自考英语重点语法
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自考英语重点语法
动名词在句子中的作用
动名词是一种非限定动词,其构成同现在分词一样,即在动词原形后加-ing,在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂,但出现的频率却非常高,是考试常考语法项目,因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约,但不能做谓语。
1.作主语
动名词及其短语可以用来作主语,跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样,有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等,组成完整的句子。
如:Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health.
(吸烟对人体非常有害。)
Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. (阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。)
但是,动名词作主语有两种特殊句型,那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此,必须给予足够的重视。
(1)“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中:
It is no good... It is not much good...
It is no use... It is hardly any use...
It is useless... It is not any use...
It is little use... It is hardly worth...
It is worth... It is worthwhile...
It is a waste of time... It is difficult...
It is a waste of time arguing with him.
(跟他辩论是在浪费时间。)
It was no use talking without taking any action.
(只说不做是没有用的。)
(2)“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中,其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。
There is no denying the fact.
(事实不容否认。)
There is no joking over this matter.
(这种事开不得玩笑。)
There is no telling what she will be after she grows up.
(说不准她长大后会干什么。)动名词在句子中的作用
2.动名词作表语
动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样,由be+动词-ing形式构成,但它所表达的是主语“是什么”,而不是主语“正在干什么”。
The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV.
(史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。)
The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job.
(最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。)
Seeing is believing.
(眼见为实。)
我们知道,不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语,所表达的意义也非常接近,但两者也有一定的区别:一般说来,动名词多表示一般行为和状态,而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。
动名词在句子中的作用
3.动名词作同位语
同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词,是对该名词的进一步解释,起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。
His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years.
(他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。)
That's my pride, speaking five languages.
(说五种语言,这是我的骄傲。)
That's your mistake, asking such a stupid person t do such an important job. (让这样一个傻瓜做这样重要的事情,这是你的错。)
动名词在句子中的作用
4.动名词作定语
动名词作定语修饰名词,通常用来说明该名词的用途,
如 a sleeping car (a car for sleeping)
a swimming pool (a pool for swimming),
a dining room (a room for dining),
a dancing party (a party for dancing)
a singing competition (a competition for singing)等等;
现代分词也可以作定语修饰名词,表示该名词正处在一种什么样的状态,现代分词这个动作实际上是由所修饰的名词所发出的,
如 a sleeping beauty (a beauty is sleeping)
a running dog (a dog is running)
a dancing girl (a girl is dancing) 等等。
区别一个作定语的-ing形式的动词是动名词还是现代分词,我们可以用这样的方法:将被修饰的名词作主语,用be来连接带有-ing的动词,如果逻辑上行得通,那就是现代分词,反之就是动名词。
如把 a flying bird换成a bird is flying 在逻辑上行得通,flying就是现代分词,而把a dining room换成a room is dining就行不通了,因此dining就是动名词。当然,我们也可以把be换成for来进行检验,比如,把a barking dog 换成a dog for barking,结果不符合逻辑和常识,因此,barking是现代分词,而把a swimming pool换成a pool for swimming就顺理成章了。
动名词在句子中的作用
5.动名词作宾语
动名词可以作动词的宾语和介词的宾语
(1)动名词作谓语动词的宾语。谓语可以用很多种词类作自己的宾语,其中包括名词、代词、不定式、动名词等。学生常常感到困难的是,判断不准在谓语动词后面到底是接不定式还是接动名词。下面所列出的动词是英语四级中常见的动词,当它们被用作谓语时,要求接动名词作宾语:
suggest, admit, finish, avoid, risk, keep, imagine, escape,
appreciate, consider, stop can't help, delay, deny, enjoy, mind,
miss resent, understand, postpone, practice, defer, fancy, excuse,
pardon, advise, endure, confess, acknowledge, justify, resist,
involve, anticipate, abandon, mention等等。
如:He has finished reading the novel.
(他已经读完了这本小说。)
Would you mind passing me the dictionary?
(把字典递给我,好吗?)
He never can resist making a joke.
(他从不反对开玩笑。)
Mary said in her letter that she would appreciate hearing from me very soon. (玛丽在信中说,她希望早日收到我的来信。)
英语中,有些动词既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语,
如like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue,
attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret,
neglect, try, deserve等等。
对其中一部分词而言,这种两种结构之间意义区别不大,但在remember, regret, want, try等动词后区别就十分明显了。请看下面几组例句的区别:
I remembered turning off the light when I left the classroom.
(关灯的事已经做完,而且我记得我做过这件事。)
I remembered to turn off the light when I left the classroom.
(尽管关灯这件事还没有做,但我记得有这件事要去做)
He forgets sending the letter for me.