大学语法第一章
大学英语语法 第一讲 冠词
第一讲冠词一、使用定冠词与不使用定冠词的场合1 . 使用定冠词的场合1)用在表示独一无二的或被认为是唯一东西的名词前The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank andwood . 这时, 天空已是一片湛蓝, 太阳把千万颗宝石撒在草地上, 撒在河岸边, 撒在树林间。
Outside the moon is high with a dark-blue sky behind it and with mountains, plains , andforests of silver lying below . 窗外, 月亮挂在深蓝色的天幕上, 天幕下是银色的山峦、平川和森林。
The moon goes down, a raven cries and f rost fills the sky . 月落乌啼霜满天。
Theworld is like a stage . 世界就像一个舞台。
On fine evenings, the Milky Way is ever so bright . 在晴朗的夜晚, 银河非常明亮。
They thought the earth was the centre of the universe . 他们认为地球是宇宙的中心。
.. 但是, 某些这类名词若因阴晴雨雪等而表现出不同的状貌, 前有形容词修饰时, 亦可用不定冠词。
例如:a blue sky 蔚蓝的天空, a starry sky 星光灿烂的夜空, a cloudless sky 晴朗的天空, asullen sky 阴沉的天空, a cloudy sky 多云的天空, a dark-blue sky 深蓝色的天空(幕) , ina sky of iron 在铁色的天空, a new moon 新月, a half moon 半月, a full moon 满月, a crescent moon 一钩新月, a red sun 一轮红日.. 再如普通名词sea 等的类似表达法: a calm sea 平静的海, a rough sea 波涛汹涌的海, a long sea 长波阔浪的海, a short sea 急浪翻腾的海, a strong wind 劲风2)用在表示特指的人或物的名词前(熟知或心照不宣的人或物)Helen is in the garden . 海伦在花园里。
大学英语语法知识
第一章基本句型1．句子成分1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动词-ing 形式（短语）和名词从句等充当。
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field.He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。
动词的性质决定其是否必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。
People’s standards of living are going up steadily.I may be wrong.He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.She left the room angry and frustrated. She looked sad and discouraged.We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be expanded.For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短语）、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。
大学英语语法 unit 1 Sentence Structure
Ex: explain the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the following words: astir, awhir, deplane, disambiguate, ecocide, megajet, mini-budget, nonnovel, outsmart, supertax, anti-Marketeer cinerama, meritocrat, interviewee, racketeer, topsider, gangsterese, hawkish, narrowish, nuclearism, golfitis, beatnik, protestnik, dopester, huckster, weatherwise.
stem– is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
Ex: analyze the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: specialize, pretentious, unsympathetic, crudity, indisputable, individuality, halfhearted, bird’s-eye, gaslight, backburner, officer-in-charge, a man of letters, downfall, dining-room, power-drunk.
大学英语写作课程语法Unit 1 语法和练习答案
第一单元语法部分参考答案PART III GRAMMARSubject- Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary:1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,theverb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do notaffect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.When the subject expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAll the sentences are correct.Summary:1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, alf, the last, the rest, take a singular orplural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending onthe form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verbshould take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structureReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledgesb. What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c. There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary:1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular,. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the number ofthe subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.OthersReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. Nobody in town admits seeing him.b. Does anyone want to go with me?c. Are any of you going to the exhibition?d. None works/work so hard as he does.e. Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f. The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meetingg. The jury is finally complete.h. The jury were divided in their Opinions.i. New York Times is his bible.j. Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary:1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebody generally require a singular verb.2.The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as aunit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take asingular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news, statistics,and whereabouts.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. That statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the laked. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4,000 students.i. Social custom s vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer's attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences3. (1)experienced (2) elapsed(3)attempting (4) with(5)take up (6) made(7)endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterestedc. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. Al1 the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branchesh. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the triali. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on displayj. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter's gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。
大学英语语法与词汇(系统梳理)
大学英语语法与词汇第一章时态英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。
英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。
现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下：一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等,常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。
【例句】The earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty every morning.2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。
【例句】There is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3.用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, theminute, immediately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。
【例句】I’ll ring you as soo n as he comes back.If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.●注：if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意”，“肯”。
大学英语语法(词性与句法)
第一部分词性及其句法功能词性是英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。
共有十类：名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
词类英语名称（简称）意义例词1. 名词Nouns ( n. )表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念的名称John，room2.动词Verbs ( v. ) vt 及物vi 不及物表示动作、状态或性质stand ，be3.形容词Adjectives ( adj. ) 表示人或事物的属性或特征good，interesting4.代词Pronouns ( pron. ) 代替名词、数词以避免重复them，everything5.数词Numerals ( num. ) 表示数量或顺序nine，first6.冠词Articles ( art. ) 用于名词之前，帮助说明名词的含义a，an，the7.副词Adverbs ( adv. )修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，表示行为特征或性状特征almost ，bravely8.介词Prepositions ( prep. )用于名词或代词之前，表示名词、代词与其它词之间的关系near，from9.连词Conjunction ( conj. ) 连接单词、短语、从句或句子and ，but10. 感叹词Interjection( interj. ) 表示说话时的语气或感情hello ，oh在上述的十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词等具有明确的意义，可以在句中独立充当句子成分，称为实义词。
介词、连词和冠词只能起联系或辅助的作用，都不在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词。
感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分，通常作独立成分。
一. 名词Nouns ( n. )1.名词的句法功能The man, a success of car industry , was elected deputy to the People's Congress last year and this morning a newspape r called him an economic criminal,which was really a shock to us all.名词在句子中主要作主语(Subject)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative )、主补(Subject Complement )、宾补(Object Complement )和同位语(Appositive)，还可以作定语(Attribute) 、状语(Adverbial)和呼语(V ocative)。
大学英语语法应用教程-条件句(Conditional Clause)
第一章 句法概论(The Structure of the English Grammar)
3．第三种类型条件句 第三种类型条件句是非真实条件句的一种。所谓“非真实条件”，在语义上包含着不同程度的“非真实性”。这种类型 的条件句也可分为基本形式和变体形式。 (1) 第三种类型条件句的基本形式。例如： ① If we caught the 10 o’clock train, we would(could, might, etc)get there by lunch-time. ② If I came into a fortune, I would give up working. ③ If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do. 这三个句子，在if分句中都用一般过去时，主句动词都用would, could, might, etc + 动词原形。这三个句子在语法形 式上虽然相同，但由于出现在不同的语境和上下文中，因此其条件实现的可能性就有程度的差别：① if分句所表示的条件在 说话人看来实现的可能性不大，但还是有可能的，比如说话时间已是九点多钟，尚未动身，因而不大可能赶上十点钟火车， 也不大可能在吃午饭以前到达。② if分句表示的条件come into a fortune显然是一种主观臆想，几乎不大可能实现。③ if 分句所表示的条件根据上下文显然与现在事实相反，从而根本不可能告诉对方做些什么，这种句型的动词形式还可根据语义 意图采用进行时，如： If we were on holiday now, we’d be having a wonderful time. If I were looking for a job now, I’d read the advertisement columns every morning.
全新版大学进阶英语语法练习教程1 unit1
全新版大学进阶英语语法练习教程1unit1全新版大学进阶英语语法练教程1 Unit 1简介本单元是全新版大学进阶英语语法练教程1的第一单元，主要介绍了英语语法的基础知识和练。
通过本单元的研究，学生将能够掌握一些基本的英语语法规则，并通过练巩固所学知识。
内容本单元的内容包括以下几个部分：1. 名词 (Nouns)- 可数名词和不可数名词的区别- 单数名词和复数名词的变化规则- 名词所有格的用法2. 代词 (Pronouns)- 人称代词的形式和用法- 物主代词的形式和用法- 指示代词的形式和用法3. 冠词 (Articles)- 定冠词和不定冠词的用法- 零冠词的用法4. 形容词 (Adjectives)- 形容词的基本用法- 比较级和最高级的形成规则- 特殊形容词的用法5. 副词 (Adverbs)- 副词的基本用法- 原级、比较级和最高级的形成规则- 副词在句子中的位置6. 动词 (Verbs)- 动词的时态和语态- 动词的不规则变化- 动词的时态和语态在句子中的用法7. 连词 (Conjunctions)- 连词的基本用法- 并列连词、从属连词和转折连词的区别- 连词的位置与用法研究方法建议为了更好地研究本单元的内容，建议学生采取以下研究方法：1. 阅读课本，并仔细阅读每个知识点的解释和例句；2. 完成课后练题，加深对知识点的理解；3. 制作笔记，记录重要的规则和例句，以便复时查阅；4. 多做语法练，巩固所学内容；5. 与他人进行语法讨论，共同研究进步。
总结本单元是全新版大学进阶英语语法练习教程1的第一单元，重点介绍了英语语法的基础知识和练习。
通过本单元的学习，学生将能够掌握一些基本的英语语法规则，并通过练习巩固所学知识。
建议学生采取合理的学习方法进行学习，以取得更好的效果。
全新版大学进阶英语语法讲解教程1 unit1
全新版大学进阶英语语法讲解教程1
unit1
该教程旨在帮助大学生进一步提高他们的英语语法水平。
下面
是本教程第一单元的内容概述。
主要内容
本单元主要包括以下几个方面的英语语法知识：
1. 语句基本结构：介绍英语句子的基本结构，包括主语、谓语
和宾语的概念以及它们在句子中的位置。
2. 时态与语态：详细介绍英语中的各种时态和语态，如一般现
在时、过去进行时、将来完成时等，并提供相关的使用规则和例句。
3. 名词与代词：讲解名词与代词在句子中的作用和用法，包括
单数与复数形式、人称代词和物主代词等。
4. 形容词与副词：介绍形容词和副词在句子中的用法和修饰规则，包括比较级和最高级的形式。
5. 介词与介词短语：解释介词的基本含义和用法，并提供一些
常用的介词短语及其意义。
6. 从句与连接词：讲解从句的概念和种类，介绍连接词的作用
和使用方法。
研究目标
通过研究本单元的内容，学生应该能够：
- 掌握英语句子的基本结构，正确使用主语、谓语和宾语。
- 熟练运用各种时态和语态，正确表达不同的时间和语气。
- 理解名词和代词在句子中的功能，并正确选择和使用它们。
- 灵活运用形容词和副词，增强句子的表达能力。
- 熟悉常用的介词和介词短语，能够准确地描述位置和关系。
- 理解从句的构成和作用，正确使用连接词来连接主句和从句。
结束语
本教程第一单元提供了一个全面的英语语法讲解，帮助学生打下坚实的语法基础。
通过研究和实践，学生将能够更自信地运用英语语法，并提高他们的语言能力。
大学英语语法1
32
[P184第49题]
Inversion
倒装结构
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倒装句
英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语
在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法 结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或 部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象 叫做倒装。
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全部பைடு நூலகம்装
在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前 面去而构成倒装语序。（注意：句子的主语为人称 代词时，句子不倒装。 ） （1）在以there、here、now、then、such引导 的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。 There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. （2）当out, in, away, up等表示方位的词放在句首 时，句子要倒装。 Away flew the bird.那鸟飞走了。 （3）表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。 South of the town lie two steel factories. Between the two buildings stands a tall tree . 35
36
例句
I shall never do this again. Never shall I do this again. Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door . 她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。 Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night . 他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。 Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before . 我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。 No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那 37 儿住下了。
大学英语语法全书ppt课件
不规则名词复数 （2）
不规则名词 复数系统（2）
复数形式 有两种，但意
义不同
改变名词 元音、辅音
单、复数 同形
外来词 保持原有
形式
不规则名词复数（2）
2)不规则名词复数构成规则 (1) 有些名词以改变元音、辅音的方法变为复
College English Grammar ---Instruction & Practice
大学英语语法 ----精讲与训练
玉林师范学院 外国语学院 秦耀咏
别有洞天
Chapter 1 绪论
语法教学观：方向与方法 语法学习观：问题与练题
Contents
Questions on Grammar Teaching & Learning
bacterium→ bacteria; crisis→ crises (4) 少数外来词有两种复数形式，不规则变化
的为科学术语，而加-s多用于一般场合如： antenna(触角、天线)→ antennae/antennas apparatus(机构、器官)→apparatus /apparatuses
数，如：foot→ feet; goose→ geese man→ men; child→ children; ox→ oxen (2) 有些名词单复数同形。如： deer→ deer; sheep→ sheep; means→ means; works→ works
(3)有些外来词保留原有的复数形式，如： analysis→ analyses; datum→ data;
大一英语语法第一讲
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6.A:Object:165 years B:Adverbial:around the sun 7.A:Subject:you and your brother B:Object:how many pairs of shoes 8.A:Subject:most expensive meal listed on the menu B:Complement:what 9.A:Direct Object:an "outdoor code" B:Indirect Object:their members 10.A:Predicate Verb:can blow B:Adverbial:as far as 180 miles an hour
[2]主-动（SV）结构 在SV结构中，谓语动词通常是不及物动词 eg：Iron rusts. Everybody laughed. The guests have arrived. Prices are doing down. The children are sleeping.
• [3]主-动-宾(SVO)结构 在SVO结构中，谓语动词通常是及物动词，随后 须跟宾语，带一个宾语的及物动词又叫做“单宾 语及物动词” eg：I want a return ticket . Liverpool（利物浦队）won the game. Nobody could answer the question. The train is building up speed. The plane is losing altitude（降低高度）.
• [5]主-动-宾-补(SVOC)结构 • 在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后须跟 语和宾语补 足语，这种动词又叫“复杂宾语及物动词”。 • eg：We made him our spokesman. • They elected him president. • He pronounced himself in favour of the plan. • They painted the walls creamy white. • The directors appointed him sales manager.
大学高级英语语法PPT第一章
Terms (p4) : Morpheme （词素） is the minimal meaningful unit in a language. Morph (词素变体） is a form in which a morpheme is realised. Allomorph （词素变体、 同词词素） is a phonetically, lexically or grammatically conditioned member of a set of morphs representing a particular morpheme. （受 语音、词汇和语法限制）
↓
A clause consists of one or more phrases
A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes A morpheme
Lower
1.1 Morphemes (p3-4) e.g. unmentionables → un-mention-able-s unforgettable unreliable mentions mentioned comparable advisable desks beds
For example:
Phonological form [-z] [-s] [-iz]
Orthographic form Meaning meanings Map maps Watch watches
The alternates [-z] [-s] [-iz] are all morphs of the same morpheme {s}. Each can be said to be an allomorph of the plural morpheme.
大学英语语法1-主语谓语
Predicates are typically verb-based and can include additional elements such as objects, complements, and adverbials. They can also be modified by adverbs or adverbial phrases to provide more specific information about the action or state described by the verb.
• Cultural awareness: Learning English grammar also involves understanding the cultural norms and conventions of English-speaking countries. This awareness facilitates cross-cultural communication and enhances one's ability to function effectively in an international context.
predicate
It contains two or more verbs sharing the same subject. For instance, "They laughed and cried at the same time."
Complex
predicate
It includes a main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs or verbals. For example, "He has been working hard all day."
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C o l l e g e E n g l i s h G r a m m a rbyWang Yang2012-2013语法简介语法的涵义、特点及分类语法的三个层面：形式、意义、用法掌握语法的重要性及语法教学的目标英语语法的构成和特点大学英语语法教学的重难点如何更有效地掌握大学英语语法语法是语言的规则语法是词的构成、变化和用词造句的规则语法包括词法和句法语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系语法具有高度的抽象性语法具有强大的递归性语法具有严密的系统性语法具有相对的稳固性语法还具有民族性从历时角度，可分为传统语法和现代语法（以结构主义语言学出现为界）从描写目的，可分为理论语法和教学语法（英语语法属教学语法的范畴）语法的三个层面:形式、意义、用法形式：某个语法结构怎样构成的。
比如“现在完成进行时”的结构形式是have been doing这是使用语法规则的起点，即首先要做到能够准确地构造某个语法结构，这是语法结构的准确性问题。
意义：某个语法结构表达的意义。
比如“现在完成进行时”可以表示“一个活动从过去一直延续到现在说话时刻”这样的含义，这就是现在完成时态这一结构所具备的语法意义。
由此可以看出，特定意义一般是对应于特定的结构形式的，或者说，特定的结构形式能够表达特定的意义（Particular forms will express their particular meanings）。
对于一个句子，它的含义不仅仅是来自于句中所使用的词汇的含义，而是还有来自于其中特定语法结构所含有的语法意义。
用法：关于何时/为什么使用某一语法结构的问题。
这与在实际交流中的语境有关系，即什么样的语境中，采用何种语法结构来表达特定的意义才合适，这是有关语法结构的合适型问题。
意义和用法是密切相关的，有时难以严格界定。
某一特定的语法结构的形式、意义和用法这三者之间是相互联系的，图示如下：语法形式、意义、用法三者之间的关系：英语学习者要能够准确地、有意义地、恰当地去运用英语语言结构。
做到这一点，才能真正灵活使用语法规则，并进而在思维高度上来使用英语。
比如：I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.翻译一：我来北京有14年了。
翻译二：在过去这14年中，我常常来北京。
翻译二正确。
Have been doing 在英文中表示的是一个重复的动作，具体来说：用短暂动词（如come）的完成进行时（如have been coming）来表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。
因此，知道语法结构的正确构造形式只是第一步，还要清楚其表达的语法意义。
但知其二并不能保证能够正确使用，还要知道其用法。
其用法与语言环境密切相关。
句子与语境在真实的语言交际过程中，任何一个句子都不能够孤立存在，都有一个赖以生存的环境。
甚至有时候，语境决定了一个句子真正要表达的意思。
比如下面这个电影对白发生在一位父亲与自己女儿的男朋友之间：Father: Do you drink?Young Man: No, thanks, I’m cool.Father: I’m asking if you drink. Do you think I’d offeralcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?这位父亲问他女儿的男朋友（其正准备开车带他女儿出门）：Do you drink?他真正的意思是问这个年轻男子是否有饮酒的习惯，即在询问情况，而不是问他现在想不想喝酒，即不是在提议。
因此，从交际的角度去看待语法，在具体语境中考查语法规则的使用，通过语篇、语境驾驭语法来达到十分具体的交际目的。
我们不仅知道“应该”怎么说（what learners should say）,更应该去了解为什么英语本族语者要“这样”说（what native speakers of English actually do say and why）。
“要掌握一门语言，首先要掌握其语法。
只有掌握了语法，最终才能掌握语言，才能得心应手地运用之。
”The first and most important step in gaining over the language is gaining control over its grammar. It is the knowledge of grammar that yields access to the rich possibilities of the language and the means to use it.----《不列颠英语用法大全》“语言的科学和艺术”-----英国著名语言学H.Sweet英语专业四级考试词汇语法篇英语专业四级考试试卷构成总表语法与词汇•1. 考试大纲要求：•能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容，掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。
•测试时间为15分钟，题型为多项选择题，共30道题，每题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。
测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。
语法与词汇项目原始分30分，所占总分比重为15%。
⏹题型特点：*总共30题，分值15分，时间15分钟*语法题15道，词汇题15道*语法居前，词汇居后语法与词汇•2. 历年考试与考点分析•语法部分•根据下面分析可以发现，历年英语专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。
其中，考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。
⏹小练：⏹62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably _____ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction. (2007专四）A.no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more⏹He is no more diligent than his brother.⏹He is not more diligent than his brother.⏹He is no less diligent than his brother.⏹62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably _____ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction. (2007专四）A.no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more⏹根据社会现实，常识。
环境问题显然比人口增长问题重要。
第一句“人口过剩对人类构成了极大威胁”是为了突出环境破坏对人类的威胁更为巨大。
如果选d就是人口增长问题比环境破坏问题严重，显然不正确。
⏹关键a和b的区别在于:no more than 含有否定意义，表示"与...一样不"not more than 含有肯定意义，表示"...不比...更"⏹例如:Exercise One is no easier than Exercise Two.⏹练习一与练习二一样不容易。
Exercise One is not easier than Exercise Two.⏹练习一不比练习二更容易。
⏹这里懂了，此题迎刃而解。
句子要表示环境与人口压力相比更具威胁。
如果选A则是两者都不是威胁，则非句子本意。
两个目标、三个阶段：高级阶段过渡阶段初级阶段由此看出学习语法知识是第一步，通过不断的练习才能实现向语言能力的转换，最终达到言语交际的目的。
外语语法学习示意图：高级阶段过渡阶段初级阶段学习方式语法知识与语言技能语法知识如何转化为语言技能，要做到下面两点：首先，要“多思考”（think much）,要认真领悟书中所讲到的语法规则。
认真思考语法规则背后的合乎情理的思维规律，把“课本上的语法”（a textbook grammar）变为“头脑中的语法”（a mental grammar）——即逐渐培养自己运用英语思维的能力。
其次，要“多练习”（practice much），这里的练习，不仅是指为了应付考试而做的大量的阅读练习和单项选择题练习，而是包括听、说、读、写、译全方位的练习，尤其是口语和写作这种语言产出能力的练习。
英语语法包括词法和句法词法:名词（noun）、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、冠词(article)、数词(numeral)、介词(preposition)、代词(pronoun)、连词(conjunction)、副词(adverb)等词类的用法句法：一般规则的用法和特殊规则的用法动态中把握英语语法把握英语句子由易到难的五个层次的变化学会从动态发展的角度去理解和思考语法在句子中的体现英语句子五个层次的变化简单的简单句复杂的简单句非简单句复杂结构充当句子成分从句套从句的结构简单的简单句六个最基本句型,以及其中包含的六种句子成分(主谓宾系表补)。
①SV(主谓)②SVO(主谓宾)③SVP(主系表)④SVOOC(主谓宾宾补)⑤SVIODO(主谓双宾语)⑥There be + O (There be)复杂的简单句在六大句型基础上加三大修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语)后句子变得更加复杂了,但仍属于简单句(即句号前只有一个主谓结构)。
如：I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday.主谓定宾同位状非简单句当一个句号前出现两个、甚至更多个主谓结构时,简单句就变成了并列句或复合句。
①并列句（并列连词连接）②复合句（从句引导词引导）复杂结构充当句子成分简单句子中的成分一般由简单的词或词组充当,而随着句子变长变难,句中的一个成分可能就会由长而且复杂的结构充当,如从句、非谓语动词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等等。
如：Feeling upset and not wanting to try, I left the citywhich I loved.（分词短语作状语、从句作定语）从句套从句的结构一个复杂的句子中,可以有两个以上的从句,这些从句相互之间可以是平行关系,也可以是从属关系(即从句套从句),这种情况理解难度较大。