方差分析(英文)
统计学名词中英文对照三
统计学名词中英文对照三统计学名词中英文对照三统计学名词中英文对照Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值accident error 偶然误差accumulated frequency 累积频数alternative hyothesis 备择假设analysis of data 分析资料analysis of variance(ANOVA) 方差分析arith-log aer 算术对数纸arithmetic mean 算术均数assumed mean 假定均数arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数average 平均数average deviation 平均差Bbar chart 直条图、条图bias 偏性binomial distribution 二项分布biometrics 生物统计学bivariate normal oulation 双变量正态总体Ccartogram 统计图case fatality rate(or case mortality) 病死率census 普查chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验central tendency 集中趋势class interval 组距classification 分组、分类cluster samling 整群抽样coefficient of correlation 相关系数coefficient of regression 回归系数coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation) 变异系数collection of data 收集资料column 列(栏)combinative table 组合表combined standard deviation 合并标准差combined variance(or oolled variance) 合并方差comlete survey 全面调查comletely correlation 完全相关comletely random design 完全随机设计confidence interval 可信区间置信区间confidence level 可信水平置信水平confidence limit 可信限置信限constituent ratio 构成比结构相对数continuity 连续性control 对照control grou 对照组coordinate 坐标correction for continuity 连续性校正correction for grouing 归组校正correction number 校正数correction value 校正值correlation 相关联系correlation analysis 相关分析correlation coefficient 相关系数critical value 临界值cumulative frequency 累积频率Ddata 资料degree of confidence 可信度置信度degree of disersion 离散程度degree of freedom 自由度degree of variation 变异度deendent variable 应变量design of exeriment 实验设计deviation from the mean 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率difference with significance 差别不显著difference with significance 差别显著discrete variable 离散变量disersion tendency 离中趋势distribution 分布、分配Eeffective rate 有效率eigenvalue 特征值enumeration data 计数资料equation of linear regression 线性回归方程error 误差error of relication 重复误差error of tye II Ⅱ型错误第二类误差error of tye I Ⅰ型错误第一类误差estimate value 估计值event 事件exeriment design 实验设计exeriment error 实验误差exerimental grou 实验组extreme value 极值Ffatality rate 病死率field survey 现场调查fourfold table 四格表freguency 频数freguency distribution 频数分布GGaussian curve 高斯曲线geometric mean 几何均数groued data 分组资料Hhistogram 直方图homogeneity of variance 方差齐性homogeneity test of variances 方差齐性检验hyothesis test 假设检验hyothetical universe 假设总体Iincidence rate 发病率incomlete survey 非全面调检indeindent variable 自变量indivedual difference 个体差异infection rate 感染率inferior limit 下限initial data 原始数据insection of data 检查资料intercet 截距interolation method 内插法interval estimation 区间估计inverse correlation 负相关Kkurtosis coefficient 峰度系数Llatin sguare design 拉丁方设计least significant difference 最小显著差数least square method 最小平方法最小乘法letokurtic distribution 尖峭态分布letokurtosis 峰态峭度linear chart 线图linear correlation 直线相关linear regression 直线回归linear regression eguation 直线回归方程link relative 环比logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布logarithmic scale 对数尺度lognormal distribution 对数正态分布lower limit 下限Mmatched air design 配对设计mathematical statistics 数理统计(学)maximum value 极大值mean 均值mean of oulation 总体均数mean square 均方mean variance 均方方差measurement data 讲量资料median 中位数medical statistics 医学统计学mesokurtosis 正态峰method of least squares 最小平方法最小乘法method of grouing 分组法method of ercentiles 百分位数法mid-value of class 组中值minimum value 极小值mode 众数moment 动差矩morbidity 患病率mortality 死亡率Nnatality 出生率natural logarithm 自然对数negative correlation 负相关negative skewness 负偏志no correlation 无相关non-linear correlation 非线性相关non-arametric statistics 非参数统计normal curve 正态曲线normal deviate 正态离差normal distribution 正态分布normal oulation 正态总体normal robability curve 正态概率曲线normal range 正常范围normal value 正常值normal kurtosis 正态峰normality test 正态性检验nosometry 患病率null hyothesis 无效假设检验假设Oobserved unit 观察单位observed value 观察值one-sided test 单测检验one-tailed test 单尾检验order statistic 顺序统计量ordinal number 秩号ordinate 纵坐标airing data 配对资料arameter 参数ercent 百分率ercentage 百分数百分率ercentage bar chart 百分条图ercentile 百分位数ie diagram 园图lacebo 安慰剂lanning of survey 调查计划oint estimation 点估计oulation 总体人口oulation mean 总体均数oulation rate 总体率oulation variance 总体方差ositive correlation 正相关ositive skewness 正偏态ower of a test 把握度检验效能revalence rate 患病率robability 概率机率robability error 偶然误差roortion 比比率rosective study 前瞻研究rosective survey 前瞻调查ublic health statistics 卫生统计学Qquality eontrol 质量控制quartile 四分位数Rrandom 随机random digits 随机数字random error 随机误差random numbers table 随机数目表random samle 随机样本random samling 随机抽样random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化randomized blocks 随机区组,随机单位组randomized blocks analysis of variance 随机单位组方差分析randomized blocks design 随机单位组设计randomness 随机性range 极差、全距range of normal values 正常值范围rank 秩,秩次,等级rank correlation 等级相关rank correlation coefficent 等级相关系数rank-sum test 秩和检验rank test 秩(和)检验ranked data 等级资料rate 率ratio 比recovery rate 治愈率registration 登记regression 回归regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression eguation 回归方程relative number 相对数relative ratio 比较相对数relative ratio with fixed base 定基比remainder error 剩余误差relication 重复retrosective survey 回顾调查Ridit analysis 参照单位分析Ridit value 参照单位值Ssamle 样本samle average 样本均数samle size 样本含量samling 抽样samling error 抽样误差samling statistics 样本统计量samling survay 抽样调查scaller diagram 散点图schedule of survey 调查表semi-logarithmic chart 半对数线图semi-measursement data 半计量资料semi-guartile range 四分位数间距sensitivity 灵敏度sex ratio 性比例sign test 符号检验significance 显著性,意义significance level 显著性水平significance test 显著性检验significant difference 差别显著simle random samling 单纯随机抽样simle table 简单表size of samle 样本含量skewness 偏态sloe 斜率sorting data 整理资料sorting table 整理表sources of variation 变异square deviation 方差standard deviation(SD) 标准差standard error (SE) 标准误standard error of estimate 标准估计误差standard error of the mean 均数的标准误standardization 标准化standardized rate 标化率standardized normal distribution 标准正态分布statistic 统计量statistics 统计学statistical induction 统计图statistical inference 统计归纳statistical ma 统计推断statistical method 统计地图statistical survey 统计方法statistical table统计调查statistical test 统计表statistical treatment 统计检验stratified samling 统计处理stochastic variable 分层抽样sum of cross roducts of 随机变量deviation from mean 离均差积和sum of ranks 秩和sum of sguares of deviation from mean 离均差平方和suerior limit 上限survival rate 生存率symmetry 对称(性)systematic error 系统误差systematic samling 机械抽样Tt-distribution t分布t-test t检验tabulation method 划记法test of normality 正态性检验test of one-sided 单侧检验test of one-tailed 单尾检验test of significance 显著性检验test of two-sided 双侧检验test of two-tailed 双尾检验theoretical frequency 理论频数theoretical number 理论数treatment 处理treatment factor 处理因素treatment of date 数据处理two-factor analysis of variance 双因素方差分析two-sided test 双侧检验two-tailed test 双尾检验tye I error 第一类误差tye II error 第二类误差tyical survey 典型调查Uu test u检验universe 总体,全域ungroued data 未分组资料uer limit 上限Vvariable 变量variance 方差,均方variance analysis 方差分析variance ratio 方差比variate 变量variation coefficient 变异系数velocity of develoment 发展速度velocity of increase 增长速度Wweight 权数weighted mean 加权均数Zzero correlation 零相关。
方差分析原理
方差分析原理方差分析(Analysis of Variance,简称ANOVA)是一种统计方法,用于比较两个或多个样本均值之间的差异。
它能够帮助我们确定多个样本的均值是否存在显著差异,并进一步了解差异来自于哪些因素。
本文将介绍方差分析的原理和应用。
一、方差分析的背景在实际问题中,我们常常需要比较不同样本的均值,以了解它们之间是否存在差异。
例如,我们想要知道不同药物对治疗某种疾病的疗效是否有差别,或者不同教学方法对学生成绩是否有影响等。
这时候,我们需要用到方差分析这个统计工具。
二、方差分析的基本原理方差分析的基本原理是通过比较组内变异(Within-group variation)与组间变异(Between-group variation)的大小来判断多个样本的均值是否存在显著差异。
组内变异指的是同一组内个体(观察值)之间的差异,也可以看作是测量误差或个体内部差异。
组间变异指的是不同组之间的差异,也可以理解为组与组之间的差别。
我们的目标是判断组间变异是否显著大于组内变异。
统计学家通过构建方差分析的假设检验来实现这一目标。
假设检验的零假设(null hypothesis)是所有样本的均值相等,备择假设(alternative hypothesis)则是至少存在一个样本的均值与其他样本不同。
三、方差分析的步骤进行方差分析时,一般需要按照以下步骤进行:1. 提出假设:定义零假设和备择假设。
2. 选择显著性水平:通常为0.05,表示我们要找到的结论是在5%的显著水平下成立。
3. 收集数据:需要收集多个组别的数据,并记录下来。
4. 计算方差:通过计算组内变异和组间变异。
5. 计算F统计量:F统计量用于判断组间变异是否显著大于组内变异,可以通过计算组间均方与组内均方之比得到。
6. 判断:根据F统计量与给定显著性水平的临界值进行比较,如果F统计量大于临界值,则拒绝零假设,表示至少存在一个样本均值与其他不同。
7. 进行事后分析(post hoc analysis):如果方差分析的结果是显著的,我们可以进行事后分析,以确定具体哪些组别之间存在差异。
统计分析报告英文缩写怎么写
统计分析报告英文缩写的写法在统计学和数据分析领域,经常会遇到需要编写统计分析报告的情况。
为了方便交流和阅读,统计分析报告通常都会使用英文缩写。
本文将介绍如何正确地书写统计分析报告的英文缩写。
1. 统计学相关英文缩写1.1. 常见的统计学英文缩写•ANOVA:Analysis of Variance (方差分析)•CI:Confidence Interval (置信区间)•ED:Estimated Difference (估计差异)•T-test:Student’s t-test (t检验)•SD:Standard Deviation (标准差)•SE:Standard Error (标准误差)•N:Sample size (样本容量)1.2. 数据分析英文缩写•EDA:Exploratory Data Analysis (探索性数据分析)•PCA:Principal Component Analysis (主成分分析)•ML:Machine Learning (机器学习)•RMSE:Root Mean Square Error (均方根误差)•ROC:Receiver Operating Characteristic (受试者工作特征)•AUC:Area Under Curve (曲线下面积)•SVM:Support Vector Machine (支持向量机)2. 编写统计分析报告的注意事项2.1. 格式规范在编写统计分析报告时,应尽量遵循以下格式规范:•使用标准科技论文格式,包括标题、作者、摘要、引言、方法、结果、讨论等部分。
•使用统一的字体和字号,一般选择宋体、Times New Roman等常用字体,字号一般为12号。
•使用合适的标题和子标题,以清晰地组织报告内容。
•使用英语书写报告,避免使用中文或其他语言。
2.2. 使用英文缩写在报告中,为了简洁和减少篇幅,可以使用一些常见的统计学和数据分析英文缩写。
ANOVA
• 例2 某脑电图室观察家兔在注射不同剂量 的AT3后所造成的脑电图(EEG)波形变化有 无差别。同时考虑到不同种系的家兔EEG 波形变化可能也有所差异,故采用随机区组 设计安排实验以期同时分析AT3剂量和家兔 种系对EEG波形变化有无影响。
表3
注射不同剂量AT3的家兔脑电图δ波的变化(%)
处 理 组(AT3剂量) 小剂量 29 28 38 29 34 41 199 6 33.17 6747 中等剂 量 37 44 52 35 41 43 252 6 42.00 10764 较大剂 量 27 31 38 36 31 42 205 6 34.17 7155 大剂量 38 33 39 34 30 29 203 6 33.83 6951 131 136 167 134 136 155 859 24 35.79 31617 4 4 4 4 4 4 (∑X) (N) ( ∑Xj nj
SS区组间=∑ ν区组间=b-1
(7) (式⑧)(b为区组数) (式⑨) (式⑩) =311.46
SS误差=SS总-SS处理组间-SS区组间 ν误差=ν总-ν处理组间-ν区组间 本例: SS处理组间= ν处理组间=4-1=3
SS区组间=
ν区组间=6-1=5 SS误差=871.96-311.46-260.71=299.79 ν误差=23-3-5=15
(3) SS组内=SS总-SS组间
ν组间=K-1 ν组内=N-K
(4)
(5) (6)
SS组间
=0.001 647
SS组内=0.010 337-0.001 647=0.008 690 ν组间=3-1=2 ν组内=30-3=27
1.1.4 列方差分析表 求出检验统计量F值
表2 例1数据0.001647 0.008690 0.010337
anova方差分析
anova方差分析ANOVA(方差分析)概述:方差分析(Analysis of Variance,简称ANOVA)是一种统计方法,用于比较两个或多个组之间的均值差异是否具有统计显著性。
ANOVA 是一种多元统计分析方法,可以帮助我们理解因素对于观测变量的影响程度。
原理:在进行方差分析时,我们将总体均值之间的差异分为两部分,一部分是不同组内个体之间的差异(称为组内方差),另一部分是不同组之间的差异(称为组间方差)。
通过计算组内和组间方差的比值,我们可以得到方差比(F-ratio),从而判断不同组的均值之间是否存在显著差异。
步骤:1. 建立假设:* 零假设(H0):不同组的均值没有显著差异。
* 备择假设(H1):不同组的均值存在显著差异。
2. 计算方差:* 组间方差(SSB):用于衡量不同组之间的差异。
* 组内方差(SSW):用于衡量同一组内个体之间的差异。
3. 计算F值:* F值 = 组间方差 / 组内方差。
4. 判断显著性:* 根据F分布表,在给定显著性水平(一般取0.05)下,查找对应的临界值。
* 如果计算得到的F值大于临界值,则可以拒绝零假设,认为不同组的均值存在显著差异。
注意事项:1. 样本独立性:ANOVA要求不同组之间的样本必须相互独立,即每个个体只属于一个组,各组之间没有重叠。
2. 方差齐性:ANOVA要求不同组之间的方差相等,即组间方差与组内方差应该接近相等。
3. 正态分布:ANOVA要求不同组之间的观测值满足正态分布,以保证计算的结果准确性。
应用领域:ANOVA常用于实验研究、质量控制以及一些行业调查中,例如以下场景:- 新药疗效比较:比较不同药物在治疗同一疾病上的效果。
- 客户满意度调查:比较不同年龄、不同性别、不同教育程度等因素对客户满意度的影响。
- 厂商竞争力分析:比较不同厂商在市场份额、销售额等指标上的差异。
总结:ANOVA作为一种常用的统计方法,可以帮助我们确定不同组之间的均值差异是否具有统计意义。
方差分析及协方差分析
方差分析及协方差分析方差分析和协方差分析是统计学中常用的两种分析方法,用于研究变量之间的关系和差异。
本文将分别介绍方差分析和协方差分析的基本概念、原理和应用。
一、方差分析(Analysis of Variance)1.基本概念:方差分析是一种通过对不同组之间的差异进行分析,来揭示组间差异是否非随机的统计方法。
它可以用于比较两个或更多个组的均值是否有显著差异。
2.原理:方差分析的原理基于对总体变异的分解。
总体变异可以分解为组间变异和组内变异。
组间变异表示不同组之间的差异,而组内变异表示组内个体之间的差异。
方差分析通过计算组间变异与组内变异之间的比值来判断组间差异是否显著。
3.适用场景:方差分析适用于有一个自变量和一个或多个因变量的情况。
常见的应用场景包括:比较不同药物对疾病影响的效果、比较不同教学方法对学生成绩的影响等。
4.步骤:方差分析的步骤包括:确定研究目的和假设、选择适当的方差分析模型、计算方差分析统计量和p值、进行结果解释。
二、协方差分析(Analysis of Covariance)1.基本概念:协方差分析是一种结合方差分析和线性回归分析的方法。
它通过控制一个或多个连续变量(协变量)对组间差异进行调整,来比较不同组之间的差异。
协方差分析不仅考虑到组间差异,还考虑到了协变量的影响。
2.原理:协方差分析的基本原理是通过线性回归模型来估计组间均值的差异,同时考虑协变量的影响。
通过计算协方差矩阵和相关系数,可以得到组间差异的调整后的统计结果。
3.适用场景:协方差分析适用于有一个自变量、一个或多个因变量,以及一个或多个连续变量的情况。
常见的应用场景包括:比较不同药物对疾病影响的效果,并控制患者年龄和性别等协变量。
4.步骤:协方差分析的步骤包括:确定研究目的和假设、选择适当的协方差分析模型、建立回归模型、计算协方差分析统计量和p值、进行结果解释。
总结:方差分析和协方差分析都是常用的统计分析方法,用于研究组间差异和变量之间的关系。
医学文献指标的中英文术语对照
医学文献指标的中英文术语对照引言:医学文献是医学研究和临床实践中不可或缺的重要信息来源。
在阅读和理解医学文献时,掌握准确的中英文术语对照是十分必要的。
本文将介绍一些常见的医学文献指标的中英文术语对照,帮助读者更好地理解和应用这些指标。
一、Study Design (研究设计)1. 随机对照试验 (Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT)- 定义:将研究对象随机分为实验组和对照组,对比两组结果以评估干预措施的疗效- 示例: A randomized controlled trial of drug A on patients with hypertension2. 前瞻性队列研究 (Prospective Cohort Study)- 定义:在研究开始之前,根据暴露因素进行观察,随访研究对象并记录结果- 示例: A prospective cohort study of smoking and lung cancer risk3. 横断面研究 (Cross-sectional Study)- 定义:在某个特定时间点上收集数据,不考虑因果关系- 示例: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of diabetes in a rural community二、Outcome Measures (研究终点指标)1. 死亡率 (Mortality Rate)- 定义:在一定时间内发生死亡的患者数与特定人群总数之比- 示例: The mortality rate of patients with heart failure after one year of follow-up2. 生存率 (Survival Rate)- 定义:在一定时间内生存下来的患者数与特定人群总数之比- 示例: The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy3. 病情进展率 (Progression Rate)- 定义:患者疾病进展的速度或患病程度的评估指标- 示例: The progression rate of multiple sclerosis measured by MRI scans三、Statistical Analysis (统计分析)1. 方差分析 (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA)- 定义:用于比较多个组别差异的统计方法- 示例: One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in blood pressure among different age groups2. 相关分析 (Correlation Analysis)- 定义:评估两个变量之间关系的统计方法- 示例: Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between BMI and blood glucose levels3. 生存分析 (Survival Analysis)- 定义:评估患者生存时间的统计方法,常用于研究肿瘤等疾病- 示例: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the overall survival rates of lung cancer patients四、Evidence Levels (证据级别)1. 临床实证 (Level of Evidence)- 定义:根据研究设计和方法的科学性和可靠性评估研究证据的质量- 示例: This meta-analysis provides high-level evidence for the efficacy of drug B in treating depression2. 系统综述及Meta分析 (Systematic Review and Meta-analysis)- 定义:对多个独立研究进行整体分析和结论汇总的研究方法- 示例: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic pain management3. 专家共识 (Expert Consensus)- 定义:基于专家意见和经验形成的共识性陈述- 示例: The current guidelines are based on expert consensus and clinical experience结论:通过掌握医学文献指标中的中英文术语对照,读者能够更准确地理解和应用这些指标,在医学研究和临床实践中获得准确和可靠的信息支持。
研究报告用到的名词英文
研究报告用到的名词英文在进行研究报告时,我们常常需要使用一些特定的名词来准确地描述研究对象、方法和结果。
这些名词的英文术语在国际学术界被广泛使用,能够确保我们的研究得到全球同行的认可和理解。
本文将介绍一些常见的研究报告中用到的名词及其相应的英文术语。
首先,我们来谈谈研究报告中经常用到的实验设计和方法名词。
实验设计通常包括随机对照实验(randomized controlled trial, RCT)、队列研究(cohort study)和病例对照研究(case-control study)。
在实验中,我们可能会采用单盲设计(single-blinded design)或者双盲设计(double-blinded design)来减少实验结果受实验者或实验员的主观因素影响。
此外,我们可能会使用交叉设计(crossover design)或平行设计(parallel design)来比较不同处理或干预措施的效果。
研究对象的选择也是研究报告中需要提及的重要内容。
我们常用到的一些名词包括受试者(subjects)或研究对象(participants)、样本(sample)、总体(population)和样本容量(sample size)。
在研究中,我们通过随机抽样(random sampling)的方式从总体中选取出代表性的样本,从而进行统计分析,并推断结果是否能够推广到总体。
研究报告还要详细描述所用的变量和指标。
变量可以分为因变量(dependent variable)和自变量(independent variable)。
因变量是我们感兴趣的研究结果,而自变量是我们要检验对因变量产生影响的因素。
在描述自变量时,我们可以使用虚拟变量(dummy variable)来代表某个特定的分类变量。
指标则是对变量的度量,比如中位数(median)、平均数(mean)、标准差(standard deviation)、置信区间(confidence interval)和显著性水平(significance level)等。
方差分析
• 例题:探讨噪音对解决数学问题的影响作用。
噪音是自变量,划分为三个强度水平:强、中、 弱。因变量是解决数学问题时产生的错误频数。 随机抽取12名被试,再把他们分到强、中、无 三个实验组。每组被试接受数学测验时戴上耳 机。强噪音组、中噪音组的被试通过耳机分别 接受100、50分贝的噪音; 无噪音组的被试 则没有任何噪音。数学测验完后,计算每位被 试的错误频数。
查F值表进行F检验并作出决断
• 注意:
• 1.确定显著性水平 • 2.明确用单侧检验还是双侧检验
方差齐性检验
• 哈特莱最大F比率法:找出要比较的几个组内 方差中的最大值与最小值代入下式:
F max
S 2 S
2
max min
• 然后查F max临界值表,当算出的 F max小于表中相 应的临界值,就可认为要比较的样本方差两两 之间均无显著差异。
SSB MSB df B
SSW MSW df w
自由度的计算
• 组间自由度
• 组内自由度 • 总自由度
df B =k-1 df w =N-k
dfT
=N-1
• dfT = df B + df w
两个均方值之比为F统计量:
SSB / (k 1) MSB F SSW / (N k ) MSWE0.05来自SE X MS
n
E
• 4 用标准误乘以q的临界值就是对应于某 一个r值的两个平均数相比较时的临界值。
• 临界值,又称阀值,英文称 critical value,是指一个效应能 够产生的最低值或最高值。临界 值在数据分析中常常用来判定差 异情况 。
4、把5个平均数两两之间的差异与相应的 比较。但用这些差数与 q .SE 比较时一定要注意对应 于哪个r值。 例如: X E - X C =4.5,这时r=4-2+1=3,当r=3时 q0.05.SE X =3.49×1.738=6.06,因此应该将4.5与6.06 相比较。
方差分析的概念与应用
方差分析的概念与应用方差分析(Analysis of Variance,简称ANOVA)是一种统计分析方法,用于比较两个或两个以上样本均值是否存在显著差异。
通过对不同组之间的方差进行比较,判断样本均值之间是否存在显著性差异。
方差分析广泛应用于实验设计和数据分析中,是一种重要的统计工具。
一、方差分析的基本概念方差分析是一种用于比较多个总体均值是否相等的统计方法。
在进行方差分析时,我们通常将数据分为不同的组别,然后比较这些组别之间的均值差异是否显著。
方差分析的基本思想是通过比较组间变异与组内变异的大小,来判断总体均值是否存在显著差异。
在方差分析中,有三种不同的方差:1. 总体方差(Total Variance):所有数据点与总体均值之间的离差平方和。
2. 组间方差(Between-group Variance):各组均值与总体均值之间的离差平方和,反映了不同组别之间的差异。
3. 组内方差(Within-group Variance):各组内部数据点与各自组均值之间的离差平方和,反映了组内数据的离散程度。
二、方差分析的应用领域1. 实验设计:方差分析广泛应用于实验设计中,用于比较不同处理组之间的均值差异,判断实验处理是否显著。
2. 医学研究:在医学研究中,方差分析常用于比较不同药物治疗组的疗效差异,评估治疗效果的显著性。
3. 市场调研:在市场调研中,方差分析可用于比较不同产品或广告策略对消费者行为的影响,帮助企业制定营销策略。
4. 教育评估:在教育领域,方差分析可用于比较不同教学方法或教育政策对学生成绩的影响,评估教育改革效果。
三、方差分析的步骤进行方差分析时,通常需要按照以下步骤进行:1. 提出假设:明确研究问题,提出原假设(各组均值相等)和备择假设(至少有一组均值不相等)。
2. 收集数据:根据研究设计,收集各组数据。
3. 方差分析:计算总体方差、组间方差和组内方差,进行方差分析。
4. 判断显著性:通过计算F值,比较P值与显著性水平,判断各组均值是否存在显著差异。
方差分析(Anova,Glm过程)
分析数据集中变量个数(1)
例9-1 某医生为研究一种四类降糖新药的疗 效,以统一的纳入标准和排除标准选择了60 名2型糖尿病患者,按完全随机设计方案将患 者分为三组进行双盲临床试验。其中,降糖新 药高剂量组21人、低剂量组19人、对照组20 人。对照组服用公认的降糖药物,治疗4周后 测得其餐后2小时血糖的下降值(mmol/L), 结果如表9-1所示。问治疗4周后,餐后2小时 血糖下降值的三组总体平均水平是否不同?
3
2.52
1 5.09
2 4.26
3
;
过程步1---正态性检验
proc univariate normal; class g; var x; run;
过程步2--方差分析 proc anova; class g; model x=g; run;
过程步3 --方差分析同时输出统计表 proc anova; class g; model x=g; means g;/*关于均数和标准差的统计表*/ run;
3
数据步
data aa1;
input x g @@;
cards;
2.79
1 3.83
2 5.41
3
2.69
1 3.15
2 3.47
3
3.11
1 4.70
2 4.92
3
3.47
1 3.97
2 4.07
3
1.77
1 2.03
2 2.18
3
2.44
1 2.87
2 3.13
3
2.83
1 3.65
2 3.77
表 9-1 2 型糖尿病患者治疗 4 周后餐后 2 小时血糖的下降值(mmol/L)
计量经济学中英文对照词汇
计量经济学中英对照词汇Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA (analysis of variance), 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance (已说明方差)Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects,高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion,最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction,杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC(多元散射校正)Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图(又称佩尔托图)Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA(主成分分析)Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS(偏最小二乘法)Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层(复数)Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换Z-transformation, Z变换。
统计分析报告英文缩写怎么写
统计分析报告英文缩写怎么写引言在统计学和数据分析领域中,统计分析报告是一种常见的科技文档形式。
为了方便交流和简洁表达,统计分析报告通常使用一些缩写词来代替常见的术语和短语。
本文将介绍一些常用的统计分析报告英文缩写的写法和规范。
主体1. 一般统计分析报告缩写的写法在统计分析报告中,为了简化表达并节约篇幅,通常使用大写字母的缩写来代替术语或短语。
下面是一些常用的统计分析报告缩写及其对应的含义:•N: 样本容量(Sample Size)•SD: 标准差(Standard Deviation)•SE: 标准误差(Standard Error)•CI: 置信区间(Confidence Interval)•ANOVA: 方差分析(Analysis of Variance)•ANOVA: 单因素方差分析(One-Way Analysis of Variance)•MANOVA: 多元方差分析(Multivariate Analysis of Variance)•ANOVA: 方差分析表(Analysis of Variance Table)•DF: 自由度(Degrees of Freedom)2. 假设检验相关的缩写在统计分析报告中,经常需要进行假设检验来检查样本数据与总体的关系。
下面是一些常见的假设检验缩写及其含义:•H0: 零假设(Null Hypothesis)•H1: 备择假设(Alternative Hypothesis)•p-value: 显著性水平(Significance Level)•t-test: t检验(Student’s t-test)•F-test: F检验(F-test)•ANOVA: 方差分析(Analysis of Variance)3. 相关统计指标的缩写统计分析报告还会包含各种统计指标和分析方法,下面是一些常见的统计指标相关的缩写:•M: 平均值(Mean)•Mdn: 中位数(Median)•SD: 标准差(Standard Deviation)•SE: 标准误差(Standard Error)•CI: 置信区间(Confidence Interval)•r: 相关系数(Correlation Coefficient)•r2: 决定系数(Coefficient of Determination)4. 其他缩写除了上述提到的常用缩写外,统计分析报告中还有一些其他常见的缩写,包括但不限于:•ANOVA: 方差分析•DF: 自由度•OLS: 最小二乘法(Ordinary Least Squares)结论本文介绍了统计分析报告中常用的英文缩写的写法和规范。
SPSS术语中英文对照分析
SPSS术语中英文对照分析在SPSS(统计包软件)中,有很多重要的术语。
这些术语包括统计方法、变量类型、数据分析概念以及软件功能等。
下面是一些SPSS术语的中英文对照分析。
1. Variable(变量):SPSS中用于存储数据的测量项目。
分为定量变量(continuous variable)和分类变量(categorical variable)。
2. Data set(数据集):SPSS中存储数据的文件。
每个数据集通常含有多个变量。
3. Descriptive statistics(描述性统计):对数据进行整体描述的统计指标,如平均值(mean)、中位数(median)、众数(mode)、标准差(standard deviation)等。
4. Inferential statistics(推论统计):根据样本数据来进行推断、推算总体的统计推断方法,如t检验(t-test)、方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)、相关分析(correlation analysis)等。
5. Continuous variable(定量变量):表示连续的数据,如年龄、收入等。
6. Categorical variable(分类变量):表示离散的数据,如性别、教育程度等。
7. Nominal variable(名义变量):一种分类变量,没有顺序或等级,如颜色、性别等。
8. Ordinal variable(有序变量):一种分类变量,有固定的顺序,但没有固定的间隔,如教育程度(小学、初中、高中、大学)。
9. Dependent variable(因变量):在研究中受到其他变量影响的变量,也被称为响应变量。
10. Independent variable(自变量):用于解释或预测因变量的变量。
11. Hypothesis testing(假设检验):根据样本数据来检验统计假设,通常包括零假设(null hypothesis)和备择假设(alternative hypothesis)两种。
方差分析中英文ANOVA
June LUO
ANOVA
One-Way RBD Two-Way
X XX
Two types of errors in hypotheses test
Null Hypothesis
Decision
True
False
Reject H0
Type I error
Correct decision
Do not reject H0
X XX
Nature of Hypothesis Testing
One of the most commonly used methods for making decisions or judgments is to perform a hypothesis test which involves two hypotheses - the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis where a hypothesis is a statement that something is true. Null Hypothesis : A hypothesis to be tested. We use the symbol H0 to represent the null hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis : A hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. We use the symbol Ha to represent the alternative hypothesis The problem in a hypothesis test is to decide whether the null hypothesis should be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis
anova方差分析
anova方差分析ANOVA(方差分析)ANOVA(analysis of variance),即方差分析,是一种统计方法,用于比较三个或三个以上样本均值是否存在显著差异。
ANOVA分析可以帮助研究人员确定是否存在群组间差异,进而推断原因并做出相应的决策。
本文将介绍ANOVA的基本概念、原理和具体应用。
一、ANOVA的基本概念1. 方差方差是指一组数据离其均值的平均偏差平方之和除以观测次数的结果。
方差分析就是通过比较组间方差和组内方差的大小来判断样本均值是否存在显著差异。
如果组间方差显著大于组内方差,说明样本均值之间存在显著差异。
2. 方差分析的假设方差分析中有以下两个基本假设:- 原假设(H0):样本的总体均值相等,即各组样本均值没有差异。
- 备择假设(H1):样本的总体均值不全相等,至少有一组样本均值存在差异。
3. 方差分析的类型方差分析一般分为单因素方差分析和双因素方差分析:- 单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA):用于比较一个自变量对一个因变量的影响。
- 双因素方差分析(Two-Way ANOVA):用于比较两个自变量对一个因变量的影响,并考虑两个自变量之间的交互效应。
二、ANOVA的原理1. 总平方和(SST)总平方和是各个观测值与总体均值之差的平方和。
计算SST的目的是用来衡量数据的总体变异程度。
2. 组间平方和(SSB)组间平方和是各组均值与总体均值之差的平方和,它反映了不同组别之间的差异。
计算SSB的目的是用来衡量组间均值的变异程度。
3. 组内平方和(SSW)组内平方和是各个观测值与其所在组别均值之差的平方和,它反映了同一组别内的个体差异。
4. 方差比(MSB和MSW)方差比是组间平方和与组内平方和的比值,用以判断样本均值之间的差异是否显著。
5. F统计量F统计量是方差比的比例,计算公式为组间平方和除以组内平方和。
通过比较F统计量与临界值,可以判断均值之间是否存在显著差异。
统计学专业词汇英文翻译
Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值accident error 偶然误差accumulated frequency 累积频数alternative hypothesis 备择假设analysis of data 分析资料analysis of variance(ANOV A) 方差分析arith-log paper 算术对数纸arithmetic mean 算术均数assumed mean 假定均数arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数average 平均数average deviation 平均差Bbar chart 直条图、条图bias 偏性binomial distribution 二项分布biometrics 生物统计学bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体Ccartogram 统计图case fatality rate(or case mortality) 病死率census 普查chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验central tendency 集中趋势class interval 组距classification 分组、分类cluster sampling 整群抽样coefficient of correlation 相关系数coefficient of regression 回归系数coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation) 变异系数collection of data 收集资料column 列(栏)combinative table 组合表combined standard deviation 合并标准差combined variance(or poolled variance) 合并方差complete survey 全面调查completely correlation 完全相关completely random design 完全随机设计confidence interval 可信区间,置信区间confidence level 可信水平,置信水平confidence limit 可信限,置信限constituent ratio 构成比,结构相对数continuity 连续性control 对照control group 对照组coordinate 坐标correction for continuity 连续性校正correction for grouping 归组校正correction number 校正数correction value 校正值correlation 相关,联系correlation analysis 相关分析correlation coefficient 相关系数critical value 临界值cumulative frequency 累积频率Ddata 资料degree of confidence 可信度,置信度degree of dispersion 离散程度degree of freedom 自由度degree of variation 变异度dependent variable 应变量design of experiment 实验设计deviation from the mean 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率difference with significance 差别不显著difference with significance 差别显著discrete variable 离散变量dispersion tendency 离中趋势distribution 分布、分配Eeffective rate 有效率eigenvalue 特征值enumeration data 计数资料equation of linear regression 线性回归方程error 误差error of replication 重复误差error of type II Ⅱ型错误,第二类误差error of type I Ⅰ型错误,第一类误差estimate value 估计值event 事件experiment design 实验设计experiment error 实验误差experimental group 实验组extreme value 极值Ffatality rate 病死率field survey 现场调查fourfold table 四格表freguency频数freguency distribution 频数分布GGaussian curve 高斯曲线geometric mean 几何均数grouped data 分组资料Hhistogram直方图homogeneity of variance 方差齐性homogeneity test of variances 方差齐性检验hypothesis test 假设检验hypothetical universe 假设总体Iincidence rate 发病率incomplete survey 非全面调检indepindent variable 自变量indivedual difference 个体差异infection rate 感染率inferior limit 下限initial data 原始数据inspection of data 检查资料intercept 截距interpolation method 内插法interval estimation 区间估计inverse correlation 负相关Kkurtosis coefficient 峰度系数Llatin sguare design 拉丁方设计least significant difference 最小显著差数least square method 最小平方法,最小乘法leptokurtic distribution 尖峭态分布leptokurtosis 峰态,峭度linear chart 线图linear correlation 直线相关linear regression 直线回归linear regression eguation 直线回归方程link relative 环比logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布logarithmic scale 对数尺度lognormal distribution 对数正态分布lower limit 下限Mmatched pair design 配对设计mathematical statistics 数理统计(学)maximum value 极大值mean 均值mean of population 总体均数mean square 均方mean variance 均方,方差measurement data 讲量资料median 中位数medical statistics 医学统计学mesokurtosis 正态峰method of least squares 最小平方法,最小乘法method of grouping 分组法method of percentiles 百分位数法mid-value of class 组中值minimum value 极小值mode 众数moment 动差,矩morbidity 患病率mortality 死亡率Nnatality 出生率natural logarithm 自然对数negative correlation 负相关negative skewness 负偏志no correlation 无相关non-linear correlation 非线性相关non-parametric statistics 非参数统计normal curve 正态曲线normal deviate 正态离差normal distribution 正态分布normal population 正态总体normal probability curve 正态概率曲线normal range 正常范围normal value 正常值normal kurtosis 正态峰normality test 正态性检验nosometry 患病率null hypothesis 无效假设,检验假设Oobserved unit 观察单位observed value 观察值one-sided test 单测检验one-tailed test 单尾检验order statistic 顺序统计量ordinal number 秩号ordinate 纵坐标Ppairing data 配对资料parameter参数percent 百分率percentage 百分数,百分率percentage bar chart 百分条图percentile 百分位数pie diagram 园图placebo 安慰剂planning of survey 调查计划point estimation 点估计population 总体,人口population mean 总体均数population rate 总体率population variance 总体方差positive correlation 正相关positive skewness 正偏态power of a test 把握度,检验效能prevalence rate 患病率probability 概率,机率probability error 偶然误差proportion 比,比率prospective study 前瞻研究prospective survey 前瞻调查public health statistics 卫生统计学Qquality eontrol 质量控制quartile 四分位数Rrandom 随机random digits 随机数字random error 随机误差random numbers table 随机数目表random sample 随机样本random sampling 随机抽样random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化randomized blocks 随机区组,随机单位组randomized blocks analysis of variance 随机单位组方差分析randomized blocks design 随机单位组设计randomness 随机性range 极差、全距range of normal values 正常值范围rank 秩,秩次,等级rank correlation 等级相关rank correlation coefficent 等级相关系数rank-sum test 秩和检验rank test 秩(和)检验ranked data 等级资料rate 率ratio 比recovery rate 治愈率registration 登记regression 回归regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression eguation 回归方程relative number 相对数relative ratio 比较相对数relative ratio with fixed base 定基比remainder error 剩余误差replication 重复retrospective survey 回顾调查Ridit analysis 参照单位分析Ridit value 参照单位值Ssample 样本sample average 样本均数sample size 样本含量sampling 抽样sampling error 抽样误差sampling statistics 样本统计量sampling survay 抽样调查scaller diagram 散点图schedule of survey 调查表semi-logarithmic chart 半对数线图semi-measursement data 半计量资料semi-guartile range 四分位数间距sensitivity 灵敏度sex ratio 性比例sign test 符号检验significance 显著性,意义significance level 显著性水平significance test 显著性检验significant difference 差别显著simple random sampling 单纯随机抽样simple table 简单表size of sample 样本含量skewness 偏态slope 斜率sorting data 整理资料sorting table 整理表sources of variation 变异来源square deviation 方差standard deviation(SD) 标准差standard error (SE) 标准误standard error of estimate 标准估计误差standard error of the mean 均数的标准误standardization 标准化standardized rate 标化率standardized normal distribution 标准正态分布statistic 统计量statistics 统计学statistical induction 统计图statistical inference 统计归纳statistical map 统计推断statistical method 统计地图statistical survey 统计方法statistical table 统计调查statistical test 统计表statistical treatment 统计检验stratified sampling 统计处理stochastic variable 分层抽样sum of cross products of 随机变量deviation from mean 离均差积和sum of ranks 秩和sum of sguares of deviation from mean 离均差平方和superior limit 上限survival rate 生存率symmetry对称(性)systematic error 系统误差systematic sampling 机械抽样Tt-distribution t分布t-testt检验tabulation method 划记法test of normality 正态性检验test of one-sided 单侧检验test of one-tailed 单尾检验test of significance 显著性检验test of two-sided 双侧检验test of two-tailed 双尾检验theoretical frequency 理论频数theoretical number 理论数treatment 处理treatment factor 处理因素treatment of date 数据处理two-factor analysis of variance 双因素方差分析two-sided test 双侧检验two-tailed test 双尾检验type I error 第一类误差type II error 第二类误差typical survey 典型调查Uu test u检验universe 总体,全域ungrouped data 未分组资料upper limit 上限Vvariable 变量variance 方差,均方variance analysis 方差分析variance ratio 方差比variate 变量variation coefficient 变异系数velocity of development 发展速度velocity of increase 增长速度Wweight 权数weighted mean 加权均数Zzero correlation 零相关unit onedivision of labor 劳动分工commodity money 商品货币legal tender 法定货币fiat money 法定通货a medium of exchange交换媒介legal sanction法律制裁face value面值liquid assets流动资产illiquidl assets非流动资产the liquidity scale 流动性指标real estate 不动产checking accounts,demand deposit,checkable deposit 活期存款time deposit 定期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts 大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds 货币市场互助基金repurchase agreements 回购协议certificate of deposits存单bond 债券stock股票travelers\'checks 旅行支票small-denomination time deposits小额定期存款large-denomination time deposits大额定期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements 银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements 银行长期回购协议thrift institutions 存款机构financial institution 金融机构commercial banks商业银行a means of payment 支付手段a store of value储藏手段a standard of value价值标准unit tworeserve 储备note 票据discount贴现circulate流通central bank 中央银行the Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统credit union 信用合作社paper currency 纸币credit creation 信用创造branch banking 银行分行制unit banking 单一银行制out of circulation 退出流通capital stock股本at par以票面价值计electronic banking电子银行banking holding company 公司银行the gold standard金本位the Federal Reserve Board 联邦储备委员会the stock market crash 股市风暴reserve ratio 准备金比率unit threedeficit 亏损roll展期wholesale批发default不履约auction拍卖collateralize担保markup价格的涨幅dealer交易员broker经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount面值commerical paper商业票据banker\'s acceptance银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate 浮动比率fixed-rate 固定比率default risk 拖欠风险credit rating信誉级别tax collection税收money market货币市场capital market资本市场original maturity 原始到期期限surplus funds过剩基金回复引用举报返回顶部2#admin发表于2006-11-24 08:49 |只看该作者unit four管理员premium 升水 discount 贴水par 平价deficit 赤字future 期货capital movements 资本流动foreign exchange dealings 外汇交易balance of payment 国际收支eurodollar market 欧洲美元市场spot rate 即期汇率 forward rate 远期汇率 cross rate 交叉汇率 arbitrage transation 套汇交易space arbitrage 地点套汇 time arbitrage 时间套汇 interest arbitrage 套利 direct quotation 直接标价法indirect quotation 间接标价法decimal system 十进制 long position 多头 short position 空头 swedish kronor 瑞典克郎 Sfr 瑞士法郎DM 德国马克FFr 法国法郎Dkr 丹麦克郎Nkr 挪威克郎Yen 日元Can $加拿大元 £英镑Lit 意大利里拉 Aus $澳大利亚元 DG 荷兰盾BF 比利时法郎unit fivethe society for worldwidetelecommunication(SWIFT)环球银行金融电讯协会the clearing houseinterbank paymentssystem(CHIPS)纽约银行同业清算系统over-the-counter market场外交易市场invoice发票,发货单portfolio债务,投资组合turnover总成交额not-for-profitcooperative非盈利性组织triangular arbitrage三角套汇unit sixquota 配额guaratee保函fixed exchange rate固定汇率balance of paymentdeficit国际收支逆差international reserve国际储备credit tranche drawing信贷份额借款credit tranche信贷份额credit tranche facilities信贷份额贷款便利international payment国际收支buffer stock缓冲存货extended facilities补偿信贷便利government borrowing国债;政府借款price fluctuation价格波动,价格涨落export earning 出口收益enlarged access policy 延期进入政策credit policy信用政策组,债务调整Bretton Woods Agreement布雷顿森林协议International MonetaryFund 国际货币基金组织International Bank forResonstruction andDevelopment(IBRD)国际复兴与开发银行InternationalDevelopment Association(I.D.A.)国际开发协会International FincanceCorporation(I.F.C.)国际金融公司financial intermediary金融中介concessional terms特惠条件trade credit商业信贷earning capacity收益能力Bank for InternationalSettlements(B.I.S.)国际清算银行financial settlement财务清算接着来:unit sevensyndication辛迪加underwrite包销,认购hedge对冲买卖、套期保值innovation到期交易spread利差principal本金swap掉期交易eurobond market 欧洲债券市场euronote欧洲票据Federal Reserve Bank(FRB)联邦储备银行unsecured credit无担保贷款定期支付存款lead bank牵头银行neogotiabletime deposit议付定期存款inter-bank money market银行同业货币市场medium term loan 中期贷款syndicated credit银团贷款merchant bank商业银行portfolio management 有价债券管理lease financing租赁融资note issurance facility票据发行安排bearer note不记名票价underwriting facility包销安排floating-rate note 浮动利率票据bond holder债券持持有者London Interbank OfferedRate(LIBOR)伦敦同业优惠利率back-up credit line备用信贷额promissorynote(P.N..p/n)本票revolving cerdit 循环信用证,即revolving letterof creditnon interest-bearingreserves无息储备金interest rate controls 利率管制interest rate ceiling 利率上限interest rate floor 利率下限deposit insurance 存款保险。
方差分析案例英文版
Single(7)Case 1China agricultural university introduced 15 type of T restorer. In order to study the application value, we observed their representation of agronomic characters, among these nongda139 is CK. The results of the heading stage of 5 plants are shown in table 1.Table 1 The results of the heading stage of 5 plantsRestorerHeading stage1 2 3 4 5PI277016 11 11 10 12 11Lot-1 13 13 12 14 14Texas 12 12 13 12 12zgR2806-78 13 12 12 13 13zgR2268-78 18 19 18 18 19vk-64-28 19 18 20 19 19Nongda 139 10 11 10 11 10 Case 2Do a potted experiment about 5 varieties of corn, the character of spike length are shown in table 2. Ask whether the difference between spike length significance or not.Table 2 The results of the character of spike length Varieties Spike length(cm)Repeats B121.5 19.5 20 22 18 20 6B216 18.5 17 15.5 20 16 6B319 17.5 20 18 17 5B421 18.5 19 20 4B515.5 18 17 16 4Case 3The weight of piglet in the test crossing between the same boar and 3 sows are shown in the table 3. Ask whether the different sows bring the different effects of piglet weight or not.Table 3 The weight of pigletSows Observed valuesNo.1 24 22.5 24 20 22 23 22 22.5 No.2 19 19.5 20 23.5 19 21 16.5No.3 16 16 15.5 20.5 14 17.5 14.5 15.5 19 Case 4 Comparative study on the yield of different rice varieties by randomized blocks design method. There are 4 repeats. The yields of every block are shown in table 4. Try analyze whether the difference among 5 rice varieties significant or not.Table 4 The yields of every blockVarietiesBlocksⅠⅡⅢⅣNonglin 130 61 57 55 56 Xihai 67 53 52 50 51 Shishi 52 58 55 57 Nonglin 87 58 56 53 53Nonglin 18 53 51 54 55 Case 5We soaka soybean variety in three time periods by growth hormone in 5 levels. After 45 days, average dry weight of every treatment is shown in table 5. Try doing variance analysis.Table 5 Effects of growth hormone on soybean dry weightM i (Growth hormone)H i(Time periods)H1H2H3M113 14 14M212 12 13M3 3 3 3M410 9 10M5 2 5 4Case 6 In order to study parent general combining ability, China agricultural university design 4×5 crosses experiment by randomized blocks design method. There are 3 repeats, and Nongda 139 is CK. The parts of the grain number per spike material are shown in table 6.Table 6 The parts of the grain number per spike material1 15 16 17 15 16 15 15 15 16 15 15 14 15 16 162 15 15 16 15 15 15 15 14 15 16 15 14 15 16 163 14 14 15 13 14 16 16 14 16 15 16 14 15 15 164 15 16 16 15 16 15 16 15 16 15 15 17 17 14 155 16 17 17 17 17 16 17 18 17 17 18 19 17 17 18 Nongda 139 14 14 13 12 12 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 14 13 13 Case 7 On A, B, C, D, E5hybrid rice dry matter accumulation process were tested systematically. We adopt randomized blocks design, 2 repeats, and 5 observed values. Try doing variance analysis.Statistical data are given in Table 7.Table 7 Dry matter accumulation materialRepeats VarietiesⅠⅡ1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5A 7.8 8.9 9.2 11.4 10.5 12.1 10.6 8.7 9.9 10.1B 7.4 8.8 8.9 7.8 9.8 6.2 6.6 5.3 7.5 8.1C 12.6 10.2 11.4 11.8 12.1 15.2 15.1 12.3 12.5 12.9D 5.8 4.7 6.6 7.4 7.9 6.4 6.8 8.1 7.2 7.9E 13.8 15.1 13.4 12.6 16.6 11.7 17.2 15.6 15.1 15.8Double(4)Case 1In order to study the effects of different field managements to the yield of strawberry, we select 6 different plots, and divide it into 3 blocks arranged by 3 kinds of field managements randomly. The yield of strawberry in different blocks are shown in table 1.Try doing variance analysis.Table 1 The yield of strawberry in different blocksPlots(A)Field managements(B)B1(Chemicalcontrol)B2(Integratedmanagement of pest)B3(Improved integratedmanagement of pest)A171 73 77 A290 90 92 A359 70 80 A475 80 82 A565 60 67 A682 86 85Case 2In order to study the effects on different degree of entwist to the mightiness of some aba, we choose the different levels in some factors, the entwist degree of caddice(A) and thigh(B) as shown in table 2.1 and the observed value of mightiness are shown in table 2.2.Table 2.1 Two factors, three levelsTable 2.2 The observed value of mightinessTreatments Observed valuesA1B161 62 61 B260 61 62 B361 61 61A2B160 60 61 B260 59 61 B362 60 61A3B160 60 62 B263 64 63B360 60 61 Case 3We crossing sterility lines(A1、A2、A3) of 3 different cytoplasmic and 5 restorer lines(B1、B2、B3、B4、B5), then matching 15 F1 generations by randomized blocks design and 2 repeats. The yields of blocks in 6m2 are shown in table 3.Table 3 The yield of paddy in 6m2TreatmentsRepeatsⅠⅡA1B1 4.3 4.1 B2 4.9 4.8 B3 3.9 3.6 B4 4.8 4.0 B5 4.7 4.5A2B1 5.2 4.7 B2 5.0 5.2 B3 3.8 3.4 B4 4.9 4.8 B5 5.0 5.8A3B1 4.6 4.7 B2 4.4 4.2 B3 3.5 3.4 B4 3.4 3.6 B5 3.7 4.2Case 4The experiment studied the relationship between theyield of barley and different sowing densities, and commercial fertilizer by random complete design. Sowing density were set 3 levels, and commercial fertilizer were set 5 levels, intercross grouping, repeat 4 times. The results of different group are list in table 4.Table 4 The yield of the result of different groupB1B2B3B4B5A127 26 31 30 25 29 25 30 30 25 26 24 30 31 26 26 29 31 30 24A230 28 31 32 28 30 27 31 34 2928 26 30 33 2829 25 32 32 27A333 33 35 35 3033 34 33 34 2934 34 37 33 31 32 35 35 35 30Triple(3)Case 1 Theexperiment studied the relationship between the yield of cotton and other factors by randomized blocks design. Factor A is variety, A1 is upland cotton; A2 is Levant cotton. Factor B is sowing time, B1is sowing in Grain rain; B2 is sowing in Summer begins. Factor C is density, C1is 3500 plants each 666.7m2; C2 is 7000 plants each 666.7m2; C3 is 10500. The area ofyield is 40m2, repeats 3 times. The results of each treatment are list in the table 1.Table 1 The yield of each treatmentTreatmentsBlocksⅠⅡⅢA1B1C1 12 14 13C2 12 11 11C3 10 9 9 B2C1 10 9 9C2 9 9 8C3 6 6 7A2B1C1 3 2 4C2 4 3 4C3 7 6 7 B2C1 2 2 3C2 3 4 5C3 5 7 7Case 2 The experiment studied on the drought resistant andheat resistanceof some buckwheat. Factor A is variety, A1is America buckwheat; A2 is Tongxuan90 buckwheat; A3 is Meng87 buckwheat; A4is Daheisanleng buckwheat. Factor B is period of time of treatment, B1is 18 hours; B2is 24 hours; B3is 48 hours. Factor C is temperature of heat treatment about one hours, C1is 36℃; C2is 38℃.After the treatment of drought and heat, we cut down root tip 2—3mm of the germinating seed, and then staining it with iodine solution and calculating the hydrolysis of starch grain number. The hydrolyze rate of buckwheat of different treatmentsare list in table 2:Table 2 The hydrolyze rate of buckwheat of different treatmentsTreatments Hydrolyze rate(%)A1B1C168C273 B2C178C293 B3C187C293A2B1C157C261 B2C171C278 B3C180C288A3B1C137C241 B2C155C261 B3C166C277A4B1C170C275 B2C182C286 B3C191C298Case 3 Soybean isoflavone and Soyasaponins are main secondary metabolite matter of soybean. The two all has many biological activity functions, such as curing and preventing cancer and cardiovascular disease and the like. In this experiment, 20different type soybean varieties are selected as the research object. There are 9 seed-times to plant in two year stabs, and 360 soybeans samples are harvested altogether. The content of Soybean isoflavone and Soyasaponin is determined for all samples. Comparing the degree of the influence effect about variety、Sowing time and year factors for Soybean isoflavones and Soyasaponin content. Factor A is year, A1 is the year of 2004; A2 is the year of 2005. Factor B is varieties, B1is Nanchun201; B2is Wuchangliuyuebao; B3 is Junlianjiuzhuandou; B4 is TongdouNo.3; B5is V97-5391; B6is Shanzibai; B7is Bamaliuyuehuang; B8is Qidongyangyandou; B9 is JidouNo.10; B10 is Anjieqingdou; B11is PI548662; B12is J280082; B13is 493-1; B14is Chunpingxiaoziyaoheidou; B15is SU-123; B16is Zaotabianqing; B17is Aolai; B18is HeidouNo.1; B19is Guiyangzijindou; B20is Rudongwanlvhuang; Factor C is sowing time, C1is Mar.15; C2is Apr.15; C3 is May 15; C4 is Jun 15; C5is Jul.15; C6is Aug.15.(In 2005,we just sowing soybean in C1、C2and C3.) Then, we determined the content of Soybean isoflavone and Soyasaponin for 360 soybeans samples, the results are list in table 3.1 and 3.2.(1)、Try analyze the degree of the influence effect about variety and sowing time for Soybean isoflavone.(2)、Try analyze the degree of the influence effect aboutvariety 、sowing time and year factors for Soybean isoflavone. Table 3.1 Soybean isoflavones accumulation quantity of everysowing time in 2004B: VarietyC:Sowing timeC1(Mar.15th)C2(Apr.15th)C3(May.15th)C4(Jun.15th)C5(Jul.15th)C6(Aug.15th)B11283.09 1378.18 683.59 1508.20 2176.06 3430.08 B21484.65 836.55 1423.21 1897.94 2248.49 3236.27 B3668.58 741.24 1117.19 2405.41 2963.95 2840.79 B41939.45 2104.13 2365.35 2518.47 3099.27 2944.75 B51229.52 1600.95 1867.41 2661.33 3558.09 3579.35 B61961.33 2125.78 2117.80 2508.76 3049.67 3030.36 B71772.88 2029.19 2124.11 2333.26 2433.31 2637.33 B81310.44 1281.47 1316.35 1543.75 1817.63 2275.84 B9749.22 617.75 933.48 2190.79 3378.07 4564.56 B101700.00 1920.70 2137.61 1940.68 2760.10 2446.71 B112663.17 2920.65 2800.67 3007.31 3515.40 2993.02 B122542.02 2721.60 2896.37 3494.75 3919.14 3529.69 B131220.59 1472.49 1709.15 2493.69 3183.93 2933.48 B141283.82 762.78 1304.80 1990.63 2360.44 2804.80 B15539.96 728.35 1130.97 1921.37 2364.68 3524.33 B16886.38 1160.83 1400.95 1762.44 2652.06 2454.63 B17355.69 403.68 574.00 1489.56 1327.09 2515.46 B181378.13 630.58 372.38 1095.31 1870.09 3580.86 B191204.85 962.50 1660.83 2380.36 2974.11 3826.84202481.53 2597.77 2576.62 3339.51 3639.29 2653.07 Table 3.2 Soybean isoflavones accumulation quantity of everysowing time in 2005C: Sowing timeB: VarietyC2(Apr.15th) C4(Jun.15th) C6(Aug.15th)B1747.66 1300.73 3186.16B21249.55 1535.94 3525.17B3652.29 1494.48 2980.69B41200.89 2423.44 3510.49B5751.28 2556.03 3048.49B61749.16 2284.04 2875.06B71329.07 2024.33 2862.83B8826.06 1257.03 2379.41B9643.58 1326.62 4507.76B101343.30 2070.54 3473.88B112054.41 2463.28 2687.56B121256.86 2509.65 3449.11B131044.87 1611.72 3878.63B14833.43 1147.66 2687.22B15659.32 1354.13 2823.10B16663.56 1450.84 2791.74B17255.97 1158.54 1931.03B18832.42 680.19 3158.37B191463.84 2380.36 3590.57B201782.09 2241.96 3352.23。
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Reminders
The Central Limit Theorem consists of three statements: • The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the population from which the samples were drawn. • The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the variance of the population from which the samples were drawn divided by the size of the samples. • If the original population is distributed normally (i.e. it is bell shaped), the sampling distribution of means will also be normal. If the original population is not normally distributed, the sampling distribution of means will increasingly approximate a normal distribution as sample size increases. (i.e. when increasingly large samples are drawn) The standard error of the mean of a sampled distribution SM relates to the population standard deviation σ where n is the sample size, through the equations:
• The population variance σ2 is estimated by the average of the 3 (a) sample variances S2 because, to apply the Central Limit Theorem, ANOVA assumes normally distributed populations, homogeneous variances and random, independent sampling. Hot Mild Cold
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Example Three groups of people sit an exam under three different room temperatures, hot-1, mild-2 and cold-3: ANOVA is used to verify if their scores are statistically different
2 MSB = nsM
σ2
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What is ANOVA for? Allows testing of the difference bet increasing Type I error
Why don’t we just use the t-test?
2 σ 2 = nsM σ
sM =
n
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Reminders
MSE : the Mean Square Error is the average of a sample variances, s: from the Central Limit Theorem, the MSE tends to the population standard deviation
The t-test used to compare more than two different different means would lead to inflation of Type I error.
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How ANOVA works If the null hypothesis is true, then MSE and MSB should be about the same, because they both are estimates of the same population variance, σ2: in this case the ratio MSB/MSE is close to 1 If the null hypothesis is false, MSB will be larger than MSE, and the ratio MSB/MSE is greater than 1 The F statistic, compared with MSB/MSE, gives statistical significance to how much larger MSB is than MSE, permitting the null hypothesis to be evaluated probabilistically.
MSE =
1 s2 ∑ a
σ2
MSB : the Mean Square Between is the variance of the distribution of the sample means multiplied by the sample size: from the Central Limit Theorem, the MSB also tends to the population standard deviation
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
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Reminders
Type I error: a true null hypothesis incorrectly rejected Variance:The variance is one of several indices of variability that statisticians use to characterize the dispersion among the measures in a given population. To calculate the variance of a given population, it is necessary to first calculate the mean of the scores, then measure the amount that each score deviates from the mean and then square that deviation (by multiplying it by itself). Numerically, the variance equals the average of the several squared deviations from the mean t-test:a measure on a random sample (or pair of samples) in which a mean (or pair of means) appears in the numerator and an estimate of the numerator's standard deviation appears in the denominator based on the calculated s square or s squares of the samples. If these calculations yield a value of (t) that is sufficiently different from zero, the test is considered to be statistically significant Null hypothesis: depending on the data, the null hypothesis either will or will not be rejected as a viable possibility. The null hypothesis is often the reverse of what the experimenter actually believes; it is put forward to allow the data to contradict it. If the test is significant, the null hypothesis is rejected.
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Example (cont.) We then estimate the population variance σ2 by calculating the variance of the sample means and multiplying by the sample size to give the Mean Square Hot Mild Between, MSB:1 55 75
• The null hypothesis is that the means of the scores are not different, and that: H 0: µ 1 = µ 2 = µ 3 • This test has one factor, room temperature, and three levels, 1,2 and 3, denoted by the letter a: a=3 • The numbers of persons per group are designated as n1, n2 and n3 (or na): we will assume here that the sample sizes in the a samples, are equal.