08级语言学期中考试卷

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完整版本英语专八语言学测试卷试题

完好版本英语专八语言学测试卷试题英语专八人文语言学测试题1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A language is a systemB language is symbolicC Animal also have languageD language is arbitrary2.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof thathuman loanguage is __________.A arbitraryB non-arbitraryC logicalD non-productive3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the -ate ” in the word““ affectionate ”?A derivational morphemeB infectional morphemeC free morphemeD prefix4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill?A minimal pairB phonemic contrastC closed class wordsD bound morphemes5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace?A synonymyB antonymyC homonymyD polysemy6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______.A the manner of articulationB the shape of the lipsC the vibration of the vocal cordsD the place of articulation7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible.A mouthB lipsC tongueD vocal cords8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______.A voiced stopB voiceless stopC voiced fricativeD voiceless fricative9.The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpretsentences is called ________.A semanticsB pragmaticsC sociaolinguisticsD psycholinguistics10. The utterance“ We’ ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______.A qualityB quantityC relationD manner11.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____.A //12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences“ Mary’ s son is an engineer.”An has a son.” is.A entailmentB presuppositionC synonymyD inconsistency13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive?A The eqarth is round.B I now prinounce you husband and wife.C I ’ m really sorry!D I ’ ll be here tomorrow14.Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to thepresence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word.A conceptual meaningB social meaningC connotative meaningD affective meaning15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning.A SpeechB LocutionaryC IllocutionaryD Perlocutionary16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind oflanguage or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division.A Speech communityB Individual dialectC Regional dialectD Social dialect17.The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by sidefor two different sets of functions is termed as _______.完好版本英语专八语言学测试卷试题A diglossiaB bilingualismC multilingualismD register18.A ____is a variety of a language that is not a native language of anynone, but is learned on co9ntact situation such as trading.A pidginB creoleC dialectD lingua franca19. The Word “ lab” is formed through _________.A back formationB blendingC clippingD derivation20. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A genderB numberC caseD voice21. The pair of words “lend ”and “borrow ”are _______.A gradable oppositesB converse oppositesC co-hypinymsD synonyms22. “Big ”and “Small ”are a pair of _________opposites.A complementaryB gradableC completeD converse23. _______is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.A SemanticsB pragmaticsC sociolinguisticsD psycholinguistics24.A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called __________.25.In a speech community people have something in common________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A sociallyB linguisticallyC culturallyD pragmatically26. [ l ] and [ r ] function in a minimal pair of ___________.A lid and ridB lad and redC peel and peerD both A ， B， C27.Man ’s linguistic ability enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in his native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. This design feature of language is ____________.A specializationB cultural transmissionC ProductivityD arbitrariness28.The study of language developed over a period of time is generally termed as ______ linguistics, which focuses on the changes and developments of language.29.Human language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. This design feature of language is called ______.A D。

全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷

2008年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)：1. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )A:American linguist N. ChomskyB:Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC:American linguist Edward SapirD:British linguist J. R. Firth答案：B2. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A:stopsB:fricativesC:affricatesD:plosives答案：C3. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A:freeB:boundC:rootD:inflectional答案：B4. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as partsof speech.( )A:verbsB:nounsC: phrasesD:categories答案：D5. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A:complete homonymsB:homographsC:hyponymsD:homophones答案：D6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A:directivesB:expressivesC:commissivesD:representatives答案：B7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A:EnglishB:SanskritC:GermanD:Danish答案：B8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )A: socialB:regionalC:culturalD:political答案：B9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )A:human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speakB:human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the backD:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front答案：D10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronun ciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )A: fossilizationB:transferC:interferenceD:overgeneralization答案：AII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)：1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.答案：descriptive2. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.答案：alveolar3. The word snowfall is a word fo rmed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.答案：compound4. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”答案：Coordinate5. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.答案：relational6. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.答案：illocutionary7. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.答案：epenthesis8. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.答案：marginal9. The brain’s neurologi cal specialization for language is called linguisticl_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.答案：lateralization10. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.答案：ContrastiveIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)：1. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.答案：T2. ( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.答案：FSip and zip are minimal pairs，as are fine and vine , but veal [vi:l] and leaf [li:f] are not minimal paris because although only one sound differs in the two words , the [v] occurs initially and the [f]finally3. ( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.答案：FThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its components , e.g.greenhouse which does not mean a house that is green in color , buta building of glass for growing delicate plants that need warmth .4. ( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.答案：T5. ( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.答案：FThe predication analysis applies to all forms of sentences , including statements , imperative and interrogative forms.6. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.答案：T7. ( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).答案：T8. ( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”答案：FSuch double negation constructions provide a very effective means of emphasizing the negative part of a message in Black English , indicating that Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard American English .9. ( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.答案：FIn general , the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the left side of the body whereas the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the right side of the body .10. ( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.答案：T评分标准：答对得2 分;正误判断错误全扣分;正误判断正确，但改正出错酌情扣分。

2008年俄语专业八级试题

2008年俄语专业八级试题ГРАММАТИКА31. Достаточно ______ к энциклопедическому словарю, и вопрос станет ясен.А) обращатьсяВ) обратитьсяС) обращаешьсяD) обратишься32. Из-за загрязнения среды многие виды птиц вот-вот ______ существовать на нашей земле.А) переставалиВ) пересталиС) перестаютD) перестанут33. Человек может быть по своей психологии богатым и щедрым, не ______ много денег.А) имеетВ) имеющимС) имеяD) имевшим34. В России принято измерять уровень культуры количеством ______ книг.А) прочитанныхВ) прочитавшихС) читающихD) читаемых.35. Организация игр обойдется бюджету страны не ______ 10 миллиардов евро.А) менее наВ) менее вС) менее чемD) менее чем в36. Знание английского языка уже ______ одним из важных фактов трудоустройства.А) считаетВ)считаетсяС) считаютсяD) считало37. Она все время думала, что ей ______ не хватает, но не могла понять, чегоименно.А) чего-тоВ) кое-чегоС) чего-нибудьD) чего38. Выпейте стакан березового сока, и вы почувствуете, какой он приятный ______.А) к вкусуВ) на вкусС) от вкусаD) со вкусом39. Мои первые произведения родились ______ горячего желания показатьчитателям реальныйпортрет современника.А) отВ) сС) изD) из-за40. ______ предстоящего скорого отъезда нужно поторопиться со сборами（动身前的准备）.А)Ввиду（注意写法）В) ВследствиеС) ИзD) От41.______ подобные неприятные ситуации не исключены и в будущем, отметим несколько моментов.А) ПокаВ) КогдаС) В связи с тем чтоD) Благодаря тому что42. Горожане любят проводить время ______ в парках и на бульварах.А) под свежим воздухомВ) со свежим воздухомС) в свежем воздухеD) на свежем воздухе43. Все граждане Российской Федерации, вне зависимости от своей национальной принадлежности, ______ перед законом.А) равныВ) равныеС) равенD) равный（ровный平整的）44. Сильные магнитные бури влияют ______ на радиосвязь, ______ на работулиний электропередачи.А) так..., какВ) ни..., ниС) не только..., но иD) не..., не45. Моя сестра не ______ наивна（幼稚的）, чтобы не слушать полезных советов.А) насколькоВ) сколькоС)настолькоD) столько46. ______ что-либо предпринять, соберите необходимую информацию.А) Прежде чемВ) После того какС) С тех пор какD) До сих пор как47. Писатель хорошо знал жизнь деревни, ______ книга получилась удачной.А) за чтоВ) почемуС) из чегоD) так как48. ______ мы так будем развивать свою экономику, мы никогда не выйдем на лидирующие （领先）позиции.А) ЕслиВ) Как толькоС) КогдаD) Несмотря49. Чем ______ вызваны эти причины, нужно с этим бороться.А) быВ) былиС) бы не былиD) бы ни были50. У нас должны быть равно выгодные цены ______ внутри страны, ______ при продаже этогоэнергоносителя за рубежом.А) не как..., а как В) так..., какС) как..., так иD) не так..., как51. Я на все готова, ______ мать выздоровела.А) лишь быВ) чтоС) еслиD) как бы52. ______ в голову писателю такая тема —публика ни за что не поверит.А) ПришлаВ) ПриходилаС) Приди（第二人称命令式单数）D) Пришедшая53. Однажды он пришел ко мне в добром расположении духа, ______ с ним давно не бывало.А) которогоВ) котороеС) чтоD) чего54. В комнате, ______ справа от нас, громко играла музыка.А) какаяВ) чтоС) какойD) которой55. В одну минуту ______ занесло, небо слилось с землей.А) дорогаВ) дорогеС) дорогой D) дорогуЛексика и стилистика56 Это опасно, с точки зрения обеспечения ______ и насения, и экономики страны.А) ресурсыВ) ресурсовС) ресурсамD) ресурсами57 В последнем случае он выступает не как директор фонда, а как ______ предприниматель.А) частичныйВ) личныйС) частныйD) собственный58. Развитие сложившейся ситуации ______ ущерб экономике России в целом и ряду ее важныхотраслей.А) наноситВ) уноситС) переноситD) вносит59. Персональные компьютеры ______ образ жизни миллионов людей.А) заменилиВ) изменилиС) поменялиD) обменили60. Множество социально-экономических проблем могло бы ______ к общественному взрыву.А) вывестиВ) перевестиС) привестиD) провести61. Он, ______ волнение, наклоняется и бережно, как пятьдесят лет назад, целует ее —жену.А) пряталВ) скрывалС) прячаD) скрывая62. Человек не всегда ______ мотивы своих поступков, желаний, стремлений, внутренние взаимоотношения с окружающим миром.А) признаетВ) познаетС) осознаетD) узнает63. Вы имеете в виду создание каких-то дополнительных структур? Вы не могли бы ______ вопрос,что вы имеете в виду?А)объяснитьВ) уточнитьС) выяснитьD) задать64. Вы должны ______ доставку компьютера на дом.А) платитьВ) выплатитьС)заплатитьD) оплатить65. ______ время своему питанию, оно должно быть качественным.А) УделитеВ) ПоделитеС) ОтделитеD) Выделите66. Он рассказывал мне то, о чем я его ______ не спрашивал.А) вполнеВ) вовсеС) полностьюD) целиком67. В маленьком городке все друг друга знают, все ______ узнают.А) на видВ) в видеС) на видуD) в виду68. Наши друзья купили дачу: домик ______, зато участок прекрасный.А) так себеВ) сам собойС) сам себеD) сам по себе69. Почувствуй себя хотя бы на время звездой, ______ что в глубине души ты этого желаешь!А) более тогоВ) между темС) тем не менееD) тем более70. Творчество писателя до сих пор вызывает ______ интерес у читателей.А) стойкийВ) чрезвычайныйС) неизменныйD) специфический71. Наука —самое прекрасное и нужное в жизни человека, она всегда была и будет высшим ______ любви.А) появлениемВ) проявлениемС) заявлениемD) объявлением72. В предложении «Улица провожала его тихим шепотом восхищения» используется ______.А) метафораВ) олицетворениеС) синекдохаD) сравнение73. Русские используют фразеологический оборот «яблоку негде упасть», когда говорят о большомколичестве ______.А) фруктовВ) денегС) предметовD) людей74. Русская поговорка гласит: «Береги платье с нову, а ______ —с молоду».А) свободуВ) честьС) любовьD) время75. Реферат, монография, тезисы, диссертация, доклад, рецензия —жанры ______ стиля.А) научногоВ) разговорногоС) газетно-публицистическогоD) официально-деловогоЛИТЕРАТУРА76. В 1927 г. В. В. Маяковский написал произведение ______.А) «Василий Теркин»В) «Пора, мой друг, пора!»С) «Судьба человека»D) «Хорошо!»77. «Смерть поэта» принадлежит перугениального русского поэта ______.А) М. Ю. ЛермонтоваВ) Н. Г. ЧернышевскогоС) А. Д. ТвардовскогоD) С. А. Есенина78. В произведении ______ А. С. Пушкин затронул тему «маленького человека».А) «Евгений Онегин»В) «Борис Годунов»С) «Станционный смотритель»D) «Бахчисарайский фонтан»79. ______ проявляет новаторство не только в прозе, но и в драматургии. Егоназывали «Левитаном влитературе».А) А. Н. ОстровскийВ) Б. Л. ПастернакС) Н. А. НекрасовD) А. П. Чехов80. В поэме «Мертвые души» ______ —скупой старик, образ которогоолицетворяет полноеомертвение человеческой души.А) ЧичиковВ) ПлюшкинС) МаниловD) СобакевичСтрановедение81. Крупнейший торговый партнер России — ______.А) Восточная ЕвропаВ)Азиатско-ТихоокеанскийрегионС) Западная ЕвропаD) США82. ______ России является Верховным Главнокомандующим ВооруженнымиСилами Российской Федерации.А) ПрезидентВ) Министр обороныС) ПремьерD) Маршал Вооруженных Сил83. Первая летопись на Руси носит название ______.А) «Русская правда»В) «Слово о Полку Игореве»С) «Повесть временных лет»D) «Хождение за три моря»84. Период «оттепели» относится ко временам ______.А) АндроповаВ) БрежневаС) ГорбачеваD) Хрущева85. ______ —гениальный русский ученый во многих отраслях знаний, поэт,просветитель,один из самых выдающихся светил мировой науки.А) Д. И. МенделеевВ) М. В. ЛомоносовС) И. П. ПавловD) К. Э. Циолковский86. Российские интересы в КНР представляют посольство в Пекине, а также генеральные консульства России в ______, Шанхае и Гонконге (Сянгане),А) УханеВ) ХарбинеС) ЧунцинеD) Шэньяне87. Памятник Кузьме Минину и Дмитрию Пожарскому находится ______.А) в Петропавловской крепости в Санкт-ПетербургеВ) у Казанского собора в Санкт-ПетербургеС) на Красной площади в МосквеD) на Поклонной горе в Москве88. ______ —первый в стране государственный музей русского изобразительного искусства, основан в 1895 году.А) ЭрмитажВ) Русский музейС) Третьяковская галереяD) Музей изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина89. По русскому поверью жар-птица —образ чудо-птицы, символизирующей______.А) счастьеВ) несчастьеС) гореD) любовь90. Президент России Владимир Путин подписал Указ «О проведении в ______ году Года русского языка» в России и за рубежом.А) 2006 В) 2007С) 2008 D) 2009Напишите сочинение (не меньше 180 слов).Тема: «Русский яхык: радость и досада».31-35/BDCAD 36-40/BABCA 41-45/CDACC 46-50/ABADC 51-55/ACDBD 56-60/DCABC61-65/DCBAD 66-70/BAADC 71-75/BCDBA 76-80/DACAB 81-85/-ACDB（81不确定）86-90/DCBAB08讲解31. 只要看一看（查）百科词典，问题就清楚了。

上海大学08年语言学试题

上海大学研究生入学考试08年语言学试题I define the following terms.(20 points)1. Register2. Pigin3. Communicative competence4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5 . Lingua franca6. Diglossia7 Sociolect8. Speech community9. Standard language10: Speech variety questions.II. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put a T for true or F for false as a required on the answer sheet following the proper number. (15 points)1. Children acquiring their first language beyond the critical age hardly successful, such as the case of "Genie."2. Children acquiring a language simply as internalizing individual expressions of language.3. In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.4. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.5. The presence of a grammatical distinction in a languagethe ease of some cognitive processes, while the absence distinctions prevents these processes.6. A weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the pre- -?of linguistic categories influences the ease with which va-.?cognitive operations are performed.7. As a naturally occurring event, parlor refers to the actualized language which is specific to the situation in which it occurs.8. Chomsky regards competence as the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language, which is often influenced by psychological and social factors.9. “Domestic bird” is the superordinate, and “chicken”, “duck”, “turkey” and “goose” are co-hyponyms.10. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.11. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.12. Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called social dialects which are highly stratified in terms of social divisions, such as race, class, professional status, age and sex.13. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.14. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.15. The generic situation of the discourse is often defined in terms of tenor which is the category used to describe what language is being used for in the situation.III. Complete the following statements. (30 points)1. (1) means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.2. For many American English speakers, the best example, or the (2), of “bird” is the robin.3. We describe the relationship or the agreement between boy and his in the sentence the boy liked his dog in terms of (3) (4), mainly derived from a biological distinction between male and female.4. If someone tells you that Your uncle came back from the United States, there is an obvious (5) that you have an uncle.5. The children (6) the rule of adding–ed to form the verb past form such as goed.6. The term (7) refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations, while the term (8) applies to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language.7. The combination str is a (9) (10), i.e., it consists of more than one consonant.8. The phrase “a grief age”by Dylan Thomas breaks the rules of normal use of English. Such abnormal use is called (11).9. When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker. Such a personal dialect is referred to as (12).10. NASA or UNESCO are examples of (13), formed from the initial letters of a set of other words, and typically pronounced as (14) words.11. The verbs work becomes the noun worker if we add the (15) morpheme –er.12. The American TOEFL test is an example of (16) test.13. According to the principle of (17) (18) by George Kingsiey Zipf, language use is characterized by two competing forces: the force of unification, or the speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy.14. When learning a second language, the learners will transfer the features of their mother tongue. Such transfer can be (19) when interference occurs and results in (20).15. The (21) syllabus is a grammar oriented syllabus based on a selection of language items and structures.16. In the tu/vous distinction, tu was used to signal either (22) or that the speaker was of (23) social status than the addressee.17. The strong version of (24) Hypothesis emphasizes the dicisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.18. Saussure's (25) linguistics is the study of language through the course of its history. “A Grammar of Modern Chinese” will usually claim to be a (26) grammar.19. We use the (27) to interpret what we experience and what we hear or read about. It is a conventional knowledge structure existing in memory, for example, the conventional supermarket feature includes food displayed on shelves, shopping carts and baskets, check-out counter, and so on.20. The study of “intended speaker meaning” is called (28).21. The pairs bank (of a river) and bank (financial institution) are examples of (29).22. The components of “thin, sharp, steel, instrument” would be a part of the (30) meaning of needle.IV Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statements. (15 points)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” ( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab” is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NPVP".( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical12.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Caserecipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter13.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence14.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speakerto some future course of action are called _______.( )misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives15.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approachwhich studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicparativeD.historicalcomparativeV. Briefly answer the following questions. (30 points)1.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? (10 points)2.Explain five basic categories of illocutionary acts by Seale with examples.3.What do you know about the Cooperative Principle and its maxims?VI. Essay questions (about 150 words for each essay) (40points)1.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linearstructure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements?Support your statement with examples.2.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production。

20082009学年八年级新目标英语第一学期期中测验试卷及答案【济南外国语学校】

济南外国语学校2008—2009 学年度第一学期期中考试初二英语试卷（考试时间：90 分钟总分：100分）Part I选择题部分I.Multiple choice. (25 points)A) Choose the best answer to make a complete sentence.1.--________do you exercise? –Hardly ever. I don’t like sports.A.How longB.How oftenC.How farD.How much2.______it is not good for his health, ______he still eats junk food twice or three times a week.A.Although 。

butB.Because 。

/C.Although 。

/D.For 。

so3.Most students in our class watch TV every day. ___students watch TV three or four times a week.A.AllB.SomeC.MostD.Every4.Drinking milk and eating vegetables _________your health.A.are good forB.are good atC.is good forD.is good at5.80% students like the watch. What does “80%” mean? ________.A.None of the studentsB.All the studentsC.Some of the studentsD.Most of the students6.He has a sore throat. He _______drink some tea with honey. He ______eat yang foods.A.should 。

08级模块1期中试题

2008—2009学年度第一学期高一期中考试英语试题本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，第Ⅰ卷1至12页，第Ⅱ卷13至16页，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

第Ⅰ卷（三部分共105分）注意事项：1、答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、学号、学校、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。

2、每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关问题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1、Why didn’t Ann come to the party according to the conversation?A. Perhaps she was not asked to.B. Perhaps she didn’t want to comeC. Perhaps she was too busy.2.How does Susan feel about her translation work?A.AngryB.ConfidentC.Worried3.What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?A.Doctor and patientB.Husband and wifeC.Teacher and student4.What does the man think of the price of the car?A.ReasonableB.Too highC.Unbelievable5.What is George going to do right after he leaves school?A.Do an English courseB.Make a planC.Have a holiday第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

08、09语言学概论自考试题及答案

08年自考语言学概论真题及答案一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．下列关于“语言”的说法，不正确的一项是（）A语言就是人们说出来的话 B语言是一种有声符号系统C语言系统由多个子系统组成D语言是人类最重要的交际工具2．下列属性中，风声、雨声、喷嚏声、咳嗽声均不具有的一项是（）A．生理属性 B．自然属性 C．社会属性 D．物理属性3．下列各组元音中，都属于圆唇元音的一组是（）A．[i，u] B． C． D．[o，y]4．下列词语中，不属于派生构词的一项是（）A．rewrite B．Cats C．teacher D．unafraid5．下列词语中，不属于偏义复合词的一项是（）A．妻子 B．国家 C．开关 D．忘记6．下列各项中，不属于“语”的是（）A．惯用语 B．歇后语 C．成语 D．术语7．美国语言学家乔姆斯基创立的语法理论是（）A．结构语法理论 B．功能语法理论C．生成语法理论 D．认知语法理论8．在“这道题我们做过”这个语言片段中，“这道题”和“我们做过”的性质是（）A．既是成分，也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合C．不是成分，也不是组合 D．是组合，不是成分9．英语“John loves she”这句话是病句，其错误在于（）A．性 B．格 C．数 D．态10．下列关于义项的表述，正确的一项是（）A．义项只包括词的理性意义 B．义项包括词的临时意义C义项是词典释义的最小单位 D词的多个义项并非总有关联11．下列关于语义场的表述，不正确的一项是（）A．语义场是词义系统性的重要表现 B．语义场与上下位词关系密切C．语义场是一个层级体系 D．不同语义场的系统性是均衡的12．“行为”和“行径”在词义上最主要的差别在于（）A．感情色彩不同 B．形象色彩不同C．语体色彩不同 D．理性意义不同13．下列文字系统中，属于自源文字的是（）A．苏美尔文字 B．阿拉伯文字C．腓尼基文字 D．拉丁文字14．由意音文字换用表音文字，属于（）A文字的创制 B正字法改革C文字类型改革 D字符类型改革15．下列关于“语言转用”的表述，不正确的一项是（）A．语言转用是语言统一的重要形式B．双语现象并非一定导致语言转用C．语言转用以民族融合为必要条件D．语言间的密切接触是语言转用的重要条件16．语汇系统中最为稳固而不易变化的是（）A．一般语汇 B．基本语汇 C．通用语汇 D．专用语汇17．感性思维（前思维）活动不包括（）A．视觉和听觉 B触觉和知觉C记忆和想象 D情感和意志18．一般儿童能跟成年人差不多一样地说话的年龄是（）A．1岁左右 B．3岁左右 C．5岁左右 D．12岁左右19．下列关于母语教学的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A．母语教学主要指中小学阶段的语言教学B．母语教学的目的就是学会使用一种语言C．母语教学的任务包括提高逻辑思维能力D．母语教学也注重提高文化素质20．对于中介语的错误类型，目前较多采用的分类是（）A．系统前错误、系统错误、系统后错误B．语法错误、语汇错误、语音错误C．可容忍的错误、部分容忍的错误、不能容忍的错误D．目标语判断性错误、来源语干扰性错误二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

08级第11周第二学期期中考试卷B

2009---2010学年第二学期期中考试卷B班级：08级一、语音知识（共5小题；每题1.5分，共7.5分）在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同，找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入答题卡。

1、A. hour B. four C. flour D. our2、A. research B. respect C. disease D. distance3、A. feather B. measure C. weather D. league4、A. cushion B. butter C. luggage D. cupboard5、A. chimney B. chicken C. chemistry D. chairman二、词汇与语法知识（共15小题；每题1.5分，共22.5分）从每小题的四个选项中，选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入答题卡。

6、My grandparents _________to the park to have a walk every day.A. goesB. has goneC. are goingD. go7、—Where is my mom, Dad ?—She ________ in the kitchen.A. cooksB. is cookingC. is going to cookD. was cooking8、I know him very well because we ________ friends for ages.A. areB. wereC. had beenD. have been9、—Where________ Susan and Linda?—Sorry, I don’t know. They________ here about half an hour ago.A. is; areB. are; wasC. are; wereD. were ; are10、The meeting________ at half past eight yesterday morning, but he ______at nine.A. begun: comesB. began; cameC. begins; comesD. begin; came11、When you called me this morning, I_________ the newspaper. A. read B. was reading C. reads D. have read12、When World War II_________, he _________ in France.A. started; livedB. was starting; livedC. started; was livingD. was starting; was living13、At first we were not sure whether we ___, but we tried our best to complete the Work.A. have succeededB. will succeedC. were succeededD. would succeed14、Mr. Jackson ________ himself physics by the time he was ten years old.A. taughtB. has taughtC. was taughtD. had taught15、By the end of last month she _____. Over five hundred letters of congratulation from different parts of the worldA. receivedB. has receivedC. had receivedD. would received16、Be quiet! I’m trying to hear what the man ______.A. saysB. is sayingC. saidD. has said17、He said he ______ an exhibition the next Tuesday.A. will visitB. visitedC. was visitingD. would visit18、-Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.-No, I ______.A. won’tB. don’tC. can’tD. haven’t19、He got up early this morning, but he sometimes _______ in bed until lunch time.A. stayB. staysC. is stayingD. staying20、She is still in hospital. She _______sick since last Thursday.A. had beenB. wasC. has beenD. have been三、完型填空（共10小题；每题2分，共20分）通读下面的短文，掌握其大意。

2008学年第二学期初二期中试卷

宁波外国语学校初二英语期中试卷二OO八学年度第二学期（第1—60小题答案填涂在答题卡上，其它部分答案写在答题卷上）Listening Part（共15分）I. Listen to each short conversation once and choose the rightanswer.(听对话，选择正确的回答。

每个对话读一遍。

每小题1分，共5分。

)1. What did the man just buy?A. A new car.B. Nothing.C. A second-hand car.2. Who might Jim do this Friday?A. Get things ready with his parents.B. Go to his cousin’s wedding.C. Have dinner with Tom.3. What will Nina do next?A. She will go to a police station.B. She will go to get help.C. She will get off the taxi.4. What was Samantha doing when Judy called her?A. She was playing with her sister.B.She was taking a walk.C. She was shopping.5. What is the man going to do?A. Look for another parking place.B. Get a ticket.C. Park the car there.II. Listen to the conversations twice and choose the right answers.(听对话, 选择正确的答案。

每个对话读两遍。

语言学期中考试题及答案

语言学期中考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个选项是“语言”的正确定义？A. 一种交流的工具B. 一种数学符号C. 一种艺术形式D. 一种物理现象答案：A2. 语言的起源可以追溯到：A. 古代文明B. 史前时期C. 现代科学D. 宗教信仰答案：B3. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词法和句法B. 词法和音位学C. 句法和音位学D. 词法和语义学答案：A4. 在语言学中，“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的内在结构答案：B5. “语言习得”通常指的是：A. 学习第二语言B. 学习母语C. 学习计算机语言D. 学习任何语言答案：D6. 以下哪个选项是“方言”的正确定义？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的变体D. 一种语言的方言答案：C7. 语言的“词汇”包括：A. 单词和短语B. 单词和句子C. 短语和句子D. 单词和音节答案：A8. 语言的“音位学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的语法D. 语言的意义答案：A9. “双语者”是指：A. 同时使用两种语言的人B. 学习两种语言的人C. 只使用一种语言的人D. 无法使用任何语言的人答案：A10. 语言的“语义学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的语法D. 语言的使用答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种________的工具。

答案：交流2. 语言的起源可以追溯到________时期。

答案：史前3. 语言的语法规则包括词法和________。

答案：句法4. 在语言学中，“语用学”研究的是语言的________功能。

答案：社会5. “语言习得”通常指的是学习________。

答案：任何语言6. “方言”是指一种语言的________。

答案：变体7. 语言的“词汇”包括单词和________。

答案：短语8. 语言的“音位学”研究的是语言的________。

2008年英语专业八级真题及详解【圣才出品】

2008年英语专业八级真题及详解TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2008)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT:150MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION(25MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to the mini-lecture,please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is(are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable.You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now,listen to the mini-lecture.When it is over,you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.The Popularity of English【答案与解析】(1)native/first languages细节题。

讲座主要是关于英语流行的主要原因，讲座一开始主要从三方面陈述了英语的使用现状，本题主要针对英语作为一种通用语(lingua franca）的使用情况设题。

讲座中第一段的最后一句提到通用语指的是一种广泛地应用于两个不同的本国语者之间的语言，说话者双方或其中一方把该语言作为第二语言来使用。

2008年英语专业八级考试试题原题及答案解析

答案在：第11页TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS（2008）—GRADE EIGHT—TIME LIMIT: 195MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI -LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. You notes will not be market, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task for after the mini- lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE.Use the blank sheet for note- tanking.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview1. Mary doesn't seem to favour the idea of a new airport becauseA. the existing airports are to be wastedB. more people will be encouraged to travel.C. more oil will be consumed.D. more airplanes will be purchased.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Mary as a potential disadvantage?A. More people in the area.B. Noise and motorways.C. Waste of land.D. Unnecessary travel.3. Freddy has cited the following advantages for a new airport EXCEPTA. more job opportunities.B. vitality to the local economy.C. road construction,D. presence of aircrew in the area.4. Mary thinks that people dont need to do much travel nowadays as a result ofA. less emphasis on personal contact.B. advances in modern telecommunications.C. recent changes in peoples concepts.D. more potential damage to the area5. We learn from the conversation that Freddy is Marys ideas,A. strongly in favour ofB. mildly in favour ofC. strongly againstD. mildly againstSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. What is the main idea of the news item?A. A new government was formed after Sundays elections.B. The new government intends to change the welfare system.C. The Social Democratic Party founded the welfare system.D. The Social Democratic Party was responsible for high unemployment.Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.7. The tapes of the Apollo-11 mission were first stored inA. a U.S. government archives warehouse.B. a NASA ground tracking station.C. the Goddard Space Flight Centre.D. none of the above places.8. What does the news item say about Richard Nafzger?A. He is assigned the task to look for the tapes.B. He believes that the tapes are probably lost.C. He works in a NASA ground receiving site.D. He had asked for the tapes in the 1970s.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9. The example in the news item is cited mainly to showA. that doctors are sometimes professionally incompetentB. that in cases like that hospitals have to pay huge compensations.C. that language barriers might lower the quality of treatment.D. that language barriers can result in fatal consequences.10. According to Dr. Flores, hospitals and clinicsA. have seen the need for hiring trained interpreters.B. have realized the problems of language barriers.C. have begun training their staff to be bilinguals.D. have taken steps to provide accurate diagnosis.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet。

华中师范大学汉语语言学2008真题及解析

华中师范大学2007年819汉语语言学真题壹、现代汉语部分（80分）一、名词解释（每小题4分，共20分）1.甲骨文2.押韵3.离合词4.兼类词5.拈连二、分析题（每题5分，共10分）1.用层次分析方法分析下面短语的层次和结构关系。

写出更多更好的具有生动气息的作品2.用划线法分析下面多重复句。

尽管古代的一些作家，并不完全是唯物主义者，但是他们既然是现实主义者，他们思想中就不能不具有唯物主义的成分，因而他们能够从艺术的描写中反映出一定的客观真理。

三、简述题（每题10分，共40分）1.方言与民族共同语的关系。

2.基本词汇的特点。

3.连动句与兼语句的联系和区别。

4.合作原则的内容。

四、思辩题从下面几段话中找出两个值得研究的语法或修辞问题。

每小题请用50-150字简要说明其值得研究的理由（每题5分，共10分）。

小时候，每到夏天，母亲就会带着我村西边的那块田里种上几分地的黄豆。

种黄豆比较省事，只需锄两遍地，然后就耐心地等待着秋后收割。

只不过，在有些黄豆地里会长出一种奇怪的植物——菟丝子。

它们柔长的茎蔓，像结实的铁链一样，将它攀缘过的黄豆芽紧紧地拢在一起。

有一次，我我跟母亲到黄豆地里去薅菟丝子。

我自以为是地说：“既然它们没有生根，长在长在豆地里就不会碍事，咱干吗还要费事呢？”母亲却告诉我：“它们可不像你说的这样轻巧，它们拢住哪一棵豆子，哪一棵豆子就会枯死。

”待薅到地头的时候，母亲故意留下了一小株菟丝子没有清除。

秋后，黄豆熟透的时候，母亲指着地头一小圈已枯死的黄豆桔对我说：“这次你看到了吧，即使一株小小的菟丝子，也会毁掉一片豆子。

”以后，每到黄豆生长的旺季，我都要和母亲一起到黄豆地里去，仔细清除掉里面的每一株菟丝子。

贰、古代汉语汉语部分（共70分）、五、指出下列各字在六书中所属的结构类型。

（每题2分，共10分）1.析2.字3.鹿4.枚5.本六、解释下列各句中加点之词的词汇意义或语法意义。

（10分）1.尔曹身于名俱灭。

英语语言学08年

I. Fill in the blanks. 30 marks1. A _____ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2. _____ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.3. _____ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalent syntactic status.4. IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.5. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of_____ communication.6. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _____.7. The theory that language arose from human beings instinctive need for contact with his companion has been called the _____ theory.8. Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.9. Modern linguistic is _____ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.10. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _____ study.11. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.12. _____ sentences express judgment.13. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _____ and ______.14. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as _____.15. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _____ Principle proposed by J. Grice.16. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _____ is concrete and context-dependent.17. A ______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.18. _____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.20. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.II. Choose the best answer. 15 marks21. The sentence "They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves" is a _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex22. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics23. In Halliday's view, the _____ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. social24. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as _____.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal25. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang26. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?- A nice day, isn't it?- Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.27. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.28. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics29. Idioms are ______ .A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units30. _____ describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood31. "John hit Peter" and "Peter was hit by John" are the same _____.A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth32. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _____ which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy33. _____ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics34. _____ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky35. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one' s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicaturesIII. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. 15 marks36. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax; they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable with each other semantically..37. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme.38. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.39. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.40. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.41. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.42. Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.43. Stylistics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.44. Parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.45. Cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This is not to deny that human capacity for language has a generic basis; in fact only human beings can learn a human language at birth and he has to be exposed to language in order to acquire it. Humans can speak about the "not here" and the "not there" while animals seem to have only a signaling system.IV. Explain the following terms. 40 marks46. The phatic function of language47. The recreational function of language48. Communicative competence49. Figurative language50. Language variation51. Semantics52. computational linguistics53. The difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics54. Macro-linguistic55. Conversational implicatureV. Answer the following questions in more details. 50 marks56. What is language?57. What is the tradition of the London School?58. What is interlanguage?59. What is Universal grammar?60. What is pragmatics:?。

08级第11周第二学期期中考试卷B

2009—--2010学年第二学期期中考试卷B班级：08级一、语音知识(共5小题；每题1。

5分，共7。

5分）在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同,找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入答题卡。

1、A. hour B。

four C。

flour D. our2、A. research B。

respect C. disease D. distance3、A. feather B。

measure C. weather D。

league4、A. cushion B. butter C. luggage D。

cupboard5、A. chimney B。

chicken C. chemistry D。

chairman二、词汇与语法知识（共15小题；每题1.5分，共22.5分）从每小题的四个选项中,选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入答题卡。

6、My grandparents _________to the park to have a walk every day.A。

goes B。

has gone C。

are going D。

go 7、—Where is my mom，Dad ？—She ________ in the kitchen。

A。

cooks B. is cooking C. is going to cook D. was cooking 8、I know him very well because we ________ friends for ages。

A。

are B。

were C。

had been D. have been9、—Where________ Susan and Linda？—Sorry, I don’t know. They________ here about half an hour ago.A. is; areB. are; wasC. are；were D。

南昌工程学院外语系08语言学试卷A卷.doc

D. behaviourismA. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonyms10. “Can I borrow your bike?”.A. is synonymous withC. entails“ You have a bike.”B. is inconsistent withPart I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%x20=40%)1.Saussure took a (n)view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a point of view.A.sociological...psychologicalB. psychological...sociologicalC. applied... pragmaticD. semantic ... linguisticnguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the spetiker. This feature is called.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission3.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair4.is one of the supcrscgmcntal features.A. StopB. VoicingC. DeletionD. Tone5."-s" in the word “books" is.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root6. b are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences7.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called a.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory8."We shall know a word by the company it keeps." This statement represents bA. the conceptualist viewB. contcxutalismC. the naming theory9.The pair of words "alive" and "dead" are cB.relational oppositesD. None of the aboveD. presupposes11.The word Tiquor” in contemporary English is an alcoholic drink, but it was once synonymous with"liquid”, be it alcoholic or not. The phenomenon is called semantic b.A. broadeningB. narrowingC. entailmentD. shift12.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n)A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive13.The speech act theory was first put forward by b・A. John Searle.B. John Austin.C. Noam Chomsky.D. M.A.K. Halliday.14.A(n)_b act is the act of expressing (he speaker's inienlion, it is the act performed in saying something.A. locutionary B・ illocutionary C. perlocutionarj z D. speech15.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _d might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC.mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturcs16. a is mainly concerned with both (he description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time.A. Historical linguisticsB. corpus linguistics.C. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics17.A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages forpurposes of trading is called __ c.A. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.18.The word “ brunch” is formed through dA. backformationB.clippingC. derivationD. blending19.Thee view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops, cA. behavioristB. innatistC. interactionistD. cognitive20.Which one isn't〔he stages in child language development? dA. Phonological developmentB. Vocabulary developmentC. Grammatical developmentD. Atypical developmentPart II. True or false. (1%X10=10%)1.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.F2.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. F3.Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. F4.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. T5.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional .F6.The history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English andModern English. F7.The social group that is singled out for any special study is called speech variety. Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. TDevice, or LAD. T10.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disorders and the relationship between thebrain and language. TPart III. Define the following terms。

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Part One: 40’A. True/ False questions: (10’)Read the statements carefully and decide whether each of them is true (T) or false (F) in terms of linguistics.T【1 】The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.T【 2 】Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.F【3 】According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F【4 】Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.F【5 】English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.T【6 】V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.F【7 】A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F【8 】Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.F【9 】Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.T【10 】Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.B. Complete each of the statements with the most likely answer: (30’)【 1 】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. communicationB. contactC. relationD. community【 2 】Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang【 3 】What is the most important function of language?A. Interpersonal 人际的B. Phatic 交流感情的C. Informative 教育性D. Metalingual【 4 】Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous【 5 】According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized 内在化knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue【 6 】The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is__________ .A. informative 教育性的B. phaticC. directive 指示的D. performative行为语【7 】Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Animals also have languageC. Language is symbolicD. Language is arbitrary【8 】The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in__________ .A. the obstruction of airstreamB. the place of articulationC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips【9 】Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics【10 】Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics【11 】The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is ________.A. interrogative疑问句B. directiveC. informativeD. performative【12 】Usually, suprasegmental features include__________, length and pitch.音高A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress【13 】Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).斜杠语法A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme【14 】An aspirated送气p, an unaspirated 不送气p and an unreleased不吐放的p are ________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones【15 】Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics【16 】Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation 发音部位?A. [m]B. [n]C. [ b ]D. [p]【17 】All words contain a __________A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix【18 】In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. suffixesB. prefixesC. infixesD. stems【19 】“-s” in the word“books” is _______.A. a derivative 派生affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root【20 】The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic【21 】The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend假朋友, malpractice玩忽职守, mistrust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. locative prefixesD. pejorative轻蔑语prefixes【22 】The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow驳回are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes【23 】The prefixes in words bilingual, uniform and hemisphere are ________. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes【24 】Omega, Xerox and Danone are words from _________.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. trade names【25 】Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain________.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. locative prefixesD. prefixes of time and order【26 】The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A. negative prefixesB. miscellaneous多种多样的prefixesC. prefixes of time and orderD. prefixes of degree or size【27 】A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative【28 】 In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Performative B. Emotive C. Interpersonal D. Recreational【29 】__________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole【30 】The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixesPart Two: 20’Linguistic Analysis（20%）:Comment on the following linguistic phenomena briefly.【 1 】a: Don't say X.b: People don't say X.【 2 】bkli; I apple eat.【 3 】“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare【 4 】pin-bin, bin-tin, tie-die, choke-joke, pill-bill, bill-till, till-kill.【 5 】“k b i l”a: blik, klib, bilk, kilbb: lbki, ilbk, bkil, ilkb【 6 】a: sign, design, paradigmb: signature, designation, paradigmatic【7 】/p/=[ p h ] + [ p. ] + [ p¬ ] (unreleased)/l/ = [ l ] + [ ł ]/e/ = [e]【8 】Write down all the morphemes in the word-- antidisestablishmentarianism 【9 】ion/-tion/-sion/-ation【10 】bird's eye----fish-eye, worm's-eye, cat's-eyePart Three: 40’QuestionsAnswer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.【 1 】Why do you think speech is more basic than writing? (8’)【 2 】Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (8’)【 3 】Why is it difficult to define language? (8’)【 4 】What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (8’)【 5 】After World War II, neologisms sweep in at a rate much faster than any other historical period. What are the main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms? (8’)。

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