe contains such high levels of dissolved pesticides that it could be illegal to supply it as drinking water. Studies in Switzerland have found that rain is laced with toxic levels of atrazine, alachlor and other commonly used crop sprays. "Drinking water standards are regularly exceeded in rain," says Stephan Muller, a chemist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. The chemicals appear to have evaporated from fields and become part of the clouds. Both the European Union and Switzerland have set a limit of 100 nanograms for any particular pesticide in a liter of drinking water. But, especially in the first minutes of a heavy storm, rain can contain much more than that. In a study to be published by Muller and his colleague Thomas Bucheli in Analytical Chemistry this summer, one sample of rainwater contained almost 4000 nanograms per liter of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, a widely used pesticide. Previously, the authors had shown that in rain samples taken from 41 storms, nine contained more than 100 nanograms of atrazine per liter, one of them around 900 nanograms. In the latest study, the highest concentrations of pesticides turned up in the first rain after a long dry spell, particularly when local fields had recently been sprayed. Until now, scientists had assumed that the pesticides only infiltrated groundwater directly from fields. Muller warns that the growing practice of using rainwater that falls onto roofs to recharge under — ground water may be adding to the danger. This water often contains dissolved herbicides that had been added to roofing materials, such as bitumen sheets, to prevent vegetation growing. He suggests that the first flush of rain should be diverted into sewers to minimize the pollution of drinking water, which is not usually treated to remove these herbicides and pesticides.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the Swedish scientists, the pesticides in rain______.（分数：2.00）A.exceed those in crop spraysB.can be traced back to crop spraysC.are not as toxic as they used to beD.are nothing but atrazine and alachlor(2).Muller and Bucheli found that 2, 4-dinitrophenol______.（分数：2.00）A.is widely used in agricultureB.exceeded atrazine in the rain samplesC.can be measured in the units of nanogramsD.was far in excess of limit in drinking water(3).Scientists used to hypothesize that______.（分数：2.00）A.groundwater was safe for drinking waterB.herbicides and pesticides were harmlessC.pesticides contaminated groundwater exclusivelyD.rain would minimize the pollution of drinking water(4).Muller warns us not ____ .（分数：2.00）A.to tap groundwater for drinking waterB.to use such roofing materials as bitumen sheetsC.to let the first flush of rain recharge underground waterD.to divert the first flush of rain into sewers without removing its herbicides and pesticides(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Drinking WaterB.Rainwater and Underground WaterC.Agriculture and PesticidesD.Falling PesticidesAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways. A person may relay his or her feelings, thoughts, and reactions through body positioning, body contact, body odors, eye contact, responsive actions, habits, attitudes, interests, state of health, dress and grooming, choice of life-style, and use of talents — in fact, through everything the individual says or does. In turn, every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system. An individual screens, selects, regulates, and controls specific aspects of this information through a process of mental choices. Some of these choices are automatic; some are subconscious because of habit, block, or lack of development; and some are made by a conscious process. The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness, priority of need, and control of this process. The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans. His or her mind is confused, and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts, needs, and emotions, and unable to make himself or herself understood. Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand. Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems, he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others. The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others, so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay, the messages received are threatening ones. The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person's processing of information. Sometimes a block is physical, as in deafness, mental retardation, brain tumor, or hardening of the cerebral arteries. However, the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person's emotional system. Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings. They usually occur in childhood before good communicative skills are learned, and they are connected to individual symbolism. Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening, it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual. Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways, he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.（分数：10.00）(1).The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication______.（分数：2.00）A.is characterized by two features, form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions, stimulation and responseD.takes two forms, verbal and nonverbal(2).In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with______.（分数：2.00）municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness(3).Shut off from the communicative flow, the person with a behavior disorder______.（分数：2.00）A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above(4).Which of the following is universal according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.(5).The passage ends with______.（分数：2.00）A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood。

2020年普通高等学校招生伯乐马模拟考试英语试题(三)参考答案

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考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷78.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷78(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from diseases that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them. Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease. In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled. Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society, however, they were not present until scientists discovered them. Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph the author implies that we______.（分数：2.00）A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific with advances(2).The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.how science has been developedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society(3).Nothing, according to the author, can match the invention of the computer in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsplexity(4).The author seems to be unhappy about______.（分数：2.00）A.people's ignorance of their cultureB.people's ignoring the amenities of scienceC.people's making no contributions to societyD.people's misunderstanding of scientific advance(5).The author's tone in the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxicalDrinking wastewater? The idea may sound distasteful, but new federally funded research says more Americans are doing so —whether they know or not —and this reuse will be increasingly necessary as the U. S. population expands. Treated wastewater poses no greater health risks than existing water supplies and, in some cases, may be even safer to drink, according to a report released by the National Research Council, " We believe water reuse is an option to deal with growing water scarcity, especially in coastal areas," says Jorg Drowes, an engineering professor at the Colorado School of Mines. "This can be done reliably without putting the public at risk," he says, citing technological advances. He says it's a waste not to reuse the nation's wastewater, because almost all of it is treated before discharge. This water includes storm runoff(径流)as well as used water from homes, businesses and factories. In many places, the report says, the public does not realize it's drinking water that was treated after being discharged as wastewater somewhere upstream. For example, wastewater discharged into the Trinity River from Dallas/Fort Worth flows south into Lake Livingston, the source for Houston's drinking water. Despite the growing importance of this reuse, the report says there's been no systemic analysis of its extent nationwide since a 1980 study by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Alan Roberson of the American Water Works Association says wastewater reuse is common, so the council's report is important but not surprising. Roberson expects this recycling will continue to increase, especially for irrigation and industrial needs. He says it will take longer to establish potable(适于饮用的)uses because of public nervousness about drinking wastewater, however treated. "We have to do something to address water scarcity," says Olga Naidenko, a senior scientist at the non-profit Environmental Working Group. " Less than 10% of potable water is used for drinking, cooking, showering or dishwashing. We flush it down the toilet, literally. " Technologies exist to safely treat the water, she says, although some are expensive. The report says water reuse projects tend to cost more than most water conservation options but less than seawater desalination(脱盐)and other supply alternatives. It calls on the EPA to develop rules that set safe national standards.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements would Jorg Drewes agree to?（分数：2.00）A.Water reuse may eventually put the public at risk.B.Water reuse is preferable to wasting water.C.Water reuse is far from a solution to water shortage.D.Water reuse is possible only after greater tech advances.(2).Lake Livingston is mentioned to show that the public______.（分数：2.00）A.Accepts the fact of drinking wastewater calmlyB.Is concerned about the safety of the drinking waterC.Does not believe that wastewater is safe to drinkD.Is not aware of the nature of their drinking water(3).According to Alan Roberson, ______.（分数：2.00）A.It is not safe to drink wastewaterB.The report has surprised the publicC.the report helps build up public confidenceD.The public has yet to accept drinking wastewater(4).Olga Naidenko's remarks emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.The recent progressB.The existing problemsC.The new perspectiveD.The potential risks(5).What does the report suggest to the EPA?（分数：2.00）A.Weighing different water conservation options.B.Exploring new technologies to treat wastewater.C.Setting up national standards for water reuse.D.Monitoring water supplies at a national level.Rain is not what it used to be. A new study reveals that much of the precipitation in Europe contains such high levels of dissolved pesticides that it could be illegal to supply it as drinking water. Studies in Switzerland have found that rain is laced with toxic levels of atrazine, alachlor and other commonly used crop sprays. "Drinking water standards are regularly exceeded in rain," says Stephan Muller, a chemist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. The chemicals appear to have evaporated from fields and become part of the clouds. Both the European Union and Switzerland have set a limit of 100 nanograms for any particular pesticide in a liter of drinking water. But, especially in the first minutes of a heavy storm, rain can contain much more than that. In a study to be published by Muller and his colleague Thomas Bucheli in Analytical Chemistry this summer, one sample of rainwater contained almost 4000 nanograms per liter of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, a widely used pesticide. Previously, the authors had shown that in rain samples taken from 41 storms, nine contained more than 100 nanograms of atrazine per liter, one of them around 900 nanograms. In the latest study, the highest concentrations of pesticides turned up in the first rain after a long dry spell, particularly when local fields had recently been sprayed. Until now, scientists had assumed that the pesticides only infiltrated groundwater directly from fields. Muller warns that the growing practice of using rainwater that falls onto roofs to recharge under — ground water may be adding to the danger. This water often contains dissolved herbicides that had been added to roofing materials, such as bitumen sheets, to prevent vegetation growing. He suggests that the first flush of rain should be diverted into sewers to minimize the pollution of drinking water, which is not usually treated to remove these herbicides and pesticides.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the Swedish scientists, the pesticides in rain______.（分数：2.00）A.exceed those in crop spraysB.can be traced back to crop spraysC.are not as toxic as they used to beD.are nothing but atrazine and alachlor(2).Muller and Bucheli found that 2, 4-dinitrophenol______.（分数：2.00）A.is widely used in agricultureB.exceeded atrazine in the rain samplesC.can be measured in the units of nanogramsD.was far in excess of limit in drinking water(3).Scientists used to hypothesize that______.（分数：2.00）A.groundwater was safe for drinking waterB.herbicides and pesticides were harmlessC.pesticides contaminated groundwater exclusivelyD.rain would minimize the pollution of drinking water(4).Muller warns us not ____ .（分数：2.00）A.to tap groundwater for drinking waterB.to use such roofing materials as bitumen sheetsC.to let the first flush of rain recharge underground waterD.to divert the first flush of rain into sewers without removing its herbicides and pesticides(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Drinking WaterB.Rainwater and Underground WaterC.Agriculture and PesticidesD.Falling PesticidesAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways. A person may relay his or her feelings, thoughts, and reactions through body positioning, body contact, body odors, eye contact, responsive actions, habits, attitudes, interests, state of health, dress and grooming, choice of life-style, and use of talents — in fact, through everything the individual says or does. In turn, every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system. An individual screens, selects, regulates, and controls specific aspects of this information through a process of mental choices. Some of these choices are automatic; some are subconscious because of habit, block, or lack of development; and some are made by a conscious process. The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness, priority of need, and control of this process. The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans. His or her mind is confused, and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts, needs, and emotions, and unable to make himself or herself understood. Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand. Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems, he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others. The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others, so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay, the messages received are threatening ones. The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person's processing of information. Sometimes a block is physical, as in deafness, mental retardation, brain tumor, or hardening of the cerebral arteries. However, the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person's emotional system. Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings. They usually occur in childhood before good communicative skills are learned, and they are connected to individual symbolism. Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening, it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual. Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways, he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.（分数：10.00）(1).The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication______.（分数：2.00）A.is characterized by two features, form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions, stimulation and responseD.takes two forms, verbal and nonverbal(2).In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with______.（分数：2.00）municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness(3).Shut off from the communicative flow, the person with a behavior disorder______.（分数：2.00）A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above(4).Which of the following is universal according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.(5).The passage ends with______.（分数：2.00）A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷105.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷105(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.（分数：10.00）(1).The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries______.（分数：2.00）A.is subject to groundless doubtsB.has fallen victim of biasC.is conventional downgradedD.has been overestimated(2).It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______.（分数：2.00）A.challenges economists and politiciansB.takes efforts of generationsC.demands priority from the governmentD.requires sufficient labor force(3).A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that______.（分数：2.00）A.the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB.the Japanese workforce is more productiveC.the U.S. workforce has a better educationD.the U.S. workforce is more organized(4).The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged______.（分数：2.00）A.when people had enough timeB.prior to better ways of finding foodC.when people on longer went hungD.as a result of pressure on government(5).According to the last paragraph, development of education______.（分数：2.00）A.results directly from competitive environmentsB.does not depend on economic performanceC.follows improved productivityD.cannot afford political changesIf ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.（分数：8.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if______.（分数：2.00）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is______.（分数：2.00）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because______.（分数：2.00）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained______.（分数：2.00）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might — surprise — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate demand of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.（分数：8.00）(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：2.00）A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.panies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to______.（分数：2.00）A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD.feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern(3).The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that______.（分数：2.00）A.some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB.helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC.product labels would eventually be discardedD.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes(4).The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.biasedB.indifferentC.puzzlingD.objectiveIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（分数：8.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business______.（分数：2.00）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists,______.（分数：2.00）A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that______.（分数：2.00）A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power。

考博英语模拟试题及答案

考博英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是社会进步的关键。

B. 技术发展对教育的影响是负面的。

C. 教育改革需要更多的创新思维。

D. 教育应该更加注重实践能力的培养。

答案：A2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”的概念，主要强调了什么？A. 学习是个人发展的终身任务。

B. 学习应该在学校之外进行。

C. 学习是职业发展的必要条件。

D. 学习是社会进步的驱动力。

答案：A3. 作者认为教育改革应该包括哪些方面？A. 教学方法和课程内容的更新。

B. 学校管理体制的改革。

C. 教师培训和学生评价体系的改进。

D. 所有上述选项。

答案：D4. 文章中提到的“批判性思维”在教育中的作用是什么？A. 帮助学生更好地理解知识。

B. 培养学生的独立思考能力。

C. 提高学生解决问题的能力。

D. 促进学生对知识的深入探究。

答案：B5. 根据文章，以下哪项不是教育改革的挑战？A. 资金不足。

B. 教师资源的缺乏。

C. 学生对新教学方法的抵触。

D. 社会对教育改革的误解。

答案：C二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

In recent years, the popularity of online education has been growing rapidly. It offers a convenient way for students to learn __6__ the comfort of their own homes. However, there are also some __7__ to consider.6. A. in B. at C. on D. from答案：A7. A. benefits B. drawbacks C. opportunities D. challenges答案：D8. The main advantage of online education is that it allows for __8__ flexibility in scheduling.A. personalB. individualC. uniqueD. specific答案：B9. Despite the convenience, some students may find it difficult to __9__ in an online environment.A. interactB. participateC. engageD. connect答案：B10. Online courses often require a high level of __10__ and self-discipline.A. motivationB. inspirationC. encouragementD. stimulation答案：A三、翻译（共15分，每题5分）1. 教育不仅仅是知识的传授，更是价值观和道德观的培养。

2020年考博英语阅读理解150篇详解

目　录Unit 1　家庭情感类Passage 1　工作与家庭Passage 2　给孩子以关心Passage 3　男女情感差异Passage 4　婚姻形式Passage 5　表达情感Passage 6　小孩撒谎Passage 7　家庭问题Passage 8　墨西哥族美国人家庭的生活方式Unit 2　教育文化类Passage 1　实验室的“老虎”Passage 2　文化遗产Passage 3　音乐艺术Passage 4　有关科学家的社会问题Passage 5　有关美国的教育问题Passage 6　会遗忘Passage 7　悲剧文化Passage 8　《大学物理》教材介绍Passage 9　美国友谊观Passage 10　智力情感Passage 11　基础科学和应用科学的关系Passage 12　20世纪学者歪曲分析文学作品Passage 13　数　学Passage 14　谈姓名Passage 15　远程学习Passage 16　远程教育Passage 17　语　言Passage 18　科学与艺术Passage 19　科技术语Passage 20　教　师Unit 3　科技创新类Passage 1　电脑技术Passage 2　在家中上班Passage 3　精确制导导弹的弊端Passage 4　人们应该摆正技术的位置Passage 5　人类对宇宙的认识Passage 6　新型汽车安全系统Passage 7　物理实验Passage 8　网络技术Passage 9　医学伦理道德Passage 10　彗　星Passage 11　遥感技术在地址上的功能Passage 12　网上广告Unit 4　历史地理类Passage 1　泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Passage 2　万圣节的起源及传说Passage 3　地图绘制Passage 4　考古学Passage 5　美国黑人现代意识源流Passage 6　智利的旅游业Passage 7　真正的蝎子王Passage 8　东罗马帝国的复兴Unit 5　社会经济类Passage 1　从玩扑克看生意的本质Passage 2　电子工业的发展Passage 3　学术研究的商业价值Passage 4　DVD市场Passage 5　保证金率Passage 6　商业计划Passage 7　民族企业Passage 8　申请“进口救济”会影响企业Passage 9　经济学的作用Passage 10　美国总统经济计划Passage 11　耐克不再“酷”Passage 12　商品销售Passage 13　为人写简历Passage 14　经济学Passage 15　大企业是如何集资Passage 16　慈善机构Passage 17　银行改革Unit 6　社会问题类Passage 1　美国的革命Passage 2　交通法则与交通事故Passage 3　恐怖主义Passage 4　医生与病人的关系Passage 5　加强合作Passage 6　科学家的任务Passage 7　大学生自杀现象Passage 8　社会趣闻Passage 9　电脑中的伦理问题Passage 10　当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Passage 11　礼貌行为Passage 12　人工受精Passage 13　偶像崇拜Passage 14　社会的变化与信息的传播Passage 15　诸多媒体大战Passage 16　人体器官移植Passage 17　迁居的影响Unit 7　社会政治类Passage 1　钢琴外交Passage 2　巴勒斯坦的改革Passage 3　布什捐赠圣诞树Passage 4　刑　法Passage 5　印第安人移民Passage 6　社会阶层Passage 7　言论自由Unit 8　生态环境类Passage 1　绿色和平组织Passage 2　温室效应Passage 3　干　旱Passage 4　环境问题Passage 5　野生动物保护Passage 6　想象中的生命Unit 9　医学保健类Passage 1　血液库存问题Passage 2　医疗技术与人的寿命Passage 3　医疗器械Passage 4　药物管理Passage 5　脂肪对身体的影响Passage 6　惊慌症及其影响Passage 7　空气传播污染Passage 8　美容整形Passage 9　流行性感冒的类别Passage 10　肺　癌Passage 11　心理与健康Passage 12　小孩患脑瘤Passage 13　糖尿病Passage 14　在假期保持健康Passage 15　核磁共振仪Passage 16　焦虑症Passage 17　恐惧症Passage 18　多功能超级药丸Passage 19　动物调节体温不同方式Passage 20　滥用动物做实验Passage 21　食品包装的欺骗问题Passage 22　医助自杀Unit 10　艺术新闻类Passage 1　解读新闻Passage 2　英国的戏剧Passage 3　美国民歌Passage 4　演说时音量的正确使用Passage 5　欧洲摇滚乐Passage 6　过激的歌曲Passage 7　哈里波特的流行Passage 8　电影《辛德勒的名单》Passage 9　电视节目Unit 11　宗教信仰类Passage 1　天主教会Passage 2　日　记Passage 3　引人注目的重要性Passage 4　战胜挫折Passage 5　自我和宇宙之间的有机联系Unit 12　其他类Passage 1　风雪夜Passage 2　工作和快乐Passage 3　面　试Passage 4　社会观点Passage 5　财产保险Passage 6　人类学Passage 7　人物传记Passage 8　人物传记的视角Passage 9　社会与语言问题Passage 10　爬　山Passage 11　笑的功能Passage 12　学习规律Passage 13　领导才能Passage 14　媒体对时事对的影响Passage 15　旅行见闻Passage 16　作品介绍Passage 17　有效使用幽默Passage 18　工作机械化Passage 19　谋杀的记叙文Unit 1　家庭情感类Passage 1　工作与家庭The list of “should” is very long. Y ou should give more than 100 per cent at work. Y ou should never stop learning and developing. Y ou should read and keep up with events. Y ou should spend time with your family and take care of your myriad of daily chores.At work, it’s not enough to be qualified for your job. Y ou have to have excellent people skills and problem-solving abilities. Y our IQ had better be high, and you should welcome anything and everything new. Commitment and enthusiasm are the bottom line.At home, it’s not enough to have money in the bank. There are children to raise, hobbies to encourage and daily routines to organize. Contacts between home and the day care center or school are another priority. Y ou have to keep up your friendships and your family relationships. Y ou have to have empathy for everyone around you. Y ou have to have time.How do we catch a guilty conscience? Finns in Business asked family counselor Hannu Kuukka from the Helsinki parish services. “A bad conscience comes from conflicting pressures, from the feeling that you just can’t manage everything that you consider important. Frustration and stress are the result.”“Our internalized roles—the role models that we subconsciously follow—also contribute to the problem. Throughout our lives, we carry with us the part we played in our own family. This can be a source of encouragement and support, or the seeds of a bad conscience.”What can we do for a bad conscience? “Our failures tend to become exaggerated in our minds, especially if someone close to us verbalizes them. Y ou have to set priority. Couples should decide together if one of them is going to concentrate on work and the other on family. The couple is the foundation of the home, so they have to find common ground,” comments Hannu Kuukka.At work, you spend your time with adults, and you can excel in your own field. Are you more comfortable at work than at home? This is a common feeling—and another source of guilt. “It is not unusual for relationships at work to be easier and more straightforward than those at home. The everyday life of a family with children can be exhausting. And today, with growing competition and more friction at work, even these relationships have become more difficult,” says Kuukka.1．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______.A. itemize what people have to accomplish in their livesB. brief a real but tough situation for couples to cope withC. explain why some people long for a break of routineD. show how a full-time job goes against a family life2．According to the author, the decisive factor for one to perform well at work is ______.A. responsibility and devotionB. right qualificationsC. originality and open-mindednessD. an IQ at least above 1303．What seems always problematic for one’s family life is that ______.A. money never seems to be enoughB. friendships and family relationships are hard to keep upC. one simply can’t afford the timeD. it’s impossible to share feelings with everyone around4．According to the passage, the constant cause of a bad conscience lies in the fact that ______.A. one attempts to achieve a good balance between work and family-lifeB. people have unknowingly played stereotyped sex roles in familyC. our minds are beset with exaggerated information about family problemsD. no couple is capable of handling more than one thing at a time5．What does the underlined pronoun ‘them’ (line 19) refer to in the context?A. MindsB. ParentsC. FailuresD. Priorities6．As suggested by Kuukka, the right way to approach the problem is to ______.A. exchange role models between the couple in the same boatB. look at the same problem from a different perspectiveC. turn a deaf ear to whatever other people would sayD. get the couple’s priorities right to ensure a rewarding life7．From the last paragraph, it can be safely inferred that ______.A. work relationships are as difficult to keep up as family relationshipsB. working parents usually feel more comfortable at work than at homeC. growing competition has affected the otherwise good terms with co-workersD. the best moment of the day is when you might have escaped from family chores【答案与解析】1．B 第一段首句“the list of ‘should’ is very long.”意思为：生活中“应该做的事”很多。

考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷109.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷109(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to______.（分数：2.00）A.elementary schoolsB.enthusiastic workersC.the attractive premium systemD.a special way of thinking(2).It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics______.（分数：2.00）A.benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB.shed light on disciplined school managementC.was brought about by privileged home trainingD.owed a lot to the technological development(3).A technologist can be compared to an artist because______.（分数：2.00）A.they are both winners of awardsB.they are both experts in spatial thinkingC.they both abandon verbal descriptionD.they both use various instruments(4).The best title for this passage might be______.（分数：2.00）A.Inventive MindB.Effective SchoolingC.Ways of ThinkingD.Outpouring of InventionsThe most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much important attached to intellectual pursuits". According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope —all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched. Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish."（分数：10.00）(1).The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England______.（分数：2.00）A.Puritan tradition dominated political lifeB.intellectual interests were encouragedC.politics benefited much from intellectual endeavorsD.intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment(2).It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders______.（分数：2.00）A.experienced a comparatively peaceful early historyB.brought with them the culture of the Old WorldC.paid little attention to southern intellectual lifeD.were obsessed with religious innovations(3).The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay______.（分数：2.00）A.were famous in the New World for their writingsB.gained increasing importance in religious affairsC.abandoned high positions before coming to the New WorldD.created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England(4).The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often______.（分数：2.00）A.influenced by superstitionsB.troubled with religious beliefsC.puzzled by church sermonsD.frustrated with family earnings(5).The text suggests that early settlers in New England______.（分数：2.00）A.were mostly engaged in political activitiesB.were motivated by an illusory prospectC.came from different backgrounds.D.left few formal records for later referenceMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information —and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.（分数：8.00）(1).By the first sentence of the passage the author means that______.（分数：2.00）A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertisingB.everybody knows well that advertising is money consumingC.advertising costs money like everything elseD.it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising(2).In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?（分数：2.00）A.Securing greater fame.B.Providing more jobs.C.Enhancing living standards.D.Reducing newspaper cost.(3).The author deems that the well-known TV personality is______.（分数：2.00）A.very precise in passing his judgement on advertisingB.interested in nothing but the buyers' attentionC.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informationD.obviously partial in his views on advertising(4).In the author's opinion,______.（分数：2.00）A.advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing informationB.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them overC.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyerD.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementThere are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.（分数：8.00）(1).A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when______.（分数：2.00）A.he has given up his smoking habitB.he has made great efforts in his workC.he is keen on learning anything newD.he has tried to determine where he is on his journey(2).In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would______.（分数：2.00）A.succeed in climbing up the social ladderB.judge his ability to glow from his own achievementsC.face difficulties and take up challengesD.aim high and reach his goal each time(3).When the author says "a new way of being"(Line 3, Para. 3)he is referring to______.（分数：2.00）A.a new approach to experiencing the worldB.a new way of taking risksC.a new method of perceiving ourselvesD.a new system of adaptation to change(4).For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except______.（分数：2.00）A.curiosity about more chancesB.promptness in self-adaptationC.open-mindedness to new experiencesD.avoidance of internal fears and doubts。

2020医学考博英语样卷

2020医学考博英语样卷Studying for the medical entrance exam can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to the English section. 考博医学考试备考可能是一项艰巨的任务，特别是在英语部分。

One of the key aspects of the exam is the ability to understand and analyze complex medical texts in English. 考试的关键方面之一是理解和分析英文中复杂的医学文本。

In order to excel in this exam, it is crucial to have a strong foundation in both English language skills and medical knowledge. 要在这次考试中取得好成绩，具有扎实的英语语言能力和医学知识基础至关重要。

Practicing reading and interpreting medical literature in English can help improve both language proficiency and medical comprehension. 练习阅读和解释英文医学文献可以提高语言能力和医学理解能力。

Additionally, working with a tutor or study group can provide valuable feedback and support in preparing for the exam. 此外，与导师或学习小组合作可以提供宝贵的反馈和支持，帮助备考。

It is important to stay focused and motivated throughout the study process, remembering the ultimate goal of pursuing a career in the medical field. 在整个学习过程中保持专注和积极性很重要，记住追求医学领域职业的最终目标。