句子成分和句子结构-13页文档资料

句子成分和句子结构

----认识英语句子的构成

一、句子成分

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。

1．主语

主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者，指的是“谁”或“什么事”。常用作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。

George is a born leader. （名词）

Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）

Two of us will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）

The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）

To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）

Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）

What we can’t get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）

2.谓语

谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，说的是“做什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。

Father cooks very well.

My sister has worked in the company for five years.

Our school is becoming more beautiful.

The World Expo is well organized.

3.宾语

宾语是动作的承受者，指的是“做”的内容。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。

（1）单宾语（宾语）

可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。

I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? （名词、代词）

If you put 5 and 7 together, you’ll get 12, little Tom. （代词）

We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）

Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）

Please stop making noise. （动名词）

Do you understand what I mean? （名词性从句）

（2）双宾语

双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为：主语+ 及物动词（短语）+ sb. + sth.

Please tell me how the accident came about.

The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.

（3）同源宾语

少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。同源宾语前面常有修饰语。

laugh a good laugh 大笑blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击

smile a sweet smile 甜甜的微笑dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦

die a brave death 死得英勇live a happy life 过着幸福的生活

4.表语

表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。

His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）

She is over fifty, but she doesn’t look it. （名词、代词）

These students are careful while others are careless. （形容词）

The class meeting was over at last. （副词）

Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）

His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）

My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）

The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词）（已形容词化）

That is where your mistakes are. （名词性从句）

5.定语

定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。

（1）前置定语

可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等。

Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）

Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）

She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）

I want to buy some (coffee) cups. （名词）

Put the child in the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）