自考英语重点语法

自考英语重点语法

动名词在句子中的作用

动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。

1.作主语

动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。

如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health.

（吸烟对人体非常有害。）

Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。）

但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此，必须给予足够的重视。

（1）“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中：

It is no good... It is not much good...

It is no use... It is hardly any use...

It is useless... It is not any use...

It is little use... It is hardly worth...

It is worth... It is worthwhile...

It is a waste of time... It is difficult...

It is a waste of time arguing with him.

（跟他辩论是在浪费时间。）

It was no use talking without taking any action.

（只说不做是没有用的。）

（2）“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中，其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。

There is no denying the fact.

（事实不容否认。）

There is no joking over this matter.

（这种事开不得玩笑。）

There is no telling what she will be after she grows up.

（说不准她长大后会干什么。）动名词在句子中的作用

2.动名词作表语

动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样，由be+动词-ing形式构成，但它所表达的是主语“是什么”，而不是主语“正在干什么”。

The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV.

（史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。）

The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job.

（最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。）

Seeing is believing.

（眼见为实。）

我们知道，不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表达的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般说来，动名词多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。

动名词在句子中的作用

3.动名词作同位语

同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词，是对该名词的进一步解释，起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。

His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years.

（他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。）

That's my pride, speaking five languages.

（说五种语言，这是我的骄傲。）

That's your mistake, asking such a stupid person t do such an important job. （让这样一个傻瓜做这样重要的事情，这是你的错。）

动名词在句子中的作用

4.动名词作定语

动名词作定语修饰名词，通常用来说明该名词的用途，

如 a sleeping car (a car for sleeping)

a swimming pool (a pool for swimming),

a dining room (a room for dining),

a dancing party (a party for dancing)

a singing competition (a competition for singing)等等；

现代分词也可以作定语修饰名词，表示该名词正处在一种什么样的状态，现代分词这个动作实际上是由所修饰的名词所发出的，

如 a sleeping beauty (a beauty is sleeping)

a running dog (a dog is running)

a dancing girl (a girl is dancing) 等等。

区别一个作定语的-ing形式的动词是动名词还是现代分词，我们可以用这样的方法：将被修饰的名词作主语，用be来连接带有-ing的动词，如果逻辑上行得通，那就是现代分词，反之就是动名词。

如把 a flying bird换成a bird is flying 在逻辑上行得通，flying就是现代分词，而把a dining room换成a room is dining就行不通了，因此dining就是动名词。当然，我们也可以把be换成for来进行检验，比如，把a barking dog 换成a dog for barking，结果不符合逻辑和常识，因此，barking是现代分词，而把a swimming pool换成a pool for swimming就顺理成章了。

动名词在句子中的作用

5.动名词作宾语

动名词可以作动词的宾语和介词的宾语

（1）动名词作谓语动词的宾语。谓语可以用很多种词类作自己的宾语，其中包括名词、代词、不定式、动名词等。学生常常感到困难的是，判断不准在谓语动词后面到底是接不定式还是接动名词。下面所列出的动词是英语四级中常见的动词，当它们被用作谓语时，要求接动名词作宾语：

suggest, admit, finish, avoid, risk, keep, imagine, escape,

appreciate, consider, stop can't help, delay, deny, enjoy, mind,

miss resent, understand, postpone, practice, defer, fancy, excuse,

pardon, advise, endure, confess, acknowledge, justify, resist,

involve, anticipate, abandon, mention等等。

如：He has finished reading the novel.

（他已经读完了这本小说。）

Would you mind passing me the dictionary?

（把字典递给我，好吗？）

He never can resist making a joke.

（他从不反对开玩笑。）

Mary said in her letter that she would appreciate hearing from me very soon. （玛丽在信中说，她希望早日收到我的来信。）

英语中，有些动词既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，

如like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue,

attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret,

neglect, try, deserve等等。

对其中一部分词而言，这种两种结构之间意义区别不大，但在remember, regret, want, try等动词后区别就十分明显了。请看下面几组例句的区别：

I remembered turning off the light when I left the classroom.

（关灯的事已经做完，而且我记得我做过这件事。）

I remembered to turn off the light when I left the classroom.

（尽管关灯这件事还没有做，但我记得有这件事要去做）

He forgets sending the letter for me.

（信已经寄走了，但他忘了自己已经做过这件事）

He forgets to send the letter for me.

（信根本就没有被寄走，他忘了自己有这么一件事要做）

We must try to do a better job.（努力去做）

Let's try solving the problem some other way.（试一试）

在like, hate, prefer dread, love等动词之后，接不定式和动名词，在意义上有一些差别，接不定式表示或具体的一次动作，接动名词则表示习惯性动作。

如：Ii like reading detective stories.

I like to read detective stories tonight.

I hate speaking before a big audience.

I hate to speak under such an unfriendly circumstance.

（2）动名词作介词的宾语。

动名词作介词宾语的时候非常多，主要出现在带有介词的动词词组这类固定搭配的后面，如：He finally succeeded in persuading her to give up such a silly idea. （他终于成功地说服了她放弃这样愚蠢的主意。）

The court charged him with stealing the equipment.

（法庭指控他盗窃设备。）

一、动词-ing形式的时态和语态

1.时态

如动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，或表示正在发生，用它的一般式。若表示其动作先于谓语动作的动作，须用它的完成式。看下例：

·Having worked in the fields for three hours, they took a rest.

（在田里工作了三个小时后他们休息了一会儿。）

动词-ing形式结构的完成式可以带有自己的逻辑主语；也可以有否定形式，not须放在having之前。如：·We know nothing about Reagan having served in the army.

（有关里根在军队服役的事我们一无所知。）

·Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.

（很长时间没有她儿子的来信，这位母亲非常担心。）

2.语态

动词的-ing形式结构的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的承受者。如：

·The problem being discussed is of vital importance.

（这个正被讨论的问题极其重要。）

·Having been warned about the typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.

（受到台风的警告后，渔民把船驾驶到最近的港湾。）

二、动词-ing形式的用法

1.作定语

动词-ing形式作定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。

（1）动词-ing形式作前置定语表示它所修饰的名词所做的动作。

如： a sleeping child

sleeping volcano

changing situation

作前置定语用的动词-ing形式有时还可以在它的前面加上形容词、副词或名词来构成合成词。

如：hard-working peasant

epoch-making event

breath-taking performance

（2）作后置定语的动词-ing形式一般是由动词-ing形式加上其他成分构成。

如：The banana tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good

crop of fruit.

（香蕉树结满了果实，在微风中轻轻摇摆。）

We shall arrive too late to catch the train leaving at nine.

（我们到得太晚，赶不上9点的火车。）

2.作表语

动词-ing形式作表语时，动词-ing形式往往表示主语所具有的特征，对主语加以描述。

如：The music is much pleasing to the ear.

（音乐听起来很悦耳。）

The flowers look even more charming after the rain.

（雨后的花儿格外迷人。）

3.作宾语补足语

动词-ing形式和动词-ing形式短语可以用在表示感觉的动词（如see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, feel等）以及其他使役、致使动词（如catch, set, have, make, get, start, leave, keep, find）的宾语后面，作宾语补足语。

如：Do you think you can get the radio working?

（你认为你能修好这个收音机吗？）

I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond.

（我看到一个小女孩站在金鱼缸前。）

在一些感官、使役动词后既可以接不定式宾补也可以接动词-ing形式宾补，其区别在：动词的-ing形式宾补表示动作正在进行，不是指全过程；不定式宾补表示动作的完成，指全过程。另外，短暂性动词的动词-ing形式宾补表示动作的反复，而不定式则表示动作的一次性。

如：I saw the thief getting on the train.

（正在上火车）

I saw thief get on the train and disappeared.

（上了火车，消失了）

He heard the door slamming.

（反复经常发生的动作）

He heard the door slam.

（一次性动作，已完成）

4.作状语

动词-ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等意义。

（1）表示时间

Opening the door. I saw nobody in.

（打开门，我没看到有人进来。）

如果动词的-ing形式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，并已完成，这时要用动词的-ing形式的完成式。

如：Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.

（作出决定以后，他们马上开始工作。）

Having been experimented several times, this new product will

be put into mass production.

（经过多次实验后，这个新产品会大批量生产。）

（2）表示原因。

Having lived in Paris for many years, he knew the city well.

（在巴黎住了这么多年，他非常了解这个城市。）

Knowing French well, he translated the article without much

difficulty.

（他法语水平很高，没费劲就翻译好了这篇文章。）

（3）表示条件。

Working hard, you will succeed.

（努力工作，你就会成功。）

（4）表示让步。

Weighing almost one hundred pounds, the stone was moved by

him alone.

（这块石头重达近100磅，他竟然一个人把它移走了。）

（5）表示结果。

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

（他们的车遇到了交通堵塞，结果造成他们迟到。）

（6）表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明等。

He sat at the window reading.

（他坐在窗口读书。）

She stood there, waiting for him in the rain.

（她站在那里，在雨中等他。）

I wrote Tom, thanking him for his help.

（我给汤姆写信，感谢他的帮助。）

另外，正常情况下，动词-ing形式短语的主语和主句的主语是一致的。

My wife had a long talk with Jenny, explaining why she didn't want the children to play together.

（我妻子同珍尼进行了长谈，解释了她为什么不让孩子们在一起玩的原因。）

5.作独立成分

动词-ing形式独立成份可以进一步说明动词的动作或整个句子所表达的概念，这样用的时候，它们同副词短语相似。

如：Not knowing what to do, I telephone the police.

(= Because I didn't know what to do …)

Putting down my magazine, I walked over to the window and look out.

(= After I had put down my magazine…)

三、动词-ing形式的独立结构

相当于状语从句的动词-ing形式结构的逻辑主语经常是主句的主语。但有时动词-ing形式结构有自己的主语，这个主语由名词或代词表示，放在动词-ing形式的前面，与动词-ing形式构成逻辑上的主谓关系；这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，称为独立结构，意义上相当于各种形式的状语从句以及伴随状况等。

如：Weather permitting (= If the weather permits), we'll go to the zoo tomorrow.

We all went home, he remaining behind (= and he remained behind.

为了简练起见，独立结构中的being或having been有时可以省略。

如：The work (being) done, we felt relieved.

（工作干完了，我们感到很轻松。）

The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eyes (being) wide open. （孩子们瞪大眼睛观看杂技表演。）

Breakfast over, he went to school. （=Breakfast having been over, he went to school）。（吃完早饭后他上学去了。）

独立结构有时也可以由介词with, without引出，这时逻辑主语采用名词或代词宾格形式，句法作用同上。

如：We could hardly work with him fussing us all the time.

（他很喜欢挑剔，我们很难与他共事。）

过去分词

动词-ed形式（以往的语法书称之为过去分词）的构成为动词原形+ed（不规则动词除外），在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。动词-ed形式在很多情况下都有自己的逻辑主语。

一、动词-ed形式的性质

动词-ed形式用来表示已经完成的动作；及物动词-ed形式带有被动的意义；动词-ed形式没有时态和语态的变化。

二、动词-ed形式的用法

1.作定语

充当前置定语的动词-ed形式通常来自及物动词，具有被动和完成意义。

如：written language a conquered army

a finished article the spoken word

a recorded talk a closed shop

来源于不及物动词的动词-ed形式很少能单独用作前置定语，能这样用的仅限于下列几个词，这时它们仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义：

a retired worker = a worker who has retired

a faded/withered flower = a flower that has faded/withered

an expired contract = a contract that has expired

the vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished

有些动词-ed形式单独一个词不能作前置定语，但如加上某些前缀或与某些副词构成复合形容词，便可以作前置定语。

如：well-behaved children

a widely-traveled businessman

an undetermined boundary

unheard-of stories

此后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他修饰成分，在意义上起关联从句的作用，在用法上比关系

从句简洁、紧凑、生动。

如：The quantity of oxygen liberated to atmosphere by growing plants is obviously very large.

= The quantity of oxygen which is liberated to atmosphere by growing plants is

obviously very large.

（很显然，植物释放到大气中的氧气很多。）

Most of the people invited to the party were old friends.

= Most of the people who had been invited to the party were old friends.

The lobster broiled over pepper was delicious.

= The lobster which was broiled over pepper was delicious.

（加胡椒烧烤的龙虾味道很美。）

动词-ed形式可以通过一些形式上的变化表示不同的时间意义：

（1）动词-ed形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。

如：Is this the novel written by Charles Dickens?

Half of the guests invited to the reception were diplomatic personnel.

（被邀请参加招待会的客人有一半是外交人员。）

（2）动词-ed形式表示的是与句中谓语动词相应经常发生的动作。

如：He was a teacher respected by all the students.

These ships carry goods exported to foreign countries.

（这些船运输出口国外的货物。）

（3）动词-ed形式表示一个正在进行的被动动作，用being+动词-ed形式结构。

如：The man being questioned was an ex-spy.

The matter being discussed is of little importance.

（4）动词-ed形式表示一个将来动作，?quot;to be +“动词-ed”形式结构。

如：He was invited to a meeting to be held the next month.

These are the machines to be imported from America.

注意：同一动词的动词-ed形式作后置定语与作前置定语，有时意义有所不同。

如：All people involved in the scandal were investigated.

（作"卷入、涉嫌、牵连"解）

This is an involved problem.（作“复杂、麻烦”解）

The method used is very effective.（作“被采用、采纳”解）

This is a used car.（作“旧的、用过的”解）

All parties concerned are present.（作“有关”解）

He sat musing with a concerned look.（作“关切”解）

The book given to him is a novel written by Charles Dickens.

（作“给……”解）

We will be meeting each other again at given time and place.

（作“特定的”解）

2.作表语

动词-ed形式作表语往往表示主语所处的状态。

如：The door remains locked.

He was sunk in thought.

You're mistaken.

They are satisfied with their present job.

同一动词的动词-ed形式作表语与作定语用时，意义和形式经常有不同。

如：A drunken man is one who has drunk too much alcohol and has got drunk. （醉鬼是喝醉

酒的人。）

A lighted candle is one that has been lit.

3.作宾语补足语

动词-ed形式与使役或感官动词连用作宾语补足语时表示被动意义和已完成的动作。

（1）感觉、感官动词后动词-ed形式作宾补。

这类动词有listen to, notice, look at, see, observe, watch, hear,

find, smell, feel, think等，

如：He was very happy to see his parents taken good care of by the government at home.

He heard his name called.

（2）使役、致使动词后面动词-ed形式作宾补。这类动词有catch, set, have,

make, get, start, leave, keep等。

如：I have my hair cut every month.

Please keep us informed of the latest development.

（3）want, like, wish, order等表示希望、命令、要求等意义的动词后动词-ed形式作宾补。

如：The commander ordered the contingent reorganized.

She won't like such taboos discussed.

4.作状语

动词-ed形式在句中作状语时，在意义上相当于一个状语从句，可以用来表示时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等。

如：Seen from the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.

When it is seen from the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.

（从塔上望去，南山脚是树的海洋。）

She hurried to the hall, followed by two agents.

= She hurried to the hall and was followed by two agents.

（她匆匆赶到大厅，后面跟着两个代理商。）

三、动词-ed形式的独立结构

动词-ed形式作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致；否则，动词-ed形式应有自己的逻辑主语，以构成动词

-ed形式的独立结构。

（1）独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随情况时则常居于句尾。动词-ed形式的独立结构由名词、代词+动词-ed形

式构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。

如：This done, he left the room.（表示时间）

Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable. （表示条件）

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.

（表示方式）

He returned four days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

（表示伴随情况）

（2）独立结构有时可以用with或without引导，构成“with (without)+名词词组+动词的-ed形式”，即带有复杂宾语的介词词组。

如：With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.

They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.

With the first point agreed on, they turned their negotiation to another.

Without a word more spoken, he left the room.

不定式的基本用法

不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，通常由动词不定式符号to+动词原形构成（有时to可以省略），它不受人称和数的限制，起名词、形容词和副词的作用。同时它还保留了动词的某些特点，可以有自己的状语、补足语，及物动词的不定式还必须有自己的宾语；此外，不定式还可以有逻辑上的主语以及时态和语态上的变化。

如：He wants to study hard. (他想努力学习。)

Would you like to tell me how you overcame the difficulties

（你愿意告诉我你是怎样克服困难的吗？）

He seems to be sick.（她好像病了。）

You are lucky to have won the girl's heart.

（你很幸运，赢得了这个女孩的心。）

To be invited to the banquet is a great honor.

（应邀参加宴会是一种荣幸。）

1.作主语

To see is to believe.（眼见为实。）

To err is human, to forgive divine.

（犯错是人之常情，宽容才是圣人之举。）

To have known you is a privilege.（认识你是一大荣幸。）

（1）在现代英语中，更为普遍的是用it作先行主语（形式主语）来开始一个句子，而把动词不定式置于后面，从而使整个句子显得比较平衡。

It was impossible to explain what I meant.

= To explain what I meant was impossible.

It was beyond me to help them.

= To help them was beyond me.（我没有能力帮助他。）

It only took us a year to complete the project.

= To complete the project took us a year.

（完成这个工程花费了我们一年的时间。）

（2）如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引导逻辑主语（结构为It is + for +名词或代词宾格+不定式）。在这种结构中的for本身无意义，只是用来表明动词不定式的主语。

如：It is difficult for me to drive in the mountains.

（对我来说，在山区开车不容易。）

It is a great honor for us to be present at the party.

（能参加这个晚会对我们来说是极大的荣幸。）

It is necessary for me to get up at 6:00.

（我必须在6点起床。）

（3）另外，下列形容词必须同of搭配，构成"It is +形容词+of+代词（名词）+不定式"句型。这类形容词有bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, eight, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise, wrong generous, unwise等。

在此类结构中，名词（代词）与形容词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，用来表示一定的感情色彩。

如：It was unwise of him to make that silly remark.

（他不明智地作出了那样愚蠢的评价。）

It was generous of her to lend me so much money.

（她慷慨地借给我这么多钱。）

It was very thoughtful of her to come to see me when I was ill.

（她很体贴，当我生病时来探望我。）

It was naughty of Jim to behave like a monkey.

（吉姆顽皮得像只猴子。）

It is kind of you to think so much of us.

（你真和善，如此挂念我们。）

不定式的基本用法

2.作宾语

He offered to go with us.（他提出要和我们一起走。）

I prefer to call off the meeting on account of boss's absence.

（我倾向于取消会议因为老板不在。）

（1）不定式作宾语的时候非常多，常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：

afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care,

choose,claim, consent, continue, dare, decide, decline,

desire,determine,expect, fail, forget, hate, hope, intend,

learn, like, long,manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise,refuse, seek, start, tend,

threaten, try, undertake, volunteer, want, wish等。

（2）另外，下列动词常用一个带连接代（副）词的不定式作宾语：

advise, ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain,

find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, show,

teach, tell, think, understand, wonder。

如：The manual explains how to solve the problem.

（这本手册解释怎么解决这个问题。）

We must decide whether to go or not.

（我们必须决定去还是不去。）

I hope you'll advise me what to do next.

（我希望你建议我下一步做什么。）

（3）由于句子平衡的需要，it也可用作形式宾语，这一点与it作形式主语相类似，这里就不再重复。

如：They found it impossible to finish the project ahead of schedule.

（他们觉得不可能提前完成工程。）

I think it better not to go.（我认为最好别去。）

He felt it his duty to work for his own country.

（他认为自己的国家工作是他的义务。）

We find it difficult to work with him.

（我们觉得很难同他共事。）

He thought it a great pity not to have invited her.

（他认为没有邀请她是一大遗憾。）

不定式的基本用法

3.作表语

The purpose of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries.

（此项交流活动的目的在于增进两国之间的相互了解。）

The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.

（最大的快乐就是为大家的快乐而工作。）

You must speak out, if we are to remain friends.

（如果我们还是朋友的话，你必须说出来。）

Our most urgent task is to make a careful analysis of the present situation and form our policy on the basis of such an analysis.

（我们最迫切的任务是对当前形势作出仔细的分析，并在此分析的基础上制定出我们的政策。）

不定式的基本用法

4.作宾语补足语

I want my son to become a lawyer.（我想让我的儿子成为一名律师。）

She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.

（她让我在她不在的时候接电话。）

I told him to go there at once.（我叫他马上到那里去。）

常跟不定式作宾补的动词有：

ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, direct,

enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, get, hate, have,

hear, help, in spire, intend, invite, instruct, lead,

let listen to, look at, make, notice, observe, order,

permit, persuade, press, remind, request, teach, tell,

urge, want, watch, warn, wish等。

不定式的基本用法

5.作定语

He usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.

（他通常晚上有很多会议要参加。）

The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home.

（老师给我们布置了两个家庭作业。）

注意：很多不定式和它修饰的词有动宾关系。因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面必须有必要的介词。

如：He is good guy to work with.（他是一个可以和他一起工作的好小伙。）

There is nothing to worry about.（没有什么可担心的。）

另外，有一些动词和形容词后面常跟不定式，它们的同源名词也常用不定式作定语。此类名词有：

ability, agreement, anxiety, attempt, claim, decision,

determination, need, plan, promise, readiness, tendency,

willingness, wish等。

Your ability to analyze the problem really surprises us.

（你分析问题的能力真令我们吃惊。）

His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious.

（他想回家的急切心情是很明显的。）

不定式的基本用法

6.不定式作状语

（1）作状语，修饰动词。

Some eat to live, and some live to eat.

（有些人为了生存而吃饭，有些人为了吃饭而生存。）

He stopped to take a breath.

（他停下来吸了口气。）

（2）作状语，修饰形容词。

She is anxious to learn English.

The pizza is pleasant to eat.

（比萨饼很好吃。）

（3）作状语，修饰一个句子。

To tell the truth, I am glad to learn the news.

（说实话，知道这条消息我很高兴。）

一、名词性从句的类型

（1）由从属连词that引导，叫做名词性that从句。

（2）由who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词引导。这些引导词除个别外均以wh-字母开首，从而叫做wh-词。由wh-词引导的名词性从句，统统为名词性wh-分句。

二、名词性从句的最基本的特点

（1）名词性从句往往由连接代词或连接副词引导。

（2）名词性从句本身要求用陈述语序。

（3）引导名词性从句的连词，除that在某些场合可以省略外，其它连词都不可省略。

（4）各词性从句在一些场合需要改为用先行词it来引导。

三、名词性从句在句子中的作用

1.作主语从句

充当句子主语的从句被称为主语从句，它可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。当从句比较简短，谓语部分比较复杂时，主语从句往往放在句首；当从句较长，谓语部分比较短时，通常用it作形式主语，把从句作主语的真正主语转移到句末。

如：That the driver could not control his car is obvious.

= It is obvious that the driver could not control his car.

(很显然，司机控制不了他的车。)

How you deal with him is for you to decide.

= It is for you to decide how you deal with him.

（由你来决定怎样对付他。）

（1）由that引导的主语从句。由that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。但是，在多数情况下都是用it用形式主语，而将that从句移到句末（有时that可省略，）

如：It is surprising (that)he should have married Jane.

（他跟简结婚了，真让人吃惊。）

It seems unlikely (that) your brother will refuse the help.

（好像不大可能，你弟弟会拒绝帮助。）

在正式场合中，为了强调that从句的内容，突出主语，也可将that从句放在句首，

如：That the crime was done deliberately is quite clear.

（这个罪行是有意犯的，这一点很清楚。）

That he is French is true.

（他是一个法国人，这一点是肯定的。）

用it作形式主语的that主语从句主要有以下几种不同的搭配关系：

A. It + be + 形容词 + that从句

It is certain that Xiao Wang will be late for the class.

（很明显小王上课将迟到。）

It was quite clear to me that he was telling a lie, because I knew the truth.

（对我来说，很清楚，他在说谎，因为我知道事情的真相。）

It is far better that they should give us more time.

（他们给我们更多的时间，那是再好不过的。）

It is most unfortunate that she should have made such a mistake.

（真不幸，她竟然犯这样的错误。）

注意：在表示建议、命令、要求等意义的先行it结构中，that从句的谓语动词常用should或动词原形，即虚拟语气；在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩的先行it结构中，that从句也常用should这种形式。（详见见本书虚拟语气部分）

B. It + be + 名词词组 + that从句

It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.

（鲸鱼不是鱼，这是个常识。）

It is a pity that he should refuse to accept the offer.

（真遗憾，他会拒绝接受帮助。）

注意：在表示惊奇、惋惜等感情色彩的先行it结构中，that从句用should。

C. It + be + -ed分词 + that从句

It is said that all the Chinese students are learning English.

（据说，所有的中国学生都在学英语。）

It has been announced that China will join the World Trade Organization this year.

（据宣称，中国将在今年加入世贸组织。）

It is suggested/demanded that young children should start

receiving education as early as possible.

（有人建议小孩应该尽早接受教授。）

It is though that Joe drives badly.

（有人认为，乔开车开得很糟糕。）

注意：在这种搭配中，如果先行it结构表示建议、要求/请求、命令等意义时，that从句用should虚拟语气。

D. It + seem/happen等不及物动词 + that从句

It generally happens that the prettiest birds are the worst singers.

（最漂亮的岛通常是最糟糕的歌手）

It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.

（很显然，他们正急着需要帮助。）

（2）由其他连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。由what引导的主语从句相当于“名词+which”引导的定语从句，其含义是“……所……东西。”

如：What I told you is absolutely true.

= The thing, which Ii told you, is absolutely true.

（我告诉你的事是绝对真实的。）

whatever也可以起同样的作用。如：

Whatever she told us here must be kept secret.

（她在这里告诉我们的任何事情都要保密。）

Why he asked such a silly question in the class is a mystery.

（他为什么在课堂上问这样一个愚蠢的问题是一个迷。）

Whether he comes or not has nothing to do with me.

（他来还是不来与我无关。）

When we can finish the task depends on the weather condition.

（我们什么时候能完成任务取决于气候条件。）

Where the new railway station should be built is being discussed. （在哪建新的火车站有待于进一步研究。）

2.表语从句

表语从句是指在联系动词之后，对主语进行解释的名词性从句。

（1）表语从句的引导词。能够引导主语从句的连接代词和连接副词都可以用来引导表语从句。除此之外，as, as if, because, lest等也可以引导表语从句，

如：She looks as if she were seriously ill.（她看上去病得很重。）

Her fear was lest they should stay for tea.（她惟恐他们留下来喝茶。）

That was because we did not do what he asked us to do.

（这是因为我们没做他让我们做的事情。）

His rooms were exactly as he had left them.

（他的房间同他离开时完全一样。）

（2）表语从句的用法。表语从句可以表示事实真相等实际情况，也可以表示意见、建议、信念等，如：The truth is that we failed to give him a quick response.

（事实是，我们未能及时给他答复。）

He did not call me back. The fact is that he did not even read my letter.

（他没有把电话打回来，事实上，他根本就没有读我的信。）

My suggestion is that we inform her first, and then leave here by train.

（我的建议是，我们先通知她，然后再乘火车离开这里。）

My belief is that our country will become stronger and stronger.

（我相信，我们的国家将变得越来越强大。）

3.同位语从句

一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词（或起类似作用的其他东西），对前者作进一步的解释，说明它指的是谁或是什么等，这就是同位语。如果这个同位语是一个从句，那么这个从句就叫做同位从句。同位语从句把其所修饰、限制、说明的名词进一步具体化。

（1）同位语从句通常所修饰的名词。不是所有的名词都可以接同位语从句。常见的可以接同位语从句的名词有：order, question, announcement, belief, doubt, evidence, discovery, fact, guarantee, knowledge, hope, rumor, statement, suggestion, proposal, suspicion idea, news story等等。

（2）同位语从句的引导词。多数同位语从句都是用that引导的。此外，whether, what, who, how, why, where等wh-型词也可以引导同位语从句，如：

Next comes the question what you want it for.

（接下来的问题：你是它干吗？）

Do you have any idea why he was so upset?

（你知道他为什么这样心烦吗？）

Do you have any idea how an aircraft take off?

（你知道飞机是怎样起飞的吗？）

（3）同位语从句的位置。通常，同位语从句紧靠其所修饰的名词后面。但是，如果同位语太长，而主语又比较短，则可放在主句的谓语之后，如：

The question always comes up in my mind that I should stay or not.

= The question That I should stay or not always comes up in my mind.

（我是否该呆在这里这个问题总是萦绕在我脑子里。）

The order came that part of our troops should be sent out immediately to attack the enemy.

= The order that part of our troops should be sent out immediately to attack the enemy came.

（把我们部分军队立即调出去进攻敌人的命令到了。）

引导形容词从句的关系词

引导形容词从句的关系词主要有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, what, as, but, than, whoever, whichever, whatever）、关系副词（where, when, why, how）以及关系形容词（what, which, whose, whatever, whichever）。

1.关系代词引导的形容词从句

（1）who和whom; who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中起宾语的作用，都指人，都不受它们的先行词的单复

数的影响。

如：The teacher will punish the students who are lazy.

（老师将惩罚那些偷懒的学生。）

I do not want to invite those people whom I dislike.

(我不想邀请那些我不喜欢的人。)

Professor Li is one of the professors whom I admire.

(李教授是我尊敬的教授之一。)

在限定性形容词从句中，whom常常可以省略。

如：Tell me something about the man (whom) you saw last night.

（给我讲讲你昨天晚上看到的那个人的情况。）

I am married to a woman (whom) I love very much.

（我同我所爱的人结了婚。）

（2）which: which指物，它在形容词从句中既可作主语，又可作宾语；但在限定性从句中作宾语时常可省略。

如：The book (which) I am reading is about the Second World War.

（我在读的是一本有关二战的书。）

The house (which)you are looking for has been sold.

（你在找的房子已经被卖掉了。）

（3）that：既可指物，又可指人，既可作主语，又可作宾语，总是用于限定性形容词从句中。在从句中作宾语，常常可以省略。

如：The accident that (= which) killed many people has been investigated.

（造成多人死亡的那个事故已经被调查了。）

The bad news (that) (=which) I just heard of was about Diana's death.

（我刚刚听到的坏消息是有关戴安娜之死。）

注意：多数情况下，that和who, whom, which之间可以相互替换，但是，在下列条件下，一般要用that而不用who, whom, which。

A. 如果形容词从句的先行词前有the last, the only, the next, the very, the same, all, all the, the + 形容词有最高级等形容词以及any, every, much , little, none, nothing, something, everything修饰时，引导形容词从句的关系代词常用that。

如：There is little that I can understand.（我明白的东西不多。）

She was the best leader that ever led us.

（她是领导过我们的人中最好的一位。）

She pleased all the people that came here.

（她把来这里的人搞得都非常开心。）

This is all that I have to say.

（我要说的就这些。）

She dislikes everything that is old.

（一切旧的东西她都不喜欢。）

B. 为了避免一些重复结构。如：

Which is the train that （非which）is going to Shanghai?

（到上海的火车是哪一列？）

C. 当先行词是集体名词或代表人及物时，多用that。如：

He wants to join the team that won the game.（他想加入获胜的队。）

I must take care of the passenger and luggage that will be sent to the station.

（我必须看管好那些要送到车站的旅客和行李。）

D. that常和以-ible和-able结尾的词一起用。

如：There is no road that is impassable.（没有不通的路。）

但是要注意，关系代词与它的动词若被隔开时，则不能用that，而要用who, which等。

如：I am ready to help any man who, in case he is in trouble, needs my help.

（一旦有人陷入困境，我随时都准备好去帮助需要帮助的人。）

（4）as：作为关系代词，用于限定性从句中，只能用在such, same, as或so的后面；用于非限定性形容词从句，则代替整个主句位置，比较灵活：

Such as have knowledge have ability.（有知识就有能力。）

The same accident as happened to me, had happened to you.

（发生在我身上的事故又同样发生在你身上。）

As many boys as come will be admitted.

（许多要来的男孩将得到允许。）

He did it in so special a way as excited me.

（他用如此特殊的方法做了这件事使我感到兴奋。）

（5）but: but间或用作关系代词，意思是"that/who/whom...not"，它引导的都是限定性从句，常用在否定句中。

如：There is no one but knows him. = Everyone knows him.

（每个人都认识他。）

Few mother but love her children.

（每个母亲都爱自己的孩子。）

（6）what: what是先行词和关系代词的结合体，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语，主要指物，但有时也可指人。

如：I understand what you are doing now.

（what既作understand的宾语，又作doing的宾语）

He is what you want to meet.

（7）whoever, whichever和whatever：它们也是先行词和关系词的结合体，表示：“任何……的人”，“不管是

哪个……”，“任何……的东西”，

如：Whoever (= Anyone who) drives too fast will be fined.

（任何开飞车的人都将受到罚款。）

Whichever (= any one of these that) you want will be up to you.

（想要什么你自己决定。）

He thought whatever he had said.

（他怎么说的就是他怎么想的。）

（8）than: than作为关系代词，只和形容词、副词的比较级一起用：

He has more books than (than what)is necessary.

（他有的书不只是需要的那么多。）

I stayed longer than is demanded by my boss.

（我待得比我的老板要求的要长。）

引导形容词从句的关系词

引导形容词从句的关系词主要有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, what, as, but, than, whoever, whichever, whatever）、关系副词（where, when, why, how）以及关系形容词（what, which, whose, whatever, whichever）。

2.关系形容词引导的形容词从句

（1）whose：不仅可以指人，还可以指物。

We had a big hall, whose door was covered with gold leaf.

（我们有一个大厅，大厅的门镶着金叶。）

The big room whose windows are red is mine.

（那个窗户是红色的大房间是我的。）

（2）which：只能用在非限定性形容词从句中。

I have a nice friend, which always invites me to dinner.

（我有一个好朋友，那个朋友总是请我吃饭。）

They sent money to the officials, which practice was very usual.

（他们送钱给那些官员，这种事情非常普遍。）

（3）what：用作关系形容词可以指物，有时也可指人。

What soldiers (all the soldiers that) I met are heroes.

（我见过的战士都是英雄。）

（4）whichever和whatever：作关系形容词时，较少使用。

Whichever book (Any one of the books that) you like is available in this book-store.

（任何你喜欢的书在这个书店里都能买到。）

I have finished whatever books (any books that) my teacher asked me to read.

（老师让我读的任何书我都读完了。）

引导形容词从句的关系词

引导形容词从句的关系词主要有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, what, as, but, than, whoever, whichever, whatever）、关系副词（where, when, why, how）以及关系形容词（what, which, whose, whatever, whichever）。

3.关系副词引导的形容词从句

（1）where：为地点副词，必须放在表示地点的名词后面，表示“在……的地方”。

I saw him on the street, where a department store stands.

（我在大街上看到他，那边有一个百货商店。）

The swimming pool, where many people are swimming, is very big.

（这个游泳池很大，有很多人在里面游泳。）

She is from (the place) where the sun rises.

（她来自太阳升起的地方。）

（2）when：表示时间的关系副词，先行词为所表示的时间的词。

He should go on July 8, when it is a lucky day.

（他应该7月8日走，那天是个幸运日。）

（3）how：表示方式的关系副词，总是用在限定性从句中，常常省略或省略先行词。

This is the way (how) we solved the problem.

（这就是我们解决问题的方法。）

（4）why：表示原因或理由的关系副词，总是用在限定性形容词从句中。

Can you tell me the reason why you are so upset?

（你能告诉我你如此沮丧的原因吗？）

（5）that：多用作关系代词，但在非正式语言中可用作关系副词代替when, how或why，而且还可以省略。

The day (that) (= when) we met was snowy.

I have been to the place (that) (=where) he stays.

This is the manner (that) (=how) the teacher taught us.

（6）as：

It may be completed with the same quality as it was done before.

（同以前一样，可以用同样的质量来完成它。）

（7）一些旧的关系副词：whence, whither, whereat, wherein, whereby 及wherewith.

This is the city whence (= from which) you comes.

Here is the place whither (= to which) we are going.

The bookstore whereat (= at which) I bought this book is not far away from the company.

That is the point wherein (= in which) you make a mistake.

The backdoor whereby (= by which) we went is very wide.

This is the pen wherewith (= with which) I write the letter.

一、副词从句的基本概念和分类

1.副词从句的概念

句子中起状语作用的从句叫作副词从句，它相当于副词或副词短语，可以用来修饰动词、定语或状语，或者整个句子。例如：

Come here whenever you like.

She has made more progress than we thought.

We shall marry as soon as we get together.

2.副词从句的基本类型

副词从句根据连接词或连接短语的意义，可以分为以下几种：

时间副词从句、地点副词从句、条件副词从句、比较副词从句、原因副词从句、

结果副词从句、目的副词从句、方式副词从句、让步副词从句、伴随副词从句、

对比副词从句、依据副词从句、“不管”副词从句、限制副词从句、除外面词从句等。

二、副词从句的基本用法

1.时间副词从句

引导时间副词从句的连接词有：when（当……的时候），whenever（每当……），as（当……的时候），

since（自从……），till（直到……），until（直到……），before（在……之前），after（在……之后），as soon as（一……就），once（一旦……），the moment（一……就），immediately（一……就），the day （在……那天），no sooner...than（一……就），hardly (scarcely)...when（一……就），the instant

（一……就），instantly（一……就），directly（一……就），the minute（一……就），the second, every time（每当）等等。

（1）表示某个时刻或某段时间：when, as, while, by the time, the next time, in the very times, when, whenever, the+一段时间等。

如：I studied English when (while, as) I was young.

（我小时候就开始学英语。）

By the time the earthquake ended, millions of people became homeless.

（到地震结束的时候，很多人变得无家可归。）

The next time we met him, he was singing a nice song.

（第二次见到他时，他正在唱一首动听的歌。）

The three years I was at college. I was very happy.

（大学的三年，我非常快乐。）

（2）表示频度：each/every time, as often as, whenever (any time, no matter when)。例如：Each/every time I do something, he always points out my faults.

（每次我做什么，他总是指出我的错。）

They laughed at each other as often as they met.

（他们一碰面就互相嘲笑。）

Whenever (Any time, No matter when) they are free, they play basketball.

（3）表示“立即”，“一……就”：once, (as) soon as (directly, immediately, the moment, the instant), scarcely (hardly, not, barely, only just) ... when (before)..., no sooner... than...。

如：Once you understood this question, you would understand that one.

（一旦你理解了这个问题，你也就理解了那个问题。）

The bride and bridegroom quarreled (as) soon as (directly, immediately, the moment, the instant) the wedding ended.

（婚礼一结束，新娘和新郎便吵了起来。）

He had hardly (scarcely, barely, only just) gone to bed when the doorbell rang.

（他刚要上床睡觉，门铃就响了。）

No sooner had he got off the plane than his wife ran towards him and kissed him.

（他刚一下飞机，他妻子便跑向他吻他。）

（4）表示“在……前，在……后”：before, after。例

如：Look before you leap. Don't jump before you look.（三思而后行。）

He wants to become famous after he publishes his works.

（他希望著作出版后能成名。）

（5）表示“直到”：till, until。这两个词的意思都是“直到……”，引导表示一段时间的状语，用法相近，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词：在否定句中，until和till可以和非延续性动词连用。它们引导的从句不能用shall, will或would。例

如：He didn't come into the room until I came back.

（直到我返回，他才进屋。）

Until I met her, I had never known what's love.

（直到我遇到她，我才知道什么是爱。）

Can you finish this book by Sunday?

（你能在星期天之前看完这本书吗？）

They may stay at the cabin until the rain stops.

（他们可能要在这个小屋一直呆到雨停。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

2.地点副词从句

引导地点状语从句的连接词有：where（在……地方），wherever（在任何地方），everywhere（到处：无论哪里）等。

（1）where指“在某个地方”。例如：

Readers should put the book they had finished where it was.

（读者应该把书看完后放到原来的地方。）

（2）wherever (anywhere, no matter where)

I will follow you wherever (anywhere, no matter where) you go.

（你到哪儿，我就跟到哪儿。）

（3）everywhere指“处处；无论哪里”。例如：

Her pet dog follows her everywhere she goes.

（她走到哪儿，她的宠物狗就跟到哪儿。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

3.条件副词从句

引导条件副词从句的连接词有：if（如果），unless（除非），providing/provided that（假如），as (so) long as（只要），on condition that（在……条件下），suppose/supposing that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是……就好了）

If you can help me out of trouble this time, I will promise you everything.

（这次你要能帮我摆脱麻烦，我就答应给你所有的事情。）

If I were you , I would certainly have not done such a silly thing.

（如果我是你，我不会做那样的蠢事。）

Unless you give up that bad habit, I will not marry you.

（除非你放弃坏习惯，否则我不跟你结婚。）

I would keep silent, but that you are my leader.

（除非你是我的领导我才会保持沉默。）

Providing/provided that you give me a hand, I will finish that more quickly.

（假如你能帮我，我会完成得更快。）

So/As long as one is honest, one can get along at any nook.

（只要你是诚实的，在任何角落都可以过得很好。）

I will give you anything you want on condition that you listen to me.

（只要你听我的，我将给你任何你想要的东西。）

There is a will, there is a way.（有志者，事竟成。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

4.比较副词从句

（1）as...as, the same as, such... as, not so (as)... as, not the same... as, not such...as引导同级比较副词从句。

如：Your computer is not the same as mine.

（你的计算机和我的不一样。）

No other men work as hard as his father (does).

（没有人像他父亲一样努力工作。）

（2）than引导的比较副词从句。例

如：Nothing is more wonderful than that you (should) have money of your own.

（没有什么比你自己有钱更好的了。）

He is only less fast than (= almost as fat as) his wife.

（他和妻子几乎是一样胖。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

5.原因副词从句

常用来引导原因副词从句的连接词有：because（因为），since（既然），as（因为），now (that) (既然)，seeing (that)（既然），considering (that)（考虑到，因为），in that（因为，既然），in view of the fact that（鉴于），whereas（既然），in as much as（由于……原因）等。

（1）because, since, as, for引导原因副词从句。

because表示原因的语气最强，常用于回答以"whey"引导的疑问句，because从句一般位于主句后，也可

在前，但是，当because从句表示理由时，只能放在主句后面。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，且不可位于主句前。

since表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已知的，显然的理由，意为“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。

as所表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句，从句通常放在主句前，看下例：-（误）Because I did not see her in the class, she might not come to school today.

-（正）She might not come to school today because I did not see her in the class.（她今天可能没来上学，因为我在班里没见到她。）

-（误）For I did not see her in the class, she might not come to school today.

-（正）There must be no one in the room for（不能用because）the door is locked.（屋里肯定没人，因为门锁着。）

注意：

A. 在强调句中，如果要强调原因状语，只能用It is because...that结构，不可用其他：

It was because（不能用as或since）he was too young that he could not join the army.

B. 另外，for不可用于not...but结构。如：

-（误）I love her not for she is rich or beautiful, but for she is noble-hearted.

-（正）I love her not because she is rich and beautiful, but because she is noble-hearted.（我爱她并不是因为她富有、漂亮，而是因为她思想高尚。）

（2）seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), In view of/on account of the fact that, for the reason/by reason/for fear that, on the ground(s) that, in that引导的原因副词从句：

Seeing/Considering (that)/in view of the fact that she is so tired, they let her go to bed.

（考虑到她很累，他们让她上床睡觉。）

Now (that) you have come here to be an armyman, you should try to be strong enough.

（既然你已经来到这儿当军人，你应该试着变得足够强壮。）

He did not come here for the reason/on the ground(s) that he was ill.

(由于他病了，所以他没有来这儿。)

He was punished in that be committed crime.

（他受到了惩罚是由于他犯了罪。）

（3）in as/so much, inasmuch as, whereas引导的原因副词从句：

I will give up smoking in so (as) much/inasmuch as I have little money to afford it.

（我戒烟是因为我没钱买。）

Whereas the room is locked, nobody could come into it.

（由于屋子上了锁，所以没人能进去。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

6.结果副词从句

引导结果副词从句的常用连词有：(so) that（结果），so...(that)（如此……以至于），such...(that) (如此……以至于)，to such a degree (extent) (如此……以至于)，so much so that(如此……以至于)，insomuch that（如此……以至于），as much as（如此……以至于）等等。

It is so hot that we can not keep on the work.

（天这么热，以至于我们不能坚持工作。）

He chose a wrong college to study, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.

（他选错了学习的大学，以至于浪费了他半生的时间。）

Is she really disabled that she should not touch it?

（她真的残疾了而动不了那东西吗？）

No man is so old but (that/what) he may learn.

（不管一个人多老，他都可以学习。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

7.目的副词从句

引导目的副词从句的常用连接词有：(so) that (为了，以便)，in order that, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that(为了，目的是)，for fear that(以防)，lest（以防），in case(以防，以免)。

·He studies hard in order (in the hope, on purpose, for the purpose, to the end. that he may find a good job after his graduation.

·= He studies so hard that he may (can, will) find a good job after his graduation. (他认真学习是为了毕业后能找到好工作。)

·I shouted (so) that they could hear me.（我大喊是为了让他们能听到我。）

·We put the dangerous box out of the children's reach for fear that they might touch it.（我们

把那个危险的盒子放到孩子们够不着的地方是怕他们碰它。）

·All the students studied hard lest they should fail the examinations this term.（所有的学生都

努力学习，他们怕他们这学期考试过不了关。）

so that引导的副词从句既可以表示结果也可表示目的，要注意两者的区别。如：

·She left early, so that she got there on time.（结果）

（她离开得很早，结果按时到达了那里。）

·She left early, so that she could get there on time.（目的）

（她离开得很早以便能按时到达那里。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

8.方式副词从句

常用来引导方式副词从句的词有：as（像……，犹如……），as if (though)（好象，似乎），the way （……的方式，……的样子）according to（按……方式），like（像……）等。

Man needs air as fish needs water.（人需要空气，就像鱼需要水一样。）

He climbed Mount Everest just as you would climb a ladder.

（他攀登世界最高峰就像你登梯子一样。）

As everyone expected, the PRC has grown very strong nowadays.

（正如每个人希望的那样，中华人民共和国如今已经发展得非常强大。）

As you sow, so you will reap.

（种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。）

He speaks as if (though) he were the president.

（他说话好象他是总统一样。）

I shall do it the way my leader told me.

（我将按领导告诉我的方式做这件事。）

Do it in whatever way you can.（用任何你能用的方法做这件事。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

9.让步副词从句

常见的引导让步副词从句的词有：though（虽然），although（虽然），even if (though)(即使)，as（尽管），while/when/whereas（虽然，尽管），granting/granted/ admitting (that)(即使)，notwithstanding/in spite of the fact/despite/that(尽管)，for all (that)(尽管)，whether...or（不论……还是），wh-ever（不管……），no matter...（不管……），any way（不管），动词+从句（不管……）等词。

（1）though, although, even if, if和even though: even if和even though带有强调的意味，语气较

强，though和although语气较弱。though比although通俗，但不如although正式。让步副词从句可放在主句前，

也可放在主句后。

Though (although) he married a nice girl, he is (still, yet, nevertheless) unhappy.

（尽管他和一位很好的姑娘结婚了，但他仍然不快乐。）

I had enjoyed myself very much although (though, even if, even though) I did not know

all of them.

（尽管我并不认识他们，但我还是过得非常快乐。）

Though everyone likes you, I will not.（表示假设的时候不能用although）

If he is old, he is still active.（尽管他老了，但仍很活跃。）

（2）while, when和whereas：它们突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异的情况。

While (When, whereas) he is very young, he is an old hand in this field.

（虽然他非常年轻，但已是这一领域的老手。）

He is still unsatisfied while (when, whereas) he has got everything.

（尽管他已经得到了一切，但仍然不满意。）

I enjoy working late into the night, while (whereas, when) he prefers early before dawn.

（我喜欢在深夜工作，而他喜欢在黎明时工作。）

（3）as (though, that)：常倒装。

Rich as (though) she is, she is still not satisfied.

（尽管她很富，但她仍不满足。）

Standing as it does at top of the hill, the temple is well preserved.

（尽管这座寺庙位于山顶，但仍然保护得很好。）

（4）whether...or(not)：提供两个对比的情况：

Whether it rains or not, we shall go on the football games.

（不管下雨与否，我们将继续进行足球比赛。）

（5）-ever和no matter：表示不管在什么条件下进行随意的选择。

No matter whether (if) it rains or not, I shall go out.

（不管是否下雨，我都要出去。）

However bad the book (may be), we should try to read it through.

（不管这书多么不好，我们还是应该试着读完它。）

（6）for all (that)：表示“尽管如此”。

For all (that) you think (whatever you may think/no matter what you think), I will never change my mind.

（不管你怎么想，我都不会改变主意。）

（7）even now (then, so)：表示“尽管这样（那样），即使在现在（那时）”。

I have tried my best, but even now (then) (though it is true) she is not happy.

（我已经尽力了，但即便这样，她还是不高兴。）

The fire was out, but even so, the smell of smoke was strong.

（火虽然灭了，但烟还很浓。）

（8）not but that (what)：表示“虽然”。

He is very handsome-not but that his girlfriend refused to marry him.

（他长得很帅，虽然他的女朋友拒绝嫁给他。）

I have never go that far；not but what I could do it if I tried.

（如果我想做我一定能做，但我却从未走到那一步。）

（9）granting/granted/admitting that：意思是“即使，就算”。

Granting/Granted/Admitting that it is true, who can explain it?

（就算那是真的，又有谁能解释呢？）

（10）其他一些表示让步的结构。

He insisted in doing the hardest work notwithstanding/in spite of the fact/despite that he is not strong enough.

（尽管他不够强壮，他却坚持做最艰苦的工作。）

Any way (However) you do it, you will get nothing.

（不管你怎么做，都会一无所获。）

Say what you will (may) there is no way to let you go.

（不管你说什么，都不会让你走。）

Be a man ever so learned (Let a man be ever so learneD., he ought not to be hard to go.

（尽管他很有学问，但并非很难交往。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

10.伴随副词从句

never...that...not（做……的同时，就……），never/few... but/without（做……的同时，就……）

等。

I never went out that I did not take my secretary. = I never went out without taking my secretary.

（我出去从来没有不带我的秘书的。）

We never meet but (that not) we fight.

（我们一见面就斗。）二、副词从句的基本用法

11.对比副词从句

引导对比副词从句的有：when（然而，但是），while（然而，但是），whereas（然而，但是）。

Human lives are so cheap, while bread is so dear.

（人命贱，面包贵。）

He sold it for $6 when (while, whereas) everyone else sold it for $ 10.

（这东西他卖$6，而别人却卖$10。）

二、副词从句的基本用法

12.依据副词从句

（1）表示“依据（情况不同）而……”：

We are paid according as our quality of work.

（我们依据工作质量获得报酬。）

A man will rise or fall according to what he tries to achieve.

（2）表示“随着（……的程度）而……”：

One will develop in proportion (in the same degree, in measure) as he knows himself.

（一个人是随着对自己的了解程度而发展的。）

As I grew older, I grew more ambitious.

（随着年龄增长，我变得越来越有抱负。）

The more I learned, the less content I became.

（我学得越多，我越不满足。）

He became stronger (and stronger), the older he grew.