一名词
一 名词解释
一名词解释：1变态心理：变态心理学是心理学的一个分支科学，是研究异常心理现象的发生、发展和变化的原因及规律的科学。
2思维奔逸：意念飘忽、联想过度。
思维联想速度异常加快，表现为明显的话多和语速快，口若悬河。
3思维迟缓：抑制性思维。
思维联想速度异常缓慢，明显表现为话少、语速慢，语音低沉。
严重时达到无言语的程度。
4神经症：神经症是一组主要表现为焦虑、恐惧、强迫、疑病症状，或神经衰弱症状的精神障碍。
5癔症：也称歇斯底里，指一种有癔症性人格基础并且起病常受心理社会因素影响的精神障碍。
6心境障碍:明显而持久的心境高涨或低落为主的一组精神障碍，并有相应的思维和行为改变。
7人格障碍：人格特征显著偏离正常，使患者形成了一贯的反映个人生活风格和人际关系的异常行为模式。
8精神分裂症：精神分裂症是一组病因未明的常见精神疾病，常有感知、思维、情感、行为等方面的障碍和精神活动的不协调，通常意识清晰，智能尚好，有的病人在疾病过程中可出现认知功能损害,自然病程多迁延。
9强迫观念：也叫强迫性思维，表现为某一概念、形象、想法等在脑子里反复出现，纠缠不休（强迫），明知没有必要，并且主动有意识地抵抗（反强迫），但是始终摆脱不掉，为此感到痛苦。
10强迫行为：为阻止或降低焦虑和痛苦而反复出现的刻板行为或动作。
往往是借此抵消强迫观念所激发的焦虑，但其缓解仅仅是暂时的。
如强迫洗涤，整理11分离障碍；部分或完全丧失对自我身份识别和对过去的记忆，把引起心理痛苦的一些意识活动从整体的意识活动中分离出去。
12转换障碍：在遭遇无法解决的问题和冲突时产生的不快心情，以转化成躯体症状的方式出现。
13痴呆：指在意识清醒状态下，出现的已获得的职业和社会活动技能减退和障碍，认知功能下降，记忆力减退和丧失，视空间技能损害，定向力、计算力、判断力等丧失，并相继出现人格、情感和行为改变等障碍，且呈进行性加重过程。
14性心理障碍：泛指以两性行为的心理和行为明显偏离正常，并以这类性偏离作为性兴奋、性满足的主要或惟一方式为主要特征的一组精神障碍，除此之外与之无关的精神活动并无其他明显异常。
1名词
名词考点集结号考点1：可数名词单数变复数的规则(1). 一般直接+s book-books pen-pens(2). 以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾+esclass-classes box-boxes bush-bushes watch-watches(3). 辅音+y结尾变y为i 再+esbaby-babies city-cities family-families party-parties(4). 以o 结尾的词变复数的规则（有生命则+es, 没生命则+s）tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroesphoto-photos piano-pianos zoo-zoos kilo-kilos radio-radios(5). 以f(e) 结尾变f(e)为v再+esleaf-leaves knife-knives life-lives shelf-shelves wolf-wolves thief-thieves(6). 不规则变化man-men woman-women policeman-policemen mouse-mice child-childrenfoot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese(7). 两个名词组成的复合名词常在最后一个名词变复数。
如：a boy student—two boy students an apple tree—six apple treesa shoe factory—three shoe factories但如果第一个名词是man或woman时，两个名词都要变复数。
如a man teacher—ten men teachers a woman nurse—many women nurses(8). 国人单复数变化请记口诀：中日不变，英法变，其他s加后边。
a Chinese (Japanese)—six Chinese (Japanese) an Englishman—seven Englishmena Frenchman—twelve Frenchmen an American – four Americansa German—five Germans(9). 常用的单复数同形的请记口诀：Chinese and Japanese 喜欢吃fish, deer and sheep.a fish—eight fish a deer—a lot of deer a sheep—twenty sheep(10). 有些名词通常只用复数形式，其后谓语动词也要用复数。
一 名词,词序,主谓一致
一名词，词序，主谓一致1. Jack is one of her ________.A. boysfriendsB. boyfriendsC. boyfriendD. boysfriend2. _______ turn green in spring.A. LeafB. LeafsC. LeavesD. Leave3. In this strange village, there are many small flags on their _______.A. roofB. roofsC. roovesD. roofes4. He said that three ______ would come to our village the next day.A. men’s doctorB. men doctorsC. man doctorsD. men doctor5. Seven _______ are missing.A sheep B. sheeps C. ship D. ships6. Miss Smith is a friend of _______.A. Mary’s mother’sB. Mary’s motherC. Mother’s of MaryD. Mary mother’s7. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _______.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair8. The police ________ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching forB. are searching forC. were searching forD. were searching9. The _________ is 20 meters long.A. wall of stoneB. stone wallC. wall for stoneD. stone’s wall10. The beautiful _______ not always the same as the good.A. isB. areC. wereD. has11. The old ______ well looked after by the government.A. areB. isC. wasD. has12. The football team ________ having a bath now.A. isB. areC. wasD. will13. The following _______ some other examples.A. isB. areC. wasD. were14. The following ________ another example.A. areB. isC. wereD. was15. The League Secretary and monitor _______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. areC. wasD. were16. Each man and each woman _______ asked to attend.A. areB. isC. hasD. were17. No bird and no beast _______ in the lonely island.A. are seenB. seeC. is seenD. sees18. Many a student _______ seen this painting.A. hasB. haveC. wasD. were19. Tom as well as two of his classmates _______ invited to the party.A. wasB. wereC. hasD. have20. Neither the president of the company nor the sales manager _______ a college graduate.A. areB. isC. hasD. were21. None of us _______ been to Xi’an.A. haveB. hadC. areD. will22. “All _______ present and all _______ going on well.” Our monitor said.A. is; isB. are; areC. are; isD. is; are23. What we need _______ qualified teachers.A. isB. areC. wasD. am24. One and a half apples _______ on the table.A. leftB. leavesC. is leftD. are left25. One thousand miles _______ by the dark clouds.A. coveredB. cover itselfC. are coveredD. has been covered26. About 70 percent of the workers in that factory _______ the youth.A. isB. areC. wasD. like27. Only two-fifths of the work _______ done yesterday.A. hadB. wasC. wereD. have28. Large quantities of water _______ for irrigation.A. is neededB. has neededC. are neededD. need29. A number of students _______ from the south.A. isB. areC. wasD. comes30. On the wall _______ famous paintings.A. wasB. wereC. isD. has31. Wang Ling’s handwriting is better than _______ in his class.A. anyone else’sB. anyone’s else’sC. anyone’sD. anyone else32. ---Is it far from here to the Water Park?---No, it is only about _______ walk.A. twenty minutesB. twenty minuteC. twenty minute’sD. twenty minutes’33. There _______ a notebook, a pen, and some books in his bag.A. isB. areC. is going toD. have34. Tom is one of the best students in his class who _______ by their teacher.A. are praisedB. is praisedC. praisedD. praising35. He was the only one of the boys who _______ late for the meeting.A. wasB. wereC. isD. are36. On the bank of the river stands a _______ castle.A. quite old big BritishB. British big old quiteC. big quite British oldD. quite big old British37. Y ou are _______ to do this.A. old enoughB. enough oldC. very oldD. quite old38. He is _______ student that we _______ him.A. such a good; like allB. a such good; allC. such a good; all like C. so good a; like all39. _______ a Chinese-English dictionary.A. Each of students hasB. The students each haveC. Each the students hasD. Each of the students have40. He _______ have stopped his work halfway.A. ought to notB. not ought toC. doesn’t ought toD. ought not to41. _______ enough preparations, we think it better to put off the meeting till next Monday.A. Having not madeB. Not having madeC. Not making D Having not been made42. _______ are good friends and should help each other.A. I, you and heB. Y ou, he and IC. He, I and youD. Y ou, I and he43. _______ will be punished for being late.A. I he and youB. Y ou, I and heC. He, I and youD. I, you and he44. ---Remember to hand in your homework before you go home.--- OK, I won’t forget to hand _______.A. them inB. in themC. it inD. in it45. He came by bus _______ be late for school.A. in order to notB. so as that notC. so not as toD. so as not to46. The number of people invited _______fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.A. were; wasB. was; wasC. was; wereD. were; were47. _______ the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.A. Y our having readB. While readingC. If readingD. When you read48. He gained his _______ by printing _______ of famous writers.A. wealth; workB. wealths; worksC. wealths; workD. wealth; works49. ---I’d like _______ information about the management of your hotel, please.---Well, you could have _______ word with the manager. He might be helpful.A. some; aB. an; someC. some; someD. an; a50. ---How was your recent visit to Qingdao?---It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _______ days at the seaside.A. few last sunnyB. last few sunnyC. last sunny fewD. few sunny last51. _______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A. The EvensB. The Evens’C. The EvensesD. The Evenses’52. I need _______ cloth, for I’m going to make _______ clothes.A. a lot of; manyB. much; muchC. many; manyD. many; a lot of53. He dropped the _______ and broke it.A. cup of coffeeB. coffee’s cupC. cup for coffeeD. coffee cup54. _______ terrible weather we’ve been having these days!A. How aB. What aC. HowD. What55. Oh, John. _______ you gave us!A. How a pleasant surpriseB. How pleasant surpriseC. What a pleasant surpriseD. What pleasant surprise56. To the sea captain’s surprise, he found that _______ travel could also be quite pleasant.A. earthB. landC. groundD. plain57. Tony is going camping with _______ boys.A. little two otherB. two little otherC. two other littleD. little other two58. ---Will you give this message to Mr. White, please?---Sorry, I can’t. He _______.A. doesn’t any more work hereB. doesn’t any longer here workC. doesn’t work any more hereD. doesn’t work here any longer59. When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.A. is not decidedB. are not decidedC. has not decidedD. have not decided60. Either your or the headmaster _______ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out61. A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.A. is offeredB. has offeredC. are offeredD. have offered62. _______, I went to the railway station to see my friend off.A. After eating quickly my dinnerB. After my quickly eating dinnerC. After eating my dinner quicklyD. After eating my quickly dinner。
专题一名词和代词
专题一名词和代词中考复习一名词和代词撰稿：赵吉存责编：郭素清名词考试要求：中考关于名词的考查要求是可数名词和不可数名词的用法；可数名词的单、复数形式；名词所有格的用法。
重点考查名词的复数形式和名词所有格。
同学们一定要掌握名词的单、复数形式的变化规则和名词所有格的用法。
知识总结：1. 可数名词和不可数名词：英语的名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数形式两种形式。
2. 可数名词的单数变为复数的规则：（1）一般情况下，在可数名词的单数形式后面加字母-s构成复数形式。
如：book － books pen － pens eraser － erasers（2）以字母x；s；ch；sh结尾的单词，其复数形式是在单词后面加字母-es。
如：bus － buses box － boxes watch － watches（3）以辅音字母＋ｙ结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是把字母ｙ变为i再加-es。
如：baby － babies country－countries city － cities注意：如果是以元音字母＋y结尾的单词则直接加字母-s。
如：boy － boys toy－toys（4）以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是先把字母f 变为v再加-es。
如：wife－wives leaf－leaves knife－knives（5）以字母o结尾的可数名词，其复数形式一般加-s，或－es。
如：photo－photos，radio－radios，piano－pianos，tomato－tomatoes，potato －potatoes（6）一些特殊变化的复数形式，如：man/woman－men/women child－children foot－feet tooth－teeth mouse－mice（7）有些名词的单复数形式相同：sheep deer Chinese Japanese yuan（元） jin （斤）注意：有些集体名词本身既表示单数意义又表示复数意义。
高中英语真题-专题一 名 词
高中英语真题:专题一名词Ⅰ.单项填空1．Both sides are determined to get what they want，and there seems to be no possibility of ________. A．competence B．compositionC．competition D．compromise答案 D [考查名词辨析。
句意：双方都决意得到他们想要的东西，似乎没有妥协的可能。
competence“能力；胜任；本领”；composition“成分；作品”；competition“竞争”；compromise“妥协；折衷”。
]2．—Why did you say that yesterday?—It was just a casual________.I didn't mean anything by it. A．remark B．judgmentC．statement D．discussion答案 A [考查名词辨析。
这里答话人表示，那仅仅是一个随便的评论，没有什么恶意。
因此remark“谈论；评述”，符合语境。
judgment“判决”；statement“声明”；discussion“讨论”。
] 3．The boss showed his________ of Tom's hard work in the co mpany by raising his pay to $ 5,000 a month.A．distinction B．promotionC．appreciation D．reservation答案 C [考查名词辨析。
句意：老板通过将汤姆的月薪提升至5 000美元来表示对他的赏识。
appreciation意为“欣赏，赏识”，符合句意。
]4．In his absence，I would like to thank all concerned on my brother's ________. A．behalf B．part C．business D．interest答案 A [考查名词辨析。
一名词解释
一名词解释1）花卉学：是研究草本及木本花卉的分类、繁殖、栽培及应用的科学。
2）生长：是植物体重量和体积的增加。
3）发育：是植物器官和机能的形成与完善。
4）光周期：是指一天中日出日落的时数或明暗交替的时数。
5）生命周期：花卉一生中的变化。
6）年周期：一生中生长发育的变化。
7）光周期现象：是指光照周期长短对植物生长发育的反应。
8）春化作用：某些花卉必需低温才能完成花芽分化和开花的现象就称春化作用。
也称感温性.9）花芽分化：是指叶芽的生理和组织状态向花芽的生理和组织状态转化的过程。
10）一年生花卉：在一年内完成其生长、发育、开花、结实、直至死亡的生命周期。
11）二年生花卉：在二年内完成其生长、发育、开花、结实、直至死亡的生命周期。
12）宿根花卉：指那些地下部分的形态正常，不发生变态的现象；地上部分表现出一、二年生花卉现状，但又能存活多年的花卉。
13）球根花卉：地下部分的根或茎发生变态，肥大成球状或块状，以度过寒冷的冬季或干旱炎热的夏季（呈休眠状态）14）有性繁殖：是经过减数分裂形成的雌、雄配子结合后，产生的合子发育成的胚在生长发育成新的个体的过程。
15）种子的休眠：具有生活力的种子的处于适宜的发芽条件下仍不正常发芽。
16）无性繁殖：又称为营养繁殖，是一植物的营养器官进行的繁殖。
17）扦插繁殖：植物的营养器官脱离母体后，在生出根和芽发育成新个体的方法。
18）嫁接繁殖：是指把两株植物的各部分结合起来使之成为一个新植株的繁殖方法。
19）花期控制：即采用人为措施，使观赏植物提前或延后开花的技术。
20）促成栽培：使花期比自然花期提前的栽培方式。
21）抑制栽培：使花期比自然花期延后的栽培方式。
22）阶段性：在年周期中表现最明显的两个阶段，即生长期和休眠期的规律性变化。
二、简答题、问答题1)世界花卉生产特点：1）花卉生产的区域化、专业化2）生产的现代化3）产品的优质化4）生产、经营销售的一体化5）花卉的周年供应2）世界花卉的发展特点：1）切花市场需求逐年增加2）扩大面积，转移基地3）观叶植物发展迅速4）野生花卉的引种5）研究培育开发新品种3)水分对花卉的影响：1）水分不足时，植株呈萎蔫现象2）水分过多时，土壤中缺乏空气，根系失去正常作用，植株生长出现不正常现象4）栽培土壤的要求：应具备良好的团粒结构，疏松、肥沃，排水性能良好，并含有较丰富的腐殖质，酸碱度适宜。
高考英语一轮复习 考点专题一 名词、代词、冠词-人教版高三全册英语试题
名词、代词、冠词考点一名词题型一名词的根本用法Ⅰ.单句填空1.If you want to see how life was back in the old days, China still has many beautiful water (town) to visit.【答案】towns2.They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making (preparation)for the long cold winter.【答案】preparations3.Now, nearly 500 acres of sand is being turned into farms producing corn, (tomato) and sunflowers.【答案】tomatoes4.Calligraphy has influenced the world widely and has even been introduced to many neighboring (country).【答案】countries5.A few dollars can help to fill a (child)hungry stomach.【答案】child’sⅡ.单句改错6. He usually goes to see his parents on Saturday’s evening.【答案】Saturday’s→Saturday7.Some of us also made a public speech to tell people some knowledges about protecting the environment.【答案】knowledges→knowledge题型二名词构词法1.The Zhongshan team completed tasks including installation of and tests for LiDAR, drilling of ice bedrock, atmospheric sounding (observe), surveys of birds and aerial exploration carried out by the fixed-wing aircraft.【答案】observation2.You may not know the name John Stith Pemberton, but you must know the name of his (invent):Coca-Cola.【答案】invention3.I was traveling in a small place in New York. That place had no taxi for a short (distant).【答案】distance4.Once the brush movement hesitates, a black mark is created, so speed, (strong) and agility (敏捷) is the essence of fine artwork.【答案】strength5.Apart from defense, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border control, the (encourage) of trade and the control of immigration.【答案】encouragement6.In 1962, Rachel Carson’s best-selling book “Silent Spring〞 created an (aware) of the dangerous effects of pesticides(农药).【答案】awareness7.Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect ecosystem, and creative (combine) of nature and humanism.【答案】combination考点二代词Ⅰ.单句填空1.China’s research icebreaker X uelong, on Thursday local time left the Zhongshan Station on (it) way back to China.【答案】its2.To lighten the addiction, he created his own drink by using leaves of coca and kola nuts. He named “Pemberton’s French Wine Coca〞.【答案】it3.More and more people are willing to shop online to get what they want, and I am one of (they).【答案】them4.In a Weibo post, he thanked netizens for (they) love and praise.【答案】their5.In his letter, Jin introduced (he) and Yiwu.【答案】himselfⅡ.单句改错6.Without ads, that would be difficult to get across a product’s basic message.【答案】that→it7.A large number of students and even some teachers took an active part in it, where the participants handed in our works which were later graded bycalligraphers.【答案】our→their8.But even if every large city purified and reused it’s water, we still would not have enough water.【答案】it’s→its9.I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like neither of them very much.【答案】neither→either考点三冠词题型一冠词的根本用法Ⅰ.单句填空1.Also known as the Snow Dragon, the icebreaker carrying a research team set sail from Shanghai on Nov. 2 last year, beginning country’s 35th Antarctic expedition.【答案】the2.It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life,it’s ongoing process.【答案】an3.Chaplin liked idea of working in the film industry because it would mean a new life.【答案】the4.Three became political leaders;three became doctors;the most famous graduate became university teacher and was responsible for the introduction of modern teaching methods in his country.【答案】 aⅡ.单句改错5.I’m lucky enough to make friends with so nice person.【答案】person前加a6.What a impressive experience!【答案】a→an题型二冠词的习惯用法Ⅰ.单句填空1.The sound of the car died away in distance.【答案】the2.Eating chocolate once in while makes it easier for you to resist eating it all the time.【答案】 a3.Beavers build themselves curious huts to live in, and quite frequently great number of these huts are placed close together.【答案】 a4.All ofsudden, a student rushed in and pushed her aside.【答案】 aⅡ.单句改错5.Some of the scenery in this area ranks among best in the country.【答案】best前加the6.To tell a truth, my spoken English used to be a big headache for me.【答案】第一个a→thestly, you should remember to take some food for the lunch because we’ll stay there and chat with them at noon.【答案】删除the《真题训练》考点一名词第一组1.(某某,6)The(possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.【答案】possibility2.(江苏,32)Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the(assume) you’ve made.【答案】assumption3.(江苏,34)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative (explain) are hard to find.【答案】explanations4.(浙江,4 )It is important to pay your (electric)bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.【答案】electricity5.(江苏,24)—Can you tell us your recipe for (happy) and a long life?—Living every day to the full, definitely.【答案】happiness6.(江苏,32)Some schools will have to make(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.【答案】adjustments/adjustment7.(江苏,35)—Go and say sorry to your mom,Dave.—I’d like to,but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my(apologize).【答案】apology/apologies8.(浙江,15)One of the most effective ways to reduce (stressful)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.【答案】stress9.(安徽,30)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some(think)and then let me know.【答案】thought第二组1.(2020届安徽六安一中月考一,66)Though alone, you can enjoy your travel in (silent) while thinking quietly.【答案】silence2.(2020届贵州贵阳8月摸底,67)Human food is very bad for thebaboons’(tooth)because it has a lot of sugar.【答案】teeth3.(2020届河南天一大联考阶段检测Ⅰ,67)That writing system was of great (important) in uniting the Chinese people and culture.【答案】importance4.(2020届江西临川二中月考一,65)Due to the (arrive) of more Chinese, more shops and businesses grew up.【答案】arrival5.(2020届黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中9月月考,45)These grapes bring wealth as well as their delicious (sweet) to the locals.【答案】sweetness6.(河北保定摸底考试,70)Bringing together Western Medicine and TCM, rather than being in (compete), is where the potential for great effects lies.【答案】competition7.(海南儋州一次统测,64)By the time of his (die), he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold in the world. 【答案】death8.(河南洛阳期中考试,64)So far modern (platform) have taken the place of traditional focuses with a wider range of creative enterprises from smart infrastructure construction to design and robots.【答案】platforms9.(浙江温州普通高中高考适应性测试,62)He decided to put his plan into (act)—building a garden.【答案】action10.(江西红色七校一联,64)To the citizens in Hangzhou, the best part of it is that it will give us the chance to watch world-class matches and(compete)close to home. 【答案】competitions考点二代词第一组1.(某某,3)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.【答案】those2.(某某,11)was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.【答案】It3.(浙江,3)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different fromin the UK.【答案】that4.(某某,2)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools.【答案】that5.(浙江,12)How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?【答案】it6.(重庆,2)The meeting will be held in September,but knows the date for sure. 【答案】nobody7.(陕西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the.【答案】other8.(四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge.【答案】none第二组1.(2020届安徽“江淮十校〞一联,67)In terms of social psychology, one way of thinking about this is that we feel much better about (we) if we focus on someone who’s doing even worse, a process known as downward social comparison.【答案】ourselves2.(2020届贵州贵阳8月摸底,68)(they)job is to find baboons in the city and return them to the countryside.【答案】Their3.(2020届河南许昌高级中学月考一,43)Then he hid (him) nearby and watched carefully to see if anyone would remove the big rock.【答案】himself4.(2020届黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中9月月考,49)If you pick one grape and put in your mouth, you will surely never forget the wonderful taste.【答案】it5.(2020届四川绵阳南山中学9月月考,70)Now it occurred to (he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.【答案】him6.(湖南浏阳六校联考,67)However, quite a few other people, especially in the countryside, would fix a lucky date so that their marriage would have “Double Happiness〞.【答案】those7.(山西太原期中考试,69)In return, bookstores have improved the cultural atmosphere of shopping malls, so is mutually beneficial to have such cooperation.【答案】it8.(吉林长春市实验中学月考三,63)On this day, dragons, a prominent totem (图腾) in Chinese culture raise (they) heads with the sound of thunder.【答案】their9.(湖北重点高中联考协作体期中考试,64)They say normal levels of stress can help students to work and think faster and more effectively,as well asimprove(they)performance.【答案】their10.(江西红色七校一联,69)In the next few years, Hangzhou will try its best to prepare(it)for the big show.【答案】itself考点三冠词第一组1.(浙江,2) prize for the winner of the competition is two-week holiday in Paris. 【答案】The; a2.(浙江,2)Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write a children’s book for many years,but one thing or another always got in way.【答案】the3.(重庆,3)I just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask. 【答案】the;a4.(四川,5)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven. 【答案】 a第二组1.(2020届河南许昌高级中学月考一,50)The villager learned a valuable lesson that many others would never understand: Every obstacle presents opportunity to improve one’s condition.【答案】an2.(2020届黑龙江大庆铁人中学开学考试,62)Every year, butterfly(蝴蝶) lovers in California go out in November to count monarch butterflies. They got a worrying result from their fall monarch count in — number of monarchs had dropped by 86% since .【答案】the3.(2020届江西临川二中月考一,61)Gerrard Street, which is between Leicester Square and Shaftesbury Avenue, is the most important street in the area. There is unique community with many Chinese restaurants, supermarkets and shops.【答案】 a4.(2020届江西南昌开学摸底,70)So the key to using a happy smile to make you better runner may be to smile sincerely and often near a race’s end, but in 30-second bursts, rather than constantly.【答案】 a5.(2020届云南昆明一中一次摸底,61)The Economist is English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd.【答案】an6.(湖南浏阳六校联考,69)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and the wedding ceremony very often ends with unique banquet.【答案】 a7.(吉林省吉林市调研一,64)But naps can actually be double-edged sword because while we’re awake during the day, we’re building up sleepiness or sleep pressure.【答案】 a8.(湖北鄂东南教育教学改革联盟期中考试, 61)Produced by China Central Television (CCTV) and the Ministry of Educati on(MOE),“First Class for New Semester〞 has becomemandatory viewing activity for parents and students on the first day of the fall semester.【答案】 a9.(江西红色七校一联,70)splendid Hangzhou is waiting to see you in 2022.【答案】 A10.(河北唐山五校月考,64)As the saying goes,“All work and no play makes Jack dull boy.〞【答案】 a。
中考语法突破一名词
中考语法突破一名词一、定义表示人、事物、抽象概念，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。
二、分类（一）按意义分类：专有名词、普通名词1.专有名词表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称（第一个字母要大写）。
例：China（中国）、Asia（亚洲） Beijing（北京）、the People’s Republic of China（中华人民共和国）。
2.普通名词表示某些人，某类事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如：teacher 老师、tea 茶、reform 改革。
普通名词又可进一步分为五类：1．个体名词：表示单个的人和事物。
（car 汽车room 房间fan 风扇photo 照片）2．集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
( people 人们family 家庭army 军队government政府group 集团)3．复合名词：两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词。
（boy-friend男友passer-by过路人brother-in-law内兄）4．物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
( fire 火steel 钢air 空气water 水milk牛奶)5．抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。
( labor 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力)（二）按是否可数分类：可数名词、不可数名词（区分可数不可数名词非常重要，1. 不能完全按照汉语的逻辑来分：bread, furniture2.可数名词与不可数名词不是一成不变的总结:glass(玻璃) , a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸), a paper(论文) wood(木头) a wood beauty, light等）不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；它一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。
一名词的定义
一名词的定义：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。
二名词的分类：名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
注意专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。
专有名词前一般不加冠词。
名词的种类注意物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。
不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。
（三）名词的数1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式：1.单数英语中，如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时，要用名词的单数形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。
This is a desk .这是一张书桌。
There is an orange on the table .桌上有一个橘子。
an orange 一个橘子an new orange （×）→a new orange （○）一个新橘子a deska old desk （×）→an old desk （○）一张旧课桌a和an的使用区别a加在以辅音开头的名词前，如a book，a pen。
an加在以元音开头的名词前，如an egg，an apple。
注意有时a，an后面紧接的不是单数名词，而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。
这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时，要看形容词开头字母的发音，而不是看名词。
一名词词组和固定搭配
一名词词组和固定搭配1、介词+名词by accident 偶然on account of 因为，由于，为了…的缘故in addition 另外，加之in addition to 除…之外（还）in the air 流传中on (the / an) average 通常，按平均值on the basis of 根据，在…的基础上at best 充其量，至多for the better 好转，向好的方向发展on board 在船（车或飞机）上out of breath 喘不过气来on business 因公，因事in any case 无论如何，不管怎样in case of 假如，如果发生；防备in case 假使，以防（万一）in no case 决不，无论如何不by chance 偶然，碰巧in charge (of) 负责，管理(a) round the clock 日夜不停地in common 共用的，共有的in conclusion 最后，总之on condition (that) 如果in confidence 私下地，秘密地in connection with 关于，与…有关in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于…的缘故，因为on the contrary 正相反in contrast with/to 与…对比起来，与…形成对比out of control 失去控制under control 处于控制之下at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何at the cost of以…为代价in the course of 在…过程中，在…期间of course 当然，自然in danger 在危险中，垂危out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过时的，不用的up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的in demand 非常需要的，受欢迎的in debt 欠债，负债in detail 详细地in difficulties 处境困难in the distance 在远处off duty 下了班（的），不在值班（的）on duty 在上班（的），在值班（的）on earth 究竟，到底at all events 无论如何，不管怎样in any event 无论如何，不管怎样in the event of 万一，倘若for example 例如in the face of 在…面前；不顾in fact 其实，实际上in favo(u)r of 赞同，支持on fire 着火，起火on foot 步行in force 生效，有效；在实施中；大量的in front of 在…前面，在…面前in future 今后，从今以后in the future 在将来in general 一般说来，大体上on (one’s) guard 警惕，地方；站岗，值班in half 成两半at hand 近在手边，在附近by hand 用手，同体力hand down 把…传下去hand in hand 手拉手；密切关联地，同时并进地in hand (工作等)在进行中；在控制中on hand 在手边，在近处on (the) one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面at heart 内心里，本质上by heart 凭记性at home 在家，在国内；舒适，无拘束；熟悉，精通in hono(u)r of 为纪念，为了向…表示敬意on/upon one’s hono(u)r 以名誉担保in a hurry 匆忙，急于for instance 例如，比如at intervals 不时，每隔一段时间（或距离）at (long) last 终于at least 至少at length 终于，最终；详细地in (the) light of 鉴于，由于in line 成一直线，成一排；（with）与…一致，与…符合at a loss 困惑，不知所措as a matter of fact 其实，事实上by all means 当然可以by means of 依靠，用by no means 决不，并没有in memory of 纪念at the mercy of 完全受…支配，任凭…的摆布by mistake 错误地at the moment 目前，此刻for the moment 目前，暂时on occasion(s)有时，间或in order to 为了（做某事）in order that 目的在于，为了out of order 工作不正常的；不按次序on one’s ow n 独自；独立地in particular 特别，尤其in person 亲自，本人in place 在合适的位置in place of 代替，交换，取代in the first place 第一，首先out of place 不在合适的位置；格格不入的on the point of 正要…之际，就要…之时to the point 切中要害，切题in practice 在时间中，实际上out of practice 生疏的，荒废的at present 目前，现在for the present 目前，暂时in proportion to 与…成比例in public 公开地，当众on purpose 敌意，有意in question 正在谈论的at random 随便地，任意地at any rate 无论如何，至少by reason of 由于as regards 关于，至于with/in regard to 对于，就…而论in relation to 有关，关于，涉及with respect to 关于，至于as a result 作为结果，因此as a result of 作为…的结果，由于in return (for) 作为（对…的）报答（或回报、交换）on the road (to) 在去…的旅途中；在…过程中as a rule 通常，一般说来in the long run 终究，从长远看for the sake of 为了…起见，看在…的份上on sale 出售；廉价出售on a…scale…规模地，在…规模上in secret 秘密地，暗地里in a sense 从某种意义上说in (good) shape 处于（良好）状态on the side 作为兼职或副业；暗地里at first sight 乍一看，初看起来out of sight 看不见，在视野之外in spite of 不管，不顾on the spot 在场，到场；立即，马上，当场in step 同步，合拍，协调out of step 不合拍，不协调in stock 有现货的，有库存的in sum 总而言之in tears 流着泪，含着泪，在哭着in terms of 从…方面来说，按照；用…的话for one thing 首先，一则at a time 每次，一次at no time 从不，决不at one time 曾经，一度at the same time 同时；不过，然而at times 有时，间或for the time being 眼下，暂时from time to time有时，不时in no time 立即，马上in time 及时on time 准时on top of 除…之外out of touch(with) 不联系，不接触in truth 事实上，的确by turns 轮流地，交替地in turn 依次地，轮流地；转而，反过来in vain 徒然，白费力a variety of 种种，多种多样的by virtue of 由于，借于by the way 顺便地，附带地说by way of 经由，经过；通过…方式in a way 在某一点上看，在某种程度上in no way 决不in sb’s/the way 妨碍（某人）的，挡（某人）道的on the whole 总的来说，大体上in a word 一句话，简言之，总之in other words 换句话说，也就是说at work 在干活，在工作；在起作用，在运转out of work 失业in the world 究竟，到底2、动词+名词have/gain access to 可以获得take…into account 考虑到，顾及，体谅take advantage of 占…的便宜，利用pay attention to 注意do/try one’s best 尽力，努力get/have the best of 战胜make the best of 充分利用get/have the better of 战胜，在…中占上风catch one’s breath 屏息；喘气，气喘，歇口气take care 注意，当心take care of 爱护，照料take a chance 冒险，投机take change 开始管理，接管keep…company 陪伴take (a) delight in 以…为乐make a difference 有影响，起（重要）作用carry/bring/put into effect 使生效，实行，实现come/go into effect 生效，实施take effect 生效，起作用catch sb.’s eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意make a face 做鬼脸find fault with 抱怨，挑剔，找岔子catch (on) fire 着火，开始燃烧make friends (with) 与…交朋友be friends with 与…友好make fun of 取笑，拿…开玩笑keep sb.’s head 保持镇静lose sb.’s head慌乱，仓皇失措lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心get/catch/take hold of 抓住，得到keep house 管理家务throw/cast light on/upon 使人了解，阐明bear/keep in mind 记住have in mind 考虑到，想到make up one’s mind 下定决心，打定主意bring/put into operation 实施，实行，生效keep pace (with) 与…齐步前进，与…并驾齐驱play a part (in) 起作用，参与，扮演角色take place 发生，进行，举行take the place of 代替，取代put into practice 实施，实行make progress 进步，进展give rise to 引起，导致为…的原因make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理catch sight of 发现，突然看见(go) on the stage 当演员take one’s time 不着急，不慌忙keep track of 与…保持联系lose track of 失去与…的联系，不能跟上…的进展make use of 利用put to use 使用give way 让路；屈服，让步；倒塌，塌陷make one’s way 前往，行进，去make way 让路，腾出地方或位置3、名词词组的其他形式appeal to 呼吁，恳求attempt at 企图，努力attitude to/towards 态度，看法a great/good deal of 大量，非常，极其influence on 影响interference in 干涉，介入interference with 妨碍，打扰introduction to 介绍a lot (of) 许多（的），大量（的）lots of 大量，很多fall in love (with sb.) 爱上（某人）reply to 回答，答复trolley bus 电车I.D. card 身份证credit card 信用卡no doubt 无疑地，很可能next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外face to face 面对面地a few 有些，几个quite a few 不少，相当多a little 一点，一些little by little 逐渐地，一点点地quite a little 相当多，不少no matter 无论the moment (that) 一…就no more 不再fair play 公平竞赛，公平对待rest room 厕所，盥洗室primary school 小学side by side 肩并肩地，一起heart and soul 全心全意step by step 逐步地ahead of time 提前all the time 一直，始终once upon a time 从前once in a while 偶尔no wonder 难怪，并不奇怪word for word 逐字地decline with thanks 婉言谢绝二、动词词组和固定搭配1、动词+介词/副词account for 说明…的原因，是…的原因allow for 考虑到，估计，为…留出余地appeal to 诉诸，诉请裁决（或证实等）arrive at 达成ask after 探问，问起attach to 附属于，隶属于；使一连，使喜爱be begin with 首先，第一break down 损坏；（将抗等）垮掉，崩溃break in 非法闯入，强行进入break off 中断，突然停止break out 逃脱，逃走；突然出现，爆发break trough 突破，冲破；取得突破性成就break up 终止，结束；打碎，粉碎；散开，驱散bring about 导致，引起bring down 使落下，打倒；降低，减少bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出，提议；提前bring out 使显出；激起，引起；出版，推出bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教养，养育；提出build up 逐渐积聚，集结；逐步建立；增进，增强burn out 烧光，烧毁…的内部；熄灭burn up 烧掉，烧毁；烧起来，旺起来；（使）发怒call for 叫（某人）来；要求，需要call off 取消call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，要求call up 召集；使人想起；打电话（给）care for 照顾，照料；喜欢carry off 夺走，拿走carry on 继续，进行carry out 实行，执行；实现，完成catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓catch on 理解，懂得；流行起来check in （在旅馆、机场等）登记，报到check out 结帐后离开，办妥手续离去check up (on) 检查，核实cheer up （使）高兴起来，（使）振作起来clear away 把…清除掉，收拾clear up 清理；澄清，解决；（天）放晴come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现come on [表示鼓励、催促等]快，走吧；开始，发生；进步，进展come out 发表，出版；出现，显露；结果是come round （around）顺便来访；苏醒，复原come through 经历…仍活着，安然度过come to 苏醒；涉及，谈到；总数为，结果是come up 走上前来；发生，出现count on/upon 依靠，指望count up 共计，算出…的总数cover up 掩饰，掩盖；盖住，裹住cross off/out 划掉，勾销cut across 抄近路穿过，对直通过cut back 削减，缩减；急忙返回cut down 削减，减少；杀死，砍倒cut in 超车抢档；插嘴，打断cut off 切断，阻碍；使分离，使隔绝cut out 删去，切去；戒除，停止服用cut short 中断，打断deal with 处理，对付；论述，涉及deep down 实际上，在心底die down 逐渐消失，变弱die out 逐渐消失，灭绝do without 没有…也行，用不着，将就draw in （火车，汽车）到站；（天）渐黑，（白昼）渐短draw up 起草，拟订；（使）停住dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮，装饰，修饰drop by/in 顺便（或偶然）访问drop off 下降，减少；睡着，入睡；让…下车，把…放下drop out 退出，退学dry out （使）干透dry up （使）干透，（使）干涸；（使）枯竭fall behind 落后，落在…的后面fall through 落空，成为泡影fall out 争吵，失和；脱落fill in 填满；填写；(for) 替代find out 查明，找出，发现get across （将…）清楚，（使）被了解get around/round 走动，克服，设法回避（问题等）；（to）抽出时间来做（或考虑）get at 够得找，触及；意思是，意指；查名，发现；指责get away 逃脱；走开，离开；（with）做了（坏事）而逃脱责罚get by 通过；过得去，（勉强）过活get down （从…）下来；写下；使沮丧；（to）开始认真做，着手做get in 进入，抵达；收获（庄稼等）；（with）对…亲近get into （使）进入；卷入；对…发生兴趣get off （从…）下来；动身，出发；下班，结束（工作）；逃脱惩罚get over 克服，解决（问题等）；（从疾病、失望等）中恢复过来get through 度过（时间）；（使）通过（考试），（使）（议案等）获得通过；（将…）讲清楚，完成；接通电话get together 相聚，聚集get up 起床；起立give away 泄露；赠送give back （归）还give in 交上，呈上；投降，屈服，认输give off 发出（光、声音等），散发出（气味）give out 分发；用完；消耗尽；发出（光、声音）give up 停止，放弃；（oneself）自首go after 追求，追赶go ahead 开始；进行go by 遵守，遵循，依据；（时间）过去go down 下降，减少；（船）沉没，（日）落；（with）生…病；（well 或badly）(不)受欢迎，（不）被接受go for 袭击；适用于；选择，想要获得；喜爱go into 进入，参加；开始从事；研究，调查go off 爆炸，开火，突然响起；（电等）中断，停止；不再喜欢go out 外出（尤指参加社会活动）；过时；（潮）退，（灯）熄，终止；送出，公布，播出go over 仔细检查，察看；复习，重做go round/around 足够分配；（with）常…与交往；流传；四处走动，到处活动go through 经历，遭受；详细检查，查找，详细讨论；获得通过，被批准；（with）将…干到底go under 沉没；失败；破产go up 上升，上涨，增长；正在建设中；烧毁，炸毁go with 跟…相配；与…相伴；附属于go without 没有hand in 交上，递交hand on 把…传下去hand out 奋发，散发hand over 交出，移交hang about/around 闲荡，闲呆着hang on 坚持，抓紧，不放；等待片刻，（打电话时）不挂段；有赖于；取决于hang up 挂断（电话）；悬挂，挂起have on 穿着，戴着hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保守（秘密等）hold on 坚持住，握住不放；（打电话时）不挂断，等一会hold out 维持，保持；坚持（要求），不屈服hold up 支持，支撑，延迟；抢劫；展示，举出hurry up （使）赶快，匆匆完成improve on/upon 改进；胜过keep back 阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保留keep off （使）不接近，（使）让开keep to 遵守，信守；坚持keep up 保持，（使）继续下去；（使）居高不下let down 放下，降低；使失望let off 宽舒，放过；开（枪），放（炮，烟火等）；排放let out 防走，释放；泄露，放出，发出lie in （问题、事情等）在于line up （使）排队，（使）排成行live on 靠…生活，以…为食物live through 度过，经受住live up to 符合，不辜负（期望）；遵守，实践（诺言、原则等）look after 照管，照料；注意，关心look at 看，朝…看；考虑，研究；看待look back (on) 回顾，回忆；回头看look for 寻找，寻求；惹来，招来look in 顺便看望，顺便访问look into 调查，观察look on 旁观，观看look out (for) 留神，注意look over 把…看一遍，把…过目；察看，参观look through 详尽核查；（从头至尾）浏览look up 好转；（在词典等中）查找；看望，拜访；（to）尊敬make for 走向，朝…前进；有助于，促进make out 辨认出，看出；理解，了解；写出，开出make up 构成，组成；（为…）化装；补充，补足；和解，重归于好；捏造，临时编造，虚构mix up 混淆，弄混，弄乱occur to 被想到，被想起pass away 去世pass off (as) 充作，被看作，被当作pass out 失去知觉，昏倒pay back 偿还，还钱给（某人）；向…报复，回报pay off 还清（债）；付清工资解雇（某人）；向…行贿；得到好结果，取得成功pay up 全部付清pick out 选出，挑出，拣出；辨认出，分辨出pick up 拿起，捡起；取（给），用车接载（人）；好转，改进，增加（速度）；（使）重新开始，继续；获得，学会pull down 拆毁pull in （车）停秒，车进站，船（到岸）pull off 脱去，扯下；（成功地）完成pull out 拔出，抽出，驱除；（车、船）驶出；（使）摆脱困境pull together 齐心协力，团结起来pull up (使)停下put across/over 结实清楚，使被理解put aside 储存，保留；暂不考虑，把…放在一边put away 放好，收好put in 花费，付出（时间、精力等）；申请，正式提出put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加（体重）put out 熄灭，关（灯）；出版，发出；生产；伸出put up 建造，支起，搭起；张贴；进行（抵抗等）；提供，提名，提出；提高（价格、速度）；为…提供事宿，投宿refer to 参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是ring off 挂断电话run down 撞到；说…坏话，贬低；停止运转，耗尽；减少，缩减；查找出，搜索到run into 偶然碰见；遭遇（困难等）；共计，达到…之多；撞在…上run off 很快写出；复印出，印出；跑掉，逃掉run over 在…上驶过，（撞倒并）碾过；把…很快地（或粗略地）过一遍see off 为…送行see through 看透，识破see to 注意，照料send for 派人去请，召唤；函购，函索send in 呈报，递交，提交set aside 留出，拨出（时间、金钱等）；把…置于一旁，不理会set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍；使花费set down 记下，写下set forth 阐明，陈述set off 出发，起程；引起，激起set out 陈述，阐明；动身，起程；开始；摆放set up 创立，建立，为…做准备；竖立，架起，建造；开业，开始经商show off 炫耀，卖弄show up 显露，暴露；露面，来到shut out 把…排斥在外sit in on 列席（会议），旁听sit up 不睡，熬夜；坐直speed up （使）加快速度stand by 站在…一边，支持，帮助；袖手旁观；坚持（决议等），遵守（诺言等）；作好准备，准备行动stand for 代替，代表，意味着，主张，支持；[用与否定、疑问句]容忍，接受stand out 清晰地显出，引人注目；杰出，出色stand up 站起来；（论点、论据等）站得住脚step up 提高，加快，加紧stick out （把…）坚持到底；突出，显眼stick to 坚持，忠于，信守；紧跟，紧随；粘贴在…上2、后接动名词的动词搭配aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄准；企图accuse…of… 控告；谴责depend on 取决于，视…而定；依靠，依赖；信赖，相信devote to 将…奉献给；把…专用（于）engage in 从事于，参加feel like 想要go on (时间)过去；灯亮；开始运行；继续，接着；进行，发生cannot/couldn’t help 禁不住；不得不insist on 坚持，强调，坚决要求keep from 阻止，抑制keep on 继续进行，继续下去look forward to 盼望，期待persist in 坚持不懈，执着prevent from 预防，防止put off 推迟，推延；阻止，劝阻set about 开始，着手succeed in 成功thank for 感谢think of 想起，记得；想出，提出；考虑，关心3、其他动词词组add up to 合计达，总括起来，意味着break away (from) 突然离开，强行逃脱catch up with 赶上；对…产生恶果come true （预言，期望等）实现，成为事实come up to 达到（标准），比得上come up with 提出，提供，想出do away with 废除，去掉fall back on 借助于，依靠fall in with 符合，同意，赞成；与…交往as follows 如下get along with 与…相处（融洽）get down to 开始认真处理，着手做give oneself up 自首give way to 给…让路，对…让步，被…代替go along with 赞同go back on 违背（诺言等）go in for 从事，参加；爱好hang on to 紧紧抓住；保留（某物）lend itself to 适合于let alone 不打扰，不惊动，更别提let go (of) 放开，松手live up to 符合，不辜负（期望）；遵守，实践（诺言、原则等）look up to 尊敬look down on/upon 看不起，轻视make up for 补偿，弥补never mind 不要紧，没关系；不用担心，别管put in for 正式申请put up with 容忍，忍受refer to…as… 把…称作，把…当作run out of 用完，耗尽serve…right 给…应得的惩罚set in 开始（并将延续下去）stand up for 支持，维持，保卫stand up to 勇敢地面对，抵抗；经得起，顶得住take…as 把…当作，认为think of…as 把…看作是，以为…是think better of 经过考虑对…改变主意（或看法）三、形容词词组和固定搭配be able to (do) 能（做），会（做）be about to (do) 即将，正要be absent from 缺勤，缺课be abundant in 丰富的，富裕的be accustomed to 习惯于，适应于be acquainted with 与…相识，熟悉，了解be active in 积极于be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，担扰be alive to 注意到，对…敏感be angry at 因某事生气be angry with 对…发怒be anxious about 担心，为…担忧be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望be anxious to (do) 渴望（做）be ashamed of 为…感到害臊be aware of 意识到be bad at 拙于，不善于be based on 根据，以…为基础be beside oneself 极度兴奋，对自己的情感失去控制be better off 生活优越起来，境况好起来be bound to (do) 一定会，不得不be careful to (do) 务必注意（做）be certain to (do) 一定（做），必然（做）be capable of 能够be confident in 对…有信心be characterized by 以…为特征be clever at 擅长于be combined with 与…结合be composed of 由……组成be concerned about 关心，挂念be curious to (do) 很想（做）be dependent on/upon 取决于，依赖be determined to (do) 决心（做）be different from 与…不同be eager for 渴望be eager to (do) 急于要（做）be equal to 等于be famous for 以…著名be fond of 喜欢，爱好be free from 无…的，摆脱了…的be friendly to 对…友好be glad to (do) 乐于（做），对…感到高兴be good at (doing) 善于，擅长be good for 适于，在…期间有效be grateful to 感谢，感激be independent of 脱离…而独立，与…无关be indispensable for 对…必不可少的be interested in 对…感兴趣be kind enough to (do) 承…好意，恳请be late for 迟到be likely to (do) 可能要，像是要be mad about 迷恋be well off 生活富裕be pleased to (do) 乐于be pleased with 对…感到满意be popular with 得人心的，受…欢迎的be present at 出席be proud of 以…自豪，因…感到满意be ready for 为…准备好be rich in 富于be satisfied with 对…满意，满足于be second to 次于be short for 是…的缩写（简称）be short of 短缺be sick for 渴望be sick in bed 病在床上be sick of 对…感到厌倦be sorry for 对…感到抱歉be strict with 对…要求严格be suited to 适合于be supposed to (do) 应该，非…不可be sure of 坚信，确信be sure to (do) 一定，必定be surprised at 对…感到惊奇be through with 结束be tired from 因…而疲乏be tired of 厌烦；对…厌倦be tired out 疲倦，急了be true of 适用于be unconscious of 不知道…be unequal to 无法胜任…的be unfit for 不适合，不胜任be useful to 对…有用be well up in 精通，熟悉be wild with joy 欣喜be willing to (do) 乐意…be worried about 为…而担心be worse off 处境较坏，情况恶化be worth (doing) 值得（做）be wrong with 有点毛病，有些不舒服四、其他词组和固定搭配above all 首先，尤其是after all 终究，毕竟，究竟at all [用于否定句]丝毫，一点all but 几乎，差不多；除了…都all over 遍及，到处in all 总共，合计not at all 一点也不leave alone 让…独自呆着；不打扰，不干预along with 和…一起，和…一道one after another 一个接一个，相继one another 互相anything but 绝对不as…as 像…一样as for 至于，关于as well 也，同样as well as 除…之外（也），既…又not as/so…as 不如…那样back and forth 反复地，；来回地(in) back of 在…后面，在…背后because of 由于，因为had better 还是…好，应该both…and 既…又…，两个都but for 倘没有，要不是each other 互相either…or 或…或or else 否则，要不然even if/though 即使，虽然except for 除…外，除去；要不是由于as/so far as 就…，到…程度by far… 得多，最far from 远远不，完全不so far 迄今为止；到某个程度first of all 首先if only 要是…多好by itself 独自地，自动地in itself 本质上，就其本身而言no less than 不少于，多达as/so long as 只要，如果；既然，如果no longer 不再，已不a great/good many of 相当多，很多many a 许多的more and more 越来越more or less 差不多，几乎，大约at most 至多，不超过make the most of 充分利用，尽量利用neither…nor （既）不…也不，（既）非…也非(every) now and then 时间，偶尔just now 刚才，才不久；现在，眼下now (that) 既然，由于off and on 断断续续地，间歇地，有时and so on 等等all at once 突然，忽然；同时，一切at once 立刻，马上；同时，一起once (and) for all 一劳永逸地，永远地once more/again 再一次by oneself 独自地，单独地every other 每隔一个的other than 不同于，非；除了over and over (again) 一再地，再三地all right 好，行；令人满意的，不错的；（健康）良好的，安然无恙的ever since 从那时起，自那时以来ever so 非常，极其or so 大约，左右so that 以便，为使；所以，因此so…that 如此…以致such as 诸如，例如such…that 那样的…以致that is (= i. e.) 就是说，即as though 好像，仿佛up to 胜任…的，适于…的；密谋…的；是…义不容辞的，是…的职责；取决于…的，须由…决定的；（时间上）一直到；（数目上）一直到，多达what about [征求意见时用]…怎么样what if 如果…将会怎样whether…or 是…还是，不管…还是go wrong 发生故障，出毛病；出错，犯错误and yet 可是，然而at yet 至今abide by 履行，遵守adapt to 适应adhere to 粘附；胶着；坚持apologize (-ise) to/for 道歉，认错cling to 粘住；依附；坚持collide with 抵触，冲突；碰撞，互撞compensate for 补偿，赔偿comply with 依从，服从，遵从conceive of 设想，构思出conform to 遵守，依照，符合，顺应consult with 商量，商议cooperate with 合作，协作，相配合cope with (成功地)应付，（妥善地）处理deduce from 演绎，推断derive from 起源，衍生deviate from 背离，偏离dispose of 处理，解决；曲调，丢掉，除掉dwell on/upon 老是想着；详述hinder from 阻碍，妨碍impose on 把…强加于originate in/from 起源于，来自，产生participate in 参与，参加preside at/over 主持，主管prevail over 获胜，占优势prevail on/upon 说服，劝说，诱使reconcile to 使顺从（于），使甘心（于）reign to 使顺从restrain from 抑制，制止sacrifice to 牺牲，献出，献祭，供奉scrape by/through 勉强通过specialize in 专攻，专门研究testify to 表明，证明flare up 突然燃烧起来，突然发怒queue up 排成队（等候）correspondence with 通信dissatisfaction with/at 不满exposure to 暴露，显露；曝光objection to 反对，异议preference for/to 偏爱，喜爱；优惠；优先选择proficiency in 熟练，精通requirement for/to 需要，需要的东西，要求thirst for 渴望，热望by sequence 依次，逐一at stake 在危急关头，在危险中in accordance with 与…一致，依照，根据on/in behalf of 代表，为了on the sly 偷偷地in excess of 超过to and fro 来来回回on schedule 按时间表，及时，准时五、超纲词组和固定搭配put into use 使用，应用be satisfied with 满足be satisfied of 相信hardly…when 刚…就…come to a conclusion 得出结论avoid doing sth. 避免干某事decline invitation 辞谢邀请agree on/upon 取得一致意见may (might) as well 还是…好argue about 争论take (make) a stand for 捍卫take (make) a stand against 反对come after 跟随in support of 支持lie up 躺着休息beside the question 离题refresh one’s memory 使人记起bring to mind 使人想起compile dictionary 编字典present sb. with sth. 送给某人某礼物indifferent to 不在乎go on strike 罢工against one’s will 违心地in one’s will 在…遗嘱中of one’s free will 出于自愿with ease 容易，不费力prepare for 准备get to 开始；到达fall off 下降fall away 背离televise live 实况转播by the moment 到…时have intention of 有意，打算no intention of 无意，不打算have not the least idea of 不知道have no desire for 对…没有欲望have desire to do sth. 想做某事have sth. in stock 有现货be particular about 讲究the key to…的答案（线索、办法）carry about 随身携带pass for 被认为（当作）be of little value 没什么价值cure sb. of 治好某人…pull back 撤退pull round 掉头，转向；康复pull along 沿…拉die off 死去，凋谢drop down 落下do sth. for a living 靠做某事谋生make a name of oneself 出名，扬名glimpse of 瞥见，一瞥glance at 瞥见，一瞥be on good terms with sb. 与某人友好entitle sb. (to do) sth. 给予某人（干）某事的权利beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力take interest in 对…发生兴趣be answerable for 应对…hundreds of 数以百计的be lacking in 缺乏break into tears (cheers) 突然哭（欢呼）起来in correspondence with 与…联系（通信）be advantageous to 对…头利be beneficial to 对…有益in debt to sb. 欠某人的债be it that 即使assure sb. of sth. 委托某人某事put (set) right 使恢复正常，纠正错误on the way 在途中off the way 远离正道keep on with 坚持make an attempt 试图in the mood for sth. 对某事有心境escape doing sth. 躲避干某事set a limit to 限制within the limit of 在…范围内call at 访问go blank (头脑)变成空白go dim (大脑)混沌go faint 晕过去be subjected to 遭受be attached to 附属于not on any account 决不take pains to do sth. 费尽苦心做某事a multitude of 大量（按复数名词）give rise to 导致give reason to 对…进行解释give suspicion to 对…怀疑make provision for 为…做准备be involved in 卷入，陷入be assigned to 被分配给…be bored to death 烦死了step into 插入，干涉adapt for 调整a close (narrow)shave 侥幸的脱险。
[解答]一名词说明
![[解答]一名词说明](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/3c92e707fd4ffe4733687e21af45b307e971f940.png)
期中考试一名词解释(1)全位错：位错的柏氏矢量等于点阵矢量的整数倍的位错。
(2)不全位错：柏氏矢量小于单位点阵矢量的位错。
(3)交滑移：螺位错在滑移面上滑移受阻后，绕到与此滑移面相交的另一个滑移面上滑移，称为交滑移。
(4)小角度晶界：晶界两侧晶粒的位相差很小的晶界，小角度晶界基本上由位错组成(5)固溶体：溶液中各处的成分与结构相同，是单一的相，在固体状态时称为固溶体。
二简答题与辨析题（1）相与组织;组织：指各种晶粒的组合特征，即各种晶粒的相对量、尺寸大小、形状分布等形貌特征，有多相组织、单相组织。
相：结构相同，物理和化学性质完全均匀的部分，特点：;相与相之间存在有明显的界面，界面两端，物质性质有飞跃性的改变一个体系中可以存在一个或多个相。
（2）肖脱基缺陷和弗兰克尔缺陷;肖脱基缺陷：晶体中某结点上的原子脱位，一般进入其它空位或者逐渐迁移至晶界或表面，其脱位产生的空位称为肖脱基缺陷。
弗兰克尔缺陷：晶体中的原子脱位挤入结点间的间隙，形成间隙原子，其原处结点产生空位。
将这一对点缺陷（空位和间隙原子）称为弗兰克尔缺陷。
同：都是点缺陷异：两种缺陷中脱位原子迁移的位置不一样，且弗兰克尔缺陷包含间隙原子及空位两种点缺陷。
（3）刃型位错与螺型位错;刃型位错：柏氏矢量与位错线垂直的位错。
螺型位错：柏氏矢量平行于位错线的位错。
同：都为线缺陷，都可以在外力的作用下发生滑移运动，运动的结果都是在位错线滑移过的区域之中，造成了上下两半晶晶体整体相对位移过一个b的距离都具有易动性。
异：刃型位错畸变发生在与位错线垂直的方向上，伯氏矢量b与位错线垂直；螺型位错畸变发生在与位错线平行的方向上，伯氏矢量与位错线平行；螺型位错中不存在多余半原子面，而是垂直于位错线的原子平面发生了螺旋状的扭曲；螺型位错可分为左螺型位错和右螺型位错，与正负刃位错不同，左右螺型位错不能相互转化，旋转方向不变。
（4）滑移与交滑移; 滑移：在切应力作用下，晶体的一部分相对于另一部分沿着一定的晶面（滑移面）和晶向（滑移方向）产生相对位移，且不破坏晶体内部原子排列规律性的塑变方式。
初中英语 十大词类 一 名词、动词、数词、冠词、感叹词
初中英语十大词类一名词、动词、数词、冠词、感叹词语法教学（一）英语的十大词类 (一)：名词、动词、数词、冠词、感叹词【学习目标】通过本堂课的学习，学生能够：（1）理解5种词性的概念、语法功能以及名词有可数不可数之分，动词按其性质可分为四类；（2）能够将肯定句变问句和否定句；（3）能够拼写难的数词；（4）记住5种词性的英文缩写。
【课前预习】1.什么是名词？请举2例词。
名词有哪些种类？表示人或事物的名称的词。
如：WTO, water。
名词有专有名词和普通名词两大类，普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词是个体名词和集体名词，不可数名词是物质名词和抽象名词。
2. 什么动词？请举2例词。
动词有哪些种类？表示动作或状态的词。
如： see， be. 动词按照性质分为：连系动词、助动词、情态动词和实义动词（行为动词）四类。
3.请试一试把下列句子变成否定句和疑问句。
（1）The teacher is standing in front of me.否定句: The teacher is not standing in front of me.疑问句: Is the teacher standing in front of me?（2）He reads English books every day.否定句:He doesn’t read English books every day.疑问句:Does he read English books every day?(3) We went to the school last night.否定句: We didn’t go to the school last night.疑问句:Did we go to the school last night?总结：肯定句变否定句方法：___________________________________________________________。
专题一 名词 代词 冠词
专题一名词代词冠词考点一名词1.Some schools will have to make _______(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.2.—Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.—I’d like to,but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my______(apologize).3.One of the most effective ways to reduce______(stressful) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.4.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some ______(think) and then let me know.5.When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his______ and had a bad fall.6.He gave himself a new name to hide his ______(identify) when he went to carry out the secret task .7.—Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one? —That’s a good _______(suggest).8.Her ______(motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.9.Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with _______(patient).10.While she was in Paris,she developed a _______(tasty) for fine art.11.My first _______(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.12.—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?—Well,you know,English is my ______(strong).So it is my best choice.13.You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _______(refer).14.Your ________(perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.15.Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big ________(commit),but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.16.Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ________(competent).考点二代词1.The quality of education in this small school is better than _______in some larger schools.2.How would you like _________if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?3.The meeting will be held in September,but ________knows the date for sure.4.To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the _______.5.Niki is always full of ideas,but ______is useful to my knowledge.6.—Who’s that at the door?—_____is the milkman.7.Susan made ________clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.8.A smile costs ________, but gives much .9.In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in _______,knives and forks.10.An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year,making _______the driest year since California became a state in 1850.11.You can ask anyone for help._______here is willing to lend you a hand.12.I’d appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.13.She’d lived in London and Manchester,but she liked _______and moved to Cambridge.14.—When shall I call,in the morning or afternoon?—_______.I’ll be in all day.15.It’s an either-or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _______.16.At our factory there are a few machines similar to ________described in this magazine.17.Recycling is one way to protect the environment;reusing is ________.18.This project requires close teamwork._______ will be achieved unless we work well together.19.The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ______on the small ones.20.______ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.21.Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost _____of her enthusiasm for life.rry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but ______ of them wants to,because they have work to do.23.Sarah made _______to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.24.Sophia waited for a reply,but ______came.25.If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand,could you get _______for me?26.Studying Wendy’s menu,I found that many of the items are similar to _______of McDonald’s.27.When you are done with the book,just give it to Lucy or Helen or _______.28.New technologies have made ________possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.29.I got this bicycle for _________:My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.30.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local government to increase __________.31.To stay awake,he finished a cup of coffee and ordered _________.32.Surprisingly,Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _______almost an overcoat for her.33.There is _______in his words.We should have a try.考点三冠词1.Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write a children’s book for many year’s,but one thing or another always got in ________way.2.I just heard _______bank where Dora works was robbed by _______gunman wearing a mask.3._______more learned a man is,______more modest he usually becomes.4.Life is like _______ocean:Only the strong-willed can reach the other shore.5.I can’t tell you _______way to the Wilsons’ because we don’t have _______Wilson here in the village.6.The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days _______week,often long into ______night.7._______village where I was born has grown into _______town.8.India attained independence in 1947,after _________long struggle.9.The parents were shocked by _______news that their son needed _______operation on his knee.10.It was _______cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _______night sky.11.People develop ________preference for a particular style of learning at _______early age and these preferences affect learning.12.The“Chinese Dream”is ________dream to improve people’s well-being and _______dream of harmony,peace and development.13.Animals are obviously _______lower form of life than man.14.Four and ______half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and ________break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.15.Marco Polo is said to have sailed on ________Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in ______thirteenth century.16.Sarah looked at _______finished painting with satisfaction.17.He missed ______gold in the high jump,but will get _______second chance in the long jump.18.Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up _______meat processing factory of his own one day.19.I woke up with ______bad headache,yet by _______evening the pain had gone.20.The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _________sea.21.We are said to be living in _________Information Age,________time of new discoveries and great changes.22.Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take ________place of George.23.As he reached _______front door,Jack saw a strange sight.24.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be ________Picasso.A组2013—2015年模拟探究专项基础测试考点一名词1.Zhangzhou City has gained a good ________(repute) for having successfully hosted the Flower Expo.2.Due to the ________(apply) of this medical technology,some diseases can be treated at an early stage.3.The video,Under the dome,has rapidly pushed the public ________(aware) about air pollution and encouraged people to join in efforts to make a difference.4._________(curious) is part of children’s nature.They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.5.—Thank you very much for everything.You’ve been so helpful.—My _________(please).Just let me know if there is anything else I can do for you.6.After living in Quanzhou for five years,she has developed quite an _________(affect) for the city.7.If a young man wants the ________(flexible) to move to a different city in future years,he should keep renting instead of buying a house.8.Mr.Li has some trouble sleeping,so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common.9.—I’m going to Appleby tomorrow.—What a ________(coincide)!I’m going up there too.10.—How can I take the medicine,sir?—Just follow the ________(direct) on the bottle.考点二代词1.The book is of great value.______can be enjoy unless you digest it.2.The wedding dress of the Princess is noble an d elegant._______ is the beauty of this style that it will be popular with young women.3.—Hi,John!I’m going to see the film Hobbit Ⅲthis evening.]—Hobbit Ⅲ?A fantastic film,_______I’ve been longing to see.4.Equipped with modern facilities,today’s hospitals are quite different from _______of the past.5.After three months of hard work,I wish to travel in a nice small town,especially ______with an ocean view.6.Wherever he is,he makes _______a rule to give his mother a call every day.7.—Which of those ties do you like best?—________.They are all too expensive and don’t go well with my new suit.8.Mr.Rod prefers a restaurant in a small town to ______in so large a city as Beijing.9.—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?—_______way as you please.10.—Given one more week.I’ll get _______ready.—Then we’ll have a dinner out to celebrate your success.考点三冠词1.—How nice ______jacket is!—Thank you.I bought it on ______Internet.2.—Many people don’t think much of the movie.—I think differently.In ______way,it is a very good film.And _______photographed scenes are very beautiful.3.—The program Running man in zhejiang Satellite TV turned out ______success.Have you seen it?—It’s a pity I haven’t.but I have _______rough idea of what it’s about.4.Beijing’s bid for _______2022 Winter Olympics has driven public enthusiasm for winter sports to new heights.5.We all hold ______view that the director in charge should bear the full responsibility for the fire in Shanghai.6.Nelson Mandela,who was elected president of South Africa in 1994,is generally regarded as _______father of the country.7.—Have you heard of _______death of Nelson Mandela?—Oh,really?It will be _______shock to the world.8.Have you got these jeans in _______larger size?This pair is a bit too small around my waist.9.I’d like to take ________chance even if I be in danger.10.—As a child,my father often spent all Sundays relaxing outdoors,even playing for hours at _______time.—That’s my father’s story,too.B组2013—2015年模拟探究专项提升测试Passage 1It was late at night.Two _____(German)were sleeping in their room when suddenly,one of them,Mr.Green,was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck.She had three _______(thousand)dollars in her pocket.“What should I do ?Many ______(thief)usually bring ______(knife) with them,”she thought in _______(silent).And at the same time the thief happened to touch a ______(sport)suit.It seemed as if he found there was someone in theroom,so he went out to the next room where two ______(Frenchman) were sleeping.When he was looking for _______(money) or some(jewel)_______ in the next room,Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and called the _______(policeman).And then the thief knew what had happened.He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police came up.Before the thief ran away,the police caught him.For Mrs.Green,it was really an unusual experience.Passage 2When I walked down ______Third Avenue,as ______rule,I used to look into the windows of _______old shop that sold old and beautiful things.Since I often took my walk after the closing time,I cupped my hands against _______windows to get _______small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been cared for ______long time,but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface.I even thought they were _______most beautiful that I had ever seen.That was how I felt about old people,too.I knew their value,and it hurt me when others missed it.I was raised by my grandmother and given ______deep sense of the value of experience.Taught to behave well,my sister and I respected other people,regardless of their age or color.My grandmother was loved by all ______people around her.She was known to be ______wise and kind woman,who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold.They may be gradually tarnished by age,but they can be polished with respect.You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities. Passage 3“Without the ball,I’m half complete of ______,”Luis Figo,one of the world’s greatest football players once said.The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing _______one hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England.A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for ______in Lisbon.“Figo,Figo,”_______(all,both)shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field.The Real Madrid player,31,wants to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win ______(another,other)Spanish Cup with Real Madrid.Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 60.1million dollars in 2000,and he showed _______(everyone,anyone)what a great player he was by winning FIFA’s Footballer of the Year award in 2001.“Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player,”said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001.“Figo ______is a real leader ______always tries his best on the field and a good team player.He doesn’t have any problems working together with his teammate at Real Madrid,star footballer David Beckham.”In fact,Figo was the first _______to welcome Beckham when he arrived.“We have a strong team,and we can help one _______ and work together to be successful,”Figo said.。
一名词解释
一、名词解释1、井控设备：实施油气井压力控制的一整套专用设备、仪表与工具。
2、防喷器最大工作压力：指防喷器安装在井口投入工作时所能承受的最大井口压力。
3、溢流：当井侵发生后，井口返出的钻井液比泵入的钻井液量大，停泵后井口钻井液自动外溢的现象。
4、井喷：地层流体无控制地涌入井内，喷出地面的现象。
5、地层压力：地下岩石孔隙内流体的压力。
6、压力梯度：每增加单位垂直深度压力的变化量。
7、井底压力：所有作用在环形空间的压力总合。
8、破裂压力：某一深度地层发生破碎和裂缝时所能承受的压力。
9、一级井控：依靠适当的钻井液密度来控制地层压力，使得没有地层流体侵入井内。
10、钻井液当量密度：某点压力等于具有相当密度的流体在该点所形成的液柱压力，这个密度就是当量密度。
11、压井：发生溢流关井后，采用某种方法重建井内压力平衡的过程。
12、软关井：当溢流发生后，节流阀通道开启，其他旁侧通道关闭的情况下关闭封井器，然后关节流阀。
13、井底压差：井底压力与地层压力的差值。
二、型号解释1、2FZ28-35：公称通径280mm，最大工作压力35Mpa的双闸板防喷器。
2、FKQ4005A：FK-地面防喷器控制装置。
Q-气控。
400-蓄能器公称总容积400l。
5-5个控制对象。
A-第一次改进。
3、JGS2-35：JG-节流管汇。
S-手动控制。
2-节流阀数量。
35-压力等级35Mpa。
4、YG-70：YG-压井管汇。
70-压力等级70Mpa。
三、填空1、在现场对环形防喷器进行试压时，只做（封环空）试验，不做（封零）试验。
2、环形防喷器封闭井口钻杆时，为防止卡钻，可以缓慢（上下活动）钻具，但不能（转动）钻具。
3、钻具内防喷工具通常包括（方钻杆球阀）（投入式单向阀）（钻杆回压凡尔）。
4、远程控制台安装距井口（25m）以外，放喷管线接出井口（75m）以外，在不可避免的转弯处夹角大于（120度）。
5、储能器胶囊预充（氮）气，冲气压力（7）Mpa。
一名词解释
一名词解释：医学心理学是心理学与医学相结合的一门交叉学科，研究心理因素在人体健康以及疾病的发生、发展、诊断、治疗与护理中的作用科学。
心理实质心理是脑的机能，任何心理活动都产生于脑，即心理活动是脑的高级机能的表现；心理是对客观现实的反映，即所有心理活动的内容都来源于外界环境；心理是外界事物在脑中的主观能动的反映心理活动会进一步影响到身体技能。
生物-心理-医学社会模式为理解疾病的决定因素，以及达到合理的治疗和卫生保健模式，医学模式必须考虑到病人、病人生活在其中的环境以及由社会设计来对付疾病的破坏作用的补充系统，即医生的作用和卫生保健制度”。
医学模式是指一定时期内人们对疾病和健康的总体认识并成为医学发展的指导思想。
回顾研究是由现在看过去，将现在同过去联系起来。
这种研究可用于深入细致的个案研究，也可用来回顾性地评定某种变量或因素在一组人或一种疾病中的作用。
前瞻研究是由现在开始追访未来，其目的是预见。
个案法是对某现象的一个特例进行详细深入的调查研究的一种方法。
割裂脑切断两侧大脑半球之间的联系，即切断联合两半球的大纤维束——胼胝体和其他联合纤维（如前连合、海马连合和视交叉等）而形成的各自进行独立活动的脑。
此类手术称作割裂脑手术，也叫联合部切开术。
感觉是人脑对当前直接作用于感受器的客观事物的个别属性的反应。
知觉是人脑对当前直接作用于感受器的客观事物整体属性的反应。
知觉的理解性在知觉过程中，个体根据已有的知识经验来解释当前知觉的对象，并用概念或名称的形式把他标示出来，使它具有一定的意义，这就是知觉的理解性。
知觉的恒常性当知觉的条件在一定范围内发生变化时，知觉的映像仍保持相对不变，这就是知觉的恒常性。
痛觉不仅包含感觉成分，还包含有情感成分，并伴有自主神经活动改变和运动反应。
疼痛个体对现实刺激和已储存的经验相互作用而产生的主观感受和体验。
错觉是对客观事物不正确的知觉。
幻觉指没有没有相应的客观刺激作用于感觉器官时个体出现的虚幻的知觉体验。
第一讲Noun(2013)
情
１
况
构成法Leabharlann 例词students 词尾加-s toys classes ２ 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名 词尾加-es matches 词 watches ３ 以“辅音字 改y为i再 factory 母＋y”结尾 factories 加-es 的名词
一般情况
baby - babies ４ 以f或fe结尾改f / fe为v, shelf - shelves 的名词 再加-es wife - wives
9. As I have a lot of _______ work (work) to do, I can’t spare time to watch the game. 10.Two hours’ _____________（两小时的） walk didn’t make me tired. Germans 11. Some ___________(German) visited our school last Wednesday.
• Compare the two: • He is a friend of my father’s.
他是我爸爸的一个朋友。 （强调我爸爸的朋友不止一个）
• He is a friend of my father. 他是我爸爸的朋友。 （强调他对爸爸的友好）
• 名词作定语的原则： • 1.表示材料或性质 • eg: apple trees, cloth shoes, paper money , stone bridge • 2. 表示作用或用途 • eg: coffee cup , evening dress • 3. family tree, post office, team leader
一名词解释
一名词解释：1生物防治是一门研究利用天敌控制植物病害虫害和农田杂草的理论和实践的学科；或称之为寄生物、捕食者、病原微生物和侵袭杂草的植食性种的管理。
2害虫生物防治：研究利用害虫天敌，控制害虫的理论和实践的学科，叫害虫的生物防治。
3害虫：凡是干扰人们生活，争夺人们赖以生存的生物资源，损坏人们生活用品和生活环境等的昆虫，都称之为害虫。
4.出生率:生理出生率(最大出生率):在理想条件下所能达到的最大出生数量.生态出生率(实际出生率):在一定时期内,种群在特定条件下实际出生数量.内外因素共同作用影响的结果.影响出生率的因素: a.性成熟速度; b.每次产仔数; c.每年生殖次数; d.生殖年龄的长短.5死亡率:生理死亡率(最小死亡率):在最适条件下个体因衰老而死亡,其种群死亡率降到最低.生态死亡率(实际死亡率):在一定条件下的实际死亡率.许多个体死于各种生物或非生物影响的因素.6种群：生物是不同的互相依赖的物种的结合的表现。
但物种是以相同个体成群体存在。
这些个体混合交配、繁殖以至死亡。
它们通过繁殖成群地维持本身，这种成群的个体达到地区水平则称为种群。
7 种群密度：个单位空间内个体的数量. 密度是种群最基本的参数, 也是种群重要的参数之一.种群密度和生物的大小及该生物所处的营养级有关.8群落：种群并不单独存在，它们与其他物种一起存在于生境之中。
这种许多物种种群的集合组成群落。
在生物防治工作中习惯上把以牺牲其他动植物而生存的动植物种类叫做天敌。
9性比:大多数生物的自然种群内♀♂个体比率常为1:1，出生时雄性多于雌性,随年龄增长,雌性多于雄性. 性比也受环境因素影响,如食物的丰歉. 如赤眼蜂,当食物短缺时,雌性比例下降.10竞争: 生活在同一地区的两个物种,由于利用相同的资源,导致每一个物种的数量下降,即两种群彼此发生有害影响.竞争一般可分为干扰竞争和利用竞争.11 干扰竞争:一种动物借助于行为排斥另一种动物使其得不到资源. 如:红翅鸫和黄头鸫.12利用竞争:一个物种所利用的资源对第二个物种也非常重要,但两个物种并不发生直接接触.如:蚂蚁、啮齿动物都以植物种子为食.13竞争排除：两个种群开始竞争时,一个种群最终将另一个种群完全排除掉,并使整个系统趋向饱和.结论: 两个生态学上完全相同的物种不可能同时同地生活在一起;不同物种要实现在饱和环境和竞争群落中的共存,必须具有某些生态学的差异.14内禀增长率rm:在实验条件下,人为地排除不利的环境条件,排除捕食者和疾病的影响,并提供理想的和充足的食物,这种条件下所观察到的种群增长能力.（一）、内因是昆虫本身的生物学特性，包含生殖潜能和生存潜能。
英语第一部分板一块专题一名词
Specific nouns
02
The number of noBiblioteka nssingular form
规则
大多数以-s、-x、-z、-ch、-sh结尾的名词，以及以-o结尾的名词，通常使用 单数形式。
例子
fox, box,quiz,bench,lash,echo。
Plural form
规则
大多数名词的复数形式是在单数形式后加-s或-es。
Specific nouns can also be used to describe a specific type of individual, place, or thing that is different from other similar things, such as "the Beatles" or "the Amazon River."
Proper nouns are names of specific individuals, places, or things. They are always capitalized, such as "John," "New York," and "Apple."
Proper nouns are unique and specific, and they are not interchangeable with other words.
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一．名词二、注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。
第一个字母必须大写。
专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词"the"，但它不大写。
4、集合名词集合名词作主语时，主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题。
对此类问题我们可以从―数‖的角度分为四类。
1）单数—复数型。
凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。
如：a class —classes; a family —families; a government —governments; an army —armies; a people —peoples; agroup —groups; a crowd —crowds; a crew —crews 等。
这类集合名词强调的是整体性，即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。
属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.The government has decided to pass the bill.There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.但应注意，这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念，所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为―单复同形型‖中。
2）单数型。
这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体，即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内，所以只有单数形式。
如作主语，谓语动词常用单数。
这类名词常见的有：humanity, mankind, proletariat等。
【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.3）复数型。
这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的，就是说它们只有单数形式，但表达的都是复数概念。
它强调的是集体中的个体性。
这类名词有：police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等。
它们作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。
【例如】The police have caught the murder.Our personnel are very highly trained.The vermin are very dangerous.4）单复同形型。
这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。
作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词均可，有时意义区别不大。
【例如】The school teaching staff are （is）excellent.The public is （are）requested not to litter in the park.The teaching profession claim（s）to be badly paid.这类集合名词常见的有：class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等。
根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体，就认为是单数，用单数动词；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话，就认为其为复数，用复数动词。
试比较：The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮。
The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。
The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。
三、1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加"a或an"；复数形式是在名词后加"-s或-es"。
名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：注：以f 或fe结尾的单词：knife-knives wife-wives life-lives shelf-shelves half-halves shelf-shelves wolf-wolves thief-thieves leaf- leaves也有一些直接加s: chief-chiefs reef- reefs roof-roofs belief-beliefs golf-golfs grief-griefs handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves以结尾的：记一句：英雄与黑人喜欢西红柿和土豆。
即：tomato-tomato es, potato-potato es, hero-hero es, Negro-Negroes其他的多数加：zoo-zoo s, photo-photo s, bamboo-bamboo s,piano-pianos ,radio-radios ,kangaroo-kangaroos,two-twos zero-zeros/zeroes2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化①含man/woman的名词eg. man--men, woman-women, businessman-businessmen, salesman-salesmen,fireman-firemen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishman-Englishmen,seaman-seamen, fisherman-fishmen,snowman-snowmen,watchman-watchmen,gengtleman-gentlemen,milkman-milkmen,chairman-chairmen,②tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese③mouse—mice,child-children, abacus-abacuses/abaci,atmosphere-atmosphia④单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish/fishes注：1）名词可修饰名词，充当定语,构成复数时在后一个名词加复数。
如：a girl student - girl students a car factory - car factoriesa shoe shop - shoe shops a telephone number - telephone numbersa coffee cup - coffee cups2）另外，在复合名词中构成复数，常在中心名词构成复数。
如：passer-by – passers-by(路人) son-in-law – sons-in-law(女婿)looker-on – lookers-on(旁观者)3）有的名词词组则视为整体，如：go-between – go-betweens（中间人）grow-up – grow-ups(成年人)15-year-old – 15-year-olds(15岁的人)4）但由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数。
如：a man doctor- men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news.3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。
他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。
如：tea,milk,coffee,cola,ice-cream,advice,noise,butter,cheese, ice,sauce,sault,water,trouble,love,money,meat,ink,information,weather,news,bread,pork,beef,mutton,soup,hair,fish,room,space等。
物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。
不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。
eg.food食物- foods (各种食物)，time时间- times(时代)，green绿色-greens (青菜)(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope ---hopes 希望hardship --- hardships 艰苦(3) 不可数名词―量‖的表示方法eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice,在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示―量‖的概念，可以用以下两种方法：1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money．There is some milk in the bottle．Is there any water in the glass？I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of bread, a pair of glasses,a pair of pants, a pair of boots, a pair of scissors, a table of food,a room of people, a box of books, a basket of flowers. a bottle of orange,a glass of water, a cup of tea , three bags of rice, a couple of hours,a pile of rubbish, a plate of meat , a bowl of rice.如果要表示―两杯茶‖、―四张纸‖这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of tea / four pieces of paper / three glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。