文献综述英文版
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文Title: A Comprehensive Review of the Impact of Social Media on Mental Health。
Introduction。
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of people using platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat to connect with others, share their experiences, and stay updated on current events. While social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact, there is growing concern about its impact on mental health. This review aims to examine the various ways in which social media can affect mental health, including its potential benefits and drawbacks.The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health。
One of the most significant concerns about social mediais its potential to negatively impact mental health. Several studies have linked excessive use of social media to increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. The constant exposure to carefully curated images and posts from others can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, especially among young people. Additionally, the pressure to maintain a perfect online persona can contribute to heightened levels of stress and anxiety.On the other hand, social media has also been found to have some positive effects on mental health. For example,it can provide a sense of community and support for individuals who may feel isolated in their offline lives. Online support groups and forums can offer a safe space for people to share their experiences and seek advice from others who may be going through similar challenges. Furthermore, social media can be a source of inspiration and motivation, as individuals share their success stories and personal growth journeys.The Role of Social Media in Mental Health Awareness andAdvocacy。
文献综述写法英文版
Finding, formulating and exploring your topic.Different topic creationsMany students have in mind something that they want to work on; others want to work with a particular scholar or research centre. In the first case, students search for a compatible supervisor. In the second, for a topic. Regardless of these preliminary circumstances, the topic is very likely only roughly formulated at this stage. This is usually enough to have your enrolment accepted. Reading the literatureOnce you have a general idea, you could start by talking to your supervisor and other scholars. But, most importantly, you have to think why you would like to work on it, or why anyone would want to do so. Ask yourself, "Why is it important? What is interesting about this? Suppose I solve it, or find it, or pull it all together, what use is it? What is its significance?" Then, with some questions such as these in mind, go and read more about it to see what is there and find out what aspects of it have been exhausted, what neglected, what the main ideas, issues and controversies are in the area. It is regarded as your supervisor's role to direct you to the most fruitful starting point in reading and surveying the literature.Cycle of literature reviewAll of this is not a once only activity, but is a cycle you go through again and again. So you read, think, and discuss it with your supervisor and then, as a result, come closer to the formulation of the topic. And then with each cycle of reading, thinking and discussing your topic becomes more specific and focused.This is not the final formulation and the last time you will focus your topic. But you could probably let go of this round of general exploration and embark on the next stage. Your supervisor by this time should have enough of an idea of your topic to judge whether or not what you propose to do is feasible within the time available and has the potential to meet the required standards for a PhD. To see the full potential of your topic or, to the contrary, see that it is not going to deliver what you wanted, you do need to begin doing your research. This, of course, is why pilot studies are often undertaken.Making sense of the literatureWe do truly wish we could tell you about a reliable or simple way to make sense of the literature. We can say, however, that you need to attend to things attwo levels:∙One is establishing a system that will allow you to organise the hard copies of the articles etc., and develop a data base for references, soyou have easy access under relevant categories and don't chase the samereferences repeatedly.∙The other is the more demanding task of understanding and using the literature for your purposes.Without attending to the first task, you could easily become inefficient and frustrated. However, although it is necessary to have some way of keeping track, don't spend all your energies on perfecting your system. It may be a good idea to attend a course for researchers on handling information. Check whether your university's library or computer centre offers such a course.The other task ahead of you - of understanding, reviewing and using theliterature for your purposes - goes to the heart of your thesis. We considerthis in three stages.Making sense of the literature - first passWhen you first come to an area of research, you are filling in the backgroundin a general way, getting a feel for the whole area, an idea of its scope,starting to appreciate the controversies, to see the high points, and to become more familiar with the major players. You need a starting point. This may come out of previous work you've done. If you're new to the area, your supervisor could suggest fruitful starting points. Or you could pursue some recent review articles to begin.Too much to handleAt this stage there seems to be masses of literature relevant to your research. Or you may worry that there seems to be hardly anything. As you read, think about and discuss articles and isolate the issues you're more interested in. In this way, you focus your topic more and more. The more you can close in on what your research question actually is, the more you will be able to have a basisfor selecting the relevant areas of the literature. This is the only way to bring it down to a manageable size.Very little thereIf initially you can't seem to find much at all on your research area - and you are sure that you've exploited all avenues for searching that the library can present you with - then there are a few possibilities:∙You could be right at the cutting edge of something new and it's not surprising there's little around.∙You could be limiting yourself to too narrow an area and not appreciating that relevant material could be just around the corner in a closely related field.∙Unfortunately there's another possibility and this is that there's nothing in the literature because it is not a worthwhile area ofresearch. In this case, you need to look closely with your supervisor at what it is you plan to do.Quality of the LiteratureThis begins your first step in making sense of the literature. You are not necessarily closely evaluating it now; you are mostly learning through it. But, sometimes at this stage students do ask us how they can judge the quality ofthe literature they're reading, as they're not experts.You learn to judge, evaluate, and look critically at the literature by judging, evaluating and looking critically at it. That is, you learn to do so by practising. There is no quick recipe for doing this but there are somequestions you could find useful and, with practice, you will develop many others:∙Is the problem clearly spelled out?∙Are the results presented new?∙Was the research influential in that others picked up the threads and pursued them?∙How large a sample was used?∙How convincing is the argument made?∙How were the results analysed?∙What perspective are they coming from?∙Are the generalisations justified by the evidence on which they are made?∙What is the significance of this research?∙What are the assumptions behind the research?∙Is the methodology well justified as the most appropriate to study the problem?∙Is the theoretical basis transparent?In critically evaluating, you are looking for the strengths of certain studies and the significance and contributions made by researchers. You are also looking for limitations, flaws and weaknesses of particular studies, or of whole lines of enquiry.Indeed, if you take this critical approach to looking at previous research in your field, your final literature review will not be a compilation of summaries but an evaluation. It will then reflect your capacity for critical analysis.Making sense of the literature - second passYou continue the process of making sense of the literature by gaining more expertise which allows you to become more confident, and by being much more focused on your specific research.You're still reading and perhaps needing to re-read some of the literature.You're thinking about it as you are doing your experiments, conducting your studies, analysing texts or other data. You are able to talk about it easily and discuss it. In other words, it's becoming part of you.At a deeper level than before,∙you are now not only looking at findings but are looking at how others have arrived at their findings;∙you're looking at what assumptions are leading to the way something is investigated;∙you're looking for genuine differences in theories as opposed to semantic differences;∙you also are gaining an understanding of why the field developed in the way it did;∙you have a sense for where it might be going.First of all you probably thought something like, "I just have to get a handle on this". But now you see that this 'handle' which you discovered for yourself turns out to be the key to what is important. You are very likely getting to this level of understanding by taking things to pieces and putting them back together.For example, you may need to set up alongside one another four or five different definitions of the same concept, versions of the same theory, or different theories proposed to account for the same phenomenon. You may need to unpack them thoroughly, even at the very basic level of what is the implied understanding of key words (for example 'concept', 'model', 'principles' etc.), before you can confidently compare them, which you need to do before synthesis is possible.Or, for example, you may be trying to sort through specific discoveries which have been variously and concurrently described by different researchers in different countries. You need to ask questions such as whether they are the same discoveries being given different names or, if they are not the same,whether they are related. In other words, you may need to embark on very detailed analyses of parts of the literature while maintaining the general picture.Making sense of the literature - final passYou make sense of the literature finally when you are looking back to place your own research within the field. At the final pass, you really see how your research has grown out of previous work. So now you may be able to identify points or issues that lead directly to your research. You may see points whose significance didn't strike you at first but which now you can highlight. Or you may realise that some aspect of your research has incidentally provided evidence to lend weight to one view of a controversy. Having finished your own research, you are now much better equipped to evaluate previous research in your field.From this point when you have finished your own research and you look back and fill in the picture, it is not only that you understand the literature and can handle it better, but you could also see how it motivates your own research. When you conceptualise the literature in this way, it becomes an integral part of your research.Writing the literature reviewWhat we are talking about here is the writing of the review. We assume that you have made sense of the literature, and that you know the role of the literature and its place in your thesis. Below are links to other sections covering these aspects.You will doubtless write your literature review several times. Since each version will serve a different purpose, you should not think you are writing the same thing over and over and getting nowhere. Where you may strike trouble is if you just try to take whole sections out of an earlier version and paste them into the final version which, by now, has to be differently conceived.In practical terms, it is necessary to have an overall picture of how the thread runs through your analysis of the literature before you can get down to actually writing a particular section. The strategy which writers use as a way to begin the literature review is to proceed from the general, wider view of the research you are reviewing to the specific problem. This is not a formula but is a common pattern and may be worth trying.Let's look at an example taken from the first pages of a literature review. This shows us the progression from general to specific and the beginning of that thread which then continues through the text leading to the aims.[This is basically an introductory section, which starts with astatement of the problem in very broad terms, alerting us to the factthat not everything is rosy, and proceeds to sketch in specific aspects.][The text moves on to specify issues at various levels. Although the[Thus the text has set up the situation where all aspects of theproblem--theoretical, practical, etc.--are brought together.]Whatever the pattern which fits your work best, you need to keep in mind that what you are doing is writing about what was done before. But, you are not simply reporting on previous research. You have to write about it in terms of how well it was done and what it achieved. This has to be organised and presented in such a way that it inevitably leads to what you want to do and shows it is worth doing. You are setting up the stage for your work.demonstrates neither your understanding of the literature nor your ability to evaluate other people's work.Maybe at an earlier stage, or in your first version of your literature review, you needed a summary of who did what. But in your final version, you have to show that you've thought about it, can synthesise the work and can succinctly pass judgement on the relative merits of research conducted in your field. So,Approaching it in this way forces you to make judgements and, furthermore, to distinguish your thoughts from assessments made by others. It is this whole process of revealing limitations or recognising the possibility of taking research further which allows you to formulate and justify your aims.Keep your research focusedIt is always important to keep your research focused, but this is especially so at two points. First when you have settled into the topic and the time forwider exploration has to end. And then again at a later stage when you may have gathered lots of data and are starting to wonder how you are going to deal with it all.Focus after literature reviewFirst, it is a common temptation to prolong the exploration phase by finding more and more interesting things and straying away from what was once regarded as the possible focus. Either you or your supervisor could be guilty of this.In some cases, it might be you who is putting off having to make a commitmentto one line of enquiry because exploration and realising possibilities is enjoyable and you're always learning more. In other cases, it could be your supervisor who, at every meeting, becomes enthusiastic about otherpossibilities and keeps on suggesting alternatives. You might not be sure ifthis is just sharing excitement with you or if you are supposed to follow them all up.Either way you need to stop the proliferation of lines of enquiry, sift through what you have, settle on one area, and keep that focus before you. It could even be a good idea to write it up on a poster in front of your desk. Unlessyou have this really specified in the first place, with the major question and its sub-questions, and you know exactly what you have to find out to answer these, you will never be focused and everything you find will seem to be 'sort of' relevant.You have to close off some lines of enquiry and you can do so only once you decide they are not relevant to your question. We continually meet students who, when we ask, "So what is the question you're researching?", will answer, "My topic is such and such and I'm going to look at x, y and z". Sometimes further probing from us will reveal that they do indeed have a focus, but many timesthis is not so. Thinking in terms of your topic is too broad. You need to think,Focus after data collectionThen, at a later stage, you could find yourself surrounded by lots of datawhich you know are somewhat relevant to your project, but finding the ways of showing this relevance and using the data to answer your question could be a difficult task. Now you have to re-find your focus to bring it all together.Again, it is your research question and sub-questions which will help youto do this because your whole thesis is basically the answer to these questions, that is, the solution to the problem you presented at the beginning. This may strike you as a very simplistic way to view it. However, approaching it in this way does help to bring the parts together as a whole and get the whole to work. We even recommend that, to relate the parts to each other and keep yourself focussed , you could tell yourself the story of the thesis.Making a deliberate attempt to keep focused will help you to shape your research and keep you motivated.Apparently I have to write a research proposal. What do I need to do? The main purpose of a research proposal is to show that the problem you propose to investigate is significant enough to warrant the investigation, the method you plan to use is suitable and feasible, and the results are likely to prove fruitful and will make an original contribution. In short, what you are answering is 'will it work?'The level of sophistication or amount of detail included in your proposal will depend on the stage you are at with your PhD and the requirements of your department and University.∙In initial stages, the document you need to write will probably be three to five pages long. It will give a general idea of what you areproposing to do but it isn't a binding contract. Often it serves as astarting point for discussions with your supervisor to firm up the topic, methodology and mechanics of your research.∙Some of you will be required to write a proposal at the time of confirming your candidature (usually at the end of the first year). Insome instances, this is a document of four to five pages and may beviewed as a mere formality. In other cases a much more substantialdocument of 30 - 40 pages is expected. Therefore it is essential for you to check the requirements with your department.Regardless of the above distinctions you should never see writing a proposal as a worthless chore. Indeed, if it isn't formally required, it is a very good idea to write one anyway. You can use it to your advantage. It always forces you to think about your topic, to see the scope of your research, and to review the suitability of your methodology. Having something in writing also gives an opportunity to your supervisor to judge the feasibility of the project (whether it is possible to finish in time, costs, the equipment needed and other practicalities, time needed for supervision), to assess its likelihood of success, and its ability to meet the academic standard required of a PhD thesis.While there are no hard and fast rules governing the structure of a proposal, a typical one would include: aims and objectives, significance, review of previous research in the area showing the need for conducting the proposed research, proposed methods, expected outcomes and their importance. In experimentally based research it often includes detailed requirements for equipment, materials, field trips, technical assistance and an estimation of the costs. It could also include an approximate time by which each stage is to be completed.write a abstract. Indeed, the final version of the abstract will need to be written after you have finished reading your thesis for the last time.However, if you think about what it has to contain, you realise that the abstract is really a mini thesis. Both have to answer the following specific questions:Therefore, an abstract written at different stages of your work will help you to carry a short version of your thesis in your head. This will focus your thinking on what it is you are really doing , help you to see the relevance of what you are currently working on within the bigger picture, and help to keep the links which will eventually unify your thesis.ProcessThe actual process of writing an abstract will force you to justify and clearly state your aims, to show how your methodology fits the aims, to highlight the major findings and to determine the significance of what you have done. The beauty of it is that you can talk about this in very short paragraphs and seeif the whole works. But when you do all of these things in separate chapters you can easily lose the thread or not make it explicit enough.If you have trouble writing an abstract at these different stages, then this could show that the parts with which you are having a problem are not well conceptualised yet.We often hear that writing an abstract can't be done until the results are known and analysed. But the point we are stressing is that it is a working tool that will help to get you there.Before you know what you've found, you have to have some expectation of what you are going to find as this expectation is part of what is leading you to investigate the problem. In writing your abstract at different stages, any part you haven't done you could word as a prediction. For example, at one stage you could write, "The analysis is expected to show that …". Then, at the next stage, you would be able to write "The analysis showed that …." or "Contrary to expectation, the analysis showed that …..".The final, finished abstract has to be as good as you can make it. It is the first thing your reader will turn to and therefore controls what the first impression of your work will be. The abstract has∙to be short-no more than about 700 words;∙to say what was done and why, how it was done, the major things that were found, and what is the significance of the findings (rememberingthat the thesis could have contributed to methodology and theory aswell).In short, the abstract has to be able to stand alone and be understood separately from the thesis itself.Is there a particular thesis structure I have to follow? There are certain conventions specific to certain disciplines. However, these structures are not imposed on a piece of work. There are logical reasons why there is a conventional way of structuring the thesis, which is after all the account of what you've achieved through your research. Research is of course not conducted in the step-by-step way this structure suggests, but it gives the reader the most accessible way of seeing why this research was done, how it was done and, most importantly, what has been achieved. If you put side by side all the questions you had to answer to finish your research and what is often proposed as a typical structure of a thesis, then you see the logic of the arrangement. That does not mean, however, that you have to name your chaptersin this way. In some disciplines, it very often is like this; in others, this structure is implied. For example, in many science theses, the following basically is the structure; in many humanities theses, the final structure looks very different, although all of these questions are answered one way or another.Occasionally a thesis is written which does not in any way comply with this structure. Generally the reasons you want to have a recognised, transparent structure are that, to some extent, it is expected and the conventional structure allows readers ready access to the information. If, however, you wantto publish a book based on the thesis, it is likely the structure would need to be altered for the different genre and audience.。
文献综述英文作文
文献综述英文作文1. The study by Smith et al. (2018) focused on the impact of social media on mental health among teenagers. The findings revealed a significant correlation between excessive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depression.2. In a different study conducted by Johnson and Brown (2017), the researchers explored the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in older adults. The results indicated that regular exercise was associated with improved memory and cognitive abilities.3. A recent meta-analysis by Lee and Kim (2019) examined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing stress and anxiety. The analysis found that mindfulness practices were effective in reducing symptoms of stress and anxiety across various populations.4. The research by Garcia et al. (2020) investigatedthe impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. The study demonstrated that sleep deprivation led to impairments in attention, memory, and decision-making abilities.5. Another study by Patel and Jones (2016) explored the role of nutrition in mental health. The findings suggested that a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids was associated with lower rates of depression and anxiety.6. The review by Wang and Li (2018) examined the prevalence of smartphone addiction among college students. The review highlighted the negative consequences of excessive smartphone use, including decreased academic performance and social isolation.7. A study by Chang et al. (2019) investigated the relationship between social support and resilience in individuals facing adversity. The findings indicated that strong social support networks were associated with higher levels of resilience and psychological well-being.8. The research by Taylor and Smith (2017) explored the impact of music therapy on individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The study found that music therapy interventions were effective in improving social skills, communication, and emotional regulation in individuals with autism.。
文献综述 英文作文
文献综述英文作文In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the impact of social media on mental health. Many studies have found that excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. This has raised concerns about the potential negative effects of social media on individuals' well-being.The concept of mindfulness has gained popularity as a potential intervention for improving mental health. Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment and accepting it without judgment. Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance overall well-being.There is also a growing body of literature on the relationship between physical activity and mental health. Regular exercise has been found to have a positive impact on mood and can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. This has led to an increased focus onincorporating physical activity into mental health treatment and prevention programs.The use of technology in mental health treatment has also been a topic of interest. With the development of digital mental health interventions, individuals can access therapy and support through online platforms and mobile apps. This has the potential to increase access to mental health care and provide support to those who may not have access to traditional in-person services.The role of genetics in mental health has been another area of research. Studies have shown that genetic factors can contribute to the development of mental health disorders. Understanding the genetic basis of mentalillness can help inform treatment approaches and improve outcomes for individuals with these conditions.In conclusion, there is a wide range of research on various aspects of mental health, including the impact of social media, the benefits of mindfulness, the relationship between physical activity and mental well-being, the use oftechnology in mental health treatment, and the role of genetics in mental illness. This diverse body of literature provides valuable insights into the complex nature of mental health and offers potential avenues for improving mental well-being.。
literaturereview文献综述的写法（英文版）
literaturereview⽂献综述的写法（英⽂版）Literature ReviewThis packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor.This packet is subdivided into six sections:I. General InformationStates what a literature review is and what purpose it serves.II. ProcessGives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review.III. OrganizationExplains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review.IV. FormatProvides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B).V. ChecklistAllows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines.VI. ResourcesLists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information.M General Information MDefinitionLiterature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis.In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if theywere researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amountand quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper:Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: “why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out”(Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective.Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review.PurposeAlthough literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand.In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-SpecificityA literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis.Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis.Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research.REVIEW1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between theauthor’s thesis and the literature being reviewed?2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in?M Process M1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review.2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things:A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw inresearch, continuing previous research, etc . . .)B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to yourresearch problem.You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B).3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review.4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis.5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review.6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relateto your thesis.7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review.8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review.9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues.10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological.11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion./doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html plete the final draft of the literature review.13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors.14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. REVIEW1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review ? Why? Justify your response(s).A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically.Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoringcommunication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess:…Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . .Then state what angle is going to be explored:…These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center…Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developedand are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature ReviewYou may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response:What is the purpose of the research or work?What research or literary methods are used?How do the major concepts operate?In a research study, how accurate are the measurements?In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself?M Organization MIn the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself:-Research Review-Recommended Spatial Arrangement-Alternative Spatial Arrangement-Other ConsiderationsThen, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:…While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs…Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess:…This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century…Then state what angle is going to be explored:..As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well…Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review:Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question)that is being asked for a particular time period:-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s-Current Advancements1 Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as “This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center.”Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public.M Format MThere are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review.Format A OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study.a.First study is summarized and discussed.b.Second study is summarized and discussed.c. Third study is summarized and discussed.III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies.a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review.a.Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section IIIof your review.b.Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area ofstudy such as a specific discipline or professionFormat B organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below.Format B OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII.Similiarities within the research are discussed.a. First similarity among research is discussed.b. Second similarity among research is discussed.c. Third similiarity among research is discussed.III. Differences in the research are discussed.a.First difference between research is discussedb.Second difference between research is discussedc.Third difference between research is discussedIV. Conclusion/Summarya. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works.b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a largerarea of study such as a specific discipline or profession.The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW1.Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why?M A Literature Review Checklist: MDid I . . . . . . ?□ Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research□ State this thesis clearly in my introduction□ Define unfamiliar terms□ Incorporate background information to define the problem□ Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference□ List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed□ Describe the outcome of the work or the research□ Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions□ Avoid overquoting□ Check for grammar and punctuation errors□ Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation styleM Resources MBrightwell, G. and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. RetrievedAugust 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at theAsian Institute of Technology’s Web page at/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html nguages.ait.ac.th/EL21OPEN.HTMCentral Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. RetrievedJuly 22, 2003 from /doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html .au/litreviewpages/Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishers.Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review.Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook - A blast from thepast: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading2-1-1.htmlTaylor, D., & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips onconducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 fromhttp://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlTrinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review.pdfThe University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academicwriting: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html*In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled “References” and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently.Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria.Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow.。
Literature Review 英文文献综述模板
Text Recognition with Machine Learning based on Text StructureLiterature ReviewYifan Shi Student ID:27291944Email:ys1n13@MSc Artificial IntelligenceFaculty of Physical Sciences&Eng,University of SouthamptonAbstract—The fast developing Machine Learning algorithms introduced to semantic area nowadays has brought vast techniques in text recognition,classification, and processing.However,there is always a contradiction between accuracy and speed,as higher accuracy generally represents more complicated system as well as large training database.In order to achieve a balance between fast speed and good accuracy,many brilliant designs are used in text processing.In this literature review,these efforts are introduced in three layers:Natural-Language Processing,Text Classification,and IBM Watson System.Keywords—Machine Learning,Natural-Language Processing,Text Classification,IBM WatsonI.I NTRODUCTIONThe growing popularity of the Internet has brought increasing number of users online,with a vast amount of messages,blogs,articles,etc.to be dealt with.These texts,known as natural-language texts,contain possible useful information but take a long time for human to read,understand and deal with.Despite the popular search engine technology nowadays in helping users tofind the sources with keywords,semantic techniques are also needed by many companies to improve their user-friendly working environment.In this literature review,I will introduce several important semantic techniques,starting from the most basic Natural-Language Processing,concentrating in the meaning of words and sentences,followed by Text Classification which is focused on paragraphs and articles.Then,I will introduce a landmark system named IBM Watson,which has DeepQA as its working pipeline.Finally,a conclusion will be included to give some comments on these techniques.II.N ATURAL L ANGUAGE P ROCESSING In order to deal with the human natural-language, it is necessary to transform the unstructured text into well-structured tables of explicit semantics (Ferrucci,2012).According to Liddy(2001), Natural-Language Processing(NLP)is a series of computational techniques used to analyze and represent naturally organized text in order to achieve certain tasks and applications.Collobert and Weston(2008)have categorized NLP tasks into six types:Part-Of-Speech Tagging,Chunking,Named Entity Recognition,Semantic Role Labeling, Language Models,and Semantically Related Words.In addition to this,they also implemented Multitask Learning with Deep Neural Networks to build a successful unified architecture which avoided traditional large amount of empirical hand-designed features to train the system by using backpropagation training(Collobert et al.,2011).III.T EXT C LASSIFICATIONOne of the simple way to represent an article for a learning algorithm is to use the number of times that distinct words appear in the document (Joachims,2005).However,due to the large amount of possible words used in articles,it would create a very high dimensional space of features.Joachims(1999)suggests a TransductiveSupport Vector Machines to do classification because of its effective learning ability even in high dimensional feature space.Rather than using non-linear Support Vector Machine(SVM), Dumais et al.(1998)compared linear SVM with another four different learning algorithms which are Find Similar,Decision Trees,Naive Bayes, and Bayes Nets,which also supports SVM in text classification because of its high accuracy,fast speed as well as its simple model.Sebastiani(2002) also recommends Neural Network as a potential selection in text classification in that its accuracy is only slightly lower than SVM in comparison. The cross-document comparison of small pieces of text,using linguistic features such as noun phrases,and synonyms is introduced by Hatzivassiloglou et al.(1999).The similarity of two paragraphs is defined by the same action conducted on the same object by the same actor. Therefore,drawing features according to nouns and verbs would generally conclude a paragraph into several primitive elements.In addition to the similar primitive elements,restrictions such as ordering, distances and primitive(matching noun and verb pairs)are also implemented to exclude weakly related features.The feature selection methods can effectively reduce the dimensions of dataset (Ikonomakis,2005)while keeping the performance of classification.To make sure which words are to be kept,an Evaluation function has been introduced by Soucy and Mineau(2003)to measure how much information we can get by classifying through a single word.Another improvement by Han et al. (2004)is to use Principal Component Analysis (PCA)to reduce the dimension in transformation of features.Nigam and Mccallum(2000)combine Expectation-Maximization and Naive Bayes classifier to train the classifier with certain amount of labeled texts followed by large amount of unlabeled documents,which realizes the automatic training without huge amount of hand-designed training data.IV.IBM W ATSONThe IBM Watson project has shown us that computer system in open-domain question-answering(QA)is possible to beat human champions in Jeopardy.As Ferrucci(2012) mentioned,the structure of Watson is more complicated than any single agent as it has hundreds of algorithms working together,in the way that Minsky(1988)introduced in Society of Mind.Generally,Watson consists of parts which are DeepQA,Natural Language Processing(NLP), Machine Learning(ML),and Semantic Web and Cloud Computing(Gliozzo et al.,2013).The DeepQA system analyzes the question by different algorithms,giving different interpretations of questions and forming queries for each question (Ferrucci,2012).It provides all the possible answers to the question with the evidences and the scores for each candidate,which would generate a ranking of candidate answers with the likelihood of correctness.The Machine Learning algorithms are used to train the weights in its evaluating and analyzing algorithms(Gliozzo et al.,2013).The clue that Watson uses in searching is named as lexical answer type(LAT),which tells Watson what the question is asking about and what kind of things it needs to look for.Before doing searching, it would generate prior knowledge of type label, known as‘direction’,to each candidate answer and search evidences for and against this‘type direction’(Ferrucci,2012).The DeepQA also has a high requirement in Grammar-based and syntactic analysis techniques,for example,relation extraction techniques in getting possible relations between words,based on a rule-based approach.In addition,the ability of breaking the question down into sub-questions by logics also improved Watsons performance(Ferrucci,2012),which enables Watson tofind results for each smaller questions and combine them together.In correspondence to the ability of breaking down questions,it can also generate the score for the original question based on the evidence for sub-questions.To simulate human knowledge,Watson also uses self-contained database.However,this requirement has led to its great hardware cost.Watson also needs to do automatic text analysis and knowledge extraction to update its database,because of the enormous amount of work and the insurance ofinput-knowledge accuracy.However,the use of self-contained database is costly,that only few institutions can afford the hardware expense,which makes the application of Watson expensive.Another limitation is that the structured resource is relatively narrow compared with vast unstructured natural-language texts.One of the possible improvement is to use online data and ordinary online search engine tofind possible related articles and analyze them with PC clients.Despite the tradeoff between accuracy and cost,because of the possible the unreal data and incorrect information online,it makes the technique more realizable in general.V.C ONCLUSIONAs can be seen from the content above,most techniques used in text analysis are based on‘word feature’extraction,word types,and relations, which are all semantic techniques.While Watson also uses searching techniques tofind the exact answer shown in text.However,the machines lack the ability to conclude the main idea in a paragraph,which is more related with abstract logic thinking.While the way that human read concerns not only on vocabularies and meanings, but also the structure of paragraph and the location of sentences,for example,thefirst sentence in the paragraph usually guides the following content, which helps tell the significance of the sentences and words.Therefore,using machine learning to analyze the structure of an article and combining with the meaning of every sentence might generate the ability to conclude the main idea,which can be used in text scanning and classification.R EFERENCES[1]S.Dumais,J.Platt,D.Heckerman,and M.Sahami,InductiveLearning Algorithms and Representations for Text Categoriza-tion,Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Information and knowledge management,pp-148-155,1998. [2]T.Joachims,Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines:Learning with Many Relevant,ECML-98Proceedings of the10th European Conference on Machine Learning,pp-137-142,1998.[3]T.Joachims,Transductive Inference for Text Classification usingSupport Vector Machines,International Conference on Machine Learning(ICML),pp-200-209,1999.[4]V.Hatzivassiloglou,J.Klavans,and E.Eskin,Detecting TextSimilarity Over Short Passages:Exploring Linguistic Feature Combinations Via Machine Learning,Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora,2000.[5]K.Nigam,Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Doc-uments using EM,Machine Learning,V olume39,pp-103134, 2000.[6] E.Liddy,Natural Language Processing,In Encyclopedia ofLibrary and Information Science,2nd Ed.NY.Marcel Decker, Inc,2001.[7]S.Tong and D.Koller,Support Vector Machine Active Learningwith Applications to Text Classification,Journal of Machine Learning Research pp-45-66,2001.[8] F.Sebastiani,Machine Learning in Automated Text Categoriza-tion,ACM Computing Surveys(CSUR),Issue1,V olume34, pp-1-47,2002.[9]P.Soucy and G.Mineau,Feature Selection Strategies for TextCategorization,AI2003,LNAI2671,pp-505-509,2003. [10]X.Han,G.Zu,W.Ohyama,T.Wakabayashi,and F.Kimura,Accuracy Improvement of Automatic Text Classification Based on Feature Transformation and Multi-classifier Combination, LNCS,V olume3309,pp.463-468,Jan2004.[11]M.Ikonomakis,S.Kotsiantis,V.and Tampakas,Text Classifica-tion using Machine Learning Techniques,WSEAS Transactions on Computers,Issue8,V olume4,pp-966-974,2005.[12]R.Collobert and J.Weston,unified architecture for natural lan-guage processing:deep neural networks with multitask learning, ICML’08Proceedings of the25th international conference on Machine learning,ACM New York,USA,Pages160-167,2008.[13]R.Collobert,J.Weston,L.Bottou,M.Karlen,K.Kavukcuoglu,and P.Kuksa Natural Language Processing(Almost)from Scratch,Journal of Machine Learning Research,V olume12,pp-2493-2537,2011.[14] A.Gliozzo,O.Biran,S.Patwardhan,and K.McKeown,Seman-tic Technologies in IBM Watson,The10th International Semantic Web Conference,Bonn,Germany,2011.[15] D.Ferrucci,Introduction to“This is Watson”,IBM Journal ofResearch and Development,V olume56Number3/4,pp-1:1-1:15 May/July2012.[16]G.Tesauro,D.Gondek,J.Lenchner,J.Fan,and J.Prager,Simulation,learning,and optimization techniques in Watsons game strategies,IBM Journal of Research and Development, V olume56,Number3/4,pp-16:116:11,2012.。
幼儿游戏英文文献综述范文
幼儿游戏英文文献综述范文英文回答：Introduction:In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of games in early childhood education. Games have been found to be effective in promoting various aspects of child development, including cognitive, social, and physical skills. This literature review aims to explore the current research on early childhood games and their benefits.Cognitive Development:Research has shown that games can enhance cognitive development in young children. For example, puzzle games can improve problem-solving skills and logical thinking. Memory games can help children improve their working memory and attention span. Additionally, educational games that incorporate letters, numbers, and shapes can promote earlyliteracy and numeracy skills.Social Development:Games also play a crucial role in fostering social development in young children. Cooperative games, where children work together towards a common goal, can enhance teamwork and communication skills. Role-playing games can encourage imagination and empathy, as children take on different roles and interact with their peers. Furthermore, games that involve turn-taking and rule-following can teach children important social skills such as patience and fairness.Physical Development:Active games that involve physical movement are beneficial for promoting gross motor skills in young children. Games that require jumping, running, and balancing can help develop strength, coordination, and body awareness. Additionally, fine motor skills can be improved through games that involve manipulating small objects, suchas building blocks or puzzles.Conclusion:In conclusion, games have a significant impact on the development of young children. They can enhance cognitive, social, and physical skills, making them an effective tool in early childhood education. It is important for educators and parents to incorporate games into children's daily routines to maximize their developmental potential.中文回答：引言：近年来，人们对幼儿游戏在幼儿教育中的作用越来越感兴趣。
文献综述(垃圾的可回收)英文版
Literature review of garbage collection——李薇，李灿，唐兰心，猫然IntroductionPurpose ：For garbage recycling, the status quo at home and abroad, due to different start, the maturity of garbage disposal capacity and system is also different. Overseas countries have accumulated rich experience, while China's recycling technology is currently only piloted in a few cities, with few application examples. The author summarized and sorted out the references at home and abroad, analyzed the representative articles at home and abroad respectively, and elaborated the viewpoint and development trend of garbage recycling in this kind of articles, and then found the way to realize garbage recycling in our country.Measure：Using SCI and CNKI databases, our team searched relevant journals with garbage recycling as the key word, classified and summarized the relevant journals, and carried out a literature survey on the topic of garbage recycling under the reasonable division of labor and coordination, and summarized the literature survey.Domestic garbage collection status1. At present, the old ways of municipal solid waste treatment in China are mainly landfill, compost and incineration.2. Residents' individual factors, including the lack of knowledge of garbage classification, lack of corresponding knowledge of garbage classification. At present, the knowledge of garbage classification of most residents in China isrelatively simple or even one-sided. Few people can consciously and actively classify garbage.3. Garbage collection facilities classification confusion4. There are also problems in the implementation of garbage classification system. Although the garbage classification Department has made the garbage bin classification system in the district beforehand, the municipal sanitation department will merge the garbage in order to save labor during the recycling process. This "even pot end" method has seriously affected residents' confidence in independent garbage classification, but also greatly offset the effect ofpre-resident garbage classification, resulting in a certain malignant effect.4.Some matching systems of garbage classification are not perfect. Such as rewards and punishment mechanism, propaganda and education system and other defects.5. The cost of garbage collection is higher.6. The results are not obvious: since the original Ministry of Construction announced the list of the first pilot cities for sorting and collecting domestic waste in 2000, nearly 20 years have passed. Although cities have been exploring new models for garbage control, it is undeniable that the results are not obvious. The average annual garbage output per city is 440 kilograms. 600 cities in the country generate 80 million tons of garbage.参考文献1.城市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本评估方法与应用——以北京市为例宋国君、孙月阳、赵畅、刘帅、王颖著Author's Institutions: School of Environment, Renmin University of China; School of Management Cadres, Ministry of Agriculture; Hebei Dezheng Law Firm2.中国实施垃圾分类为何这么难？——刘庆健著2. 垃圾分类与垃圾治理研究, Zhejiang Gongshang University press, 2018.01, second ------方建移著3.广东省农村垃圾产生特征及处理方式的调查分析Writers：高海硕;陈桂葵；黎华寿等Journal of Rural Environmental Science Volume: 31 issue: 7 pages: 1445-1452 Document No. 1672-2043 (2012)4.基于RBF网络的城市垃圾产量预测及可视化秦绪佳、彭洁、徐菲、郑红波、张美玉著Necessity of garbage collection1.Harmfulness of the old methods of Disposing Municipal Solid waste: At present, the old methods of landfill, composting and incineration are still the main ways of Disposing Municipal Solid Waste in China. Most of these traditional methods have some disadvantages, such as waste of land resources, high technical requirements of composting, secondary pollution caused by incineration, etc.2.High proportion of recyclable resources: Due to the characteristics of campus environment, waste generated by college students ' life mainly includes:Paper products, plastic products, a small amount of metal products and kitchen waste. Covered in teaching, living, dormitory, outdoorSite area. There are 2763 institutions of higher learning in China and about thirty million of college students.Nearly 20,000 tons, of which the proportion of recoverable resources is very high, should be well classified recovery.3. garbage accumulation seriously affects urban development.4. human happiness index and national significance5. The significance of garbage classification and garbage treatment lies not only in solving the dilemma of garbage siege, but also in solving it.It lies in the environmental protection itself, and its significance also includesadvocating and forming a healthy lifestyle and promoting the livelihood of the people.Quality of Life and Subjective Well-being, Promoting Governing Ability and Public Credit of the Government, Improving National Quality and Public MoralityRecognize and improve China's international image in order to realize the "strive to build a beautiful China and realize it" put forward by the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of ChinaThe goal of sustainable development of the Chinese nation.参考文献1.垃圾分类与垃圾治理研究Zhejiang Gongshang University press, 2018.01, second pages. ------方建移著，2.生活垃圾分类制度设计研究：以杭州市为例------颜安庆，蒋晓琦，朱诗雨，丁丁，张鸿昌，李冰洁著，The methods of Garbage collectionTechnical means1.Intelligent System for Garbage collection: IOT technology with Ultrasonic sensor and Arduino Mega . To avoid the piles of rubbish , a project called IOT Based Smart Garbage System I will be implemented, which can be generate warning message to the municipality via SMS when the garbage bin is full or almost full, so the garbage can be collected immediately.2. Fully implementing the dichotomy of dry and wet3. Smart garbage monitoring system for waste management 。
文献综述英文版
Author：yuDepartment of Materials"Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance.Keywords：Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials PricesPreface前言As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern.The history of the development of moldArchaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies.Development Status and Trends DieSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international standards, increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized productquality, cost, and new product development enterprises have increased in recent years, the mold for investment in technological progress, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and are starting to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT software, and successfully applied to stamping die design.trend(1) a comprehensive promotion of CAD / CAM / CAE technology die CAD / CAM / CAE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing(2) high-speed milling process of foreign high-speed milling process developed in recent years, significantly improve the processing efficiency, and to get a high surface finish.(3) die scanning and digitizing system and mold high-speed scanner provides scanning system to scan from a model or physical model of processing required for the desired number of functions, greatly reducing the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold.(4) milling EDM EDM EDM Milling Technology, also known as invasive as processing technology, which is an alternative to the traditional processing of the cavity by forming a new electrode technology(5) to improve the die mold standardization of standardization is increasing, estimates that the current use of standard mold coverage has reached about 30%.Developed countries is generally about 80%.(6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology and application of high quality steel, the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary.New Technology Application in the metal formingNew Technology mold stamping applicationDie mold manufacturing technology modernization is the basis for industrial the development of science and technology, computer technology, information technology, automation technology and other advanced technologies are continuing to penetrate the traditional manufacturing technology, cross, integration, implementation of its transformation, the formation of advanced manufacturing technologies. Today, CNC wire cut has a very high level of technological development, function quite well, the degree of automation has reached the degree of unattended by Japan Sodick Corporation A500W-E Sodick EDM wire EDM cutting speed has reached the maximum 300mm/min, machining precision can reach ± μm, surface roughness ~ μ ~ in diameter fine thread cutting technology development, can be cut to achieve a complete convex mold, and the radius of and narrow groove cutting cutting technology has been able to taper to 30 ° above the precision machining.The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the mold has changed the traditional tooling mold quality depends on human factors and difficult to control the situation, making the mold quality depends on the physical and chemical factors, the overall level of easy to control, mold reproduction ability.Summar结论yAfter the analysis of the parts and see the large amount of data, and finally select the desired mold, mold design be simple, economical, practical, difficult to produce low, high efficiency, where workers learn a lot of mold the development of domestic mold industry, the rapid development of China's mold industry rejoiced, but to see the advanced molding process with a huge gap, as a material people also feel a long rapid development of today's industry, mold development of new technologies with the invention of new technology constantly updated, constantly requires that we always pay attention to the mold industry, and even the industrial development process.。
文献综述(英文版)PPT课件
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Literature Review Procreessosurces-selecting
notestaking reviewwriting reference-listing
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How to write a literature review?
prelude
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What can we learn from LR•?research tendency and
p• rreosgeraerscsh methods and design
• refining our own research proposal
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Whyitical thinking
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See you next time!
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Literature Retrieval
✓Any research was based on a previous one.
✓Any high-quality research
was
based on the quantity and
quality
of literature one
• Learn to write a literature review.
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Tasks after Class:
Based on the literature you’ve retrieved, write a literature review about 3,000 words.
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
literature review文献综述的写法(英文版)
Literature ReviewThis packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor.This packet is subdivided into six sections:I. General InformationStates what a literature review is and what purpose it serves.II. ProcessGives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review.III. OrganizationExplains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review.IV. FormatProvides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B).V. ChecklistAllows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines.VI. ResourcesLists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information.M General Information MDefinitionLiterature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis.In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if theywere researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amount and quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper:• Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: “why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out” (Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective.• Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review.PurposeAlthough literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand.In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-SpecificityA literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.• Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis.• Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis.Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research.REVIEW1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between theauthor’s thesis and the literature being reviewed?2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in?M Process M1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review.2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things:A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw inresearch, continuing previous research, etc . . .)B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to yourresearch problem.You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B).3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review.4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis.5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review.6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relateto your thesis.7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review.8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review.9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues.10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological.11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion.plete the final draft of the literature review.13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors.14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused.REVIEW1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review ? Why? Justify your response(s).A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically.Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoringcommunication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess:…Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . .Then state what angle is going to be explored:…These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center…Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developed and are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature ReviewYou may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response:What is the purpose of the research or work?What research or literary methods are used?How do the major concepts operate?In a research study, how accurate are the measurements?In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the studyor of the literary work itself?M Organization MIn the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself:-Research Review-Recommended Spatial Arrangement-Alternative Spatial Arrangement-Other ConsiderationsThen, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:…While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs…Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess:…This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century…Then state what angle is going to be explored:..As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well…Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review:Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question) that is being asked for a particular time period:-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s-Current Advancements1 Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as “This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center.”Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public.M Format MThere are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review.Format A OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study.a.First study is summarized and discussed.b.Second study is summarized and discussed.c. Third study is summarized and discussed.III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies.a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review.a.Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section IIIof your review.b.Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area ofstudy such as a specific discipline or professionFormat B organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below.Format B OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII.Similiarities within the research are discussed.a. First similarity among research is discussed.b. Second similarity among research is discussed.c. Third similiarity among research is discussed.III. Differences in the research are discussed.a.First difference between research is discussedb.Second difference between research is discussedc.Third difference between research is discussedIV. Conclusion/Summarya. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works.b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a largerarea of study such as a specific discipline or profession.The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings.REVIEW1.Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why?M A Literature Review Checklist: MDid I . . . . . . ?□ Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research□ State this thesis clearly in my introduction□ Define unfamiliar terms□ Incorporate background information to define the problem□ Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference□ List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed□ Describe the outcome of the work or the research□ Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions□ Avoid overquoting□ Check for grammar and punctuation errors□ Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation styleM Resources MBrightwell, G. and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. RetrievedAugust 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at theAsian Institute of Technology’s Web page atnguages.ait.ac.th/EL21OPEN.HTMCentral Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. RetrievedJuly 22, 2003 from .au/litreviewpages/Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishers.Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review.Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook - A blast from thepast: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading2-1-1.htmlTaylor, D., & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips onconducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 fromhttp://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlTrinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003/~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review.pdfThe University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academicwriting: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html*In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled “References” and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently.Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria.Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow.。
ASampleofLiteratureReview(英文文献综述模板)
A Sample of Literature ReviewOn Advertising EnglishAmong the so many scholars who examine advertising language, G. N. Leech deserves primeattention for his thorough research of advertising in the field of linguistics in his book English in Advertising(66).Vestergaard and Schroder, however, probe into advertising language not only inthe respect oflinguistics, but also in that of psychologyand ideology.The Language of Advertising (85) written by them is a revealing study of thestrategies ofpersuasion advertisers use and of the crucial underlying assumptionsadvertising makes.Focusing on magazine and newspaper advertising , the authors illustrate the range of linguistic and visual techniques advertisers use to achieve emphasis andspecial effects.Apart from that, Hafer and White make contribution to the research of advertising language by writing a book title d Adverting Englis h which is conceived as abridge between rules and suggestions for writing advertisement that have been runor aired.And in the Secrets of Successful Copywriting (86), Patrick Quinn tells thereader everythinghe needs to know from the drafting of press ads to the scripting of televisioncommercials, from radio to audio-visual, and the concepts, the treatments as wellas the wrinkles.Compared with linguis ts who study advertising from the angle of language alone,more scholars carry out their research of advertising in a comprehensive way. Their study covers thehistor y of advertisin g , the work of advertisi ng agencies, the procedure of advertising , etc. withadvertising language concerned more or less. For instance, Essentials of Advertising (80) writtenby Louis Kaufman examines in detail every stage of the business of advertising , from the initial concept to execution. And it moves from the pragmatic considerations thatunderlie the finished ad-marketing intelligence and research and the budget-through media , to thefinal campaign. Nonetheless, there is a chapter particularly devoted to advertising language. Other examples mayinclud e Advertisin g (84) by William M. Weilbacher and Contemporary Advertising(6) by Courtland L. Bove and William F. Arens. The former is about all the advertising issues suggested by various definition of advertising that have been presented and it also tells how advertising is created, produced and used. The latter is a more advertising and thecomplete study of languageaspects are involved in it inevitably. In China, there are also some experts who study the language of English advertisin g or advertising business in general. Books such as Advertising Englis h by Cui Gang(93) and Advertising English and Examples by Sun Xiaoli (95) are works on analyses of the language of advertising. The author illustrate the general characteristics of advertising English mainly in the aspects of words, sentences and rhetorical devices, and examines features of different kinds of Englis h advertisements. The books serve as a guide to students and practitioners to help them attain proficiency in writing advertising copy for different media. In his book Pragmatics in Englis h Learning (7) Professor He Ziran discusse s advertisi ng languag e from th e angle of pragmatics and sociolinguistics.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文述评(review)结论(conclusion)B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source thatyou need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature reviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.范围;(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容;(3)结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。
经典英文文献综述范文
经典英文文献综述范文English:A classic English literature review typically provides an overview and analysis of key works in a particular field or topic. It often begins with an introduction that outlines the scope and purpose of the review, followed by a discussion of the historical context and the evolutionof the topic. The literature review then delves into a detailed examination of the most influential and significant texts, identifying key themes, arguments, and methodologies employed by the authors. The review also seeks to identify gaps or unresolved issuesin the existing research, and may propose avenues for future exploration in the field. This type of literature review is valuable for scholars and researchers seeking to gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of knowledge in their area of study, and often serves as a foundation for new research projects and critical debates within the academic community.中文翻译:经典的英文文献综述通常提供了一个特定领域或主题关键作品的概述和分析。
企业管理英文文献综述范文
企业管理英文文献综述范文Corporate Governance: A Comprehensive Literature Review.Introduction.Corporate governance plays a pivotal role in ensuringthe transparency, accountability, and integrity of organizations. It encompasses the systems and processes by which companies are directed, managed, and controlled. This literature review examines the key aspects of corporate governance, including board structure, shareholder rights, executive compensation, and regulatory compliance.Board Structure.The board of directors is the highest decision-making body in a corporation. Its composition and structure are essential for effective governance. Research has shown that boards with a diverse range of perspectives, including independent directors, women, and members from differentethnic backgrounds, enhance decision-making and reduce the risk of groupthink (Adams & Ferreira, 2007; Carter & Lorsch, 2004).Additionally, the size and composition of the board can influence its effectiveness. Smaller boards may be more efficient, while larger boards may offer a wider range of expertise. However, excessive board size can lead to coordination issues and slower decision-making (Bebchuk & Cohen, 2005; Jensen & Meckling, 1976).Shareholder Rights.Shareholders are the owners of a corporation and possess certain rights, including the right to vote on corporate decisions, receive dividends, and accessfinancial information. Protecting shareholder rights is crucial for ensuring accountability and transparency.Research suggests that strong shareholder rights enhance firm value (Arya & Mittendorf, 2008; Shleifer & Vishny, 1997). Institutional investors, such as pensionfunds and mutual funds, play a significant role in protecting shareholder interests by actively monitoring board performance and exercising voting rights (Gillan & Starks, 2000; Gompers, 2003).Executive Compensation.Executive compensation is a contentious issue in corporate governance. Excessive executive pay can erode shareholder value and undermine public trust. Research has identified a strong correlation between CEO compensation and firm performance (Murphy, 1985; Jensen & Murphy, 1990). However, it is essential to balance the need to attract and retain talented executives with the interests of shareholders.Effective compensation systems align executive incentives with firm goals and promote long-term value creation. Performance-based pay and stock options are common mechanisms used to achieve this alignment (Malmendier & Tate, 2008; Jensen & Murphy, 1990).Regulatory Compliance.Corporate governance frameworks are often complemented by regulatory compliance requirements imposed by government agencies. These regulations aim to protect investors, promote market integrity, and prevent corporate misconduct.Compliance with regulatory frameworks is essential for maintaining public trust and avoiding legal penalties. Companies can implement compliance programs that establish clear policies, provide training, and monitor adherence to regulations (Proffitt & Margolis, 2007; Song & Shim, 2009).Codes of Conduct and Ethical Considerations.Codes of conduct and ethical considerations play a significant role in guiding corporate behavior. These guidelines establish standards of integrity, accountability, and ethical decision-making for employees and management.Research has shown that strong codes of conduct can enhance employee morale, reduce misconduct, and mitigatereputational risks (Crane & Matten, 2010; Johnson, Johnson, & Holloway, 2010). Ethical considerations are particularly important in industries where social and environmental factors are relevant (Gibson, 2000; Mackey, Sisodia, & Wolfe, 2013).Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.Empirical research has consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between strong corporate governance practices and firm performance. Companies with effective governance structures and policies tend to exhibit higher profitability, lower risk, and better long-term value creation (Aguilera & Jackson, 2003; Bhagat & Bolton, 2008; Claessens, Djankov, & Fan, 2002).Emerging Trends in Corporate Governance.Corporate governance is constantly evolving to address emerging challenges and opportunities. Key trends include:Sustainability and ESG considerations: Investors andstakeholders are increasingly demanding that corporations adopt sustainable practices and consider environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors.Technology advancements: Advancements in technology, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, are transforming corporate governance practices and enabling greater transparency and efficiency.Diversity and inclusion: Companies are recognizing the importance of diversity and inclusion in boardrooms and throughout the organization.Conclusion.Corporate governance is a critical aspect of modern business management. By fostering transparency, accountability, and ethical behavior, effective governance practices protect stakeholders, promote firm performance, and contribute to a stable and ethical business environment. As corporate governance continues to evolve, it is vitalfor organizations to stay abreast of emerging trends andbest practices to ensure the long-term success of their enterprises.。
关于科技的英文文献综述范文
关于科技的英文文献综述范文Here is a 1000-word essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on Technology":Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming the way we live, work, and communicate. From the invention of the printing press to the development of artificial intelligence, the influence of technology on human civilization is undeniable. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of technology and its impact on society.One of the most significant advancements in technology is the rapid development of digital technologies. The internet has revolutionized the way we access information, communicate with others, and conduct business. The rise of social media platforms has transformed the way we interact with our friends, family, and the world around us. Similarly, the growing popularity of e-commerce has changed the way we shop, with online retailers offering a vast array of products and services at our fingertips.Another important aspect of technology is the field of automationand robotics. Automated systems are now being used in a wide range of industries, from manufacturing to healthcare, to improve efficiency and reduce human error. The development of sophisticated robots has also led to significant advancements in fields such as exploration, disaster relief, and medical procedures. However, the increasing reliance on automation has also raised concerns about job displacement and the impact on the workforce.The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is perhaps one of the most significant technological advancements of our time. AI systems are capable of performing tasks traditionally reserved for humans, such as decision-making, problem-solving, and language processing. The potential applications of AI are vast, ranging from personalized recommendations on e-commerce platforms to the development of self-driving cars. At the same time, the ethical implications of AI, such as the potential for bias and the impact on privacy, are the subject of ongoing debates and research.Another area of technology that has seen significant advancements is the field of renewable energy. As the world grapples with the challenge of climate change, the development of sustainable energy sources has become a pressing concern. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are just a few examples of the renewable energy technologies that are being explored and implemented on a global scale. These technologies not only help to reduce our carbonfootprint but also have the potential to provide affordable and accessible energy to communities around the world.The impact of technology on healthcare is another area that deserves attention. Advancements in medical technology, such as diagnostic imaging, telemedicine, and personalized medicine, have revolutionized the way we approach healthcare. These technologies have the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and increase access to quality care, particularly in remote or underserved areas.However, the rapid pace of technological change has also raised concerns about the potential negative impacts of technology on our lives. The increased reliance on digital devices and the constant connectivity of the internet can lead to issues such as screen addiction, sleep deprivation, and social isolation. Additionally, the collection and use of personal data by tech companies and governments have raised concerns about privacy and data security.In conclusion, this literature review has explored the various aspects of technology and its impact on society. From the transformative power of digital technologies to the advancements in renewable energy and healthcare, the role of technology in shaping our world is undeniable. However, as we continue to embrace technological progress, it is crucial that we carefully consider the ethical andsocietal implications of these advancements. By doing so, we can ensure that technology is used to enhance and improve the lives of people around the world, rather than contributing to societal problems.。
Context英文版的文献综述
Context---- a basic concept in the study of pragmatics. It is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearerPragmatics-----the study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning；the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication . The study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration),Sentence meaning: Abstract and context-independent meaning; literal meaning of a sentence; Utterance meaning: concrete and context-dependent meaning; intended meaning of a speaker Speech act theory: analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication.Cooperative principle (CP) ---- Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engagedRegister, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation 201 Dialect: a variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class: regional dialect, sociolects, idiolect, ethnic dialect-198Language acquisition----refers to the child’s acquisition of h is mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Error analysis: study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners 275 Interlangauge: learners’independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.Language aptitude refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. It is believed to be related to a learner’s general intelligence 277Learning strategies are learners’ conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.Second language: it plays an institutional and social role in the community; it functions as a recognized way of communication among members who speak some other language as their mother tongue, 273Presequence：the opening sequences that are used to set up some specific potential action .186 Code-switching: bilinguals often switch between their two languages or language varieties in the middle of a conversation 206Language planning: people examine all the languages and dialects in the country and decide which is the standard, official language or languages and specify their scope of use, and also make plans for the regional use and/or development of other languages and dialects.203Adjacency pairs: a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. 183 Cohesion: refers to the grammatical and /or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. 175Topic: what the utterance is about；comment: what is said about it. 170。
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Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die designAuthor：yuDepartment of Materials"Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature reviewAbstract摘要By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance.Keywords：Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials PricesPreface前言As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern.1.1 The history of the development of moldArchaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies.1.2 Development Status and Trends DieSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international standards, increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized product quality, cost, and new product development capacities.Many enterprises have increased in recent years, the mold for investment in technological progress, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development.Some domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and are starting to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc.CAE software, and successfully applied to stamping die design.1.2.2 trend(1) a comprehensive promotion of CAD / CAM / CAE technology die CAD / CAM / CAE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing(2) high-speed milling process of foreign high-speed milling process developed in recent years, significantly improve the processing efficiency, and to get a high surface finish.(3) die scanning and digitizing system and mold high-speed scanner provides scanning system to scan from a model or physical model of processing required for the desired number of functions, greatly reducing the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold.(4) milling EDM EDM EDM Milling Technology, also known as invasive as processing technology, which is an alternative to the traditional processing of the cavity by forming a new electrode technology(5) to improve the die mold standardization of standardization is increasing, estimates that the current use of standard mold coverage has reached about 30%.Developed countries is generally about 80%.(6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology and application of high quality steel, the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary.New Technology Application in the metal forming2.1 New Technology mold stamping applicationDie mold manufacturing technology modernization is the basis for industrial development.With the development of science and technology, computer technology, information technology, automation technology and other advanced technologies are continuing to penetrate the traditional manufacturing technology, cross, integration, implementation of its transformation, the formation of advanced manufacturing technologies. Today, CNC wire cut has a very high level of technological development, function quite well, the degree of automation has reached the degree of unattended operation.Developed by Japan Sodick Corporation A500W-E Sodick EDM wire EDM cutting speed has reached the maximum 300mm/min, machining precision can reach ± 1.5μm, surface roughness Ra0.1 ~0.2μm.0.03 ~ 0.1mm in diameter fine thread cutting technology development, can be cut to achieve a complete convex mold, and the radius of 0.04mm and 0.02mm narrow groove cutting fillets.Taper cutting technology has been able to taper to 30 ° above the precision machining.The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the mold has changed the traditional tooling mold quality depends on human factors and difficult to control the situation, making the mold quality depends on the physical and chemical factors, the overall level of easy to control, mold reproduction ability.Summar结论yAfter the analysis of the parts and see the large amount of data, and finally select the desired mold, mold design be simple, economical, practical, difficult to produce low, high efficiency, where workers learn a lot of mold research.See the development of domestic mold industry, the rapid development of China's mold industry rejoiced, but to see the advanced molding process with a huge gap, as a material people also feel a long way.The rapid development of today's industry, mold development of new technologies with the invention of new technology constantly updated, constantly changing.This requires that we always pay attention to the mold industry, and even the industrial development process.。