自考英语重点语法
英语知识点归纳专升本
英语知识点归纳专升本一、语法知识点1. 时态- 现在时态（Simple Present Tense）表示现阶段普遍的真实情况或习惯动作。
- 过去时态（Simple Past Tense）表示过去已经发生的事实或状态。
- 将来时态（Simple Future Tense）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
2. 语态变化- 主动语态（Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者。
- 被动语态（Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
3. 名词名词是指人、事物、地点等名字的词语。
在句子中可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
4. 代词代词用来替代名词，可以分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词等。
5. 形容词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，描述特征、性质、状态等。
6. 副词副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词，表示方式、时间、地点、程度等。
7. 动词动词是指做或表示动作或状态的词语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。
8. 介词介词用来连接名词或代词与其他词语，表示关系、位置、方向等。
9. 连词连词用来连接句子、短语或词语，可以分为并列连词、从属连词和并列从属连词。
10. 冠词冠词用来限定名词，在英语中包括不定冠词"a/an"和定冠词"the"。
11. 数量词数量词用来表示数目或数量的词语，可以分为基数词和序数词。
12. 比较级和最高级比较级和最高级用于形容词和副词，用来比较两个或多个人或事物之间的差异。
13. 疑问词疑问词用来引导疑问句，包括who, what, where, when, why, how等。
14. 从句从句是包含一个主语和一个谓语的句子，可以作为主句或从句使用。
二、词汇知识点1. 同义词同义词是指意思相同或相近的词语，比如happy和glad。
2. 反义词反义词是指意思相反的词语，比如good和bad。
3. 多义词多义词是指有多个意思的词语，比如bank可以表示银行或岸边。
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法词汇短词阅读作文)
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法、词汇、短词、阅读、作文)第一节动词的时态考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。
一、一般现在式：1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。
由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。
（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题）（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题）二、一般过去时：1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。
just now, last year, when I was 8years old 等。
自考本科英语语法
自考本科英语语法自考本科英语语法有很多基本的规则和要点需要掌握，以下是其中一些重要的内容：1. 名词：名词有单数和复数形式，复数形式通常是在名词后面加-s或-es。
名词可以用来表示人、物、地点、概念等。
名词也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可以和数词一起使用，而不可数名词通常不能和数词一起使用。
2. 代词：代词用来代替名词，分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等。
代词有主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词等不同形式。
3. 动词：动词是句子的核心，表示动作或状态。
动词有时态、语态和词性的变化。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
常见的语态有主动语态和被动语态。
4. 形容词和副词：形容词用于修饰名词，通常放在名词前面。
副词用于修饰动词、形容词和其他副词，通常放在被修饰的词后面。
5. 介词：介词用于连接其他词或短语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等关系。
常见的介词有in、on、at、by、for、with等。
6. 冠词：冠词在名词前用来表示特指或泛指，分为定冠词和不定冠词。
定冠词包括the，不定冠词包括a和an。
7. 数词：数词用来表示数量，分为基数词和序数词。
基数词可以表示具体数量，而序数词表示顺序或先后关系。
8. 时态：时态是动词的一种形式变化，表示动作发生的时间。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
9. 疑问句：疑问句是用来询问信息的句子，通常以疑问词作为开头或者动词调换位置来构成。
10. 倒装句：倒装句是把动词或助动词提到主语之前，使用否定词或以no way等词为开头，用于表示强调、条件、地点等。
以上是自考本科英语语法的一些基本要点，掌握好这些基础知识对于学好英语非常重要。
同时，要通过大量的练习来加深对这些知识的理解和应用，提高自己的语法水平。
自考综合英语重点语法
Page No.20
例：She was a real find.
A. Finally, we found a washwoman after so much trouble.
B. Finally, we found a washwoman who charged no more than others.
（1）能读懂常见体裁的中等水平非专业题材的英语材料，并能根据上下文猜出生词的意思。
（2）要求了解所读材料的中心思想，抓住主要论点或细节、明确作者的基本态度，并能根据其内容进行一定的推理和分析。
Page No.7
写作
（1）要求在半小时左右就《综合英语（二）》上下册的31篇课文的内容用130～150个词回答一个大问题。
Page No.29
1. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ， faculty ， family ， government ， group ， orchestra ， team ， union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如： The government is paying close attention to economic development.
Page No.1
重点语法
（结合考题讲解）
高频形近词，近义词辨析
词形转化
难句释义
Page No.3
《综合英语二》这门课是课程考试，不是水平考试。课程考试就是学什么就考什么。严格按照教学大纲去命题。大纲规定，统一考试的试题中教材内容要占60% 要把课文读懂学透在复习的过程中，课文，词汇，词汇学习，语法每部分都要复习到。
自考英语重点语法
自考英语重点语法动名词在句子中的作用动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。
动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。
动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。
1.作主语动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。
如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health.（吸烟对人体非常有害。
）Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。
）但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。
这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。
因此，必须给予足够的重视。
（1）“it”作形式主语的句型。
这种句型常常表现在下列结构中：It is no good... It is not much good...It is no use... It is hardly any use...It is useless... It is not any use...It is little use... It is hardly worth...It is worth... It is worthwhile...It is a waste of time... It is difficult...It is a waste of time arguing with him.（跟他辩论是在浪费时间。
）It was no use talking without taking any action.（只说不做是没有用的。
自考英语语法重点串讲资料
Part 1 动词主要时态和语态表1.一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动： do / did / will do被动： are done / were done / will be done2.现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动： are doing / were doing / will be doing被动： are being done / were being done3.现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动： have done / had done / will have done被动： have been done / had been done现在完成进行时主动： have been doing动词主要时态的意义及运用1.现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：up to now， so far， for three years， since 1995， over past ten years，by the end of this week， by the year of 1995汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.By the end of this week， we’ll have finished the task.现在完成进行时:从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直e.g. The water has been running the whole night.I’ve often been thinking of you.He’s been worrying about her safety.Obviously she’s been crying.All these years he’s been traveling.过去完成时:1) said， reported， thought等引导的间接引语中。
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二形容词和副词以下情况形容词常用于后置定语:1) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如:present (到场的，出席的) ，available ，involved ，concerned ，etc 。
2) 形容词修饰不定代词something ，anything ，everything 时要后置。
例如:There was something wrong with her.I came across a tricky question hard to answer.I wondered if there was a room available.注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。
如：enough water /water enoughcareful enough/ well enough形容词和副词的原级比力由“as + 形容词或副词原级( 或后跟名词或短语)+as” 构成，“as…as” 前可加not ，just ，almost ，nearly ，quite ，twice ，several times 等词修饰。
否定式中not 后面的as 可改为so 。
如：He is as tall as I.He is not as/as careful as his brother.形容词与副词的比力级形式为:“ 形容词( 副词) 比力级+than+…” ，应注意than 前后比拟较的人或物要一致(不然没有可比性)。
比力级前可以跟even ，much ，stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比力级，表示强调。
You voice is more beautiful than your classmates’/that of your classmates.The population in China is much larger than that in America.The values of the young differ from those of their elders. 不成数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。
自考英语(二)考试重点语法,课文重点讲义
虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD. howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.地点状语从句He live where he liked.原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward posit ion, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken. 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany. Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further进(8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语) This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in. 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higherfee.His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.重点语法——动词的时态和语态时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment. Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned. No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began. Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.表语 To know everything is to know nothing.定语 This is a book to be written.宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)状语 Yesterday he came to see me.独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.) be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then．Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed. Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B. The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气第一类型: 见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet. 同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been 特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances) Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever 连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor, 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词Any,one,none,nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文. 注意顾全大局.选的是最佳答案.词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题—阅读的难点不是考试的重点，不要死扣一句，第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句，多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。
自考现代英语语法重点
自考现代英语语法重点一、基本句子成分1. 主语（Subject）主语是句子中进行动作或者是被描述的对象，通常是名词、代词、不定式或者从句。
主语用来回答“Who/What + 谓语动词”。
2. 谓语（Predicate）谓语是句子中执行动作或者是对主语进行描述的部分。
谓语通常是动词，但也可包含助动词、系动词、情态动词等其他单词。
3. 宾语（Object）宾语是动作的承受者，是句子中动作的对象。
宾语通常是名词或者代词，也可以是从句或者不定式。
4. 定语（Adjective）定语用来修饰名词或代词，提供更多的描述信息。
定语通常位于被修饰词的旁边或者前面。
5. 状语（Adverb）状语用来修改动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，提供关于时间、地点、方式、原因等方面的信息。
6. 表语（Predicate Nominative）表语是指位于系动词之后，对主语进行补充说明、描述其身份、属性、状态等的一部分。
7. 同位语（Appositive）同位语用来进一步解释或说明前面的名词或代词，放在被解释的名词或代词的旁边。
8. 补语（Complement）补语用来补充或完善动词、名词、形容词等的意义，通常放在被补充词的后面。
二、句子结构1. 简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句是由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子。
它可以有其他成分（如宾语、定语、状语等），但是只有一个主谓结构。
2. 并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句是由两个或多个简单句通过连词（如and、but、or、for等）连接而成的句子。
3. 复合句（Complex Sentence）复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。
主句可以独立成句，而从句不能独立成句。
4. 复合并列句（Compound-Complex Sentence）复合并列句是由两个或多个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
三、动词形式1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）一般现在时用来表示经常性的动作、事实或习惯。
自考英语语法大全
自考英语语法大全第一篇句法类一、表语从句1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2．构成：关联词+简单句3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。
如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。
如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。
如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：1．连词because可引导表语从句。
如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)四
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)四关于将来完成时由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。
When we get there they’ll probably have left.By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.下面我们要讲的是语法中的重中之重：情态动词+完成式(1)could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。
例What happened in the airport could have been true.The director could have produced a better film.He could have helped me, but he didn’t.(2) might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不必定，表示近乎未实现的行为.例：You might have done the work better.你本来可以把工作做得更好一些。
(3) must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情，语气相当必定，表示“必定，必然”。
例：It must have rained last night. The ground is wet.昨夜必然下雨了，地上湿乎乎的。
(4) should/ought to +have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。
例：They should have made a good job of it.他们本来可把工作做好。
自考英语复习资料语法难点
教育联展网语法难点（一）真实条件句1.基本形式：主句动词是将来时，if条件从句中的动词用现在时If you want something really badly,you’ll probably get in.2.If条件从句为一般现在时，主句中含有情态动词或用一般现在时表示状态或必然的结果If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.3.If条件从句的时态变化If you’re looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.If you have lost your car,you should report it to the police.If you’re going to the U.S.,you’ll need a visa.（二）虚拟语气1.与现在事实相反的虚拟(1)If+did(were)+...,...would(should,could,might)+动词原形If I were you,I would go abroad at once.If he knew it now,he could help me.(2)从句中可用If it were not for...(若不是……).e.g.(倒装句)Were it not for your help,I would’t be doing so well.If it weren’t for Jack,you wouldn’t be anywhere.2.与过去事实相反的虚拟(1)If+had done+...,...would(might,could等)+动词原形If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for ...(若不是……)e.g.(倒装句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.If it hadn’t been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.3.与将来事实相反的虚拟(1)If+should +v.,...wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“万一”)，e.g. If I should fail,what should I do?(2)If+did(were)to+v....,would等+v.(完全不可能)e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west,I would lend you the money.4.某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常见的词有order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest等。
自考现代英语语法重点
Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。
所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2．Morphemes词素(Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。
）什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。
词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。
某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。
所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。
词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。
自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。
它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish 等。
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记1. 一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）1.1 定义与用法：一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year, on weekends等。
1.2 谓语动词的构成：一般现在时的谓语动词构成：（1）一般动词：原形（2）第三人称单数（he/she/it）：动词原形 + "s" / "es"（3）不可数名词或复数名词：动词原形1.3 示例：（1）I always go to bed early.（我总是早睡。
）（2）She watches TV every evening.（她每天晚上都看电视。
）（3）They eat breakfast at home.（他们在家吃早餐。
）2. 进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）2.1 定义与用法：进行时态表示现在正在进行的动作。
它一般用于表示现阶段的动作，常用时间状语有：now, at the moment, at present等。
2.2 谓语动词的构成：进行时态的谓语动词构成：be动词（am/is/are） + 现在分词（-ing形式）2.3 示例：（1）She is studying in the library now.（她现在正在图书馆学习。
）（2）We are watching a movie at the moment.（我们现在正在看电影。
）（3）He is eating dinner with his family.（他正在和家人一起吃晚饭。
）3. 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）3.1 定义与用法：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1999等。
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解1．动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing 现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done现在完成进行时主动被动 have been doing1．1 现在完成时发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。
现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995，in the past two decades1.2 过去完成时过去的过去。
1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。
He missed the train.He said he had missed the train.2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作No sooner had he got up than he received the call.3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中If I had tried harder, I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam.1.3 完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直The water has been running the whole night.1.4 过去时过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。
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自考英语重点语法动名词在句子中的作用动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。
动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。
动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。
1.作主语动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。
如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health.（吸烟对人体非常有害。
）Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。
）但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。
这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。
因此，必须给予足够的重视。
（1）“it”作形式主语的句型。
这种句型常常表现在下列结构中：It is no good... It is not much good...It is no use... It is hardly any use...It is useless... It is not any use...It is little use... It is hardly worth...It is worth... It is worthwhile...It is a waste of time... It is difficult...It is a waste of time arguing with him.（跟他辩论是在浪费时间。
）It was no use talking without taking any action.（只说不做是没有用的。
）（2）“there”作先行主语的句型。
这种句型通常用在否定句中，其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。
There is no denying the fact.（事实不容否认。
）There is no joking over this matter.（这种事开不得玩笑。
）There is no telling what she will be after she grows up.（说不准她长大后会干什么。
）动名词在句子中的作用2.动名词作表语动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样，由be+动词-ing形式构成，但它所表达的是主语“是什么”，而不是主语“正在干什么”。
The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV.（史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。
）The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job.（最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。
）Seeing is believing.（眼见为实。
）我们知道，不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表达的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般说来，动名词多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。
动名词在句子中的作用3.动名词作同位语同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词，是对该名词的进一步解释，起一个补充说明作用。
动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。
His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years.（他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。
）That's my pride, speaking five languages.（说五种语言，这是我的骄傲。
）That's your mistake, asking such a stupid person t do such an important job. （让这样一个傻瓜做这样重要的事情，这是你的错。
）动名词在句子中的作用4.动名词作定语动名词作定语修饰名词，通常用来说明该名词的用途，如 a sleeping car (a car for sleeping)a swimming pool (a pool for swimming),a dining room (a room for dining),a dancing party (a party for dancing)a singing competition (a competition for singing)等等；现代分词也可以作定语修饰名词，表示该名词正处在一种什么样的状态，现代分词这个动作实际上是由所修饰的名词所发出的，如 a sleeping beauty (a beauty is sleeping)a running dog (a dog is running)a dancing girl (a girl is dancing) 等等。
区别一个作定语的-ing形式的动词是动名词还是现代分词，我们可以用这样的方法：将被修饰的名词作主语，用be来连接带有-ing的动词，如果逻辑上行得通，那就是现代分词，反之就是动名词。
如把 a flying bird换成a bird is flying 在逻辑上行得通，flying就是现代分词，而把a dining room换成a room is dining就行不通了，因此dining就是动名词。
当然，我们也可以把be换成for来进行检验，比如，把a barking dog 换成a dog for barking，结果不符合逻辑和常识，因此，barking是现代分词，而把a swimming pool换成a pool for swimming就顺理成章了。
动名词在句子中的作用5.动名词作宾语动名词可以作动词的宾语和介词的宾语（1）动名词作谓语动词的宾语。
谓语可以用很多种词类作自己的宾语，其中包括名词、代词、不定式、动名词等。
学生常常感到困难的是，判断不准在谓语动词后面到底是接不定式还是接动名词。
下面所列出的动词是英语四级中常见的动词，当它们被用作谓语时，要求接动名词作宾语：suggest, admit, finish, avoid, risk, keep, imagine, escape,appreciate, consider, stop can't help, delay, deny, enjoy, mind,miss resent, understand, postpone, practice, defer, fancy, excuse,pardon, advise, endure, confess, acknowledge, justify, resist,involve, anticipate, abandon, mention等等。
如：He has finished reading the novel.（他已经读完了这本小说。
）Would you mind passing me the dictionary?（把字典递给我，好吗？）He never can resist making a joke.（他从不反对开玩笑。
）Mary said in her letter that she would appreciate hearing from me very soon. （玛丽在信中说，她希望早日收到我的来信。
）英语中，有些动词既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，如like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue,attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret,neglect, try, deserve等等。
对其中一部分词而言，这种两种结构之间意义区别不大，但在remember, regret, want, try等动词后区别就十分明显了。
请看下面几组例句的区别：I remembered turning off the light when I left the classroom.（关灯的事已经做完，而且我记得我做过这件事。
）I remembered to turn off the light when I left the classroom.（尽管关灯这件事还没有做，但我记得有这件事要去做）He forgets sending the letter for me.（信已经寄走了，但他忘了自己已经做过这件事）He forgets to send the letter for me.（信根本就没有被寄走，他忘了自己有这么一件事要做）We must try to do a better job.（努力去做）Let's try solving the problem some other way.（试一试）在like, hate, prefer dread, love等动词之后，接不定式和动名词，在意义上有一些差别，接不定式表示或具体的一次动作，接动名词则表示习惯性动作。
如：Ii like reading detective stories.I like to read detective stories tonight.I hate speaking before a big audience.I hate to speak under such an unfriendly circumstance.（2）动名词作介词的宾语。
动名词作介词宾语的时候非常多，主要出现在带有介词的动词词组这类固定搭配的后面，如：He finally succeeded in persuading her to give up such a silly idea. （他终于成功地说服了她放弃这样愚蠢的主意。
）The court charged him with stealing the equipment.（法庭指控他盗窃设备。
）一、动词-ing形式的时态和语态1.时态如动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，或表示正在发生，用它的一般式。
若表示其动作先于谓语动作的动作，须用它的完成式。
看下例：·Having worked in the fields for three hours, they took a rest.（在田里工作了三个小时后他们休息了一会儿。