提高猪的繁殖性能

Waiting time to Success 成功前的等待时间
Freq 频度
Average days to market 平均上市天数
Tail-enders 收尾猪
Time 时间（天数）
52-Week Benchmarking Data
Top 10 % Number of farms Mated females Pigs weaned / mated female / year Litters / mated female / year Wean to 1st service interval Percent served by day 7 Percent repeat services Entry to first service Farrowing rate Total pigs born / female farrowed Pigs born live / female farrowed Pigs weaned / female farrowed Piglet survival Average gestation length Average age at weaning Average parity 71 83,310 28.71 2.50 6.09 87.9% 4.0% 30.37 90.6% 14.15 12.92 11.42 82.7% 115.6 19.8 2.58 Top 25% 177 288,359 27.40 2.46 6.32 88.7% 5.7% 26.98 88.2% 14.06 12.73 11.10 80.8% 115.7 19.4 2.64 All Farms 711 1,198,868 24.39 2.37 6.96 85.8% 8.1% 23.72 85.1% 13.23 11.94 10.34 79.5% 115.7 19.9 2.69 Bottom 25% 177 268,348 20.64 2.21 8.09 80.1% 11.1% 24.94 80.4% 12.42 11.07 9.46 77.2% 115.8 20.3 2.57
生物素或锌缺乏？
Correction of Skin Lesions by Dietary Biotin Supplementation
Biotin Deficiency in Sows
E. Wayne Johnson Enruikang Ag Tech Beijing
Typical and common biotin deficiency in a gestating sow, with brown exudate down dorsal midline, similar to that described by Cunha et al (1946). Hebei province.
Dermatitis, alopecia, brownish exudate on skin. Avidin-induced biotin deficiency. Cunha, Lindley & Ensminger, J. An. Sci. 5:219-225, (1946)
Dermatitis, alopecia, brownish exudate on skin of two pigs in middle. Avidin-induced biotin deficiency. Pigs on outside treated with daily biotin injections 100 mcg. Cunha, Lindley & Ensminger, J. An. Sci. 5:219-225, (1946).
母猪生殖周期
后备母猪 1－3 天 成熟
配种 妊娠
114天
发情
3－5 天
断奶
16－35天
分娩
活仔猪
泌乳
后备母猪没有发情
后备母猪 1－3 天 成熟
配种 妊娠
114天
发情
3－5 天
断奶
16－35天
分娩 泌乳
活仔猪
Preparation of the Female
Gilts should be selected from productive females. White breeds (Landrace, Large White, Chester White, Welsh) have higher productivity. Colored breeds may add durability and disease resistance. Breeding program should be designed to maximize heterosis.
受精率，分娩率，断奶发情间隔，工人的观察力是影响非生产天数的 因素
Assessing Performance 性能评定
• Morbidity & Mortality 发病率和死亡率
– Dead 死亡 – Sick 生病 – Requiring Treatment 需要治疗
• • • •
Growth Performance 生长性能 Cost of Gain 增重成本 Return on Investment 投资回报率 Variability 变异性
This spraddle-legged sow had a poor foot and leg conformation and is now a serious problem as she cannot get up on her own.
这头母猪趾蹄结构不良，出现八字腿,不能站立，成为严重问题
Maternal Body Type 母本体型
• Maternal lines should be rather “Square” in appearance, with a large hip area but not too much “round” muscle. Bulging round muscle is a reflection of small internal bone dimension. 母本体型应该外观方正，后躯发达但没有圆形肌肉，大 块圆形肌肉是内部骨架小的反映。 • “Square” styled female lines tend to have more pigs at birth, larger pigs at weaning, and fewer difficulties in farrowing. 母本方正体型，产子数更多，断奶体重更大，分娩困难 较少 • In China there is a tendency to select for muscling not for soundness. 下面的图片中有一些近乎完美的个体，中国的选种倾向 于选择肌肉量，而不是结实度
Dry, flaky, “ichthyosis” (fish-scale) skin lesions. Severe biotin deficiency. Hebei.
Brownish exudative dermatitis and secondary bacterial infection. Liaoning province.
Dry, scaly, whitish-gray “ichthyosis” dermatitis due to biotin deficiency and secondary bacterial infection with Streptococci. Liaoning province.
• 21 - day litter weights 21天窝重 • Weight of Pigs Moved Out of Nursery per sow per year 每年每头母猪出栏保育猪数
Sow Productivity- Counting Pigs
母猪生产力-数小猪
• • • • •
死亡率/仔猪数存活率
Selection/Culling
• • • • • • • • • • •
选择/淘汰
Milking ability is heritable and repeatable. 泌乳能力可遗传，且可重复 Measure “21 day weights 称21天龄体重 Calculate Sow Productivity Index 计算母猪生产力指数 Cull Ruthlessly. 无情地淘汰 4 to 6 litters is normal productive life of sow. 4－6胎是母猪的正常繁殖寿命 正常淘汰率: 35-40% / 年
Total pigs born per litter 每窝总产仔数 Stillborns and Mummies 死胎和木乃伊 Pigs born alive per litter 每窝活仔数 Pigs weaned per litter 每窝断奶仔猪数 Mortality rates/Piglet Survivability
Large White
Yorkshire
Landrace
Chester White
Chester Whites， Pennsylvania，1940.
有经济价值的重要性状的遗传力与精确度 性状 遗传力 活产仔数 断奶仔猪数 21日龄窝重 长到230磅的天数 饲料效率 背膘厚度
Irvin and Swiger, J ANIM SCI 1984, 58:1144-1150.
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Structural defects are highly heritable and are transmitted to the offspring, resulting in sows with unsoundness.
结构缺陷高度可遗传，可传给后代，而导致母猪结实度欠佳
Heterosis and Complementarity
• Heterosis 杂种优势
– recovery from inbreeding depression 克服近交劣势
• Complementarity 补偿优势
– Take advantage of differences between lines. 品系间的优势互补
提高猪的繁殖性能
朱稳森博士 北京
养猪企业数， 美国2006
X 1000
上市猪
种猪
每窝断奶头数
> 5000 头
< 5000 头
< 5000 头
> 5000 头
胴体重每头母猪每年（吨）
美国 欧盟
巴西
中国
Real Measures of Sow Productivity
母猪生产力的衡量指标
• Pigs Weaned per Sow per Year 每头每年断奶仔猪数
活wk.baidu.com仔数 9
8
7
1980
1990
2000
Selection
大白
X
长白
Duroc 杜洛克
X
大长二元 母猪 （F1）
商品代
Duroc
大白
X
长白
Duroc 杜洛克
大长二元 母猪 （F1）
公猪？
X
商品代 – ‘三元母猪’
Hampshire
Pietrain
Gilts母猪
120 Kg 配种 7-8 月龄 第二或三次发情时配种 mated on 2nd or 3rd heat 选育Selection 乳头 －number/quality Feet & Legs
一头母猪一个非生产天造成的损失至少是15元人民币
• Conception Rate, Farrowing Rate, Wean to Estrus interval, and Worker Observational Skills are factors influencing Non-Productive Days.
Non-Productive Days 非生产天数
• A Non Productive Day is any day the sow is neither pregnant nor lactating.
一个非生产天指母猪既未怀孕也不泌乳的日子
• Cost of one Non Productive Day is a minimum of Y15 per sow per day