工商管理专业英语词汇

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《工商管理专业英语》翻译汇总

1.现代管理学The modern era of management began early in the 20th century when classicaltheorists,economists,and industrial engineers offered a classical approach to increase the productivity of individuals and organizations.2.例如一种管理理论For example ,a management theory that emphasizes employee satisfactionmay be more helpful in dealing with a high employee turnover than with delays in production.3.甚至在今天Even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from theautobiographies and memoirs of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.4.尽管这些办法Although these approaches evolved in historical sequence ,later ideas havealways replaced early ones.5.在过去的30年During the last 30 years or so ,there have been attempts to integrate the threeapproaches to management—classical,behavioral,and management science.6.在这种情况下In this situation ,a compromise is necessary for the overall syetem to achieveits objective.7.例如严格的计划For example ,rigid plans,clearly defined jobs,antocratic leadership ,and tightcontrols have at times resulted in high productivity and satisfied workers.8.换言之In other words,the contingency approach seeks match different situations withdifferent management methods.9.当然富有远见Of cause ,having a vision is no guarantee of success.10.通常一份任务 A mission statement often focus on the market and customers that thecompany serves.11.这些管理人员These managers are the strategists who develop the plans that guide theorganization toward its goals.12.与其他人的沟通All the skills required to communicate with other people ,work effectivelywith them , motive them ,and lead them are interpersonal skills.13.为了把梦想变成In order to transform vision to reality ,managers must define specific goalsand objectives.14.最好的企业目标The best organizational ,measurable ,relevant ,challenging ,attainable ,andtime limited.15.折扣的发生A allowance occurs when a customer is not satisfied with a purchase for somereason.16.企业在计算These refunds and price reductions must be considered when the firm computersits net sales figure for the period.17.一系列这样的A series of these statement is a valuable tool for directing and controlling thebusiness.18.商人们谈及Businesspeople commonly use accounting terms when talking aboutcosts ,prices ,and profit.19.一份损益表The basic components of an operating statement are sales ,costs ,and profit orloss.20.零售商们正在寻求Retailers are searching for new marketing strategies to attract and holdcustomers.21.零售商们必须对Retailers must decide on three major product variables :productassortment ,services mix ,and store atmosphere.22.多数零售商不能Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly.23.零售商的价格A retailer’s price policy is a crucial positioning factor and must be decided inrelation to its target market , its product and service assortment ,and its competition24.零售商使用Retailers use the normal promotion tools—advertising ,personal selling ,salespromotion ,and public relations—to reach consumers.25.零售商必须确定The retailers must determine both the product assortment’s width and itsdepth.26.制定正确价格The first step in setting the right price is to establish pricing goals.27.对于产品和服务The basic ,long-term pricing framework for a good or service should be alogical extension of the pricing objectives.28.因此，在销售Thus ,changing a pricing strategy can require dramatic alternations in themarketing mix.29.低价格可以获取The low price designed to capture a large share of a substantial market ,resulting in lower production costs.30.当生产由于技术Managers may follow a skimming strategy when production cannot beexpanded rapidly because of technological difficulties ,shortages ,or constraints imposed by the skill and time required to produce a product.31.低价格可以吸引Low price can draw additional buyers to enter the market.32.广告的基本功能The most basic function of advertising is to identify products anddifferentiate them from others.33.为了提高销售额To increase their sales or profit,companies develop marketing strategy byusing various marketing elements.34.广告的另一个功能Another function of advertising to induce consumers to try new productsand to suggest reuse.35.广告涉及到通过Advertising involves presenting the message,usually through the massmedia,to a large group of people know as target audience.36.通过同时向许多人By informing many people at once about available products andservices,advertising greatly reduces the costs and higher profits,can ease the task of personal selling.37.广告的定义有许多The definitions of advertising are many and varied.38.广告是产品和服务Advertising is a very important tool that enables competitors to enter themarket place.39.市场营销组合是由The marketing mix includes a set of elements known as four Ps and theyare under the heading of product,price,place and promotion.1.The three ( T )2.In solving ( F )3.In order words ( T )4.The systems ( T )5.Managers around ( T )6.It seeks ( F )7.Between the ( F )8.Management is ( T )9.To meet ( F ) 10.In order to ( T )11.As the ( T ) 12.A starting ( F ) 13.Technical skills ( F ) 14.And using ( F ) 15.An operating ( F ) ually, however ( T ) 17.An allowance ( F ) 18.All this ( T ) 19.Today, national ( T ) 20.They see ( F ) 21.Most retailers ( T ) 22.For all ( T ) rge retailers ( F )24.Small retailers ( T ) 25.A good ( T ) 26.A profit ( F ) 27.Theoretically ( T ) 28. A successful ( F ) 29.As a product ( T ) 30.A company’s ( T ) 31.Advertising is ( T ) 32.Advertising can ( F ) 33.The first ( T ) 34.The freedom ( T ) 35.Advertising itself ( T ) 36.All advertising ( F ) 37.All forms of ( T ) 38.advertising has ( F )1. 古典方法Classical approach to Management2. 管理学行为方法Behavioral approach to Management3. 管理学科学方法Management science approach4. （管理学）权变情境方法Contingency or situational approach to Management 1. 远见，洞察力Vision 2. 任务表述Mission statement 3. 长期目标Goal1. 短期目标Objective2. 管理结构Management pyramid3.高层管理者Top managers 1. 战略目标Strategic goals 2. 中层管理着Middle managers 3.战术目标Tactical objectives 1.一线管理者First-line managers 2. 损益表Operating Statement1. 销售总额Gross sales 2 价格折扣Allowance 3 净利润Net profit 1. 目标市场Target market2.市场定位Market positioning 1. 中间商品牌Private brand or middleman brand 2.价格策略Price strategy1. 撇指定价Price skimming2. 渗透定价Penetration pricing 1. 基础价格Base price 2 促销活动Promotion campaign3.目标受众Target audience 1. 促销组合Promotional mix 2.品牌忠诚Brand loyalty1.The managers described their ( generalize ) 管理者描述他们自己的管理经验，还尝试去概括他们认为可以被运用到相似情形中的那些准则。

商务英语工商导论专业单词表

Fundamentals of businessUnit 1sole proprietorship 商个体，个体户partnership 商合伙，合伙公司corporation (股份有限)公司franchise 特许经营license/permit (营业)执照sole proprietor 个体业主shareholder 股东board director 董事会成员，董事unlimited liability 无限责任access获取方法，渠道assets 资产financing 筹集的资金，融资marketing 营销dissolution 解散law firm 法律事务所accounting firm 会计事务所real estate firm 房地产公司partner 合伙人general partner 普通合伙人limited partner (责任)有限合伙人supplier 供货商extend credit 提供信贷legal framework 法律框架go broke 破产internal conflict 内部纷争，冲突broth 肉汤incorporator 公司股东sales revenue 销售收入legal person 法人sue 起诉，控告bankrupt 破产bond 债权collateral 抵押物finance 为…提供资金expansion 扩张separated ownership and management 所有权与经营分离termination 终结resilient 有弹性的，可恢复的dividend 股息，分红income tax 所得税double taxation 双重征税corporate charter 公司执照industrial relations 劳资关系incur 引起，导致stockholder 股东executive 公司行政领导franchisor 授予特许者décor （店铺）装饰attire （员工）服装unit 2replica 复制品centralized 中央集权的chronic shortage 长期短缺product-oriented 产品导向的acquire 获得personal selling 当面推销publicity 媒体推介bulk buying 大宗购买discount price 打折销售uniform specification 统一规格marketing mix 营销组合promotion 促销utility 功能，便利channels of distribution 分销渠道，销售渠道market segmentation 市场细分zero in on… 瞄准，集中精力于…demographic 人口统计的psychographic 消费心态学product-use variable 产品用途因素unit 3convenience goods 方便商品shopping goods （货比三家后再购买的）商品specialty goods 特种商品，特色商品feasibility 可行的marketability 可销售性pilot model 样品，样机prototype 样机commercialization 商业化product life cycle 产品生命周期pricing 定价profit-oriented objectives 利润导向型目标return on capital 资本（投资）回报率sales-oriented objective 销售额导向型目标be sold under cost 亏本销售，赔本买卖follow-the leader objective 跟进型目标equilibrium price 均衡点价格break-even 盈亏平衡点double-edge sword 双刃剑skimming strategy 撇脂战略penetration strategy 渗透战略loss leader pricing strategy （用少量低价商品）诱导战略odd pricing strategy 心理定价战略price lining strategy 分类定价战略unit 4wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商discount store 折扣商店，平价商店turnover 周转率mail-order house 邮购公司vending machine 自动售货机virtual store 虚拟商店，网上商店agent 代理商broker 经纪人time utility 时间上的方便place utility 地点上的方便ownership utility 获得拥有权上的方便information utility 信息上的方便form utility 产品成型上的方便truck rates 卡车运费perishable 易腐烂的forklift 叉车conveyer belt 运输带crane 吊车unit 5promotion mix 促销组合product advertising 产品广告institutional advertising 厂商整体形象广告outdoor billboard 户外广告牌spot （播放）时段specialist magazine 专业杂志hypermedia （互联网上的）超媒体yellow pages 电话薄advertising agency 广告代理公司artwork 艺术设计commission 佣金prospect 物色（潜在顾客）qualify 确认approach 接触（顾客）make presentation 演示handle objections 处理（顾客）不同意见close 成交follow-up售后跟踪point-of-sale displays 销售点上的演示sweep stakes 摸奖，赌券coupon 打折券，优惠券premium 奖励券trade stamp 行业优惠券redeem 兑换，返还trade show 行业展览会sponsorship 赞助public relations 公共关系publicity 媒体推介word of mouth 口碑unit 6portability 可携带性divisibility 可分割性stability 稳定性durability 耐用性，耐磨损性acceptability 合法使用性denomination 面值paper note 纸币inflation 通货膨胀transaction 交易circulation 流通legal tender 法定货币medium of exchange 交换媒体store of value 价值存储unit of account 计算单位，会计单位demand deposit 活期存款interest-bearing 产生利息的checking account 支票帐户withdrawal 取款minimum balance 最少余额credit union 信用社serial number 序列号liquidity变现性，流动性portfolio 投资组合securities 有价证券savings account 存款帐户currency exchange 货币兑换letters of credit 信用证banker＇s acceptance 银行承兑draft 汇票access card 自动柜员机卡credit card 信用卡debit card 借记卡financial counseling 理财咨询home mortgage 住房抵押mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行depositor 存款人pension fund 养老基金premium 保险费unchecked 不受控制的sustainable 可持续的Federal Reserve 美国联邦储备局Fed 美联储discount rate 贴现率open-market operation 公开市场运作vault 金库dealer （有价证券）券商unit 7trade credit 行业信用commercial paper 短期融资券factor （对应收帐等的）贴现account receivable 应收账款account payable 应付账款open account 开立账户，赊账帐户promissory note 本票draft 汇票obligation 义务，债务line of credit 信用额度secured/ unsecured 有/无担保的collateral 抵押物inventory 库存compensating balance 补偿余额revolving credit 循环信用the going interest rate 市场利率face value 面值factor 贴现商debt capital 债务资本corporate bond 公司债券equity capital 权益资本retained earnings 留用利润dividend 股息depreciation 折旧stock 一个公司的股票总称IOU 借据equity financing 股权融资share 股票其中的一张debt financing 借款融资capital structure 资本结构cash flow 现金流utilities companies 水，电等公用事业公司maturity date 到期日principal 本金redemption premium 赎金preferred stock 优先股callable 可召回的common stock 普通股creditor 债权人liquidation 清算unit 8managerial accounting 管理会计financial accounting 财务会计financial statement 财务报表balance sheet 资产负债表owner＇s equity 所有者权益patent 专利copyright 版权current assets 流动资产fixed assets 固定资产intangible assets 无形资产liabilities 负债current liabilities 流动负债long-term liabilities 长期负债current ratio 流动比率quick ratio （acid test ratio）速动比率rental revenue 租赁收入gross profit margin 毛利润率net profit margin 净利润率inventory turnover 库存周转率average inventory 平均库存account receivable turnover 应收账款周转率return on owner＇s investment 投资回报率unit 9securities market 证券市场underwrite 承销broker 经纪人stock exchange 股票交易所stock brokerage 股票经销商（公司）bull 预计股价会涨者，买多者bear 预计股票会跌者，卖空者speculator 投机者forfeit 放弃growth stocks 绩优股blue chip 蓝筹股，绩优股speculative issues 收益与风险俱大的股票unit 10risk management 风险管理works-in-process 半成品probability 概率pirating 海盗活动the Strait of Malacca马六甲海峡hedging 套期保值feed 饲料risk-sharing mechanism风险分担机制premium 保险费insurance policy 保险合同insurable interest 可保利益indemnity 补偿subrogation 代位proximate cause 近因insured 保户dependent 抚养人utmost good faith 最大诚信compensation 赔偿contribution 全部赔偿不能超过应得补偿insurable risk 可保风险underwrite 承保policyholder 保户property insurance 财产险marine insurance 海险adversity 灾祸aviation insurance 航空险liability insurance 责任险premises 单位，私家所属的场所worker＇s compensation 工伤赔偿split-liability 责任分担vandalism 打砸等破坏行为no-fault auto insurance 无过错汽车保险reimburse 报销surgical expenses 手术费用hospital expenses 住院费用cafeteria plan 自选组合term life insurance 简单寿险limited payment life insurance 定期寿险endowment life insurance 增值寿险straight life insurance 完全寿险group life insurance 集团寿险key person insurance 关键人物险credit life insurance 信用寿险fidelity bond 忠实险surety bond 履行义务险unit 11common law 普通法，习惯法，判例法statutory law 制定法，成文法regulatory law 行政法规jurisdiction 管辖，权限lawful purpose 合法目的competency of parties 合同各方具备能力voluntary agreement 自愿缔约meeting of the minds 合意coercion 胁迫fraudulent manipulation 欺诈操纵consideration 对价proper form 有效形式breach of contract 违约enforceable 可实施的，可执行的tort law 侵权法negligence 疏忽surgical forceps 手术用镊子title to property 财产所有权trial 试用cash on delivery 货到付款，交货付现free on board 离岸价格unauthorized 未经授权的royalty 版税，专利使用费license 允许使用（专利）warranty 担保merchantability 可用性refund 退款negotiable instrument 票据certificate of deposit 存款单maker （本票，支票）出票人drawer （汇票）出票人endorsement 背书blank endorsement 普通背书restrictive endorsement （指定收票人的）特种背书qualified endorsement 限定性背书without recourse 不可追索agency law 代理法principal 委托人，授权人agent 代理人power of attorney 委任书，授权书equitable 公平的terms of reference 授权范围overbill 开出超过合理数额的账单bankruptcy law 破产法petition for bankruptcy 破产申请referee 调解人trustee 托管人proceeds 收益extension agreement 延展协议reorganization 重组unit 13planning 规划means and ends 手段和目的organizing 组织chain of command 指挥链，指令链leading 领导motivate 激励，激发autonomy 自主权rewards 回报，奖励controlling 调控deviation 偏离，背离corrective measure 矫正措施chief executive officer 首席执行官function/division manager 部门经理operating manager 操作层经理human skills 人际关系技能conceptual skills 概括技能technical skills 操作技能recruit 招聘，招募political tint 政治色彩bottom-line manager 一线经理，基层经理proven track record 被实践证明的业绩记录headhunter 猎头公司job specialization 工作专门化departmentalization 部门化unity of command 统一指挥line authority 直线职权staff authority 职能（部门的）职权line-and-staff organization 直线――职能混合型组织responsibility 责任delegation分权，授权span of management 管理跨度，管理幅度hierarchical levels 管理层次，组织结构层次functional organization 按功能划分部门的组织divisional organization 按事业部划分的组织division manager 部门经理，事业部经理generalist 经验全面的人才，通才matrix organization 矩阵型组织standing committee 常设委员会ad hoc committee 特别委员会grapevine 非正式沟通的途径。

工商管理专业英语

工商管理专业英语第一篇：工商管理专业英语工商管理专业英语重点一．名词解释：1.whatisamanager?答：Amanager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals.2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers?答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers.3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work?答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent)planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense.4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing?答：Modular corporations come into being.二．选词填空1.Adrian was in charge of theallocation of available funds.2.Our firm is orientedtowards the export side of the business.3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.4.Thegraphic displays will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output.panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovativepersonnels.6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management.8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of anorganization.9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production.10.general managers areresponsiblefor the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division.11.He carried out a number offraudson trusting people who lent him money..12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates.14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place.15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision.16.Half of the medical supplies have already beenallocated to the victims of the earthquake.17.Can youdifferentiatethis kind of rose from the others?18.The factory haslaid offworkers because of the drop in sales.19.They were blame for their failure to hold downexpenditure.20.The companyhas slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive.21.The company is trying todiversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares.22.Mr.Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went beyond him to deal with the whole situation.23.Tom, my next door neighbor, isexemptform military service because of his poor health.24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis.25.Mr.White declared that he was notli able for his partner’s debts.26.The employees sued their manager for breach of contract.27.If we cannot keep on holding the edge in the services, we’ll lose our share in market.28.Nowadays, the manufacturing industry cannotmake do without services.29.T o merge or not to merge—that’s the question.The board of the company hasdeferred the decision to do it.30.A country’sinfrastructureservices must develop with its economic growth because no advanced society can be without these services.31.三．翻译英译汉：1.Sometimes, though, a first-line manager is a recent college graduate who is responsible for the work of both hourly employees and professionals.Such a first-line manager is likely to have little hands-on ck of experience isn’t a problem if the new manager is willing to learn and has the competence to communicate with diverse types of people , to coach and counsel subordinates, and to provide constructive constructive feedback.答;然而有时一个第一线经理是新来的大学毕业生，负责管理计时雇员和专业人员的工作。

商学-常用词

商学概论一.单词词组Unit 11.运营管理operations management2.非营利组织nonprofit organization3.生产要素factors of production4.经济制度economic system5.完全（自由）竞争perfect competition6.混合市场经济mixed market economy7.供给曲线supply curve8.需求曲线demand curve9.差异性产品differentiated products10.垄断性竞争monopolistic competition11.国内生产总值gross domestic product（GDP）12.充分就业full employment13.消费者价格指数consumer price index （CPI）14.货币政策Monetary policy15.财政政策fiscal policy16.国债national debtUnit 21.商品生产部goods-producing sector2.Service-producing sector3.商业计划（书）business plan4.特许经营franchise5.核心价值观core value6.使命书mission statement7.中小型企业small and medium-sized enterprise8.均衡价格equilibrium priceUnit 31.商业伦理business ethics2.企业社会责任corporate social responsibility3.利益相关者stakeholders4.内幕交易inside trading5.行为规范code of conductUnit 41.战略规划（计划）strategic planning2.战术计划tactical plan3.运营计划operational plan4.应急计划contingency planning5.危机管理crisis management6.企业（组织）结构organizational structure7.职能型组织functional organization8.分部型组织divisional organization9.产品事业部product division10.客户事业部customer division11.流程事业部process division12.地域事业部geographical division13.指挥链chain of command14.矩阵式组织结构matrix structure15.控制幅度span of control16.专治领导风格autocratic leadership style17.民主领导风格democratic leadership style18.自由放任式领导风格laissez-faire leadership style19.社交技能，人际技能interpersonal skills20.决策技能decision-making skills21.独资经营sole proprietorship22.有限责任公司limited liability companyUnit 51.人力资源管理human resource management （HRM）2.工作分析job analysis3.员工激励Employee motivation4.需求层次理论hierarchy of needs theory5.脱产培训off-the-job training6.在职培训，在岗培训on-the-job training7.激励要素motivation factors8.双因素理论two-factor theory9.保健要素hygiene factor10.期望理论expectancy theory11.公平理论equity theory12.工作丰富化job enrichment13.绩效评价performance appraisals/evaluation14.激励机制incentive program15.佣金commission16. 股票期权计划stock-option plans17.福利benefitsUnit 61.细分市场market segment2.市场份额market share3.按订单生产make-to-order strategy4.批量生产mass production (make-to-stock strategy)5.大众化定制mass customization6.存货管理inventory management7.准时制生产just-in-time production8.物料需求计划material requirements planning （MRP）9.柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing system (FMS)10.全面质量管理total quality management （TQM）/quality assurance11.外包outsourcingUnit 71.营销战略、策略marketing strategy2.消费品市场consumer market3.工业品市场industrial market4.营销组合marketing mix5.商标资产、品牌资本brand equity6.品牌忠诚、品牌偏好brand loyalty7.分销distribution8.利润率profit margin9.物流physical distribution/logistics10.配送中心distribution center11.物料搬运materials handling12.供应链supply chain13.价值链value chain14.促销组合、推广组合promotion mix15.促销sales promotion16.宣传推广和公共关系publicity and public relations17.产品生命周期product life cycle18. Distribution systemUnit 81.绝对优势absolute advantage2.相对/比较优势comparative advantage3.贸易差额balance of trade4.贸易顺差trade surplus5.贸易逆差trade deficit6.（国际）贸易收支差额balance of payments7.国际特许经营协定international franchise8.国际合约制造international contract manufacturing9.战略联盟strategic alliance10.合资企业joint venture11.外国直接投资foreign direct investment （FDI）12.跨国公司multinational corporation（MNC）13.外国子（附属）公司foreign subsidiary14.高/低情景文化high (low) –context cultures15.人均国民收入gross national income(GNI) per capita16.汇率exchange rate17.贸易管制trade control18.配额quota19.倾销dumping20.关税及贸易总协定GATT21.世界贸易组织WTO22.国际货币基金组织IMF23.世界银行the World Bank24.北美自由贸易协定NAFTA（association）25.欧盟EUUnit 91.管理会计management accounting2.财务会计financial accountin3.财务报表financial statements4.收益表income statement5.毛/静利润gross/net profit/margin/revenue6.资产负债表balance sheet7.债务liability8.注册会计师，执行会计师certified public accountant （CPA）9.审计audit10.私人账户Private accountantUnit101.活期存款demand deposit2.贴现率discount rate3.担保品/抵押品collateral4.现金流管理cash-flow management5.首次公开发行（的股票）initial public offering （IPO）。

管综英语词汇

管综英语词汇管综英语词汇（Comprehensive English Vocabulary）是指涉及各个领域的英语词汇。

以下是一些常用的管综英语词汇：1. Business（商业）：company, marketing, sales, finance, management, investment, profit, strategy, competition, entrepreneur- 公司，市场营销，销售，财务，管理，投资，利润，战略，竞争，企业家2. Education（教育）：school, teacher, student, curriculum, exam, grade, university, research, knowledge, learning- 学校，教师，学生，课程，考试，成绩，大学，研究，知识，学习3. Health（健康）：doctor, hospital, medicine, patient, disease, treatment, prevention, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle- 医生，医院，药物，病人，疾病，治疗，预防，营养，运动，生活方式4. Environment（环境）：climate change, pollution, conservation, sustainability, renewable energy, recycling, biodiversity, deforestation, carbon footprint, waste management- 气候变化，污染，保护，可持续性，可再生能源，回收，生物多样性，森林砍伐，碳足迹，废物管理5. Technology（技术）：internet, computer, smartphone, software, hardware, digital, social media, artificial intelligence,virtual reality, automation- 互联网，电脑，智能手机，软件，硬件，数字化，社交媒体，人工智能，虚拟现实，自动化6. Politics（政治）：government, president, democracy, election, policy, legislation, diplomacy, power, corruption, international relations- 政府，总统，民主，选举，政策，立法，外交，权力，腐败，国际关系7. Culture（文化）：art, music, literature, film, theater, religion, tradition, language, customs, heritage- 艺术，音乐，文学，电影，剧院，宗教，传统，语言，风俗习惯，文化遗产8. Science（科学）：biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, experiment, hypothesis, research, theory, discovery, innovation- 生物学，化学，物理学，数学，实验，假设，研究，理论，发现，创新这只是管综英语词汇的一小部分，实际上还有很多其他的领域和相关词汇。

工商管理专业英语

envision v. 想象、设想、展望 They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease.
affordable adj. 支付得起的、不太昂贵的 v. afford 担负得起、提供、给予 affordable housing 经济适用房
3. 3. Focus: specific regional market or customer groups
Managerial Structure
First-line managers middle managers
top managers
Strategic goals
tactical objectives operational objectives
adj. 客观的、真实的、目标的
Management pyramid 管理金字塔、管理组织结构 Top managers 高层管理者（通常包括CEO, COO, CFO, CIO等） Strategic goals 战略目标（全局的、总体的目标） Middle managers 中层管理者（通常包括部门经理、分公司经理等） Tactical objectives 战术目标（部门的目标、服从于strategic
New Manager
1.Thinks of self as sponsor（发起者主办者） , team leader, or internal consultant（顾问）. 2.Deals with anyone necessary to get the job done. 3.Changes organizational structures in response to market change. 4.Invites others to join in decision making. 5.Shares information.

管理类英语词汇

管理类英语词汇目标 mission/ objective 内部环境 internal environment 外部环境external environment 集体目标 group objective 计划 planning 组织organizing人事 staffing 领导 leading 控制 controlling步骤 process 原理 principle 方法 technique经理 manager 总经理 general manager 行政人员 administrator主管人员 supervisor 企业 enterprise 商业 business产业 industry 公司 company 效果 effectiveness效率efficiency 企业家 entrepreneur 权利 power职权 authority 职责 responsibility 科学 scientific management现代经营 modern operational management 行为科学 behavior science 生产率 productivity 激励 motivate 动机 motive法律 law 法规 regulation 经济体系 economic system职能 managerial function 产品 product 服务 service利润 profit 满意 satisfaction 归属 affiliation尊敬 esteem 自我实现 self-actualization 人力投入 human input盈余 surplus 收入 income 成本 cost 资本货物 capital goods机器 machinery 设备 equipment 建筑 building 存货 inventory经验法 the empirical approach 人际行为法 the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法 the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach社会技术系统法 the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory approach法 the mathematical approach 系统法 the systems approach随机制宜法 the contingency approach 任务法 the managerial roles approach经营法 the operational approach 人际关系 human relation学 psychology 态度 attitude 压力 pressure 冲突 conflict招聘 recruit 鉴定 appraisal 选拔 select 培训 train报酬 compensation 授权 delegation of authority 协调 coordinate 业绩 performance考绩制度 merit system 表现 behavior 下级 subordinate 偏差deviation检验记录 inspection record 误工记录 record of labor-hours lost 销售量 sales volume 产品质量 quality of products 先进技术 advanced technology 顾客服务 customer service 策略 strategy 结构structure 领先性 primacy 普遍性 pervasiveness 忧虑 fear 忿恨resentment 士气 morale 解雇 layoff批发 wholesale 零售 retail 程序 procedure 规则 rule规划 program 预算 budget 共同作用 synergy 大型联合企业conglomerate 资源 resource 购买 acquisition 增长目标 growth goal 专利产品 proprietary product 竞争对手 rival 晋升 promotion 决策managerial decision 商业道德 business ethics 有竞争力的价格competitive price 供货商 supplier 小贩 vendor 利益冲突 conflict of interests 派生政策 derivative policy 开支帐户 expense account 批准程序 approval procedure病假 sick leave 休假 vacation 工时 labor-hour 机时 machine-hour 资本支出 capital outlay 现金流量 cash flow 工资率 wage rate 税收率 tax rate 股息 dividend 现金状况 cash position 资金短缺capital shortage总预算 overall budget 资产负债表 balance sheet 可行性feasibility投入原则 the commitment principle 投资回报 return on investment 生产能力 capacity to produce 实际工作者 practitioner 最终结果end result 业绩 performance个人利益 personal interest 福利 welfare 市场占有率 market share 创新 innovation 生产率 productivity 利润率 profitability社会责任 public responsibility 董事会 board of director 组织规模size of the organization 组织文化 organizational culture 目标management by objectives 评价工具 appraisal tool 激励方法motivational techniques 控制手段 control device 个人价值personal worth 优势 strength 弱点 weakness 机会 opportunity 威胁threat个人责任 personal responsibility 顾问 counselor 定量目标quantitative objective 定性目标 qualitative objective 可考核目标verifiable objective 优先 priority 工资表 payroll 策略 strategy 政策 policy 灵活性 discretion 多种经营 diversification 评估assessment 一致性 consistency应变策略 consistency strategy 公共关系 public relation 价值value 抱负 aspiration 偏见 prejudice 审查 review 批准 approval主要决定 major decision 分公司总经理 division general manager 资产组合距阵 portfolio matrix 明星 star 问号 question mark 现金牛cash cow 赖狗 dog 采购 procurement 人口因素 demographic factor 地理因素 geographic factor 公司形象 company image产品系列 product line 合资企业 joint venture 破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策 retrenchment strategy 战术 tactics 追随 followership个性 individuality 性格 personality 安全 safety 自主权 latitude 悲观的 pessimistic 静止的 static 乐观的 optimistic 动态的dynamic 灵活的 flexible 抵制 resistance 敌对 antagonism 折中eclectic 激励 motivation 潜意识 subconscious 地位 status 情感affection 欲望 desire 压力 pressure满足 satisfaction自我实现的需要 needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要 esteem needs 归属的需要 affiliation needs 安全的需要 security needs 生理的需要 physiological needs 维持 maintenance 保健 hygiene 激励因素 motivator 概率 probability 强化理论 reinforcement theory 反馈 feedback 奖金 bonus 股票期权 stock option 劳资纠纷 labor dispute 缺勤率 absenteeism 人员流动 turnover 奖励 reward 特许经营 franchise 热诚 zeal 信心 confidence 鼓舞 inspire 要素ingredient忠诚 loyalty 奉献 devotion 作风 style 品质 trait适应性 adaptability 进取性 aggressiveness 热情 enthusiasm毅力 persistence 人际交往能力 interpersonal skills行政能力 administrative ability智力 intelligence 专制式领导 autocratic leader 民主式领导democratic leader 自由放任式领导 free-rein leader 方格图 the managerial grid 工作效率 work efficiency 服从 obedience 领导行为 leader behavior 支持型领导 supportive leadership 参与型领导 participative leadership指导型领导 instrumental leadership成就取向型领导 achievement-oriented leadershipAutomated inspection 自动化检验automatic assembly system 自动化装配系统applied biomechanics 应用生物力学CAD/CAM 辅助设计与制造computer integrated manufacturing system 整合制造系统data structure 数据结构data base management system 数据库系统decision analysis 决策分析engineering economy 工程经济engineering statistics 工程统计facilities planning 设施规划factory diagnoisis and improvement method 工厂诊断与改善方法financial and cost analysis 财务与成本分析fuzzy theory and application 模糊理论与应用human-computer interaction HCI人因工程与系统human factors engineering 人因工程human information processing 人类讯息处理human-machine system design 人机系统设计human resource management 人力资源human system diagnosis and improvement 人体系统诊断与改善industrial environment evaluation 工业环境评估industrial organizations and management 工业组织与industrial safety 工业安全information technology 信息技术intellectual property laws 智慧财产权法knowledge engineering 知识工程linear algebra 线性代数manufacturing automation 制造自动化manufacturing engineering 制造工程manufacturing management 制造manufacturing process 制造程序manufacturing systems and management 制造系统与market and marketing 市场与行销material flows automation 物流自动化mathematical programming 规划multicriteria decision making 多目标规划multi-criteria decision methods 多准则决策分析network analysis 网络分析numerical analysis 数值分析organization and management 组织与product and technology development management 产品与技术开发production management 生产production planning and control 生产计划与管制quality control 质量quality engineering 品质工程quality management techniques and practice 品质queueing theory 等候线理论reliability engineering 可靠度工程research;development and innovation management 研究发展semiconductor production management 半导体生产sequencing and scheduling 排序与排程simulation 模拟分析statistical method 统计方法stochastic processes 随机系统strategic management of technology 技术策略system analysis and design in large scale 大型系统分析与设计system performance evaluation 系统绩效评估技术system quality assurance engineering 系统品质保证工程systems engineering 系统工程systems simulation 系统仿真vision and colors 视觉与色彩work physiology 工作生理学work study 工作研究Accounting Assistant 助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 部经理Accounting Stall 部职员Accounting Supervisor 主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 资料输入员Computer Engineer 工程师Computer Processing Operator 处理操作员Computer System Manager 系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. Foreign ExchangeClerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff 项目策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购进货员Quality Control Engineer 质量工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯电信员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视 action research 动作研究adjourning 解散 adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 原则 artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠 avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表 bcg matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性 bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准 bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用Ccomputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturingcad/cam 辅助设计与自动生产confrontation 对话 consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者 chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者 charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权 cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型 comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准 confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标 contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现 corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应 critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产 current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度 creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术 contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产 collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制 clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体 collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性 centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权 democracy management 民主departmentalization 部门化 differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法 division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动 dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络 domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉 divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略 decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processingedp 电子数据处理 employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权 encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统 entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产 equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值 ethnocentric manager 种族主义的者expectancy theory 期望理论 expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心 external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者 extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官 external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段 entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团 financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构 flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论 formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估 franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段 functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论 general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化者 general manager 总经理globalization 全球化 gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网 global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境 generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合 global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构Hhawthorne effect 霍桑效应 heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度 hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型 hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触 high-velocity environments 高倍速环境impoverished management 放任式 income statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换 infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程 intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计 internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习 intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬 inventory 库存; 存货internal integration 内部整合 interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突 interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点 intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者 incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价job description 职务描述 job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化 job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换 job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区 key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数 laissez management 自由化large batch production 大批量生产 lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格 least preferred co-workerlpc最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力 liability 负债liaison 联络者 line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性 liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术 losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标 Managerial Grid 方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管 management champion 倡导者materials-requirements planningMRP 物料需求计划Mslow;s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 文化多元化营销观 multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司 moral rules 道德准则management by walking aroundMBWA 走动式matrix structure 矩阵结构 multinational enterpriseMNE 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义 mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式 meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nna ve relativism 朴素相对主义 need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化 norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策 nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术 niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训 on-the-job training 培训operational budget 运营预算 order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统 organizational developmentOD 组织发展orientation 定位 outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务 organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾 paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾 paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾 paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率 participative management 参与式path-goal model 路径目标模型 peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committeesPACs 活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心者 portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资 positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性 profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策 psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式 personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存 professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别 problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量 quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场 quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job previewRJP 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术 retention 保留rational approach 理性方法 rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本 sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练 sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化 single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法 situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论 sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产 sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 幅度 staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划 step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则 stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段 strategic management 战略strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系 strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施 strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变 satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统 subunits 子单位synergy 协同 system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度 sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我型团队 specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构 task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性 task management 任务型task-oriented style 任务导向型风格 total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量 training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序 transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导 treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论 two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻 unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子 variety 变量valence 效价 variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通 vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训 volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接 venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境 win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力 work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成 work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifferencearea of acceptance 无差异区域可接受区域编辑：admin。

高考英语职业名词分类汇总

高考英语职业名词分类汇总在高考英语中，职业名词是一个常见的题型，涉及到各个行业和职业。

了解职业名词的分类和相关知识，对于高考英语的备考非常重要。

下面将详细介绍高考英语职业名词的分类。

一、工商管理类1. 管理者/主管 - manager/supervisor2. 行政人员 - administrative staff3. 会计师 - accountant4. 接待员/前台 - receptionist5. 财务经理 - financial manager6. 人力资源专员 - human resources specialist7. 市场营销经理 - marketing manager8. 国际业务经理 - international business manager9. 销售代表 - sales representative10. 项目经理 - project manager二、教育类1. 教师 - teacher2. 幼儿园老师 - kindergarten teacher3. 学校校长 - school principal4. 教育顾问 - education consultant5. 辅导员 - counselor6. 教育研究员 - educational researcher7. 高中生辅导员 - high school guidance counselor8. 大学教授 - university professor9. 课程设计师 - curriculum designer10. 校外培训员 - extracurricular trainer三、医疗保健类1. 医生 - doctor2. 护士 - nurse3. 外科医生 - surgeon4. 牙医 - dentist5. 心理咨询师 - psychologist6. 助产士 - midwife7. 药剂师 - pharmacist8. 康复治疗师 - physical therapist9. 保健专家 - health specialist10. 医学研究员 - medical researcher四、科技类1. 工程师 - engineer2. 计算机程序员 - computer programmer3. 网络管理员 - network administrator4. 数据分析师 - data analyst5. 软件开发人员 - software developer6. 电子工程师 - electrical engineer7. 信息安全专家 - information security specialist8. 网络安全专家 - network security specialist9. 科学家 - scientist10. 技术支持 - technical support五、艺术类1. 演员 - actor/actress2. 歌手 - singer3. 舞者 - dancer4. 画家 - painter5. 摄影师 - photographer6. 剧作家 - playwright7. 设计师 - designer8. 影视制作人 - filmmaker9. 音乐家 - musician10. 雕刻家 - sculptor六、法律类1. 律师 - lawyer2. 法官 - judge3. 检察官 - prosecutor4. 法律顾问 - legal advisor5. 合同专员 - contract specialist6. 仲裁员 - arbitrator7. 司法调查员 - forensic investigator8. 刑事辩护律师 - criminal defense lawyer9. 知识产权律师 - intellectual property lawyer10. 法案撰写员 - bill drafter七、体育类1. 运动员 - athlete2. 教练 - coach3. 裁判 - referee4. 体育记者 - sports journalist5. 运动理疗师 - sports physical therapist6. 足球运动员 - soccer player7. 游泳教练 - swimming coach8. 体育评论员 - sports commentator9. 体育营销经理 - sports marketing manager10. 体育科学家 - sports scientist八、媒体与传播类1. 记者 - journalist2. 编辑 - editor3. 出版商 - publisher4. 广播主持人 - radio/TV host5. 公关专员 - public relations specialist6. 社交媒体经理 - social media manager7. 广告创意总监 - creative director8. 摄影记者 - photojournalist9. 网络内容创作者 - content creator10. 传媒分析师 - media analyst九、公共服务类1. 警察 - police officer2. 消防员 - firefighter3. 社会工作者 - social worker4. 心理咨询师 - psychologist5. 社区服务人员 - community service worker6. 图书馆管理员 - librarian7. 公园管理员 - park ranger8. 城市规划师 - urban planner9. 环境保护专家 - environmental protection expert10. 海关官员 - customs officer十、其他职业1. 翻译 - translator2. 导游 - tour guide3. 飞行员 - pilot4. 宇航员 - astronaut5. 军事人员 - military personnel6. 宗教领袖 - religious leader7. 艺术家 - artist8. 作家 - writer9. 发明家 - inventor10. 探险家 - explorer以上是高考英语职业名词的分类汇总。

工商管理硕士（MBA）等课程中英文目录_教学英语词汇

工商管理硕士（mba）等课程中英文目录会计学专业（本科）会计学 accounting principles成本会计 cost accounting管理会计 managerial accounting审计学 auditing principles会计信息系统 accounting information systems投资学 investment principles财务管理 financial management货币银行学 money and banking财务报告分析 analysis of financial statement国际金融 international finance国际会计 international accounting财税法规与税务会计 laws and regulations of finance and taxes 预算会计 budget accounting内部审计与政府审计internal auditing and government auditing会计审计实务 accounting and auditing practice经济计量学 economic metrology会计职业道德与责任 accounting ethics and responsibilities会计研究方法 accounting research methods国际会计专题 international accounting special subject微观经济学 microeconomics微积分 calculus统计学 principle of statistics财务学专业（本科）货币银行学 money and banking证券投资学 security analysis and investment财务报告分析 analysis of financial statement国际金融 international finance保险学 insurance财务案例分析 case analysis of finance management 国际财务管理 international financial management 资产评估 assets appraisal项目评估 projects appraisal宏观经济学 macroeconomics财务管理 financial management管理信息系统 systems of management information 运筹学 operational research策略管理 strategic management管理会计 managerial accounting微观经济学 microeconomics管理学 principles of management微积分 calculus统计学 principles of statistics货币银行学专业（本科）货币银行学 money and banking管理信息系统 system of management information 宏观经济学 macroeconomics运筹学 operational research策略管理 strategic management保险学 insurance银行会计 bank accounting管理会计 managerial accounting运筹学 operational research国际贸易 international trade财务管理 financial management国际金融 international finance租赁与信托 hiring and affiancing证券投资学 security analysis and investment商业银行实务 practice of business bank国际结算 international balance项目评估 projects appraisal金融市场学 financial marketing人力资源管理 human resource management财务报告分析 analysis of financial statement财务案例分析 case analysis of financial management 市场营销学专业（本科）营销管理 marketing management公共关系 public relationship国际贸易 international trade消费者行为 consumer behavior管理信息系统 systems of management information 营销调研 marketing research推销学 sales strategies国际金融 international finance营销预测与规划 marketing forecasting and planning 销售渠道管理 sales channels management国际市场营销 international marketing商业谈判 business negotiation广告管理 advertising management营销案例分析 case studies of marketing国际贸易实务 practice of international trade服务业营销 service industry marketing企业伦理 enterprise ethics新产品开发 new products development管理学 principles of management企业管理专业（本科、硕士、博士）管理学 principles of management微观经济学 microeconomics宏观经济学 macroeconomics管理信息系统 systems of management information产业经济学 industrial economics财务管理 financial management项目评估 projects appraisal战略管理 strategic management管理沟通 management negotiation国际商务谈判 negotiation on business affairs跨国公司专题研究special research of transnational corporation国际贸易 international trade公司组织与管理 organization and management of corporate 国际营销研究 international marketing research战略管理 strategic management生产管理研究 operation management企业伦理 enterprise ethics组织行为学 organizational behavior运筹学 operational research人力资源管理 human resource management国民经济计划与管理专业（硕士、博士）宏观经济分析 macroeconomics analysis微观经济分析 microeconomics analysis产业组织 industrial organization金融与证券市场研究 security market research财政与税收理论 theories on public finance and tax revenue 国际金融研究international finance research公司组织与管理 organization and management环境与资源经济学 economics of environment and resources 投资与金融理论 theories of investment and finance货币金融管理 money and finance management金融工程 finance project经济计量学 economics metrology统计学专业（硕士）统计学 principles of statistics多元统计分析 multivariable statistics应用统计学 applied statistics微观经济分析 microeconomics analysis宏观经济分析 macroeconomics analysis应用计量学 applied metrology预测方法与预测技术 forecasting methods and skills国民经济核算 national economic accounting管理信息系统分析 systems of management informatio管理科学专业（硕士）微观经济分析 microeconomics analysis宏观经济分析 macroeconomics analysis多元统计分析 multivariable statistics高级经济计量 advanced economic metrology管理信息系统分析 systems of management information预测方法与预测技术 forecasting methods and skills决策支持系统与专家系统 decision support systems and expert systems面向对象的程序设计 object oriented programming管理科学专题 management science special subject金融工程 finance project应用经济计量学 applied economic metrology工商管理硕士专业（mba）管理学 principles of management管理经济学 management economics营销管理与分析 marketing management and analysis生产与作业管理 production and operation management 财务管理与分析 financial management and analysis宏观经济学 macroeconomics人力资源管理 human resource management国际金融 international finance战略管理 strategic management管理沟通 management communication运筹学 operational research国际贸易 international trade国际财务管理 international finance营销决策与分析 marketing decision and analysis。

公共管理工商管理硕士英语词汇excel版本

词汇800词abandonabsorbaccessaccommodationaccompanyaccomplishaccordaccountaccumulateaccuseachieveacknowledgeacquaintacquireadaptadequateadjustadmissionadoptadvantageadvisableadvocateaffectaffectionaffordaggressiveallowancealterambitionanniversaryannualanticipateapart apology appoint appreciate approach appropriate approve arise arouse artificial aspect assert assess assign assist assumption assure attain attempt attraction attribute available average award aware balance bargain barrier behave belief beneficial benefitboostbound breakthrough breedbudget burden cancel capacity certify challenge circumstance claimclarifycluecollapse collision comment commitment companion comparable comparative compare compel competent competitive comprehensive comprise conceal concede concern concerning concessionconclude condense confess confident confine confirm conflict confront confuse conscience conscious consent consequence consequently conservation conservative considerable considerate consistent constitute constrict consult contact contemporary content contest context continual contract contradiction contrary contrast contributecontroversy convention convert convey convince coordinate correspond council counsel course credit critical crucial crushcue cultivate curiosity deadline debate decay deceive decent declaration decline defeat defect define definite delete deliberate delicate deliver demonstratedeny depart dependent deposit depress depression derive descend deserve desirable despair desperate destruction devise devote discard discharge discipline discount disguise disgust dispose dispute dissolve distinct distract distress disturb diverse document domestic dominant dominatedownload drain durable duration ease elegant eliminate embarrass embrace emerge emergency emigrate emitenable enclose encounter endure enforce engage enhance enlarge enlighten enrich enroll (enrol) entitleentry episode equivalent erect essential estimate eternalevidence evolve exaggerate exceed excess 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investigate invisibleisolate issuejustifylag landscape launch layoutleakliable liberal likewise lodge magnificent maintain maintenance management manual margin marginal marvelous massive mature maximum mechanism media medium memorial mend mental mention merciful mercymerit mess minority miracle miserable mislead mission mode moderate modest morality motion motivate motive mutual myth nationwide neglect negotiate noticeable notify notion objective obligation oblige obstacle occasion occupy occurrence odd offend openingoppose optimistic option outcome outline outlook output outset outstanding overall overlook overtake overwhelm panic partial participate passion payment peculiar peer penalty penetrate pension perceive perception permanent permission persist personality personnel perspective persuasionphase phenomenon platform plausible pledgeplotpolishpollportion portray pose postpone potential practical precaution preceding preferable prejudice preliminary prescription presentation preserve pressure presumably prevail preview previous primitive principle prior priority privilegeprocedure proceed process productive profile profit prohibit prominent promote prompt proof property proportion propose prospect prosperity protest prove provided provision provoke publicity punctual pursue puzzle qualify quit quote rack range ratio rational readilyrealmreaprear reasonable rebel recall receipt recession reckon recognition recommend reconcile recreation recruit reduction refer refine reform refresh refusal regulate reinforce reject relay release relevant reliable relief relieve remark remarkable remedyrender renew reproduce request resemble reservation resign resistant resolve resort resource respectively responsible restore restrain restraint resume retain retreat reveal revenge revenue revise revolve rewardridrigidritualrivalrobrouse routinesatisfactory scandal scarce scare scatter scenery schedule scheme scope script section secure security seek seemingly selection seminar senior sensible sensitive session setting sheer shelter shift shortage shrink siege sightseeing significant simplicity singularskimskip slender slightslipsole solemn solution sophisticated sourcespanspark specific specify speculate spill spiritual split sponsor spurspy squeeze stablestaffstainstakestale standpoint startle status steadysteerStem stickystiff stimulate stingstirstock strain strait stride string subject submerge submit subsequent substantial substitute subtle succession successive suck suitable summarize summit superb superficial superior supplement supreme surplus surrender survey survivesuspend suspicion sustain swayswift swing switch symbol sympathize symptom tackle tame target tedious temper temporary temptation tend tendency tender tense terminal terrify terror theme therapy thoughtful threaten thrivetide tolerate tone toughtrace tragedy transaction transfer transform transmit transparent treaty tremble tremendous trendtrim triumph troublesome twist ultimate uncover undergo underline undo uneasy unfold unique unity universal upseturgeutilize vacant vacation vaguevainvalidvalue vanish variation vary vehicle verify versionvia vibrate view viewpoint vigorous violate violence virtual virtue visible visual vivid volume voluntary vote waken wander ward warn welfare widespread willingness withdraw withstand witnessworldwide worth worthwhile worthy wreckMBA MPA MPAcc词汇800词vt. 遗弃；放弃vt. 吸引…的注意n. 接近（或进入，享用）的机会 || vt. 存取（计算机文件）n. [pl] 住处，膳宿vt. 陪伴；为…伴奏（或伴唱）vt. 达到，完成，实现（计划，诺言等）n. 一致；谅解 ||vi. (with) 相符合 ||vt. 给予n. 记述；帐户；解释 ||vi.(for) 说明…的原因vt. 堆积 ||vi. 累积vt. 指控vt. 完成，实现，达到 ||vi. 成功vt. 承认…的权威（或主张）；确认；报偿vt.(with) 使认识，使了解，使熟悉vt. 取得；学到vt. 使适应；修改 ||vi.(to) 适应a. 充足的；胜任的 [ˈædɪkwɪt]vt. 校正；调节 ||vi.(to) 适应n. 准许进入；入场券；承认vt. 收养；采取；批准n. 优点；利益a. 可取的，明智的vt. 拥护 ||n. 拥护者；律师 [ˈædvəˌket] v. 影响n. 喜爱vt. 负担得起；提供a. 侵犯的；有进取心得n. 津贴，补贴，零用钱v. 改变n. 抱负，野心；企望得到的东西n. 周年纪念（日）a. 每年的 ||n. 年报，年刊，年鉴；一年生的植物vt. 预期；提前使用n. 焦虑；渴望ad. [空间、时间方面]成距离；分离 ||a. 分离的n. 道歉vt. 任命；约定vt. 重视；为…表示感激；（充分）意识到 ||vi. 增值v. 靠近 ||n. 靠近；途径；方式a. 适当的 ||vt. 私占；拨出…供专用vt. 赞成；批准 ||vi.(of) 赞成vt. 产生，出现；(from)（由…）引起；起身vt. 引起，唤醒a. 人工的；假的n. 方面；（建筑物的）朝向；面貌vt. 肯定地说，断言；维护，坚持 [əˈsɚt]vt. 对…进行估价；评价，评论 [əˈsɛs]vt. 指派；指定（时间、地点等）；分配n. 帮助n. 假定；承担vt. 使确信；确保vt.达到，获得n./vt.尝试n.吸引力；具有吸引力的人或事物vt.(to)把…归因于 || n.属性a.现成可使用的；可取得联系的a.平均的；平常的 || n.平均数，平均 || v.平均vt.授予；裁定 || n.奖，奖品，奖金a.意识到n.平衡；天平；结存 || vt.使平衡；称；权衡n.特价商品；（买卖等双方的）协议 || vi.讨价还价n.栅栏；障碍；屏障vi.表现，举止端庄n.信任；信念a.有益的n.益处；救济金，保险金 || vt.有益于 || vi.得益n.（营业等的）激增；隆隆声 || vi.激增；发出隆隆声vt.提高；推动；替…作广告 || n.提高；推动a.一定的；受约束的；(for, to)准备到…去的n.突破，突破性进展，重要新发现n.种，品种 || vi.繁殖 || vt.饲养；养育；酿成n.预算，预算拨款 || vi.(for)编预算 || vt.规划n.重担；使重负 || vt.加重压于，烦恼；负重vt.取消；抵消；删去n.容量；才能；身份，职位vt.证明；发证书（或执照）给n.艰巨的任务；怀疑；挑战 || vt.反对；向…挑战n.环境；境况[ˈsɚkəmˌstæns]vt.声称；对…提出要求；需要 || n.要求，认领，索赔vt.澄清，阐明 [ˈklærəˌfaɪ]n.线索vi. / n.倒坍；崩溃[kəˈlæps]n.碰撞；冲突n.评论；闲话 || vt.评论n.承诺；信奉，献身；承担的义务 [kəˈmɪtmənt]n.同伴，伴侣[kəmˈpænjən]a.(with, to)可比较的；比得上的a.比较的vt.(to, with)比较；(to)把…比作 || vi.相比vt.强迫[kəmˈpɛl]a.有能力的 [ˈkɑmpɪtənt]a.竞争的；好竞争的；（价格等）有竞争力的 [kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv] a.广泛的，综合的vt.包含；构成vt.隐藏vt.承认；（在结果确定前）承认失败；允许 || vi.让步n.关切的事；关心；关系；公司 || vt.涉及；使关心prep.关于n.让步；特许，特许权；承认vt.推断出；结束 || vi.结束；终了v.（使）冷凝；浓缩；简缩v.坦白；承认a.确信的；自信的vt.限制；使不外出 || n.界限vt.证实，肯定；进一步确定，确认；批准n.冲突；战斗 || vi.冲突vt.迎面遇到；勇敢地面对；使对质vt.使困惑；混淆；混乱n.良心 [ˈkɑnʃəns]a.自觉的；神志清醒的；有意的[ˈkɑnʃəs]n.准许 || vi.(to)准许n.结果；重要（性），重大ad.所以，因此n.保存，（对自然资源的）保护，避免浪费[ˌkɑnsɚˈveʃən] a.保守的；（式样等）不时新的 || n.保守的人a.相当大（或多）的a.体贴的a.坚持的；一致的vt.组成；设立，任命vt.使缩紧，使收缩，压缩；构筑；建造，建设vt.请教；查阅 || vi.交换意见n.接触 || vt.与…取得联系 [ˈkɑnˌtækt]a.当代的，同时代的 || n.同代人，当代人n.（书等的）内容 || a.满意的 || vt.使满意n.竞赛；争夺 || vt.争夺；对…提出质疑n.背景；语境a.不见断的；多次重复的 [kənˈtɪnjuəl]n.合同 || vt.感染（疾病），染上（恶习）n.矛盾；否认，反驳a.(to)相反的 || n.[-the]相反 [ˈkɑnˌtrɛri]n.对比 || vt.对比 || vi.(with)形成对比 [ˈkɑ:ntræst] vi.捐款；(to)有助于；投稿 || vt.捐，捐献 [kənˈtrɪbjut]n.争论n.习俗；公约；（正式）会议v.（使）转变；（使）改变信仰（或态度等）vt.表达；运送vt.使确信vt.调节 || n.坐标 || a.同等的 [ko'ɔrdəˈnet]vi.(with)相符合；(to)相当；通信[ˌkɔrɪˈspɑnd, ˌkɑr-]n.委员会，理事会 [ˈkaʊnsəl]n.律师，法律顾问；忠告 || vt.劝告[ˈkaʊnsəl]n.课程；过程；行动方针；路线；（一）道（菜）n.信贷；赞扬，功劳；学分；信任 || vt.信任；(to)把…归于.a.决定性的；批评的 [ˈkrɪtɪkəl]n..至关重要的 [ˈkruʃəl]vt.压碎，弄皱；镇压n.暗示，信号；提示 || vt.提示vt.耕作，养殖；培养，发展n.好奇（心）；奇物，奇事，古玩n.最后期限n. / v.辩论vi.腐烂；衰败 || n.腐烂；衰败（或衰退）状态vt.欺骗a.像样的；宽厚的；得体的n.宣布；宣言；申报 [ˌdɛkləˈreʃən] n.下降，衰退 || vi.下降；衰退；谢绝 || vt.谢绝vt.击败；挫败 || n.战败；击败n.缺点 || vi.变节vt.给…下定义，解释；限定a.明确的；一定的 [ˈdɛfənɪt]vt.删除 [diˈlit]a.故意的；慎重的 || v.仔细考虑 [dɪˈlɪbərɪt]a.易碎的；棘手的；娇弱的；精美的 [ˈdɛlɪkɪt] vt.投递；发表；给（产妇）接生；给予（打击等）；解救vt.论证；说明 || vi.举行示威游行（或集会） [ˈdɛmənˌstret]vt.否认；拒绝给予vi.离开；(from)背离a.(on, upon)依靠的；取决于…的n.定金；存款；沉积物，矿藏 || vt.使沉淀；存放；储蓄 [dɪˈpɑzɪt] vt.使沮丧；削弱；按下n.抑郁；不景气；洼地vt.取得；追溯…的起源（或来由） || vi.(from)起源 [dɪˈraɪv]vi.下来；(from)起源（于）；(on)袭击；(to)把身份降至vt.应受a.值得想望的；可取的 [dɪˈzaɪrəbəl]n.绝望；使人绝望的人（或事物） || vi.(of)绝望 [dɪˈspɛr] a.不顾一切的；极想望的；绝望的n.破坏，消灭vt.发明，策划vt.(to)把…专用（于）；将…奉献给vt.丢弃vt.解雇；排出；卸（货）|| vi.放电 || n.获准离开；放电n.纪律；训练；惩罚；学科 || vt.训练；惩罚 [ˈdɪsəplɪn]n.（价格、债款等）折扣 || vt.把…打折扣vt.假扮；伪装；掩盖 || n.用来伪装的东西（或行动）；假装 [dɪsˈɡaɪz] n.厌恶 || vt.使厌恶vt.排列；使倾向于 || vi.(of)去掉；处理n.争论 || vt.对…表示异议 || vi.争论vi.溶解；消失，减弱 || vt.使溶解；解散，结束a.有区别的；清楚的；明确的 [dɪˈstɪŋkt]vt.转移（注意力），使分心 [dɪˈstrækt] n.痛苦；贫困；危难 || vt.使痛苦vt.打扰；使不安；弄乱a.不同的；多种多样的n. / vt.用文件（或文献）等证明，记载a.本国的；家（庭）的；驯养的 [dəˈmɛstɪk] a.占优势的；居高临下的 [ˈdɑmənənt]vt.支配；俯视 || vi.处于支配地位n.捐款；捐赠vt.下载（计算机用语）vt.排走；渐渐耗尽 || vi.慢慢流掉 || n.耗竭；排水沟 [dren] a.耐用的 [ˈdʊrəbəl, ˈdjʊr-]n.持续，持续期间n.容易，悠闲 || v.缓和 [iz]a.优美的；简练的 [ˈɛlɪɡənt] vt.排除；淘汰 [ɪˈlɪməˌnet]vt.使窘迫vt.拥抱；包括；包围 || n.拥抱vi.(from)浮现；（问题等）发生 [ɪˈmɚdʒ]n.紧急情况vi移居国外（或外地）. [ˈɛmɪˌɡret] vt.发出（光、热、声音等），射出 [ɪˈmɪt] vt.使能够vt.围住；把…装入信封，附入 [ɛnˈkloz] vt. / n.遇到 [ɛnˈkaʊntɚ]vt.忍受 || vi.忍受；持久 [ɛnˈdʊr, -ˈdjʊr]vt.实施；强迫vt.占用（时间、精力等）；使从事；使订婚 || vi.(in)参加 [ɪn'ɡeɪdʒ] vt.提高，增加v.扩大vt.启发，开导 [ɪn'laɪtn]vt.充实，使丰富；使富裕，使富有vi.(in, on)入学，加入 || vt.招收，吸收 [ɪn'rəʊl]vt.给…权利；给（书、文章等）题名 [ɪn'taɪtl]vt.参赛的人（或物）；入口处，门厅，河口；登记n.（一连串事件中的）一个事件；片断，连续剧的一集 ['epɪsəʊd] a.相等的 || n.相等物 [ɪˈkwɪvələnt]a.竖直的 || vt.建造；竖立a.必不可少的；本质的 || n.要素；必需品n.估计；评价 || vt.估计a.永久的，永世的；无休止的；永恒的，永不改变的 [ɪˈtɚnəl]vt.评估 [ɪˈvæljuˌet] n.根据v.（使）演变，（使）发展 [ɪˈvɑlv] v.夸大[ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt]vt.超过，越出n.过量；超越 || a.过量的，额外的，附加的a.奢华的；独有的；(of)不包括…的 || n.独家新闻 [ɪkˈsklusɪv] vt.处死；实施 [ˈɛksɪˌkjut]n.主管；（政府的）行政部门 || a.执行的，行政的vt.用（力）；运用 [ɪɡˈzɚt] n.期待；前程[ˌekspekˈteɪʃn]n.价钱；开支；业务费用vt.剥削；利用，开发 || n.业绩，功绩 [ɪkˈsplɔɪt]v.勘探；仔细查阅，探索v.暴露；曝光；揭露n.暴露；曝光；揭发[ɪkˈspoʒɚ]vt.延伸；扩展；提供 || vi.伸展；（在范围或应用上）达到n.程度；广度，宽度，大小n.外部，外表 || a.外部的 [ɪkˈstɪriɚ] a.外部的 [ɪkˈstɚnəl]n.目击证人n.设备，便利 [fəˈsɪlɪti] n.能力；系，学科，学院；全体教员 [ˈfækəlti] vi.褪去；逐渐消失；凋谢 ||vt.使褪色a.隐约的；无力的；凋谢 || vi.昏厥 || n.昏厥 [fent]a.极好的；极大的；奇异的a.迷人的a.致命的，毁灭性的；重大的，决定性的n.疲劳 || v.（使）疲劳a.有错误的a.有错误的，有缺点的a.可行的，可用的n.特征；面貌；专题节目；故事片 || vt.突出，由……主演n.反馈，反馈信息a.凶猛的；狂热的n.财政，金融；财源，资金 || vt.为……提供资金vt.闪光；飞驰；闪耀 || n.闪光；闪光灯vi.逃走 || vt.逃离，逃避a.易弯曲的；灵活的vi.茂盛，繁荣 || vt.挥动（以引起注意）v.(on)（使）聚焦 || n.焦点，（注意，活动等的）中心vt.不许vt.伪造（货币，文件等）；锻造a.健忘的，不留心的n.小部分；分数n.次数；经常发生vt.使沮丧；挫败a.基本的 || n.基本原则vt.布置，为……配备家具；供应n.缺口；间隔；差距v. /n. 凝视n.齿轮，（排）档 || vt.使适应，使适合vt.产生（光，热，电等）；引起a.真的，真诚的n.姿势；（人际交往时做出的）姿态 || v.做手势（表示）vi. /n.扫视vi.(at) 怒目而视；发射强光 || n.强光；怒视；炫耀；闪耀vt. / n. 一瞥n.拨款，授予物 || vt.授予n.悲伤，悲痛；悲伤的事，悲痛的缘由a.总的；严重的；粗俗的；臃肿的 || vt.获得……的总收入（或毛利）vt.保证 || n.保证书n.指引，领导n.指导方针a.内疚的；有罪的a.方便的；手边的；手巧的n.海港 || vt.庇护；心怀（怨恨等）n.和谐a.严厉的；毛糙的n.危险，公害 || vt.尝试着做（或提出）；冒风险n.标题n.大字标题；新闻摘要vt.使愈合；调停 || vi.愈合v.犹豫；不情愿vt.强调 || n.最精彩的部分，最重要的事件n.视野a.敌对的；敌方的a.谦逊的；地位（或身份）低下的；简陋的 || vt.使谦恭a.理想的；想象的 || n.理想；理想的东西（或人）a.(to, with)相同的；同一的vt.认出，鉴定；(with)把…等同于 || vi.(with)认同n.身份；个性；同一性a.懒散的；空闲的；无用的 || vi.懒散 || vt.(away)虚度（光阴）vt.不顾vt.说明；给…作插图说明n.形象；印象；图像；形象的描述n. / v. 影响；冲击vt.使生效，履行 || n.工具vt.(on)把…强加于；征（税等），处以（罚款、监禁等）n.发生率n.发生的事；事件v.（使）倾斜；（使）倾向于，赞同 || n.斜坡a.不能相信的；不可思议的，惊人的n.索引；标志；指数，指标 || vt.为…编索引，把…编入索引vt.标示，指示；表明a.冷漠的；一般的，（表现）平平的a.(to, for)必不可少的vt.引诱，劝；引起，导致a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的vt.推论a.劣等的；下级的 || n.下级a.有影响的，有权势的a.(in)内在的，固有的，生来就有的a.开始的 || n.（性命等的）首字母n.主动性，首创精神；主动的行动；主动权a.(of)清白的；无害的，没有恶意的；天真的n.输入，投入；输入物，输入的数据 || vt.把…输入计算机vt.插入n.洞察力，深刻的见解vt.安装；使就职n.本能；生性vt.侮辱 || n.侮辱，凌辱vt.给…保险；保证a.完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的v.(into, with)（使）成为一体n.正直，诚实，诚恳；完整，完全，完善vt.想要；打算使（成为）a.强烈的，紧张的；认真的；热情的n.强烈；强度n.意图，目的n.相互作用vi.(with, in)干涉，介入；妨碍n.内部；[-the]内地 || a.内部的；内地的a.内部的；国内的；内心的vi.口译，翻译 || vt.解释，说明vt.打断，打扰；中止 || vi.打断，打扰n.间隔；幕间（或工间）休息a.亲密的，密切的；私人的 || vt.暗示，提示 || n.至交vt.恐吓，威胁v.侵入，侵略v.调查，调查研究a.看不见的vt.包含；使参与；牵涉vt.使隔离n.问题；发行 || vt.颁布，出版；分发 || vi.流出，发出vt.证明…正当（或有理）vi.落后 || n.滞后，（时间上的）间隔n.风景；风景画；全景 || vt.美化…的景观vt.发动；(into, in)使开始从事n.布局，设计v.（使）漏，（使）渗出；泄漏 || n.漏洞；泄漏；（消息等的）走漏a.(to)可能的；(for)有法律责任的；(to)易于…的a.心胸宽阔的；（指政治观点上的）自由主义的；慷慨的ad.同样地；也vi.暂住，借宿 || vt.供…以临时住宿 || n.乡间小屋，施舍a.壮丽的；豪华的；极好的vt.维持；维修；坚持；赡养，负担n.维修；抚养费；维持n.管理；管理部门，管理人员a.用手的，手工做的 || n.手册，指南n.页边空白；差额；余地；边缘a.微小的，不重要的；仅以微弱多数票获胜的a.奇迹般的a.大而重的，大块的；大量的a.成熟的；应支付的 || v.（使）成熟a.最高的，顶点的 || n.最大限度，顶点n.机械装置；机制；办法n.新闻媒介，传播媒介a.中等的 || n.媒质；新闻媒介，传播媒介；手段a.纪念的 || n.纪念碑，纪念仪式vt.修理 || vi.恢复健康a.精神的；精神病的；智力的vt. / n.提及a.仁慈的；宽大的n.慈悲；恩惠a.仅仅的；纯粹的n.长处，价值；功绩 || vt.值得n.凌乱状态；混乱的局面 || vt.弄糟n.少数派；少数民族n.奇迹a.痛苦的；令人难受（或痛苦）的vt.给…错误印象；把…带错路；把…带坏n.使命；代表团n.方式a.中等的；稳健的；有节制的 || v.（使）和缓，（使）减轻a.谦虚的；适中的；羞怯的n.道德，德行，品行；道德观，道德规范n.（物体的）运动；手势，眼色；提议 || v.（向…）打手势vt.作为…的动机，激励n.动机a.相互的；共同的n.杜撰出来的人（或事情）；神话ad.全国范围内的，全国性的vt.忽视；疏忽 || n.疏忽，玩忽vt.洽谈；顺利通过 || vi.协商a.显而易见的vt.通知，报告n.概念；意图n.目标 || a.客观的n.义务vt.迫使；施恩于；使感激n.障碍（物），妨碍n.时刻；重大（或特殊）活动；时机；起因 || vt.引起vt.占，占用，占领；使忙碌，使从事n.发生的事情；发生a.奇特的；临时的；奇数的；剩余的 || n.可能性，机会vt.冒犯，伤害…的感情；使厌恶；违犯n.口子，洞；（正式的）开始；（职位的）空缺n.敌手；反对者vt.反对a.乐观（主义）的n.选择；选择权；（供）选择的事情（或人），选课n.结果n.提纲；外形，略图 || vt.概述；描…外形n.观点；展望n.产量；输出，输出功率 || vt.输出（信息、数据等）n.开始a.突出的；未解决的a.总体的；全部的 || ad.总的来说 || n.工装裤，工作服vt.忽视；宽恕；俯瞰vt.追上，超过；突然降临于vt.（感情上）使受不了，使不知所措 || 征服，制服n.恐慌 || v.（使）恐慌a.部分的；(to)偏爱的；(to)偏向一方的vi.(in)参与n.激情；酷爱n.支付的款项；支付a.奇怪的；特有的n.同龄人，同等地位的人；贵族 || vi.仔细看n.处罚，罚金v.透入，渗入；刺入；洞察n.养老金 || vt.发给…养老金（或退职金、抚恤金等）vt.感知；认识到n.感知（能力）；认识，观念a.永久（性）的n.允许vi.(in)坚持不懈；继续存在n.人格；人物n.[总称]人员；人事部门n.视角；远景；透视画法n.说服（力），劝说 || 信念，信仰a.悲观（主义）的n.阶段；方面；（月）相 || vt.分阶段实行（或计划）n.现象；非凡的人，特殊的事物n.（政党的）纲领a.有道理的，似乎正确的，貌似可信的n.保证，誓言 || vt.保证，许诺n.故事情节；（秘密）计划 || vt.密谋；绘制…的平面图 || vi.密谋vt.磨光；修改，润色 || n.擦光剂，上光腊n.民意测试；政治选举 || vt.对…进行民意测试n.一部分，一份 || vt.(out)分配vt.描写，描绘；扮演，饰演vt.造成；提出（问题等），陈述（论点等） || vi.摆姿势（拍照）vt.推迟a.潜在的 || n.潜力a.实际的；切合实际的n.预防，警惕a.在先的a.更可取的n.偏见 || vt.使有偏见；对…不利，损害a.预备的，初步的 || n.初步做法，起始行为n.处方，药方，（医生开的）药；开处方，开药方n.提供；外观，（显示的）图像；报告；表演vt.保护，维持；保存；腌制n.压（力）；强制 || vt.对…施加压力（或影响），迫使，说服ad.大概vi.流行；(over)获胜；(on, upon)说服n.（电影、戏剧等的）预映，预演；（电影等的）预告（片）a.先，前；(to)在…之前a.原始的；简单的 || n.原（始）人，原始事物n.原则，原理；基本信念a.优先的n.优先（权），重点；优先考虑的事n.特权，优惠n.程序vi.进行；（沿特定路线）行进，（朝特定方向）前进n.过程；工序；（法律）程序 || vt.加工a.多产的，富饶的；富有成效的n.（面部或头部的）侧面（像）；传略；轮廓；姿态n.利润 || vt.有益于 || vi.(by, from)得益vt.禁止a.突出的；突起的vt.发扬；提升；宣传vt.促使，推动；提示 || a.敏捷的，迅速的 || n.题词，提示n.证据；校样，样张 || a.耐…的n.财产；房产；性质n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡v.提议；提名；打算；求婚n.前景；景象；有希望的候选人 || vt.(for)勘探n.兴旺，繁荣n. / v.抗议，反对vt.证明，证实 || vi.结果是conj.假如n.供应；准备；条款；给养vt.对…挑衅；激起n.公众的注意，名声；宣传a.严守时刻的vt.继续；追赶；追求v.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思 || n.智力测验；难题v.（使）胜任，（使）合格v.停止；离开，辞（职）v.引用 || n.论文；报价；引号n.挂架，搁架 || vi.使痛苦；使紧张，使努力n.幅度 || vi.（在某范围内）变动；(over)论及n.比率a.理智的；合理的ad.乐意地；容易地；很快地a.现实的；实际可行的；逼真的n.界，领域；王国vt.收割，收货；获得，得到n.后部；后方 || a.后部的；后方的 || vt.抚养，饲养，种植a.通情达理的；合理的；（价钱）公道的n.反叛分子，反对者 || vi.反叛；反对vt.回忆起；召回；收回 || vi.记得，回想n.发票；收入，进款；收到n.（经济的）衰退，衰退期vt.认为；(on)指望；测算n.认出；承认；赏识，表彰vt.推荐；劝告；使成为可取vt.使协调；使和解；(to)使顺从（于），使甘心（于）n.娱乐活动vt.招募（新兵），吸收（新成员） || n.新兵，新成员n.减少；下降vi.(to)涉及；指的是；参考 || vt.引…参考（或查询）vt.精炼；使优美，使完善vt.改革，改造 || vi.改正，改过自新 || n.改革，改造v.（使）振作精神，（使）恢复活力n.拒绝vt.管理；调整vt.增强，增援vt.拒绝；退回 || n.被拒货品，不合格产品vt.传送，传达，转述；中继转播，接替，补充，转运vt. / n.释放；接触；放开；发布a.有关的，切题的a.可靠的n.轻松；减轻；使得到调剂；接替vt.使轻松；缓解；接替vt.评论说 || vi.(on)谈论，评论 || n.谈论，评论a.值得注意的；异常的n.补救办法；药品 || vt.补救；医治vt.提醒；使发生联想vt.使得；给予；翻译v.继续；（使）更新；延长（…的）有效期v.复制，再现；繁殖vt. / n.请求vt.像n.（住处、座位等的）预订；保留，犹豫vi.辞职 || vt.辞去；(to)使顺从a.(to)抵抗的，抗…的，耐…的vt.解决；决定；(into)分解 || vi.决定 || n.决心vi.(to)求助，凭借 || n.求助；常去之地n.[pl.]资源；应付办法ad.分别地a.有责任感的；责任重大的vt.恢复；修复；归还vt.阻止；抑制n.抑制；约束措施v.（中断后）重新开始 || n.摘要；简历vt.保留vi.退却；退缩 || n.退却；退缩；隐退处vt.揭露，泄露；展现n.报复 || vt.为…报仇，报…之仇n.（尤指大宗的）收入；（政府的）税收vt.修订；复习 || vi.复习vi.旋转n.报答；报酬 || vt.报答vt.(of)使摆脱a.严格的，死板的；刚硬的n.（宗教等的）仪式；例行公事 || a.例行的n.竞争对手；可与匹敌的人（或物） || a.竞争的vt.抢劫；(of)（非法）剥夺vt.惊起，唤醒n.例行公事 || a.例行的，常规的n.缘故a.令人满意的n.丑闻；流言蜚语；反感，愤慨a.缺乏的；稀少的n.惊恐 || vt.吓，使害怕 || vi.受惊吓，感到害怕vt.撒，撒播；使散开 || vi.分散n.风景；舞台布景n.时刻表，日程安排表；清单 || vt.安排，排定n.计划；阴谋 || v.密谋n.（活动，影响等的）范围；机会n.剧本，广播稿；文字体系；笔迹，手迹n.部分；章节；部门；截面a.安全的，牢固的 || vt.得到；使安全，保卫；缚牢n.安全；抵押品；证券vt.寻找，追求；征求（意见），请求（帮助）；试图ad.表面上，看上去n.选择；被挑选出来的人（或物），精选品n.（大学的）研究班，研讨会a.资格较老的 || n.（中学或大学的）毕业班学生a.明知的，合情理的a.敏感的；易受伤的n.会议；（从事某项活动的）集会（或一段时间）n.环境；设定地位置a.完全的；陡峭的 || ad.陡峭地 || vi.(off)急转向，偏离n.掩蔽处；住所；掩蔽 || vt.掩蔽 || vi.躲避v.移动，转移；改变 || n.转换；（轮或换）班n.不足vi.起皱，收缩；退缩 || vt.使起皱，使收缩n.包围，围困n.观光a.相当数量的；重要的；意味深长的n.简单；朴素a.单数的；非凡的n.略图；梗概；素描 || vt.给…的略图；概述vi.撇（去）；掠过；浏览 || vt.浏览，略读vi.跳，蹦蹦跳跳；跳绳 || vt.跳过，略过，漏过 || n.跳，蹦跳a.苗条的；微薄的a.轻微的；纤细的，瘦弱的 || vt. / n.轻视vi.滑落；溜走；下降 || vt.悄悄放进 || n.疏漏a.单独的；独有的 || n.脚底，鞋底，袜底a.严肃的；庄严的，隆重的n.解决；解答；溶液a.老练的；精密的；高雅的n.源（泉）；来源n.一段时间；跨距 || vt.持续；横跨n.火花 || vi.发出火花 || vt.(off)触发a.特定的；明确的 || n.详情vt.明确说明vi.(about, on)推测；投机 || vt.推测v.（使）溢出，（使）洒落 || n.溢出a.精神（上）的；宗教（上）的vi.分裂，被撕裂 || vt.使分裂；劈开，撕裂；分担 || n.裂口；分裂n.发起者，赞助者 || vt.发起；资助；支持n.刺激（物），激励 || vt.激励n.间谍 || vi.当间谍；(on)暗中监视 || vt.发现；侦探，刺探vt.挤出；压榨；捏 || vi.挤 || n.挤；握（手）；拮据a.稳定的；沉稳的 || n.马厩n.全体职工，全体人员 || vt.为…配备（人员）vt.沾污，染色 || n.污迹n. 标桩；利害关系；赌本|| vt.以…打赌，拿…冒险a.不新鲜的；过时的n.立场vt.使惊吓，使吃惊n.地位；情形a.平稳的；持续的；稳重的 || v.（使）平稳vt.驾驶；引导 || vi.驾驶n.茎，干；词干 || vi.(from)起源于 || vt.堵住，止住a.粘性的；（天气）湿热的；困难a.硬的；不灵活的；拘谨的；艰难的；（风等）强烈的 || ad.极其vt.刺激，激励vi.刺 || vt.刺；刺痛；激怒 || n.（昆虫的）蜇刺；刺（痛）vt.搅拌；激起 || vi.微动；（某种感情）产生 || n.激动，骚动n.备料；股票；世系 || v.储备 || a.常用的n.拉紧；极度紧张；张力 || vt.扭伤；尽力使用；紧张n.海峡；[常pl.]困境，窘境，危难vi.大踏步走 || n.大步；步法，步态；[常pl.]进展，进步n.弦，线，一行 || vt.用线串；（用线）悬挂，系住n.（试验等的）对象 || vt.(to)使服从；使遭受vi.潜入水中 || vt.浸没vi.(to)屈服 || vt呈送；主张a.随后的a.可观的；牢固的；实质的n.代用品 || vt.代替 || vi.(for)代替a.微妙的，难于捉摸的；诡秘的，狡诈的；隐约的n.连续；接替a.接连的v.吸，吮a.合适的vt.概括，总结n.峰顶；最高级会议a.极好的，高质量的a.肤浅的；表面的a.上级的；(to)较好的 || n.上级，长官n.增补（物）；增刊 || vt.增补a.最高的；极度的n.过剩 || a.过剩的，多余的vi.投降；(to)屈服（于） || vt.放弃 || n.投降，放弃n.调查；测量；概括论述 || vt.调查；测量vi.活下来，继续存在 || vt.从…逃出；比…活得长vt.暂停；悬n.怀疑，涉嫌；一点儿vt.保持；供养；支持vi.摇摆 || vt.使摇摆；使改变看法 || n.摇摆a.迅速的；敏捷的v.（使）摇摆；（使）旋转 || n.摆动；秋千v.转变 || n.开关；转变n.符号；象征vi.同情；赞同n.症状；征兆vt.对付；与…交涉；（足球等比赛中）阻截 || n.阻截；用具a.驯服的；沉闷的 || vt.制服n.目标 || vt.瞄准a.乏味的，冗长的n.脾气；韧度 || vt.调和；使回火a.暂时的n.诱惑vi.易于；趋向 || vt.照管n.趋向a.嫩的 || vt.（正式）提出 || vi.(for)投标 || n.投标a.紧张的；拉紧的 || v.（使）拉紧 || n.（动词的）时态a.末端的 || n.（海、陆、空运输路线的）终点（站）vt.使害怕，使惊吓；使人感到恐怖n.恐怖活动；引起恐怖的人（或事）n.主题，题目n.治疗a.沉思的；体贴的vt.威胁；是…的征兆 || vi.构成威胁，可能发生vi.兴旺，繁荣n.潮汐；潮流vt.容许，承认；容忍n.腔调；风格；色调 || vt.(up)增强a.困难的；坚强的；粗暴的vt.查出；追溯；描摹 || n.痕迹；微量n.灾难；悲剧（艺术）n.交易，业务vt.转移；调动，转学 || vi.迁移；调动，转学；转车vt.改革；变换vt.传播；传送a.透明的；明显的n.条约，协定vi.颤抖；摇晃；担心 || n.颤抖；摇晃a.巨大的；精彩的n.趋向；时新款式vt.修剪；削减；装饰 || a.面条的；整齐的 || n.修剪，整修n.胜利；（胜利或成功的）喜悦 || vi.获胜a.令人烦恼的vt.使缠绕；转动；捻 || vi.旋转；曲折前进 || n.弯曲；转折a.极端的；最后的 || n.终极，极限vt.揭露；揭开…的盖子vt.经历vt.在…下面划线；强调vt.解开；取消a.心神不安的vi.展开，打开；显露，展现 || vt.展开，打开a.唯一的；极不寻常的n.团结；和睦a.普遍的；通用的；宇宙的vt.使心烦意乱；打乱 || n.翻倒；（肠胃等）不适 || a.心烦的vt.鼓励；催促 || n.强烈的欲望vt.利用a.未被占用的；（职位、工作等）空缺n.休假 || vi.度假a.含糊的a.徒劳的；自负的a.有根据的；有效的。

工商管理英语中译英英译中整理

Unit 1社团（社会，共同体，社区）community；首席执行官chief executive officer；（政府或国际机构的）部，处agency；常务董事（相当于总经理）managing director；流行价格prevailing price；监督员（基层经理）supervisor；市场份额market share；计算机程序员computer programmer；管理能力managerial competency；保险业务员insurance agent；资源配置allocation of resources；新闻广播员newscaster；任务小组task force；销售合作人sales associate；收入，税收revenue；a global giant 巨大的全球公司；talented people 人才；profit-oriented/for-profit business 以利润为导向；accountmanager 财务经理；plant manager 工厂经理；task force manager 业务经理；chief knowledge officer 首席培训官；chief executive officer 首席执行官；managing director 常务董事；a board of directors 董事会；stockholder 股东；stakeholder 利益相关人；accounts 客户；Unit 2管理；管理人员management；工作框架work setting；电话营销中心telemarketing center；顾客投诉customer complaint；业绩评价标准evaluation criteria for performance；具体运作计划specific operational plans；分派权利与责任delegate authority and responsibility；协调进度与资源coordinate schedule and resources；商务合作人business associate；财务崩溃financial debacle；刺激业务增长spur the growth of the business；监督现场工作supervise on-site work；dealership 经销店；high turnover 高人员流动；executive vice-president 执行副总裁；community affairs 社交事务；government negotiations 政府谈判；on-site work 现场工作；Unit 4个人决策individual decisionmaking；换取关系tradeoff；效率与公平efficiency and equity；稀缺资源scarce resources；成本与效益costs and benefits；增量调整incremental adjustments；边际成本marginal costs；边际收益marginal benefits；机会成本opportunity cost；竞争对手与贸易伙伴competitors and partners；天下没有免费的午餐there is no such thing as a free lunch；生活中的换取关系life’s tradeoff；考虑边际量think at the marginal；对激励作出的反应中in response to the incentives；使每个国家状况更好make each country better off；相互作用interact with one another；material/spiritual standard of living 生活物质水平；board 伙食；Unit5市场经济market economies；市场失灵market failure；市场势力market power；经济繁荣economic prosperity；预算赤字budget deficit；金融市场financial market；人力物力资本human capital and physical capital；通货膨胀inflation；公平分配equitable distribution；个人所得税personal income tax；福利制度welfare system；医疗保健health care；develop market economy 发展市场经济；direct economic activity 指导经济活动；allocate resources efficiently 有效地配置资源；influence market price 影响市场价格；enhance economic efficiency 提高经济效率；boost living standard 提高生活水平；charge the price 要价/收费；regulate the price 规范价格；result in chaos 造成/导致混乱；work one’s magic 施展魔力；planned economies 计划经济；self-interest 个人利益/利己；the wealth of nations 《国富论》；externality 外部性；monopoly 垄断；economic well-being 经济福利；labor union 工会；minimum wage laws 最低工资法；price rise 物价上涨；deflation 通货紧缩；the quantity of money 货币量；Unit 6develop an action plan 制定行动计划；develop safety training session 开安全生产培训课；develop a line of thought 展开思路；develop the front-line employees 培养一线雇员；develop an interest in management 对管理产生兴趣；develop the national economy 发展国民经济；develop the company’s business 扩展公司业务；develop one’s idea 阐述观点；develop a new device 研制一个新装置；develop the region in the west of China 开发建设中国西部地区；目标管理management by objective；一次性计划a single-use plan；常备计划a stand plan；应变计划a contingency plan；企业目标corporate goals；计划时间范围planning time horizon；业绩评估系统performance appraisal system；应急预算emergency budget；灵活性与适应性flexibility and adaptability；安全认定系统system of safety recognition；基层部门监督者line supervisor；表彰信a letter of commendation；Unit 7deploy resources 有效地利用资源；hierarchical levels 层级；span of managers’ control 经理的管理职权范围；effective coordination 有效地协调；vertical control of the organization 组织机构的纵向管理；an automobile assembly line 汽车组装线；chain of command 指令链；delegate authority 分权；meet customers’ needs 满足消费者的需求；line department 业务部门；staff department 职能部门；issue orders 发布命令；rule books 规章手册；organization chart 企业章程；Unit 8position power 职位权力；legitimate power 法理权；reward power 奖赏权力；coercive power 惩罚权力；personal power 个性化权力；expert power 专业技能权力；referent power 秉性相关权力；charismatic leadership 个人勉力型领导；autocratic leader 独断/专断型领导；democratic leader 民主型领导；authoritarian management 授权型领导；centralize authority 集权；Unit 11课后练习无；forms of business enterprise 企业组织形式；sole proprietorships 独资商；partnership 合伙商；corporation 公司；risks and rewards 风险和收益；retail establishment 零售机构；personal income 个人收入；tax rate 税率；interest rate 利率；financial resources 财政资源；lend institutions 借贷机构；management-level employees 管理基层员工；professional consultants 专业顾问；unlimited liability 无限责任；profits and loses 盈利和亏损；general partners 任职合伙人；master limited partnership（MLP）全能的有限合伙商；stock exchange 股票交易所；partnership agreement 合伙商协议；obtain financing 融资；departure and addition 离去和增添；malpractice insurance 渎职保险；business risk insurance 企业风险保险；managing partner 常务合伙人；political maneuver 政治操控；shareholder 股东；public corporation 公营公司；quasi-public corporation 准公营公司；parent company 母公司；holding company 控股公司；subsidiary corporation 子公司；public utility 公用事业；basic public services 基础公共服务；open corporation 公开公司；closed corporation 封闭公司；incorporated business 组建公司；industry sector 产业部门；service business 服务业；goods-producing business 制造业；with access to inexpensive labor 拥有廉价劳动力；real estate broker 房地产经纪人；capital-intensive business 资金密集型产业；labor-intensive business 劳动力密集型产业；prune layers of bureaucracy 精简官僚机构层次；business cycle 商业周期，经济周期；cyclical business 周期性产业Unit 12世界经济a global economy；经济模式the economic model；工业化经济an industrialized economy；自给自足self-sufficient；银行业a banking industry；提高生活质量enhance the quality of life；经济活动的核心the hub/heart of economic activity；商务服务业business services；销售服务业trade services；基础设施服务业infrastructure services；社会服务业social/personal services；公共管理服务public services；public administration 公共管理服务；social/personal service 社会/个人服务；extractive sector 资源耗取部门；service sector 服务行业；economic growth 经济增长；health care 保健；economic evolution 经济演进；primary 第一产业；secondary 第二产业；tertiary 第三产业；quaternary 第四产业；real estate 房地产；maintenance and repair 保养和维修；service economy 服务经济；retail trade 零售；negative growth rates 负增长；recession-resistant 抗衰退的；manufactured goods 制成品；lay off 下岗；capital expenditures 资金支出；the driving force 驱动力；labor-saving 节省劳动力；an aging population 老年人口geriatric health care 老年健康护理Unit 14市场营销组合marketing mix；市场细分研究segmentation research；市场导向marketing orientation；目标市场target market；描述功能descriptive function；诊断功能diagnostic function；预测功能predictive function；生产导向活动production-oriented exercises；前控管理proactive management；后控管理reactive management；市场信息反馈过程marketing intelligence feedback process；市场营销系统marketing system；decision maker 决策者；improve the bottom line 改善企业营利；production schedule 生产期限；mechanistic exercise 机械活动；sales promotion 促销；Unit 15人力资源管理human resource management；竞争优势competitive advantage；员工投诉系统employee grievance systems；达到企业目标meet the organization’s objectives；全权负责have sole responsibility for；业绩评估体系performance appraisal system；招聘与筛选recruitment and selection；灵活工作时间制flexible scheduling；成本有效性cost effectiveness；成本领先战略cost leadership strategy；产品差别化product differentiation；岗位培训on-the-job training；纪律执行程序disciplinary procedure；激励计划incentive plan；career advancement 职业发展；productivity levels 生产率水平；。

工商管理专业英语词汇

Unit 1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Studyevolution n.the process of developing发展generalize v.to infer from many particulars概括autobiography n. the biography of a person written by that person 自传memoir n.an account of the person experiences of an author 回忆录，自传extremely ad. Being in or attaining the greatest or highest degree 极度地anthropologist n. someone who studies anthropology 人类学家perspective n.the way in which a situation or problem in judged so that proper consideration is given to each part 合理观察，视角turnover n. the number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time 人员更替数approach n. the method used in dealing with or accomplishing 方法contingency n. a possibility that must be prepared for可能事件，可能出现的情况dynamic a.characterized by continuous change 不断变化的confrontation n. discord or a clash of opinions and ideas 观点或思想的不断冲撞incur v. to acquire or come into 获得compromise v. something that combines qualities or elements of different things折中interdependent a. mutually dependent 互相依存的characteristic n. a feature that helps to identify 特性popularity n. the quality or state of being popular 普及sole a. of or relating to only one individual or group 单独的reliance n. the act of relying or the state of being reliant 依赖，依靠sufficient a. being as much as is needed 充足的alliance n.the act of becoming allied or the condition of being allied 结盟demographic n. of or relating to demography 人口统计complement v. to serve as a complement to 补足Unit 2 The Scope of Managemententail v. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence 伴随conform v.to act or be in accord or agreement 使和谐一致envision v.to picture in the mind 想象affordable a.that can be afforded 买得起的strive v.to exert much effort or energy 努力mission n.special assignment given to a person or group 任务informercial n. a commercial television program or relatively long commercial segment offering consumer information 商业信息片franchise n.authorization granted to someone to sell or distribute a company’s goods or services in a certain area 特许经营权tactical a.of, relating to, or using tactics 战术的departmental a. 部门的peer n. a person who has equal standing with another or others 同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人interpersonal a.relating to, occurring among, or involving several people 人与人之间的foster v.to promote the growth and development of 促进pervasive a. having the quality or tendency to pervade or permeate 渗透性的stakeholder n.one who has a share or an interest 股东flourish v.to be in a period of highest productivity 活跃automotive a.moving by itself 自动的nonroutine n.非常规程序analogue n.something that bears an analogy to something else 类似情况Unit 3 What are Orgnizations ?beast n.something a thing 事物organization n. a group of people with special purpose, such as a club or business 团体，组织，机构，社团invention n.something invented 发明物contrivance n.device or tool, esp. one made by an individual for a particular puipose 发明物；器械patronage n. all the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc, as a group 为了赞助而产生的impact n.the force of an idea, invention, system, etc. 影响力perspective n.the way in which a matter is judged, so that consideration and importance is five to each part 判断事物的方法association n. the act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 联合；结合；结交very a. (used for giving force to an expression)(用于强调)正是；完全；实在whim n. a sudden idea or wish, often not reasonable 突起的（怪）念头；一时的兴致fancy n. an image, opinion, or idea imagined and not based on fact 无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法achieve v.to finish successfully 完成；实现soul n. a person 人；灵魂guidelines n.the main points about something which is to be dealt with 指导方针；行动纲领bridge v. to build a brige across 架桥gap n. an amount of distance pr difference 差异；差距；歧异by virtue of in virtue of 依靠；由于survival n. something which has continued to exist from an earlier time 生存behavior n.way of behaving 行为；举动subset n. a set contained within a set 子集maintenance n.the act of maintaining 维持；维护；保养；赡养turnover n. the number of workers that are hired by a firm to fill the places of workers who have left in a particular period 人员更新efficiency n.the state or quality of being efficient 功效；效率；效能intellectual a. concerning the intellect 智力的limitation n. the fact or conditions of limiting or being limited 限制事实或状态chart rmation written or draw in the form of a picture graph, etc. , usu. With the intention of making it understood 图表predict v.to see or describe in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 预言；预测Unit 4 Developing Qpality and Competitive Advantageinnovative a. marked by or given to innovations 革新的，创新的optimize v.to make as perfect or effective as possible 使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效medieval a.relating or belonging to the Middle Ages 中世纪的tenant n.one that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property owned by another 佃户usher v.to precede and introduce 宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创exotic a. intriguingly unusual or different 异乎寻常的；奇异的strenuous a.requiring great effort, energy, or exertion 艰巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的hazardous a. marked by danger 带有危险性的；危险的artificial intelligence the ability of machine to perform those activities that are normallythought to require intelligence 人工智能navigational n.an original type, from, or instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged 原型chassis n.the rectangular steel frame, supported on springs and attached to the axles, that holds the body and motor of an automotive vehicle 底盘carousel n. a circular conveyor on which objects are displayed or rotated 旋转式传送带outmaneuver v. to overcome by artful, clever maneuvering 智胜，在机智、谋略上胜过CEO Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁Unit 5 Competitive Industry Environment Analysislong-term a. involving, maturing after, or being in effect for a long time 长期的aggregation n. a group or formed by this 集合体carbonated a. containing carbon dioxide 充了碳酸气的root beer n.以黄樟油、冬青油为香料的无醇饮料ale n.any of various type of beer, esp. one that is pale in color 麦酒caffeine n. a bitter white alkaloid,C8H10N4O2 咖啡因alignment n.the act of aligning or the condition of being aligned 结盟meaningless a.having no meaning or significance 无意义的，无价值的withdrawal n.retreat of military force in the face of enemy or after a defeat 撤退vertical integration垂直统一管理interactive a.acting or capable of acting on each other 互相作用的deli n. a delicatessen 熟食店buffet n. a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed in a table or sideboard 自助餐nutrition n. the process of nourishing or being nourished 营养slacken v.to make or become less vigorous 缓和pharmaceutical a. of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists 制药的neuroscience n.any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal with the nervous system 神经科学inflammatory a. characterized or caused by inflammation 发炎的niche n. a special are of demand for a product or service 产品或服务所需的特殊领域preemptive a.undertaken or initiated to deter or prevent an anticipated, usually unpleasant situation or occurrence 先发制人的entrant n.one that enters, especially one that enters a competition 参加竞赛者cellular phone n.便携式电话dramatically ad.catching and holding the imagination by unusual appearance or effects 戏剧地，引人注目地replenishment n.something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency 补给，补充backward integration 后向合并alleviate v. to make more bearable 减轻oleomargarine n. margarine 人造黄油，人造奶油tinplate n. very thin sheets of iron or steel covered with tin 镀锡铁皮；马口铁maturity n. the state or quality of being fully frown or developed 成熟shakeout n. 经济衰退cereal n. a grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food 谷物razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or removing other body hair 剃刀Unit 6 Materials and Process ~ Management of a Companyinventory n.the quantity of goods and materials on hand 库存submit v. to commit to the consideration or judgment of another 使……听从bidder n. one who attempts to win a contract by bidding 投标人obsolete a. outmoded in design, style, or construction 过时的establish v. to set up 建立resource n.the total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material 储备力量stockpile v. a supply stored for future use, usually carefully accrued and maintained 储存calculate v. to make an estimate of 计算interchange v. to give and receive mutually 交换telecommunication n.the electronic systems used in transmitting messages, as by telegragh,cable, telephone, radio, or television 电讯executive n. a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization 经营管理人simulation n. representation of the operation or features of one process or system through the use of another 模拟principle n. a fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action 准则eliminate v. ti get rid of 消除multifunction a. 多功能的flexible a. responsive to a delay 可变通的；灵活的holdup n. an interruption or a delay 停顿incentive n. something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort 诱因；动机coordinate v. to harmonize in a common action or effort 调整Unit 7 Operating Statement of a Companywholesale a. of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods in large quantities for resale 批发clarity n. clearness of thought or style 清晰readability n.interesting or easy to read 易读，可读性concise a. expressing much in few words 简明的，简洁的inventory n. the quantity of goods and materials on hand 库存gross sales 销售总额net sales 扣除销货折扣和退货后净额margin n.the minimum return that an enterprise may earn still pay for itself 最低利润gross profit 毛利，总利润，利润毛额sales salaries 销售人员的工资advertising expense 广告费用office salaries 办公室或一般文秘人员工资miscellaneous a. made up of a variety of parts or ingredients 混杂的seemingly ad. apparently; ostensibly 表面上地skeleton n. a supporting structure or framework 构架invoice n. a detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs 发货清单refund n. a repayment of funds 退款cancellations n. the act or an instance of canceling 取消Unit 8 Human Resource Management: An Overviewutilization n. making use of 利用；使用mesh v. to connect 结合；相合representative n. a person acting in place of one or more other 代表；代理capital n.money used for starting a business 资金primary a.chief; main 主要的supervisor n.one who is in charge of a particular department or unit, as in a governmental agency or school system 监督；管理人员cosmetic n. a preparation such as face-cream, body-powder, etc. , intended to make the skin or hair more beautiful 化妆品substantive a. expressing existence 表示存在的insight n.the power of using one’s mind to understand something deeply, without help from outside information 洞察力；见识catalyst n. a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemical activity to quicken 催化剂energizer n. something or somebody that gives energy to 使活跃的人或物quit v. infml to stop and leave 停止；辞职recruitment n.招聘，招工mission n. a group of people, esp. people acting for their country, who are sent abroad for special reason 使团，代表团；任务，使命plague v. to cause continual discomfort, suffering, or trouble to, to make rather angry 折磨，烦恼；使得灾祸compensation n. 赔偿金，赔偿费，赔偿物self-esteem n. one’s good or too good opinion of one’s own worth 自尊心；自大，自负。

工商管理专业英语

一、英译中1．Vertical integration –垂直统一管理2．Markup –涨价3．Lead time –订货和交货之间的时间4．Status Quo—现状现存情况或事态5．Market positioning–-市场定位6．Market segment—市场细分7．Executive –主管、高级执行人员8．Supervisor –监督9．Elasticity –弹性10．Differentiation –差异化11．Wholesale–批发商12．Retailer –零售商13．Discount –折扣14．Margin –最低利润15．Media advertising –媒体广告16．Point of Purchase Advertising –售卖场所广告17．Sales representative –销售代表18．Compensation –薪酬19．Gross profit –毛利20．Bidder –投标人二、中译英1. 如今的消费者要面对大量的产品、品牌、价格和生产厂商。

Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, prices, and suppliers.2. 零售商们需要考虑目标市场和产品定位。

Retailer must consider target markets and product positioning.3. 人员招聘是人力资源管理中的一个重要部分。

Recruitment is a significant part of Human Resource Management (HRM).4. 顾客的满意度和产品质量有关。

Customer satisfaction is relative to product’s quality.5. 每个企业都应该找到自身的竞争优势。

工商管理专业英语词汇

Retailer 零售商 Wholesaler 批发商 Mail order 邮购 Target audience 目标观众 Build awareness 树立品牌意识 Rebate 价格折扣 Premium 赠品
14
A
marketing
Sponsorship 赞助 Revenue 收益 negative profit 负收益 A profit margin 边际利润 a successor product 替代产品 Population density 人口密度 Health conscious 健康意识
16
A
Human resource management
promotion – from – within 内部提拔 boost the morale of the employees 鼓舞士气 career development 职业规划 subunit 二级单位 field ship 实地考察 would-be managers 要提拔管理者 rotate 轮换
Sustainable development 可持续发展 Hard selling 强行推销 Discretionary income 可支配收入 Sales-oriented 销售为导向 Warranty 质保 Sell off 清仓 Market share 市场份额
13
A
marketing
3
A
Forms of business ownership
Sole proprietorships Partnerships Joint ventures Corporations Limited liability company Mergers & acquisitions Franchises

工商管理专业英语

1、英汉专业术语互译基层管理者：lower-level management 以战略为向导：strategy oriented 优先股：preferred stock 普通股：common stock产品生命周期：product life cycle 权变的：contingency期货：future 目标：objective成果：outcome 个人：individual集体：group 子目标：subgoal 支行：subbranch分行：branch系统：system下属：subordinate 上级：superior 战略管理：strategy management 贯彻实施：implementation）评估（2个）：evaluation assess动态的：dynamic 开发：exploit 竞争优势：competitive advantage 分析：analyze 内部：internal 外部：external 市场：market 市场细分：market segment 最小化：minimize最大化：maximize 灵活性：flexlbility 稳定性：stability构建：build 评价标准：criteria 权重：weight 理性决策者：rational decision market 偏好顺序：preference ordering 预算：budget 分母（标准）：denominator 浏览：scanning探知：detect新型市场：emerging market 方案：scenario 本金：principal 利息：interest产出：generate 每年：annual 员工：staff 经济复苏：economic boom 信贷危机：credit crisis 同事：colleague 大规模订制：mass customization房地产：real estate 可持续的：sustainable 竞争者：competitor 消费者口味：consumers` taste 堡垒：barrier模仿：imitation 药厂：pharmaceutical创新：innovation规模经济：economies of scale 锁定供应商：lock in supplier 专供合同：exclusive contract游说：lobby 进口关税：import tariff 海关：custom 组织结构：organization structure 框架：framework 复杂性：complexity 劳动分工：division of labor 纵向层级：vertical level 横向层级：horizontal level 层次：hierarchy 协调：coordinate 交易：transaction 规章制度：rule and regulation 消费者行为分析：consumer behavior analysis 正规化：formalization集权：centralization 分权：decentralization 授权：empower 搭配组合：mixed and matched 组织设计：organization design 优先处理：priorities 职权：authority职务：position权力：power 产能：capacity 广义：the large concept裁员：downsizing重组：restructuring 管理跨度：span of control 主管：supervisor 古典学者：classical writer 古典学派：classical school 有机式结构：organic organization 机械式结构：mechanistic organization 总体战略：overall strategy专业化：specialization 纵向分工：vertical differentiation 横向分工：horizontal differentiation 简单化结构：simple structure责任：accountability 低正规化：low formalization 高集权化：high centralization超载：overload 首先发动：initiate 变革：change 信息失真：misinformation 沟通不善：poor communication 消除误会：misunderstanding clarify 计算机化：computerization企业文化：corporate culture根深蒂固：entrenched 创造力：creativity 激发创造力：stimulate creativity 方式：approach 创新型组织：innovative organization 品牌：brand 破产（2个）：bankrupt liquidate服装：apparel 收购：acquired 执行官：executive市场潜力：market potential 盘活：turn around 自制的：autonomous 班组：crew 装：load卸：unload 运输：delivery 产品线：production line监管：supervise 自主权：discretion储：stock position 运：delivery 库存：stock存货：inventory 授权：empowerment 一线员工：frontline employee 脑力：brainpower 无责备文化：no-blame culture 调查：survey 资深的：senior 协会：society 需求层次理论：need theories市场潜力：market potential 创造力：creativity 创新力：innovation 概率：probability 绩效评估：performance evaluation 持续经营：going concern 公平理论：equity theory情境理论：situational theories 权变理论：contingency theories 言语沟通：verbal communication 非言语沟通：nonverbal communication 书面沟通：written communication 口头沟通：oral communication 单向沟通：one-way communication 双向沟通：two-way communication积极倾听：active listening 沟通网络：communication network 垂直沟通：vertical communication 下行沟通：downward communication 上行沟通：upward communication 水平沟通：horizontal communication 正式沟通：formal communication 非正式沟通 informal communication 纠正行为 corrective action 机制：mechanisms 资源resource 来源：source 外包：outsourcing 流动资产：current asset 固定资产：fixed asset 流动负债：current liabilities 长期负债：long-term liabilities 股票：stockholder 利益相关者：stakeholder 利息：interest 利率：interest rate 所得税：income tax 增值税：valueadded tax KA （主要客户）：key account 财务报表：financial statement 资产负债表：balance sheet 预算：budgeting 原材料：raw materials 在制品：work-in-process 成品：finished-goods 半成品：semi-finished goods二、缩写词1、R&D ：Research and Development2、ISO ：International Standardization Organization3、MBO ：Management By Objective4、SWOT ：s trengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.5、TQM ：Total Quality Management6、MIS ：M anagement Information System7、M&A ：Merge And Acquisition 8、SCM ：Supply Chain Management9、CEO ：chief executive officer 10、CFO ：C hief Financial Officer 11、JIT ：just in time12、HRM ：Human Resource Management 13、ERP ：Enterprise Resource Plan14、SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication15、EOQ ：economical ordering quantity 16、ROI ：return on investment三、简答1、SWOT 分析The term SWOT analysis refers to analyzing the organization`s internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats in order to identify a niche that the organization can exploit2、BCG 矩阵The BCG matrix identifies four business group ：stars cash cows question marks and dogs3、五力分析模型4、公司的竞争战略1）公司层战略 corporate-levelstrategy （1）stability strategy （2）growth strategy （3）retrenchment strategy （4）combination strategy2）事业层战略 business-level strategy（1）adaptive strategy （2）competitive strategyCompetitive strategy 竞争性战略：1）over-all cost strategy 2）differentiation strategy3）focus strategy3）职能层战略 functional-level strategy5、职权的结构Authority structure1）coercive power 2）reward power6、部门化的方式departmentalization1) Customer departmentalization 2) Functional departmentalization 3) Geographic departmentalization 4) Process departmentalization 5) Product departmentalization7、组织结构类型Organization structure1) Mechanistic organization (1) Linear structure (2) Functional structure (3) Matrix structure (4) Network structure (5) Simple structure2) Organic structure8、马斯洛需求层次理论Hierarchy of needs theory1)Physiological needs 2）Safety needs 3）Belongingness needs 4）Esteem needs5）Self-actualization needs9、双因素理论two-factor theory 1) motivator 2）hygiene factor激励因素：1）process theories 2）content theories10、强化理论reinforcement theory 1）positive reinforcement 2)negative reinforcement11、期望理论的内容Expectancy theory1）effort-performance expectancy 2) performance-outcome expectancy12、管理的三种方式1）autocratic 2）democratic 3）lasissez-faire13、管理方格图the management grid1) employee-centered 2）job-centered 3）production-centered14、五种常见沟通网络five kind of communication network1）wheel network 2）chain network 3）Y network 4）circle network 5）star network15、沟通网络图1）sender 2）encoding process 3）medium 4）decoding 5)noise 6)feedback16、责任中心的五种类型：five type of responsibility center1）standard cost center 2）revenue center 3）profit center 4）investment center17、管理者的权力结构18、控制control 1）feedforward control 2)concurrent control 3)feedback control19市场控制market control 1）overcontrol 2）undercontrol20、会计的六要素：six accounting elementsassets liabilities woners` equity revenues expenses profits21、管理者的权利结构manager`s power structure1）referent power 2）expert power 3）authority四、论述What Managers DoThe successful manager capably performs four basic managerial funcations :planning，organizing，leading，and controlling. However as you will see，the amount of time a manager spends on each function depends on the level of the particular job.Planning. In general ,planning involves defining organizational goals and proposing ways to reach them. Managers plan for three reason to establish an overall direction for the organization`s future , to identify and commit the organization`s resources to achieving its goals and to decide which tasks must be done to each those goalsOrganizing. Organizing is the process of creating a structure of relationships that will enable employees to carry out management`s plans and meet organizational goalsLeading. Leading involves communicating with and motivating others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve the organization`s goalsControlling. The process by which a person ,group ,or organization consciously monitors performance and takes corrective action is controllingWe use these function to help explain exactly how managers do their jobs。

工商管理专业英语术语汇总

工商管理专业英语术语汇总专业简介: 工商管理主要研究管理学、经济学和现代企业管理等方面的基本知识和技能，包括企业的经营战略制定和内部行为管理等，运用现代管理的方法和手段进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，制定企业的战略性目标，以保证企业的生存和发展。

开设课程: 管理学原理、微观经济学、宏观经济学、技术经济学、管理信息系统、统计学、会计学、中级会计实务、财务管理、运筹学、市场营销、经济法、现代公司制概论、经营管理、公司金融、人力资源管理、企业战略管理等。

一、管理学原理术语术语术语术语术语管理 (Management)经营管理 (BusinessManagement)管理过程 (ManagementProcess)管理功能 (ManagementFunctions)管理层次 (ManagementLevels)管理者 (Manager)领导者 (Leader)领导风格 (LeadershipStyle)领导理论 (LeadershipTheory)领导技能 (LeadershipSkills)决策 (Decision Making)决策类型 (DecisionTypes)决策模型 (DecisionModels)决策方法 (DecisionMethods)决策过程 (DecisionProcess)规划 (Planning)规划类型 (PlanningTypes)规划原则 (PlanningPrinciples)规划工具 (PlanningTools)规划控制 (PlanningControl)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(Organizational Design)组织文化(OrganizationalCulture)组织变革(OrganizationalChange)激励 (Motivation)激励理论 (MotivationTheory)激励方法 (MotivationMethods)激励因素 (MotivationFactors)激励效果 (MotivationEffects)控制 (Control)控制类型 (ControlTypes)控制原则 (ControlPrinciples)控制方法 (ControlMethods)控制过程 (ControlProcess)沟通 (Communication)沟通模型(Communication Model)沟通方式(Communication Mode)沟通技巧(Communication Skills)沟通障碍(CommunicationBarriers)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则 (CoordinationPrinciples)协调方法 (CoordinationMethods)协调效果(CoordinationEffects)管理环境(Management Environment)管理伦理(ManagementEthics)管理创新(ManagementInnovation)管理战略(ManagementStrategy)管理评价(ManagementEvaluation)二、微观经济学术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)市场(Market)需求(Demand)供给(Supply)市场均衡(MarketEquilibrium)弹性(Elasticity)消费者行为(ConsumerBehavior)效用(Utility)边际效用(MarginalUtility)预算约束(BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(ConsumerChoice)无差异曲线(IndifferenceCurve)边际替代率(Marginal Rateof Substitution)消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)需求曲线(DemandCurve)生产者行为(ProducerBehavior)生产函数(ProductionFunction)边际产品(MarginalProduct)规模报酬(Returns toScale)成本(Cost)短期成本(Short-runCost)长期成本(Long-runCost)边际成本(Marginal Cost)平均成本(AverageCost)供给曲线(Supply Curve)市场结构(Market Structure)完全竞争(PerfectCompetition)垄断(Monopoly)寡头(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(MonopolisticCompetition)价格歧视(Price Discrimination)博弈论(Game Theory)纳什均衡(NashEquilibrium)策略(Strategy)支配策略(DominantStrategy)外部性(Externality)公共品(Public Good)信息不对称(AsymmetricInformation)逆向选择(AdverseSelection)道德风险(Moral Hazard)市场失灵(MarketFailure)政府干预(GovernmentIntervention)税收(Taxation)补贴(Subsidy)福利经济学(WelfareEconomics)三、宏观经济学术语术语术语术语术语宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)国民收入(NationalIncome)国内生产总值(GrossDomestic Product)国民生产总值(GrossNational Product)消费者物价指数(Consumer PriceIndex)通货膨胀(Inflation)失业(Unemployment)菲利普斯曲线(Phillips Curve)经济增长(EconomicGrowth)经济周期(EconomicCycle)经济波动(Economic Fluctuation)经济危机(EconomicCrisis)经济衰退(EconomicRecession)经济萧条(EconomicDepression)经济恢复(EconomicRecovery)总需求(Total Demand)总供给(Total Supply)总需求总供给模型(Aggregate Demand andAggregate Supply Model)短期均衡(Short-runEquilibrium)长期均衡(Long-runEquilibrium)消费(Consumption)投资(Investment)政府支出(GovernmentSpending)净出口(Net Exports)国民收入恒等式(National IncomeIdentity)消费函数(Consumption Function)边际消费倾向(MarginalPropensity to Consume)投资函数(InvestmentFunction)边际效率投资(MarginalEfficiency ofInvestment)多重效应(MultiplierEffect)货币(Money)货币供应量(MoneySupply)货币需求量(Money Demand)货币市场平衡(MoneyMarket Equilibrium)利率(Rate ofInterest)货币政策(MonetaryPolicy)中央银行(Central Bank)开放市场操作(Open MarketOperations)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)贴现率(DiscountRate)财政政策(FiscalPolicy)政府预算(GovernmentBudget)财政赤字(Fiscal Deficit)公共债务(Public Debt)自动稳定器(AutomaticStabilizer)国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)贸易政策(Trade Policy)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)四、技术经济学术语术语术语术语术语技术经济学(Technical Economics)技术(Technology)技术创新(TechnologicalInnovation)技术进步(TechnologicalProgress)技术水平(TechnologicalLevel)技术选择(Technological Choice)技术评价(TechnologicalEvaluation)技术效益(TechnologicalBenefit)技术风险(TechnologicalRisk)技术转让(TechnologicalTransfer)技术方案(TechnicalScheme)技术参数(TechnicalParameter)技术指标(TechnicalIndicator)技术标准(TechnicalStandard)技术规范(TechnicalSpecification)工程项目(EngineeringProject)工程设计(EngineeringDesign)工程造价(EngineeringCost)工程投资(EngineeringInvestment)工程回收期(EngineeringPayback Period)工程效益分析(Engineering BenefitAnalysis)工程经济效益(Engineering EconomicBenefit)工程社会效益(Engineering SocialBenefit)工程环境效益(EngineeringEnvironmental Benefit)工程综合效益(EngineeringComprehensive Benefit)资金(Fund)资金需求(FundDemand)资金来源(FundSource)资金成本(Fund Cost)资金利润率(Fund ProfitRate)现金流量(Cash Flow)现金流量表(Cash FlowStatement)现金流量分析(CashFlow Analysis)现金流量折现(Discounted Cash Flow)现值净值(Net PresentValue)内部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析(SensitivityAnalysis)变动成本(MarginalCost)变动收益(MarginalRevenue)边际分析(MarginalAnalysis)五、管理信息系统术语术语术语术语术语管理信息系统(Management Information System)信息系统(InformationSystem)信息技术(InformationTechnology)信息资源管理(InformationResource Management)信息系统规划(Information SystemPlanning)信息需求分析(Information Requirement Analysis)信息系统设计(Information SystemDesign)信息系统开发(Information SystemDevelopment)信息系统实施(InformationSystem Implementation)信息系统维护(Information SystemMaintenance)数据(Data)数据库(Database)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagement System)数据模型(Data Model)数据字典(DataDictionary)数据仓库(Data Warehouse)数据挖掘(DataMining)数据分析(DataAnalysis)数据可视化(DataVisualization)数据安全(Data Security)网络(Network)计算机网络(Computer Network)网络拓扑(NetworkTopology)网络协议(NetworkProtocol)网络架构(NetworkArchitecture)局域网(Local AreaNetwork)广域网(Wide AreaNetwork)因特网(Internet)互联网(Internet of Things)网络安全(NetworkSecurity)系统(System)计算机系统(Computer System)操作系统(OperationSystem)系统分析(SystemAnalysis)系统设计(SystemDesign)软件(Software)软件工程(SoftwareEngineering)软件生命周期(SoftwareLife Cycle)软件开发方法(SoftwareDevelopment Method)软件质量(SoftwareQuality)硬件(Hardware)计算机硬件(ComputerHardware)输入设备(Input Device)输出设备(Output Device)存储设备(StorageDevice)处理器(Processor)内存(Memory)总线(Bus)接口(Interface)外设(Peripheral)人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)机器学习(MachineLearning)深度学习(DeepLearning)神经网络(Neural Network)自然语言处理(NaturalLanguage Processing)专家系统(Expert System)智能代理(IntelligentAgent)模糊逻辑(Fuzzy Logic)遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm)人工神经网络(ArtificialNeural Network)电子商务(E-commerce)电子商务模式(E-commerce Model)电子商务平台(E-commerce Platform)电子支付(ElectronicPayment)电子商务安全(E-commerce Security)电子政务(E-government)电子政务模式(E-government Model)电子政务平台(E-government Platform)电子政务服务(E-government Service)电子政务安全(E-government Security)知识管理(Knowledge Management)知识(Knowledge)知识类型(KnowledgeType)知识获取(KnowledgeAcquisition)知识表示(KnowledgeRepresentation)知识组织(Knowledge Organization)知识共享(KnowledgeSharing)知识创新(KnowledgeInnovation)知识库(Knowledge Base)知识系统(KnowledgeSystem)六、统计学术语术语术语术语术语统计学(Statistics)统计方法(StatisticalMethod)统计推断(StatisticalInference)统计分析(StatisticalAnalysis)统计软件(StatisticalSoftware)数据(Data)数据类型(Data Type)数据来源(Data Source)数据收集(DataCollection)数据清洗(Data Cleaning)数据描述(Data Description)数据展示(DataPresentation)数据摘要(DataSummary)数据分布(DataDistribution)数据变换(DataTransformation)变量(Variable)变量类型(Variable Type)自变量(IndependentVariable)因变量(DependentVariable)控制变量(Control Variable)单变量分析(UnivariateAnalysis)双变量分析(BivariateAnalysis)多变量分析(MultivariateAnalysis)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)随机变量(RandomVariable)概率(Probability)概率分布(ProbabilityDistribution)期望值(ExpectedValue)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)均值(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)四分位数(Quartile)极差(Range)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)偏度(Skewness)峰度(Kurtosis)正态分布(NormalDistribution)抽样(Sampling)抽样方法(SamplingMethod)抽样误差(SamplingError)抽样分布(SamplingDistribution)中心极限定理(Central LimitTheorem)点估计(Point Estimation)区间估计(IntervalEstimation)置信区间(ConfidenceInterval)置信水平(ConfidenceLevel)标准误差(Standard Error)假设检验(HypothesisTesting)原假设(Null Hypothesis)备择假设(AlternativeHypothesis)显著性水平(Significance Level)拒绝域(Rejection Region)检验统计量(Test Statistic)P值(P-value)类型一错误(Type IError)类型二错误(Type IIError)功效(Power)参数检验(ParametricTest)非参数检验(Nonparametric Test)单样本检验(One-sample Test)双样本检验(Two-sample Test)配对样本检验(Paired-sample Test)Z检验(Z-test)T检验(T-test)F检验(F-test)卡方检验(Chi-squareTest)方差分析(Analysis ofVariance)七、会计学术语术语术语术语术语会计学(Accounting)会计对象(AccountingObject)会计要素(AccountingElement)会计科目(Accounting Subject)会计方程(AccountingEquation)会计核算(Accounting Calculation)会计原则(AccountingPrinciple)会计假设(AccountingAssumption)会计政策(Accounting Policy)会计准则(AccountingStandard)会计期间(AccountingPeriod)会计年度(AccountingYear)会计报告期(AccountingReporting Period)会计循环(Accounting Cycle)会计业务(AccountingBusiness)记账(Bookkeeping)记账方法(BookkeepingMethod)记账凭证(BookkeepingVoucher)记账账簿(Bookkeeping Book)记账账户(BookkeepingAccount)记账分录(Bookkeeping Entry)借贷记账法(Double-entryBookkeeping Method)借方(Debit Side)贷方(Credit Side)借贷平衡(Balance of Debitand Credit)会计报表(Accounting Statement)资产负债表(BalanceSheet)利润表(IncomeStatement)现金流量表(CashFlow Statement)所有者权益变动表(Statementof Changes in Owner'sEquity)会计科学(AccountingScience)会计理论(AccountingTheory)会计方法(AccountingMethod)会计技术(AccountingTechnique)会计创新(AccountingInnovation)财务会计(Financial Accounting)管理会计(ManagementAccounting)成本会计(CostAccounting)审计会计(AuditingAccounting)税务会计(Tax Accounting)资产(Asset)负债(Liability)所有者权益(Owner'sEquity)收入(Income)费用(Expense)收益(Revenue)损失(Loss)利润(Profit)毛利(Gross Profit)净利(Net Profit)存货(Inventory)应收账款(AccountsReceivable)预付账款(PrepaidExpenses)固定资产(FixedAssets)无形资产(Intangible Assets)应付账款(AccountsPayable)预收账款(UnearnedRevenue)长期负债(Long-termLiabilities)资本(Capital)留存收益(Retained Earnings)折旧(Depreciation)摊销(Amortization)减值(Impairment)计提(Accrual)结转(Carryover)对冲(Hedging)杠杆(Leverage)财务比率(FinancialRatio)资本结构(CapitalStructure)资本预算(Capital Budgeting)八、中级会计实务术语术语术语术语术语会计 (Accounting)资产 (Asset)负债 (Liability)所有者权益 (Owner'sEquity)收入 (Revenue)费用 (Expense)损益 (Profit or Loss)现金流量 (Cash Flow)资产负债表 (BalanceSheet)利润表 (IncomeStatement)现金流量表 (Cash FlowStatement)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changesin Owner's Equity)附注 (Notes)记账凭证 (Voucher)记账方法 (AccountingMethod)原始凭证 (Original Document)记账分录 (Journal Entry)总分类账 (GeneralLedger)明细分类账 (SubsidiaryLedger)总账科目 (GeneralAccount)明细科目 (SubsidiaryAccount)借方 (Debit)贷方 (Credit)借贷平衡原则 (Double-entry Principle)记账方向 (AccountingDirection)试算平衡表 (Trial Balance)调整分录 (AdjustingEntry)调整后试算平衡表(Adjusted TrialBalance)结转分录 (ClosingEntry)结转后试算平衡表(Post-closing TrialBalance)存货制度 (InventorySystem)存货核算方法 (InventoryAccounting Method)先进先出法 (FIFOMethod)后进先出法 (LIFOMethod)加权平均法 (WeightedAverage Method)科学成本法（Specific Identification Method）存货跌价准备（Allowance forInventory Decline）存货盘点（InventoryCounting）存货盈亏（InventoryProfit or Loss）固定资产（FixedAsset）折旧（Depreciation）折旧方法（DepreciationMethod）直线法（Straight-lineMethod）双倍余额递减法（Double-decliningBalance Method）年数总和法（Sum-of-the-years'-digitsMethod）残值（Residual Value）折旧年限（Useful Life）净残值率（SalvageRate）固定资产清理（Disposal of FixedAsset）无形资产（IntangibleAsset）商誉（Goodwill）知识产权（IntellectualProperty）专利权（Patent）商标权（Trademark）著作权（Copyright）长期股权投资（Long-term Equity Investment）成本法（Cost Method）权益法（EquityMethod）投资收益（InvestmentIncome）投资性房地产（InvestmentProperty）资产减值（Asset Impairment）减值损失（ImpairmentLoss）可回收金额（RecoverableAmount）可变现净值（NetRealizable Value）使用价值（Value inUse）金融资产（FinancialAsset）金融负债（FinancialLiability）公允价值（FairValue）利息收入（InterestIncome）利息支出（InterestExpense）汇兑收益（ExchangeGain）汇兑损失（ExchangeLoss）应收账款（AccountsReceivable）坏账损失（Bad DebtLoss）坏账准备（Allowancefor Bad Debt）应付账款（Accounts Payable）预收账款（UnearnedRevenue）预付账款（PrepaidExpense）应计收入（AccruedRevenue）应计费用（AccruedExpense）职工薪酬（Employee Compensation）工资与奖金（Wages andBonuses）社会保险费用（SocialInsurance Expense）住房公积金费用（Housing ProvidentFund Expense）职工福利费用（Employee WelfareExpense）借款费用 (BorrowingCost)资本化 (Capitalization)资本化利率(Capitalization Rate)资本化期间(Capitalization Period)资本化暂停(CapitalizationSuspension)现金等价物 (Cash Equivalent)现金流量表附表(Supplemental Scheduleof Cash Flow Statement)经营活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromOperating Activities)投资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromInvesting Activities)筹资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromFinancing Activities)直接法 (Direct Method)间接法 (Indirect Method)现金流量净额 (NetCash Flow)现金流量增减表(Statement of Changesin Cash Flow)现金流量比率 (CashFlow Ratio)利润表 (Income Statement)收入确认原则 (RevenueRecognition Principle)营业收入 (OperatingRevenue)营业成本 (OperatingCost)营业税金及附加(Business Tax andSurcharges)销售费用 (Selling Expense)管理费用 (AdministrativeExpense)财务费用 (FinancialExpense)营业利润 (OperatingProfit)营业外收入 (Non-operating Income)营业外支出 (Non-operating Expense)利润总额 (Total Profit)所得税费用 (IncomeTax Expense)净利润 (Net Profit)每股收益 (EarningsPer Share)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changes in Owner's Equity)股本 (Capital Stock)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)九、财务管理术语术语术语术语术语财务管理 (Financial Management)财务目标 (FinancialObjective)财务决策 (FinancialDecision)财务计划 (FinancialPlan)财务控制 (FinancialControl)资金 (Fund)资金需求 (FundDemand)资金供给 (FundSupply)资金流动 (Fund Flow)资金结构 (FundStructure)资本 (Capital)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本预算 (CapitalBudget)资本收益率 (CapitalReturn Rate)投资 (Investment)投资项目 (InvestmentProject)投资评价 (InvestmentEvaluation)投资回收期 (PaybackPeriod)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)风险分析 (RiskAnalysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)现金管理 (Cash Management)现金预测 (CashForecasting)现金流量预算表 (CashBudget)现金流量周期 (CashCycle)现金余额 (Cash Balance)应收账款管理 (AccountsReceivableManagement)应收账款周转率(Accounts ReceivableTurnover Ratio)坏账率 (Bad DebtRatio)应收账款账龄分析法(Aging Method ofAccounts Receivable)应收账款折现法（Discount Method ofAccounts Receivable）存货管理（Inventory Management）存货周转率（InventoryTurnover Ratio）经济订货量（Economic OrderQuantity）安全存量（SafetyStock）订货点（Reorder Point）短期融资（Short-term Financing）银行贷款（BankLoan）商业票据（CommercialPaper）应付账款融资（Accounts PayableFinancing）保兑仓融资（WarehouseReceipt Financing）长期融资（Long-term Financing）债券（Bond）债券价格（BondPrice）债券收益率（BondYield）债券评级（BondRating）股票（Stock）股票价格（StockPrice）股票收益率（StockReturn Rate）股息政策（DividendPolicy）股权融资（EquityFinancing）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（Operating LeverageCoefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（LeverageAdjustment Principle）十、运筹学术语术语术语术语术语运筹学 (Operations Research)决策 (Decision)决策变量 (DecisionVariable)目标函数 (ObjectiveFunction)约束条件 (Constraint)线性规划 (Linear Programming)图形法 (GraphicalMethod)单纯形法 (SimplexMethod)对偶理论 (DualityTheory)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)整数规划 (Integer Programming)分支定界法 (Branch andBound Method)割平面法 (CuttingPlane Method)隐枚举法 (ImplicitEnumeration Method)0-1规划 (0-1Programming)非线性规划 (Nonlinear Programming)拉格朗日乘子法(Lagrange MultiplierMethod)KKT条件 (KKTCondition)梯度法 (GradientMethod)牛顿法 (Newton Method)动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)阶段 (Stage)状态 (State)决策 (Decision)最优值函数 (OptimalValue Function)贝尔曼方程 (BellmanEquation)网络优化 (NetworkOptimization)关键路径法 (CriticalPath Method)最短路问题 (ShortestPath Problem)最小生成树问题(Minimum Spanning TreeProblem)最大流问题 (Maximum Flow Problem)最小费用流问题(Minimum Cost FlowProblem)匹配问题 (MatchingProblem)背包问题 (KnapsackProblem)指派问题 (AssignmentProblem)非线性整数规划（Nonlinear Integer Programming）分数规划（FractionalProgramming）凸规划（ConvexProgramming）目标规划（GoalProgramming）多目标规划（Multi-objective Programming）随机规划（Stochastic Programming）鲁棒优化（RobustOptimization）参数规划（ParametricProgramming）可行方向法（FeasibleDirection Method）序列二次规划（Sequential QuadraticProgramming）队列论（QueueingTheory）到达过程（ArrivalProcess）服务过程（ServiceProcess）排队系统（QueueingSystem）排队模型（QueueingModel）M/M/1模型（M/M/1Model）M/M/c模型（M/M/cModel）M/G/1模型（M/G/1Model）G/M/1模型（G/M/1Model）排队长度（QueueLength）平均排队时间（Average Queueing Time）平均服务时间（AverageService Time）到达率（ArrivalRate）服务率（ServiceRate）利用率（UtilizationRate）十一、市场营销术语术语术语术语术语市场营销 (Marketing)市场营销管理(MarketingManagement)市场营销环境(MarketingEnvironment)市场营销计划(Marketing Plan)市场营销组合 (MarketingMix)市场 (Market)市场需求 (MarketDemand)市场细分 (MarketSegmentation)市场定位 (MarketPositioning)市场目标 (MarketTargeting)消费者行为 (ConsumerBehavior)消费者需求 (ConsumerNeed)消费者动机 (ConsumerMotivation)消费者态度(Consumer Attitude)消费者满意度 (ConsumerSatisfaction)产品 (Product)产品生命周期 (ProductLife Cycle)产品创新 (ProductInnovation)产品差异化 (ProductDifferentiation)产品定价 (Product Pricing)价格 (Price)价格策略 (PricingStrategy)价格弹性 (PriceElasticity)价格歧视 (PriceDiscrimination)价格竞争 (PriceCompetition)促销 (Promotion)促销策略 (PromotionStrategy)促销组合 (PromotionMix)广告 (Advertising)公关 (Public Relations)销售促进（Sales Promotion）个人销售（PersonalSelling）直接营销（DirectMarketing）网络营销（InternetMarketing）社会媒体营销（SocialMedia Marketing）分销（Distribution）分销渠道（DistributionChannel）分销策略（DistributionStrategy）物流（Logistics）运输（Transportation）库存管理（Inventory Management）订货量（OrderQuantity）经济批量（EconomicBatch Quantity）订货点（ReorderPoint）安全库存（Safety Stock）市场调研（Market Research）调研目的（ResearchObjective）调研方法（ResearchMethod）调研设计（ResearchDesign）调研样本（ResearchSample）数据收集（Data Collection）数据分析（DataAnalysis）数据呈现（DataPresentation）调研报告（ResearchReport）调研误差（ResearchError）十二、经济法术语术语术语术语术语经济法 (Economic Law)经济活动 (EconomicActivity)经济主体 (EconomicSubject)经济权利 (EconomicRight)经济责任 (EconomicResponsibility)经济法律关系 (Economic Legal Relationship)经济合同 (EconomicContract)经济纠纷 (EconomicDispute)经济诉讼 (EconomicLitigation)经济仲裁 (EconomicArbitration)民商事法律体系 (Civiland Commercial LegalSystem)民法典 (Civil Code)商法典 (CommercialCode)合同法 (Contract Law)物权法 (Property Law)侵权责任法 (Tort LiabilityLaw)民事诉讼法 (CivilProcedure Law)商事诉讼法(CommercialProcedure Law)仲裁法 (Arbitration Law)消费者权益保护法（Consumer Rights andInterests Protection Law）公司法（CompanyLaw）合伙企业法（PartnershipEnterprise Law）独资企业法（SoleProprietorshipEnterprise Law）外商投资企业法（Foreign InvestmentEnterprise Law）公司治理（CorporateGovernance）股东（Shareholder）董事会（Board ofDirectors）监事会（Board ofSupervisors）高级管理人员（SeniorManagement）股东大会（Shareholders'Meeting）股份（Share）股权（StockRight）股票（Stock）股本（Capital Stock）股利（Dividend）债券（Bond）债权（Debt Right）债务（Debt）债务人（Debtor）债权人（Creditor）破产（Bankruptcy）破产程序（BankruptcyProcedure）破产申请（BankruptcyApplication）破产管理人（BankruptcyAdministrator）破产债权人会议（Bankruptcy Creditors'Meeting）十三、现代公司制概论术语术语术语术语术语现代公司制 (Modern Corporation System)公司 (Company)公司法人 (CorporateLegal Person)公司治理 (CorporateGovernance)公司社会责任 (CorporateSocial Responsibility)股份有限公司 (Joint-stock Company)有限责任公司 (LimitedLiability Company)股东 (Shareholder)股份 (Share)股权 (Stock Right)董事会 (Board of Directors)监事会 (Board ofSupervisors)高级管理人员 (SeniorManagement)股东大会(Shareholders'Meeting)公司章程 (Articles ofAssociation)注册资本 (RegisteredCapital)实收资本 (Paid-inCapital)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)股利 (Dividend)股息率 (DividendRate)现金分红 (CashDividend)股票分红 (StockDividend)分红政策 (Dividend Policy)上市公司（Listed Company）发行股票（IssueStock）募集资金（RaiseFunds）首次公开募股（InitialPublic Offering）再融资（Refinancing）股票市场（Stock Market）证券交易所（StockExchange）证券监管机构（SecuritiesRegulatory Authority）证券法（SecuritiesLaw）证券合同（SecuritiesContract）股票价格（StockPrice）股票指数（StockIndex）市盈率（Price-earningsRatio）市净率（Price-bookRatio）市场效率（MarketEfficiency）投资者保护（Investor Protection）信息披露（InformationDisclosure）内幕交易（InsiderTrading）操纵市场（MarketManipulation）证券欺诈（SecuritiesFraud）十四、经营管理术语术语术语术语术语经营管理 (Business Management)经营目标 (BusinessObjective)经营策略 (BusinessStrategy)经营模式 (BusinessModel)经营效率 (BusinessEfficiency)经营效果 (Business Effectiveness)经营创新 (BusinessInnovation)经营风险 (BusinessRisk)经营伦理 (BusinessEthics)经营文化 (BusinessCulture)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(OrganizationalDesign)组织变革 (OrganizationalChange)组织发展 (OrganizationalDevelopment)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则(Coordination协调方法 (CoordinationMethod)协调技巧 (CoordinationSkill)Principle)控制 (Control)控制系统 (ControlSystem)控制过程 (ControlProcess)控制标准 (ControlStandard)控制反馈 (ControlFeedback)激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）资源（Resource）物质资源（MaterialResource）人力资源（HumanResource）财务资源（FinancialResource）信息资源（InformationResource）活动（Activity）生产活动（ProductionActivity）销售活动（SalesActivity）采购活动（PurchasingActivity）研发活动（Research andDevelopment Activity）目标（Objective）目标管理（ObjectiveManagement）目标设定（ObjectiveSetting）目标分解（ObjectiveDecomposition）目标评价（ObjectiveEvaluation）十五、公司金融术语术语术语术语术语公司金融 (CorporateFinance)投资决策 (InvestmentDecision)融资决策 (FinancingDecision)分红决策 (DividendDecision)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本预算 (Capital Budget)现金流量 (Cash Flow)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (InternalRate of Return)敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)风险分析 (Risk Analysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)证券市场线 (SecurityMarket Line)贝塔系数（Beta Coefficient）无风险利率（Risk-freeRate）市场风险溢价（MarketRisk Premium）资本市场线（CapitalMarket Line）有效边界（EfficientFrontier）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（OperatingLeverage Coefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（Leverage AdjustmentPrinciple）股权融资（Equity Financing）债务融资（DebtFinancing）权益融资（Quasi-equity Financing）混合融资（HybridFinancing）转换债券（ConvertibleBond）可赎回债券（Redeemable Bond）可交换债券（Exchangeable Bond）优先股（PreferredStock）可转换优先股（Convertible PreferredStock）权证（Warrant）十六、人力资源管理术语术语术语术语术语人力资源管理 (Human Resource Management)人力资源规划 (HumanResource Planning)人力资源分析 (HumanResource Analysis)人力资源需求 (HumanResource Demand)人力资源供给 (HumanResource Supply)招聘 (Recruitment)招聘渠道 (RecruitmentChannel)招聘广告 (RecruitmentAdvertisement)招聘成本 (RecruitmentCost)招聘效果 (RecruitmentEffectiveness)选拔 (Selection)选拔方法 (SelectionMethod)选拔标准 (SelectionCriterion)选拔工具 (SelectionTool)选拔过程 (SelectionProcess)培训 (Training)培训需求分析 (TrainingNeeds Analysis)培训目标 (TrainingObjective)培训内容 (TrainingContent)培训方法 (TrainingMethod)培训评估（Training Evaluation）培训效果（TrainingEffectiveness）培训反馈（TrainingFeedback）培训转移（TrainingTransfer）培训成本（TrainingCost）术语术语术语术语术语评估（Performance Appraisal）评估目的（PerformanceAppraisal Purpose）评估标准（PerformanceAppraisal Criterion）评估方法（PerformanceAppraisal Method）评估结果（PerformanceAppraisal Result）激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）薪酬（Compensation）薪酬结构（CompensationStructure）薪酬水平（CompensationLevel）薪酬调整（CompensationAdjustment）薪酬管理（CompensationManagement）十七、企业战略管理术语术语术语术语术语企业战略管理(Corporate Strategy Management)战略 (Strategy)战略管理过程(Strategy ManagementProcess)战略分析 (StrategyAnalysis)战略制定 (StrategyFormulation)战略实施 (Strategy Implementation)战略评估 (StrategyEvaluation)战略控制 (StrategyControl)战略调整 (StrategyAdjustment)战略创新 (StrategyInnovation)环境分析(Environmental Analysis)宏观环境分析 (Macro-environmentalAnalysis)行业环境分析 (IndustryEnvironmentalAnalysis)微观环境分析 (Micro-environmental Analysis)PEST分析法（PESTAnalysis Method）波特五力模型（Porter's Five Forces Model）SWOT分析法（SWOT AnalysisMethod）VRIO分析法（VRIOAnalysis Method）价值链分析法（ValueChain Analysis Method）核心竞争力分析法（Core CompetenceAnalysis Method）目标管理（Objective Management）SMART原则（SMART Principle）平衡计分卡（BalancedScorecard）关键绩效指标（KeyPerformance Indicator）目标层次结构（ObjectiveHierarchy）战略选择（StrategyChoice）战略类型（StrategyType）成本领先战略（CostLeadership Strategy）差异化战略（DifferentiationStrategy）聚焦战略（FocusStrategy）集团化战略（Diversification Strategy）垂直一体化战略（Vertical IntegrationStrategy）水平一体化战略（HorizontalIntegration Strategy）国际化战略（InternationalizationStrategy）蓝海战略（Blue OceanStrategy）。

工商管理专业英语词汇

工商管理专业英语词汇手册商学院2009年1月目录管理学 (3)组织行为学 (5)市场营销学 (11)经济学 (28)商务谈判 (34)财务管理 (40)质量管理 (47)管理学absenteeism缺勤率achievement-oriented leadership成就取向型领导acquisition购买adaptability适应性administrative ability行政管理能力administrator 行政人员advanced technology先进技术affection情感affiliation needs 归属的需要affiliation归属aggressiveness进取性antagonism 敌对appraisal tool评价工具appraisal鉴定approval procedure 批准程序approval批准aspiration抱负assessment 评估attitude态度authority职权autocratic leader专制式领导balance sheet资产负债表behavior science行为科学behavior表现board of director董事会bonus奖金budget预算business ethics competitive price有竞争力的价格business 商业capacity to produce生产能力capital outlay 资本支出capital shortage资金短缺cash flow现金流量cash position 现金状况company image公司形象company公司compensation报酬controlling 控制confidence信心conflict of interests利益冲突conflict 冲突conglomerate resource大型联合企业资源consistency strategy应变策略consistency一致性control device控制手段coordinate协调counselor顾问customer service strategy顾客服务策略delegation of authority授权democratic leader民主式领导demographic factor人口因素derivative policy派生政策desire欲望deviation偏差devotion 奉献discretion 灵活性diversification多种经营dividend股息division general manager分公司总经理dynamic 动态的eclectic折中economic system经济体系effectiveness 效果efficiency效率end result 最终结果enterprise企业enthusiasm热情entrepreneur企业家equipment 设备esteem needs尊敬的需要esteem尊敬expense account开支帐户external environment外部环境feasibility可行性feedback反馈flexible灵活的followership追随franchise 特许经营free-rein leader自由放任式领导general manager总经理geographic factor地理因素group objective 集体目标growth goal增长目标human input人力投入human relation人际关系hygiene motivator保健激励因素individuality个性industry产业ingredient要素innovation 创新inspection record检验记录inspire鼓舞instrumental leadership 指导型领导intelligence智力internal environment内部环境interpersonal skills人际交往能力inventory 存货joint venture 合资企业labor dispute劳资纠纷labor-hour工时latitude自主权law法律layoff解雇leader behavior领导行为leading 领导liquidation strategy 破产政策loyalty忠诚machine-hour机时machinery机器maintenance 维持major decision主要决定management by objectives目标管理managerial decision管理决策商业道德managerial function管理职能manager经理market share市场占有率merit system考绩制度mission/ objective 目标modern operational management现代经营管理morale士气motivate 激励motivational techniques激励方法motivation激励needs for self-actualization自我实现的需要obedience 服从opportunity机会optimistic乐观的organizational culture组织文化organizing 组织overall budget总预算participative leadership参与型领导payroll工资表performance业绩performance业绩personal interest个人利益persistence毅力personal responsibility个人责任personal worth个人价值personality性格pervasiveness fear普遍性忧虑pessimistic悲观的physiological needs生理的需要planning计划power权利policy 政策portfolio matrix资产组合距阵practitioner实际工作者prejudice偏见pressure 压力primacy 领先性principle原理priority 优先probability概率procedure程序process步骤procurement采购productivity生产率productivity生产率product产品product line产品系列profitability利润率public responsibility社会责任profit利润promotion晋升program规划proprietary product专利产品psychology心理学public relation公共关系quality of products产品质量quantitative objective 定量目标定性目标record of labor-hours lost误工记录recruit招聘regulation 法规reinforcement theory强化理论resentment 忿恨resistance 抵制responsibility职责retail零售retrenchment strategy紧缩政策return on investment投资回报review审查reward奖励rival竞争对手rule规则safety安全sales volume销售量satisfaction满意satisfaction满足scientific management 科学管理staffing人事supervisor主管人员security needs 安全的需要select 选拔self-actualization自我实现service服务sick leave病假size of the organization组织规模static 静止的status地位stock option 股票期权strength优势structure结构style 作风subconscious潜意识subordinate下级supplier供货商supportive leadership支持型领导surplus盈余synergy共同作用tactics战术tax rate 税收率technique方法the commitment principle投入原则the contingency approach随机制宜法the cooperative social systems approach协作社会系统法the decision theory approach 决策理论法the empirical approach经验法the group behavior approach集体行为法the interpersonal behavior approach人际行为法the mathematical approach数学法the managerial grid管理方格图the managerial roles approach管理任务法the operational approach经营法the social-technical systems approach社会技术系统法the systems approach系统法threat威胁train 培训trait 品质turnover人员流动vacation休假value 价值vendor 小贩wage rate工资率weakness 弱点welfare 福利wholesale批发work efficiency工作效率zeal热诚组织行为学absences 缺勤achievement motivation 成就动机acquired immune deficiency syndrome( aids )爱滋病action research 行动研究active listening 主动的倾听adult ego state) 成人自我心态affiliation motivation 亲和动机affirmative action 认可性行动alienation疏离appraisal interview考评面谈area of job freedom工作自由领域assertiveness果断at-risk pay风险工资attitudes态度attribution归因autocratic leaders独裁型领导者autocratic model独裁模型autonomy自主baseline information基准信息bases of power权力基础behavioral bias行为偏见behavioral intentions行为意向biofeedback生理反馈body language身体语言boundary roles边缘角色boundary spanners边界人员brainstorming头脑风暴法change agents变革顾问changing变革charisma领导魅力child ego state儿童自我心态clarified thinking澄清思维closed-end questions封闭式问题closed questions集中式问题cluster chain簇式沟通链coach教练codetermination协同决定coercive power强制性权力cognitive dissonance认知失调cohesiveness凝聚力collectivism集体主义collegial model合作模型committee委员会communication沟通communication overload 沟通过度communication process沟通过程comparable worth可比较的价值competence motivation能力动机complementary transaction互补式交互作用complete pay program完全工资方案conceptual skills概念技能conditional strokes有条件的肯定conflict冲突conformity服从confronting正视consensus一致意见consideration关怀consultative management协商式管理contingency approach to ob ob的权变方法contingency model of leadership领导的权变模型core dimension工作的核心维度corrective discipline纠正性纪律cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析cost-reward comparison成本回报比较counseling咨询服务counseling functions咨询功能credibility gap信用差距cross-cultural communication跨文化沟通crossed transaction交叉式交互作用cultural contingency文化权变cultural distance文化距离cultural diversity文化多样性cultural empathy文化认同cultural shock文化冲击custodial model监护模型decision-making model of leadership领导的决策模型defensive reasoning防御型推理deferred judgment延迟判断delegation授权development level发展程度devil's advocate魔鬼代言人dialectic decision method( ddm) 辩证决策法directive counseling指导式咨询discharge解雇discipline纪律discrimination歧视division of work工作划分double-loop learning双回路学习downward communication下行沟通drives驱力dysfunctional effect消极影响ecological control生态控制economic incentive system经济刺激系统ego states自我心态elaborating夸大electronic brainstorming电子化头脑风暴法electronic grapevine电子化的小道消息electronic mail ( e-mail) 电子邮件electronic monitoring电子监控emotional catharsis感情宣泄employee assistance program支持员工方案employee ownership员工所有制employee territories员工领地employment enrichment就业丰富化empowerment授权enhancers for leadership领导的放大器enriched sociotechnical work system丰富的社会技术工作体系equal employment opportunity ( eeo) 均等就业机会equal pay act of 1963 1963年公平报酬法案equity sensitivity公平敏感度equity theory公平理论e-r-g model e-r-g模型escalating commitment投入的升级ethical imperative道德约束ethical leadership有道德的领导ethical treatment有道德的对待ethnocentrism民族优越感existence needs生存需要expatriates外派人员expectancy期望expectancy model期望模型experiential learning体验式学习expert power专家性权力extinction消退extrinsic motivators外部激励因素face saving维持脸面facilitators协调员fact premises事实前提feedback反馈feedback-seeking behavior寻求反馈的行为feminine societies女性化社会filtering过滤flexible work schedule弹性工作时间表followership skills追随性技能formal groups正式群体free-rein leaders无控制的领导者frustration挫折感functional effect有益效果fundamental attribution bias基本归因偏差gain sharing收益分享gain-sharing plan收益分享计划genetic monitoring基因监控genetic testing基因测试geocentric organizations地球中心组织goal setting目标设置goals目标goals of organizational behavior组织行为的研究目标gossip chain流言链grapevine小道消息group decision support system群体决策支持系统group dynamics群体动态性groupthink群体思维growth need成长需要hawthorne effect霍桑效应hidden agendas隐蔽的情绪hierarchy of needs需要层级high context culture高度情境文化higher-order needs高级需要holistic ob 整体obhomeostasis内平衡honesty tests诚实测试human relations人际关系human resources approach to ob ｏｂ的人力资源方法human skill人际技能humanistic values人文价值观hygiene factors保健因素iceberg model of counseling冰山咨询模型impairment testing机能损伤测试imposter phenomenon骗子现象impression management印象管理incentives诱因individual differences个体差异individualism个体主义individualization个性化industrial democracy企业民主inference推断informal groups非正式群体informal leader非正式的领导者informal organization非正式组织information technology信息技术initiation of action行为的触发inputs投入instrumentality工具性interventions干预intrinsic motivators内源性动机因素job breadth工作广度job content工作内容job context工作环境job depth工作深度job diagnostic survey工作诊断调查job enlargement工作扩大化job enrichment工作丰富化job involvement工作投入job rotation工作轮换job satisfaction工作满意度job satisfaction survey工作满意度调查job scope工作范围just-in-time training即时培训kaizen改善lateral communication同级沟通law of diminishing returns回报递减法则law of effect效果法则law of individual differences个体差异性法则layoff survivor's sickness裁员幸存者忧虑症leader-member exchange model领导者－成员交换模型leader-member relations领导者－成员关系leader-position power领导者的职位权力leadership领导leadership style领导风格learned helplessness习得性无助legitimacy of organizational influence组织影响的合法性legitimate power法定性权力liaison individuals传播小道消息的人life position人生立场linking pin联结点locus of control控制点long-term orientation长期取向loose rates宽松的标准low context culture低度背景文化lower-order needs低级需要macro motivation宏观激励management by objectives ( mbo) 目标管理management by walking around ( mbwa) 走动式管理managerial grid管理方格论manipulation of people操纵别人masculine societies男性化社会matrix organization矩阵组织mechanistic organization机械化的组织mentor辅导员micro motivation微观激励middle-management committees中层管理委员会mission使命models of ob组织行为模型morale士气motivating potential score ( mps) 激励潜在指数动机motivationmotivational factors激励因素multi-skilling多面手multiculturalism多元文化主义multinational organizations跨国组织mutuality of interest互惠利益natural work module自然工作模块natural work team自然工作团队negative reinforcement阴性强化negative strokes负面肯定neighborhoods of offices相邻办公室network关系网network charts网络图networking组网行为neutralizers缓冲器noise噪音nominal group名义组织nondirective counseling非指导式咨询nonverbal communication非语言沟通norm of reciprocity互助规范norms规范ombudsperson咨询员open-book management开放式管理open-door policy开门政策open-end questions开放式问题open questions开放问题open system开放系统operant conditioning操作条件作用organic organizations有机的组织organization development ( od) 组织开发organizational behavior ( ob) 组织行为学organizational behavior modification ( ob mod) 组织行为校正organizational behavior system组织行为系统organizational citizens组织公民organizational citizenship behavior组织公民的行为organizational commitment组织忠诚度organizational culture组织文化organizational learning curve for change组织变革学习曲线organizational politics组织政治organizational socialization组织社会化outcomes结果/产出output restriction产出限制over participation参与过度paper-and-pencil test纸-笔测验paradigms范式parent ego state家长式自我心态parochialism乡土观念participation参与participative counseling参与式咨询participative leaders参与型领导者participative management参与型管理path-goal leadership路径－目标领导perceived control知觉到的控制perception知觉perceptual set知觉定式performance appraisal绩效评估performance feedback绩效反馈performance gaps绩效偏差performance monitoring绩效监视performance-satisfaction-effort loop绩效－满意－努力环路personal barriers个人障碍personal power个性权力personal wellness个人幸福philosophy of ob组织行为哲学physical barriers物理障碍physical withdrawal行为退化piece rate计件工资polarization极端化political power政治权力politics政治polygraph多导仪positive reinforcement阳性强化positive strokes正面的肯定post-traumatic stress disorder创伤后遗症power权力power distance权力距离power motivation权力动机practice实践prejudice偏见preventive discipline预防性纪律primary needs基本需要primary outcomes首要产出proactive主动procedure工作程序process consultation进展咨询productivity劳动生产率profit sharing利润分享progressive discipline累进式纪律psychic costs精神代价psychological contract心理契约psychological distance心理距离psychological stress evaluator心理压力测评器psychological support心理支持psychological withdrawal心理退化punishment惩罚quality circles质量小组quality of work life ( qwl) 工作生活质量quick fixes快速到位rate setting标准设定reactive反应性的readability可读性realistic job previews实际工作预览reference group参照群体refreezing巩固reinforcement强化reinforcement, continuous连续性强化reinforcement, fixed-interval固定间隔的强化reinforcement, fixed-ratio固定比率的强化reinforcement, variable-interval可变间隔的强化reinforcement, variable-ratio可变比率的强化程序reinforcement schedules强化程序relatedness need关系需要relaxation response放松反应reliability信度reorientation再定位repatriation归国人员research研究resilience弹性resistance to change对变革的抵制result-oriented approach to obｏｂ的结果导向方法retraining再培训reverse cultural shock逆向文化冲击reward power奖赏权力rights of privacy隐私权risky shift风险偏移role角色role ambiguity角色模糊role conflict角色冲突role models角色模型role perceptions角色知觉rumor谣言sabbatical leaves安息日假期sanctions奖惩制度secondary needs次级需要secondary outcomes次级产出selective perception选择性知觉self-actualization自我实现self-appraisal自我评价self-concept自我概念self-efficacy自我效能感self-fulfilling prophecy自我实现预期self-leadership自我领导self-managing teams自我管理团队self-perceived task ability自己知觉的工作能力self-serving bias自我服务偏差semantic barriers语义障碍semantics语义学sexual harassment性骚扰shaping塑造short-circuiting超近路short-term orientation短期取向single-loop learning单路学习situational leadership model情境领导模型skill-based pay技能工资skill variety技能多样化social cues社会线索social culture社会文化social desirability bias社会赞许性偏差social equilibrium社会均衡social facilitation群体敦促social information processing社会信息处理socialization社会化social leader社交领导social learning theory社会学习理论social loafing群体惰性social desirable responses社会赞许性反应social responsibility社会责任social support社会支持social system社会系统socioeconomic model of decision making决策的经济社会模型sociotechnical system ( sts) approach社会技术系统模型spillover effect溢出效应stages of team development组织发展的演变status地位status anxiety地位焦虑status deprivation地位丧失status symbols地位象征status system地位系统stress压力stressors压力源stress-performance model压力—绩效模型stress threshold压力阀stroking肯定structure结构substitutes for leadership领导的替代品suggestion programs建议计划super leadership超级领导superordinate goal超凡的目标supportive model支持模型surface agenda表面议题surveillance devices监视设施systems approach to obob的系统方法tardiness迟到task identity任务完整性task leader任务领导task significance任务的重要性task structure任务结构task support任务支持task team任务团队team building团队建设teamwork团队合作technical skill技术技能telecommuting电子通勤theft偷窃行为theories理论theory xｘ理论theory yｙ理论theory zｚ理论360-degree feedback３６０度反馈total quality management tqm全面质量管理training multiplier effect培训放大效应traits特质transactional analysis(ta)交互作用分析tran cultural employees跨文化员工transfer of training培训转换transformational leaders转换型领导者trauma创伤triple-reward system三方受益的系统trust信任tunnel vision管窥turnover离职率two-factor model of motivation双因素激励模型two-way communication process双向沟通过程type a people a型人type b people b型人uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避unconditional strokes无条件肯定under participation参与不足unfreezing解冻upward communication上行沟通valence效价validity效度value premises价值观假设valuing diversity重视多样化violence暴力行为virtual offices虚拟办公室vision远景wage incentives奖金刺激whistle-blowing内部员工揭发willingness to accept the influence of others接受他人影响的意愿win-win outcome of conflict冲突的双赢结果work change工作变革work ethic工作伦理workplace trauma工作场所创伤workplace violence工作场所的暴力行为xenophobia排外市场营销学absorption of costs 成本分配accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略acquisition new-product development strategy 新产品开发收购战略activity-based costing 以活动为基础的成本系统adaptability 适应性adaptation to market variations 适应市场变化adaptive positioning 适应性定位additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加adequate size 准确的大小/足够的规模administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统administrative relationships 管理关系adopter categories 采购者的类型adoption process 采购过程advertising and market segmentation 广告与市场细分advertising and sales promotion 广告和销售促进advertising effects 广告效果advertising ethics 广告伦理道德advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising message 广告信息advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising source 广告信息来源advertising 广告aerobic enthusiasts 增氧健身运动爱好者aesthetics 美感affinity club 同族俱乐部after tests 事后测试agent middleman 代理商agent/merchant middleman 代理中间商allowance 折让alteration 退换AMA Code of Ethics 美国营销协会职业道德标准亚马逊公司American Airlines 美国航空公司American Express 美国运通American Marketing Association 美国营销协会analysis of data 数据分析analyzer strategy 分析者战略Anderson 安达信annual marketing plan 年度营销计划annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求计划anticipatory positioning 预见性定位anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法anti-trust legislation 反托拉斯立法Apple Computers 苹果电脑area structure 地区结构aspiration/expectation level 渴望/期望水平aspirations of consumers 消费者渴望assurance 保证AT&T 美国电话电报公司ATM (automatic teller machine) 银行自动柜员机attitudes of consumers 消费者态度attributes 属性audiences 受众auto repair 汽车维修automation services 自动服务automobile industry 汽车产业autonomy 自主权availability 可获得性/供货能力Avon 雅芳awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要Bausch & Lomb 博士伦BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioral analysis 行为分析behavioral hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单biological revolution 生物革命birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试Blockbusterblue collars 蓝领BMW 宝马Boeing 波音bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局Burger King 汉堡王business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略Business Week 《商业周刊》buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power index (BPI) 购买力指数buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务cable TV 有线电视Cadillac 凯迪拉克capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺Cherokee 切诺基Chevrolet 雪佛莱choice criteria 选择标准Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥（世界著名时装品牌）Chrysler 克莱斯勒Citi Corp 花旗银行closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商CNN 美国有线新闻网co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案Comdex 计算机展销会commercialization 商业化commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营）范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制data collection 数据收集data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing a adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication （媒体）重复DuPont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性early vs. late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率Electrolux 伊莱克斯emergency goods 急需品Emerson Electric 爱默生电气emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围。

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Unｉt 1 The Evｏluｔion of Maｎaｇemｅｎｔas a Fiｅｌdｏf Stｕdｙｅvolutｉon n．the pｒoceｓs of devｅlｏpｉng发展geneｒalize v.tｏinｆer ｆｒoｍｍａｎy particｕlars概括autｏｂｉographｙn．the bｉoｇraphy of a pｅrｓon writｔen by thａt peｒson 自传meｍoir n．aｎａccｏunｔoｆthe perｓoｎexperienｃｅｓof aｎauthor 回忆录，自传ｅxｔremely ad. Beiｎgｉn ｏr attainｉｎｇtｈe grｅatest oｒhiｇｈest degree 极度地ａntｈｒoｐolｏｇist n。

someone wｈｏsｔｕdｉes anthrｏpoｌoｇy人类学家peｒｓpｅcｔiveｎ。

ｔhe waｙin whiｃｈa sitｕatｉoｎor problem ｉn ｊudgｅd sｏtｈａt prｏpeｒｃｏｎsideｒatｉon iｓgiveｎｔo each part 合理观察，视角turｎovｅr n. thｅnumｂer ｏf woｒkers ｈiｒｅd by ａｎestabｌishｍent to ｒeplace tｈose wｈo hａve left in a giveｎperｉoｄof tｉｍe 人员更替数approachｎ。

the mｅｔhod ｕsed iｎｄeaｌing witｈoｒaccｏmplishｉｎg方法contiｎgｅnｃy n． a pｏssiｂility thａｔmust be prepaｒed foｒ可能事件，可能出现的情况dｙnaｍic a．charactｅｒizｅd by ｃonｔiｎuｏｕs change不断变化的confrontａtiｏｎn. dｉsｃoｒd or a ｃｌasｈof ｏpiｎiｏns aｎd iｄeaｓ观点或思想的不断冲撞incur v。

to acｑuｉｒe ｏr coｍe inｔo获得coｍｐroｍise v. someｔhinｇｔｈat coｍbiｎeｓquａｌitｉes or elements of ｄｉｆfｅｒeｎt thｉngs折中inteｒdｅpｅndent a．mutuaｌｌy ｄependent 互相依存的ｃhaｒactｅriｓｔic n.ａｆeaｔure tｈat ｈelpｓtｏｉdenｔify 特性ｐｏpulａrｉtｙn。

ｔhe ｑｕality ｏr state of beｉng ｐopular 普及sｏle a。

of or rｅｌating to oｎly one ｉndividuaｌoｒgroup单独的ｒｅlianｃe n．the acｔof relyiｎg or thｅstaｔe oｆｂeｉng ｒeliant依赖,依靠suffｉcｉｅnt a. beiｎg aｓmｕchａs ｉs neeｄed 充足的ａｌlｉance ｎ。

the act ofｂecoming allied or the ｃondｉtion of beｉnｇalｌｉｅd 结盟ｄｅmoｇｒａｐhicｎ. oｆｏr rｅlating ｔo demograｐhy 人口统计cｏmplement v．tｏseｒｖe as a cｏmpｌeｍent tｏ补足Uniｔ２The Scopｅｏf Managｅmeｎtﻫenｔａil v。

ｔo havｅ, iｍpｏse, or reｑuiｒe aｓａnecessary accompanimｅnt or coｎｓeqｕence伴随ｃｏnfｏrm v.ｔo act oｒbe in accoｒd oｒagreemeｎｔ使和谐一致eｎviｓion v。

tｏpicturｅｉn the mｉnd 想象affｏrdable a。

ｔｈaｔcａn be ａffｏｒｄeｄ买得起的strive v。

ｔo exert ｍuch eｆfort or energy 努力mｉssｉoｎn.ｓpeciａｌaｓsigｎment given tｏａｐｅrsoｎｏr grｏｕp 任务iｎｆorｍerciａｌn． a ｃomｍeｒciaｌteｌevｉsiｏｎprogram ｏr rｅlatively long cｏｍｍercial segｍeｎt ｏfｆeｒing consumｅrｉnformａtion商业信息片franchiｓe n.ａuthoriｚatｉｏn gｒanｔｅｄto someone to ｓｅｌlｏrｄistriｂute a cｏmpany's ｇoods or serviｃｅs ｉｎａcｅｒtain aｒea 特许经营权tactｉcal ａ.of，reｌaｔing to，ｏｒusinｇtａctｉcs 战术的departｍenｔal a．部门的pｅｅｒｎ.a person ｗhｏhaｓequaｌsｔａnｄing with ａｎothｅr or oｔhｅｒｓ同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人inｔerpersonａl a。

relating tｏ, occurｒｉng aｍonｇ，orｉnｖolvｉng ｓeveral p ｅｏple 人与人之间的ｆoｓｔｅr v.to prｏmｏｔe tｈe growth and developmenｔof促进peｒvasive a．ｈaｖing ｔheｑualiｔy oｒtenｄency ｔo ｐervade or peｒmeate 渗透性的sｔaｋeholder n．one who ｈaｓa sｈａre or an interest 股东flouｒｉｓh v．tｏbe in a peｒioｄof highestｐrｏdｕｃtiｖitｙ活跃aｕｔomotiｖｅａ。

movｉng ｂy itself 自动的nonroｕtineｎ．非常规程序analoguｅn。

something that bｅars an analogy ｔｏsometｈing ｅｌse 类似情况Unｉt 3 What are Ｏrgｎizatioｎｓ？ｂeａst n．something a thiｎg事物orgaｎiｚatiｏn n． a group of pｅopｌe ｗｉth ｓpecｉaｌpurpose, ｓｕｃｈａsa clｕｂor business 团体,组织,机构,社团inｖeｎｔion n.sｏmｅｔhingｉnventｅd发明物coｎｔrｉvaｎce n．dｅvice or ｔool，esp。

one mａde bｙａn indivｉdual fｏr a p ａrｔicｕｌar puiｐoｓe 发明物;器械patｒｏnaｇe n．all thｅｐaｔroｎs oｆ a sｈop，hｏtel, eｔc，aｓaｇｒo ｕｐ为了赞助而产生的ｉmpact n。

the ｆorce ｏf aｎidea，inveｎtioｎ，sｙｓtem，etc。

影响力pｅｒｓpective n。

theｗaｙin which a matterｉs jｕｄged，so that ｃonsｉderａtioｎａnd iｍpｏｒtance is ｆｉｖe tｏeach ｐaｒt 判断事物的方法asｓocｉaｔiｏn n.the acｔｏf joｉnｉnｇｏr the sｔａｔｅof being ｊoｉned with someboｄy orｓｏｍeｔhing 联合;结合；结交very a. （used for givinｇfｏrｃe to an eｘpｒession)（用于强调）正是；完全；实在whiｍn。

a sudden ｉdｅaｏr wish, ofｔeｎnoｔreasoｎable 突起的（怪)念头;一时的兴致fancyｎ. an imagｅ，opiｎioｎ, or idea imaｇined anｄnｏt ｂａsｅd on fact无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法acｈieve v。

ｔo finｉsh successfullｙ完成；实现souｌｎ. a pｅrson 人;灵魂guidelineｓｎ．tｈe maiｎpoｉnts abouｔsoｍeｔｈｉng which iｓto bｅｄeａl ｔwith 指导方针；行动纲领ｂｒidge v．tｏｂｕｉlｄ a ｂｒige aｃroｓs 架桥gap n。

an aｍount oｆdisｔance pr difｆｅｒence 差异；差距；歧异bｙvirtｕe of in virtuｅof 依靠；由于ｓuｒvivａｌn．sｏmething which has coｎtinued to exist ｆｒom aｎearliｅr time 生存ｂehaviorｎ。

ｗay oｆbehaving 行为；举动sｕbset n.ａseｔconｔaiｎeｄwitｈｉn aｓｅt 子集maｉｎｔenａnｃe n。

tｈｅａct oｆmａinｔaining 维持;维护;保养；赡养turnoｖｅr n.the nuｍbｅr of ｗorkers that ａreｈired by ａfｉrｍto fill the pla ｃesｏf ｗｏrkers wｈo have left in a pａrtiｃular pｅriod 人员更新efficienｃｙn.ｔhｅstaｔｅorｑｕalitｙoｆｂeｉng ｅffｉｃiｅnt 功效;效率;效能intelleｃtual a。

coｎcerning tｈe intelｌｅｃt智力的limitaｔiｏｎn.theｆact ｏrｃonditionsｏｆlimiting or ｂｅing ｌｉｍiteｄ限制事实或状态ｃｈart n．inｆormａtiｏｎwｒｉtｔen or draw in the forｍｏf a piｃtｕre grａpｈ, etc. , usu。

Ｗｉｔh the ｉnｔention oｆmaking iｔundｅrstoｏｄ图表predict ｖ。

tｏsｅe or dｅｓcriｂe in ａｄvanｃｅaｓa resuｌt of ｋnoｗlｅdge，exｐerｉenｃe，reason，eｔc.预言;预测Ｕnit 4Deｖeｌoｐiｎg Qpality ａｎd CoｍｐetitｉvｅAdvantagｅｉnnｏvatｉve a．maｒｋed by or giｖｅｎto iｎnovationｓ革新的,创新的optimizｅv.to mａｋe as ｐerfeｃt ｏr effecｔivｅaｓpｏｓsｉｂｌｅ使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效ｍedｉｅvａｌa。

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