part two Renaissance
英国文学
• 1595 Richard Ⅱ A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦 • 1596 King John 約翰王 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 • 1597 Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ 亨利四世 Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅱ • 1598 Much Ado about Nothing 无事生非 Henry Ⅴ亨利五世 The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们 • 1599 Julius Caesar 裘力斯· 凯撒 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 • 1600 Twelfth Night 第十二夜
Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞
"Poet's poet" of the period works: "The Shepherd's Calender" 牧人日历
( a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year) "The Faerie Queen" 仙后 (dedicated to Queen Elizabeth)
The War with Spain
Spain: the rival with England over the sea 1588: the rout of the Spanish fleet "Armada" (Invincible), the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism the English bourgeoisie came to the fore in the arena of history
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language calledAnglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1)The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century. 4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets. Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Colerid ge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale Chapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel. According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner3) Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth. Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this(i.e. English) language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows”the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day.Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second World War Chapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学简史笔记
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More——Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (col lection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。
英国文学简史Part Two The English Renaissance
Part Two The English Renaissance第二部分英国文艺复兴时期(14th century to 17th century)14世纪到17世纪I Background 背景1.It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.起源于意大利，结束于英国和西班牙。
2.Meaning意义:(1)The Renaissance, which means “rebirth”or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.文艺复兴意味着“复活”与“重生”，实际上是对古典文学与人文活动的热情。
(2)It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.为了去除封建欧洲的特性，引进资产阶级的思想。
3.Essence of Renaissance文艺复兴的本质It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.资产阶级的上升在文化领域显示了其影响力，从而掀起了文艺复兴的学术运动。
II Chapter 1 Old England in Transition过渡时期的旧英格兰1.The Renaissance and Humanism文艺复兴和人文主义(1)The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.一是对古典文学的渴望和好奇。
大学英语全新版第二册第七单元答案
BOOK 2 - Unit 7 - Language Focus - Vocabulary 1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. 1) [Strictly speaking] he is not a southerner. His biography reveals {Strictly speaking}
Part Three Paras. 17-19 [Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect {Tolerance,
for the rights of others — these qualities in the English-peaking
people explain the richness of their language.} language.]
BOOK 2 - Unit 7 - Comprehension - Content Questions 8. Which modern languages are the descendants of the IndoEuropean parent language? [Greek, {Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, English, etc.] etc.} 9. What happened to English when the Normans conquered England? [There {There were three languages competing for use in England.] England.} 10. How did the European Renaissance influence the English
英国文学[1]
![英国文学[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/69deaf7a5acfa1c7aa00cc93.png)
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
二.Beowulf 3.Features of Beowulf d. Synecdoche(提喻)：She has just seen 80 winters. Every life has its roses and thorns. e. Understatement(低调陈述):He is no bad singer. f. hyperbole(夸张):Every lovers sees a thousand graces in the beloved object.
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 1.Piers the Plowman and its author 2.A Picture of Feudal England 3.Aritisne Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 3.Aritistic features: ⑴. Piers the Plowman is one of the greatest of English poems. It is written in the form of a dream vision, and the author tells his story under the guise of having dreamed it. ⑵.The poem is also an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth. ⑶.But, in the main, Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of medieval England.
第二讲 The English Renaissance
3. Edmund Spenser (1552- 1599) • poets’ poet: superb technical skill, perfect melodies, rare sense of beauty, splendid imagination, lofty moral purity and seriousness, & delicate idealism. • The Shepherd’s Calendar (1579): a pastoral poem in 12 eclogues (each for a month). • The Amoretti: sequence of 89 sonnets, love poems to his future wife. * Petrarchan sonnet: octave (abba abba) + sestet (cde cde); * Spenserian sonnet: ababbcbc cdcd ee; * Shakespearean (English) sonnet: abab cdcd efef gg.
* It is considered that the scarcity of rhyming words in English explains the greater number of rhymes and freedom in the rhyming scheme in contrast to the Petrarchan form. * Spenserian stanza: ababbcbcc (8 lines in iambic pentameter, the 9th line in Alexandrine)
• Renaissance in England * Beginning in 1485 with the end of the War of Roses (1455-1485) and the reign of the House of Tudor; * 3 stages: beginning of English renaissance (1485 - 1558); Elizabethan age (1558 - 1603); James I (1603 - 25), Charles I (1625 - 49), the Puritan revolution (1640 - 1660). 王佐良: * the late coming of English renaissance resulted from distant location of England, the stability of its culture and the variety of Chaucer; * English renaissance was influenced by the European renaissance giants as well as the Greek and Roman classics;
英国文学史及选读 名词解释
Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
Part One
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).
Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.
英国文学章节复习(含名词解释).
Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈) The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man‟s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose:This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing without “we”, “I”.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”The Tempest暴风雨The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人Measure for Measure恶有恶报The Comedy of Errors错中错Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰Love‟s Labour‟s Lost空爱一场The Winter‟s Tale冬天的故事The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记All‟s Well That Ends Well如愿The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜 A Midsummer Night‟s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens雅典的泰门The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 朱利阿斯•凯撒Hamlet哈姆雷特King Lear李尔王Othello奥塞罗Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉Cymbeline辛白林Pericles波里克利斯Venus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯Lucrece露克利斯The Sonnets十四行诗Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desiresand aspirations of the people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Shakespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s.SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”.A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant （奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred;the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4. It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the“society” in great cities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国小说的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders大疫年日记Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier‟s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver‟s Travels格列佛游记(A V oyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)The rise and growth of the realistic novel (Bourgeois in essence) is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小说（早期恐怖小说）Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language 英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707-1754 （英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟•安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆•琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚Sentimentalism感伤主义A trend of thought begins at the second half of 18th century during the age of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an English author Ste rne‟s “A Sentimental Journey”. It carefully depicts persons‟ sympathy, reflecting the disdain towards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authors usually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc. as their subject. Their works are always melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimistic. The representative was Thomas Gray. Graveyard Poetry:A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18th century.Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌：歌颂的对象不仅仅为死者The Epitaph墓志铭Pre- Romantic Poets:Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 (A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lang Syne whose English name“old long since”.)Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie‟s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart‟s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰•安德生,My Jo;A Man‟s A Man for A‟That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce‟s March to BannockburnWilliam Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence 天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French;America; Milton; Jerusalem名诗：London; The TigerPart Five: The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.The essence of this new movement is:1.the glorification of instinct（本能）and emotion;2. a deep veneration（对自然的无限崇拜）of nature;3. a flaming zeal to remake the world（改变世界的一种热情）.Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:1.Subjectivism（主观性）: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.2.Spontaneity（自然流露）3.Singularity（独创性）4.Worship of nature（把自然看得神圣）: The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime（伟大的，令人赞叹的）aspect of a natural scene.5.Simplicity（简约）6.There is a dominating note of melancholy（忧郁，悲伤）in the poems of theromantic poets.emotions.It should be known that the term “romanticism” was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Contemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separate schools.Poetry: The Age of (Romantic) PoetryLake Poets :( William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the Northwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18th century.) William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770-1850An Evening Walk黄昏漫步Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways; To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如一朵孤独的云(The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils 黄水仙花. In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.);The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人) Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂; Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远足; The Prelude序曲What is poetry?Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility（安静）.(He is a man speaking to men.)What is nature?His love for nature is boundless（无限的）. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit（圣灵代表）. He believes that God and universe are identical, that God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrupted by urban society, especially those simple rustic（有农村或农民特色的，粗野的）people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏; Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记Satanic Poets :( These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.)George Gordon Byron乔治•拜伦1788-1824 Hours of Idleness闲暇时光; English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德•哈罗德游记; Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐•璜名诗：She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”Feature: the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic（令人憎恶的）. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄Percy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab麦布女王; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民; England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行;Ode to the West Wind西风颂(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?乐观)；Ode to a Skylark云雀颂; A Defence of Poetry诗辩John Keats约翰•济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁; Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）NovelJane Austin简•奥斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺New poetic featuresnguage: simple everyday life speech, common vocabulary, accent dialect2.form: lyric, narrative, sonnet, ode, ballad3.subject: nature, beauty (the rural/pastoral, the past/historical, the alien/exotic, original, the supernatural/ mysterious-dreams or dreamlike, the personal, the common/low class, the revolutionary/justic主要体现于撒旦派, the patriotic)4. purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/ prophetic5.principles: imaginationCharles Lamb查尔斯•兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year‟s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor‟s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)Walter Scott瓦尔特•司各特1771-1832 (founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature)诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖•曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷•达沃Part Six: English Critical Realism--Victorian Age (1832-1901)The Origin of Species(1859)，science came to the forefront in the debate against the church. The influence of Darwin was great, as his discovery conflicted with the Bible and was applied in social science.The golden age of novel (97%people able to read by 1900) Reasons:1.The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new readingpublic.2.With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications3.Writing had become a profession.4.The ascendancy of the industrial capitalists.Victorian novels are characterized by the common features below:1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（以现实社会为依据）2. The cause-effect（因果）sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment（连载）, before they were fully published in a single book.4. The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism（清教主义的印记，从不允许谈及sex）of the Victorian age.5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose（道德教育）. Critical Realism批判现实主义Critical realist novel reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy.Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist雾都孤儿;American Notes美国札记;Martin ChuzzlewitShop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远大前程William Makepeace Thackery萨克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs势利者集;Vanity Fair名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889 （写作手段：dramatic monologue）Paracelsus巴拉塞尔士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场人物;Men and Women男男女女Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮•勃郎特1816-1855 (“The novel of the 19th century was female”, how the Bronte sisters became writers is a mystery to western scholars.) Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/Wuthering Height呼啸山庄/Agones Grey艾格尼斯•格雷Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th centuryThomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜George Eliot爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亚当•贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the RadicalThomas Hardy哈代1840-1928(Novel of character and environment自然主义小说)Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下; Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D‟urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲Aestheticism唯美主义(1.Beauty is the purpose of art. 2.Art is independent of reality of life. 3.Art is above life. 4.Art is objective creation of subjective world.)Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 (who believed in “art for art sake”)长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道丁的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌剧作：Lady Windermere‟s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫; The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性Drama: George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism 剧本：Widoer‟s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren‟s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil‟s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull‟s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校; Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露Naturalist自然主义：深刻揭示社会的不公平现象。
考研英国文学复习要点(参照教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》)
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More——Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collec tion of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。
英国文学史习题Part 2
Part Two The Renaissance LiteratureI. Choose the best answer for each statement.1. ________is not Shakespeare’s work.A. HamletB. King LearC. The TempestD. The Faerie2. The Four Greatest Tragedies of Shakespeare’s do not include_______.A. Romeo and JulietB. HamletC. MacbethD. Othello3. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of Shakespeare’s ________.A. SongsB. tragediesC. sonnetsD. comedies4. Francis Bacon is regarded as _______.A. “Father of English Essays”B. “Father of Essays”C. “Father of English Literature”D. “Father of English Novels”5. The English Renaissance began in the ________.A. 15th centuryB. 16th centuryC. 14th century C. 17th century6. The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. realistic7. Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period8. ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity, William ShakespeareB. Humanism, Francis BaconC. Romanticism, Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism, William Shakespeare9. The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel, Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry, Francis BaconC. drama, Ben JonsonD. drama, Geoffrey Chaucer10. Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama, freeB. sonnet, blankC. terzarima, blankD. couplet, free11. In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel12. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life,______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights13. ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England.A.Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson14. Paradise Lost is ___’ s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority.A. John DonneB. Christopher MarloweC. John MiltonD. Edmund Spenser15. The following description fit into Milton except_____.A. a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB. an outstanding political pamphleteerC. a great stylist and master of blank verseD. a kind of elegant and refine style.16. _____ is not written by John Milton.A. Samson AgonistesB. Paradise LostC. Paradise regainedD. Tamburlaine17. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the “blank verse”, and he is regarded as “the pioneer of English drama”, which of the following is not written by him? ______A. TamburlaineB. “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”C. The Jew of MaltaD. “The Sun Rising”18. ____ Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A. John Milton’sB. Francis Bacon’sC. Montaigne’sD. Thomas Gray’s19. _____was known as “the poets’ poet”.A. William ShakespeareB. Edmund SpenserC. John DonneD. John Milton20. “And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle.” The above lines are probably taken from______.A. Spen ser’s The Faerie QueeneB. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”C. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18D. Marlow’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”21. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? _______A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.22. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for ____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. British/ immoralityB. French/moneyC. German/knowledgeD. American/political power23. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____.A. ScienceB. Religious reformationC. PhilosophyD. Humanism24. “Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.” The two figures come from_____.A. Paradise LostB. Dr. FaustusC. The Faerie QueeneD. Hamlet25. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines” and make “blank verse” the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A. SurreyB. WyattC. MarloweD. Sidney26. The Renaissance refers to between 14th— mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen____ and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the real mainstream was _____.A. Victoria/poetryB. Elizabeth/ dramaC. Mary/ novelD. James/ drama27. The Redcrosse Knight in The Faerie Queene stands for_____, and Una stands for_____.A. bravery/ chastityB. holiness/ truthC. error/ deliveryD. true gentleman/ lady.28. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A. Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C. Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles.D. Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation.29. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” is an example of ______.A. MetaphorB. SimileC. IronyD. Personification30. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from_____.A. Greek MythologyB. Roman legendC. The Old TestamentD. The New Testament31. “To wage by force or guile eternal war,Irreconcilable to our grand Foe.”（John Milton, Paradise lost）By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?_____A. To remove God from his throneB. To burn the Heaven DownC. To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman—Adam and EveD. To turn into a snake to threaten man’s life32. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a“philosophical exploration” of life and death.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. HamletC. King LearD. The Winter’s Tale33. Christoph er Marlow’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” is a (n) _____.A. pastoral lyricB. elegyC. eulogyD. epic34. “In dream vision Arthur witnessed the loveliness of Gloriana, and upon awaking resolves to seek her.” The two literary figures Arthur and Gloriana are from _____.A. Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie QueeneB. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and JulietC. Christop her Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His love”D. John Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”35. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for ______ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. immortalityB. politicalC. moneyD. knowledge36. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? ______A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. The Glorious revolution.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.37. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s ______.A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets38. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespeare, Sonnet 18) What does “this” refer to? _____A. LoverB. TimeC. SummerD. Poetry39. The tragedy of Dr. Faustus, the protagonist in Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus, is the very face that______.A. man is confined to timeB. he tried to join Africa to SpainC. he became a man without soul after he sold itD. he conjured up Helen, the lady who was the very course of the Trojan War40. Here are two lines from a ling poem: “Upon a great adventure he was bond, That greatest Gloriana to him gave.” The poem must be_____.A. BeowulfB. John Milton’s Samson AgonistesC. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a County Churchyard”D. Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene41. “Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, my wife, and all the world,Are not with me e steem’d above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,Here to the devil, to deliver you.Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.”The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s come dy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate ______A. dramatic ironyB. personificationC. allegoryD. symbolism42. “Not on thy sole but on thy soul, harsh Jew, /Thou mak’st thy knife keen.” In the above quotation taken from The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare employs a(n) _____.A. oxymoronB. PunC. SimileD. synecdoche43. “O prince, O chief of many throned powers,That led th’ embattled seraphim to warUnder thy conduct, and in dreadful deedsFearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual King.”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “the conduct” refers to conduct.A. Satan’sB. God’sC. Adam’sD. Eve’sII. Fill in the blanks.1. According t o Edmund Spenser’s own explanation, his The Faerie Queene is a “_______ poem”, but it is also a(n )_______.2. In The Faerie Queene, the hero of heroes, who possesses all of the 12 ______, is ______, who is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures, which has its own individual hero.3. It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “ __________.”4. As the most gifted of the “_________”, Christopher Marlowe composed ______ plays within his short lifetime.5. It was Christopher Marlowe who made __________ the principal medium of English drama.6. The short poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe, derives from the ______ tradition in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal ______ life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love.7. Marlowe created some typical Renaissance hero in his players. Tamburlaine and Faustus seek _______ and ________ respectively.8. With his ______ plays, ______ sonnets and 2 long poems, William Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature.9. William Shakespeare’s _______ tragedy Romeo and Juliet eulogizes the faithfulness of ______ and the spirit of pursuing happiness.10. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and _______ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.11. _______, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of the final romances written by William Shakespeare.12. In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of______ and the eternal ______ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.13. ______ is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood- and- thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death.14.The sentence “To be or not to be--- that is the question” is derived from Shakespeare’s ______. This is the soliloquy of ______.15. Shakespeare’s _______ plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.16. Francis Bacon, a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known ______, scientist and ______. He lays the foundation for modern ______ with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining ______. His ______ is the first example of the genre in English literature, recognized as an important landmark in the development of ______ prose. 17. John Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups, the early ______ works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great ______.18. Paradise Lost is a long ______ divided into 12 books. The original story is taken from the “Genesis ” of the ______.19. In Samson Agoniste, a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself, Milton, again borrows his story from the “______”.20. The theme of Paradise Lost is “the Fall of ______”.21. Milton’s epic poems were very much influenced by the ______ and the Greek classics, which are also the major sources of the whole English literature.22.•After •he •went •blind,•Milton •wrote •and •finished ••his ••three ••great ••works:•epic masterpieces_________and ________and one biblical tragedy ___________.23.Shakespeare’s first original play written in about 1590 was _________.24.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of _______’s best known sonnets.25.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ______.26.Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the ______, the _______, the_______ works.27.Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of theEnglish national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the _______.28.Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _______.III. Find out the author and his works.(1) The author and their works1. ( ) Thomas More a. Gorge Green2. ( ) Edmund Spenser b. Eupheus3. ( ) John Lyly c. The Fairy Queen4. ( ) Marlowe d. Utopia5. ( ) Robert Greene e. The Jew of Malta(2) The characters in the play1. ( ) Desdemona a. The Merchant of Venice2. ( ) Cordelia b. As you like it3. ( ) Juliet c. Hamlet4. ( ) Ophelia d. King Lear5. ( ) Portia e. Othello6. ( ) Rosalind f. Romeo and JulietIV. For each of the quotations below give the name of the author and the title of the work which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.1. “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, //So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”2.“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and wr iting an exact man”.3. “For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings,// That then I scorn to change my state with kings.”4. “Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgm ent, and disposition of business.”5. All is not lost: the unconquerable will,And the study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield,And what is else not to be overcome?6.When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes,I all alone beweep my outcast state,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,And look upon myself and curse my fate…..V. Explain the following terms.1. Renaissance2. blank verse3. Humanism4. Spenserian Stanza5. iambic pentametre6. sonnet7. tragedyVI. Read each quoted part and answer the questions.1. “For herein Fortune shows herself more kindThan is her custom. It is still her useTo let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which ling’ring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off”Questions:1) Identify the title of the works and author.2) Explain “from which…cut me off”.3) What happened to him, which caused the words?2. “Read not to contract and confuse, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”Questions:1) Identify the work and author.2) What idea does the passage express?3. “Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Questions:1) Where does the poem come from? Who wrote it?2) What does “eternal lines” mean?3) Interpret it briefly.4. “… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?……Irreconcilable to our grand Foe”Questions:1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) In terpret “all is not lost”.3) What does the whole passage mean?5. “If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”Questions:1) What does “beat over matters” mean?2) Wh at does “receipt” refer to?3) From which essay does the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about? 6. “What, is great Mephistophilis to passionateFor being deprived of the joys of heaven?Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitudeAnd scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.……Say he will spare him Four and twenty yearsLetting him live in all voluptuousnessHaving thee ever to attend on me…”Questions:1) Identify the passage and author;2) “Say he surrenders up to him his soul”, who will sur render his soul? What for?3) Who are thee? What will he do?7. “Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why does thou thus,Through windows and through curtains call on us?”Questions:1) Identify the work and author.2) What idea does the passage express?8. “And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought.”(Shakespeare, Hamlet)Questions:1) What does the "native hue of resolution" mean?2) What does the "pale cast of thought" stand for?3) What idea do the two lines express?9. The following passage is taken from The Merchant of Venice. Read it carefully and find the dramatic it contains. Use it as an example to illustrate what dramatic irony is. “Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself; But life itself, my wife, and all world, Are not with me esteem’d above thy life; I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all Here to this devil, to deliver you. Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that, If she were by to hear you make the offe r.”10. The following is a passage taken from a dramatic work:Had I as many souls as there be starsI’d give them all for Mephistophilis!By him I’ll be great emperor of the world,And make a bridge thorough the moving airTo pass the ocean with a band of men;I’ll join the hills that bind the Afric shoreAnd make that country continent to Spain,And both contributory to my crown;The emperor shall not live but by my leave,Nor any potentate of Germany.Now that I have obtained what I desireI’ll live in speculation of this artTill Mephistophilis return again.Questions:1) Name the playwright and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.2) Name the speaker of the passage quoted above.3) Use the above passage as a guide and write down in one or two sentences the theme of the play.VI. Answer the following questions.1. Give a summary about the English literature during the Renaissance period.2. Make a comment on humanism.3. Give a brief introduction to Thomas More’s Utopia.4. Why is The Faerie Queene regarded as an allegorical poem?5. What are the main qualities of Spenser’s poetry?6. Which play is Christopher Marlowe’s masterpiece? What is the story of the play?7. What common features do the characters share in Marlow’s works?8. Mak e a comment on Shakespeare’s artistic achievement.9. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays?10. What are the similarities among Shakespeare’s four great tragedies?11. When were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written? What did he write about in his tragedies?12. What is the main idea of Hamlet?13. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy.14. In Hamlet’s soliloquy, when he says, “To sleep, perchance to dream: ----ay, there’s the rub.” What is he primarily thinking a bout? Why does he think there is the rub?15. Make a comment on Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18.16. Make a brief comment on John Milton’s literary achievements.17. Briefly analyse the significance and the theme of Paradise Lost.18. Please comment on the character of Satan in Paradise Lost.。
英国文学简史 Part II The English Renaissance
Works
Tamburlaine(1587), 《帖木儿大帝》 The Jew of Malta (1592) 《马耳他的犹太人》 The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1588)《浮士德
博士的悲剧》（P52-53）
“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” (after-class reading)
2. From the contact with Greek and Latin drama, English playwrights learned all the important rules in _s_tr_u_c_t_u_r_e and _s_t_y_l_e_, the more exact conception of __c_o_m_e_d_y_ and _t_r_a_g_e_d_y_.
Early Plays in Middle Ages
1. The Mystery /Miracle Plays
神秘剧/圣迹剧 2. The Morality Plays 道德剧 3. The Classical Plays 古典剧
Question: What are the significances of 3 kinds of plays?
cruel, inhuman, cold-blooded, heartless
By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.
renaissance and reformation
vs.
Renaissance
New literature a. Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘: Decameron《十日谈》：a prose fiction
Renaissance
b.
Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克(One of the poets who invented Sonnet十四行诗,商籁体)
the Republics of Florence and Venice; the Papal states教皇国；the kingdom of Naples那布勒斯王国)
c. Florence (prosperous seaport in the late 15th cent.) →flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture→ rise of humanist ideas d. Venice : Venetian art 威尼斯画派
It was the morning那天早晨
It was the morning of that blessed day, 那一天，太阳也为哀悼上帝变得阴晦 Whereon the Sun in pity veiled his glare 我不曾抵抗就做了俘虏， For the Lord's agony, that, unaware, 因为，夫人，您那美丽的眼睛射出的无形视线 I fell a captive, Lady, to the sway 将我捆缚起来，如同囚犯一般。 Of your swift eyes; that seemed no time to stay 当时我没有意识到预防爱神的纠缠， The strokes of love: I stepped into the snare 依然若无其事、自信地迈步向前…… Secure, with no suspicion: then and there 殊不知就在此刻，我的感情之苦 I found my cue in man's most tragic play. 已经伴随着人间之痛一起涌起波涟。 Love caught me naked in his shaft, his sheaf, 在爱神面前我毫无防范， The entrance for his ambush and surprise 从眼睛到心灵全都门扉大开， Against the heart wide open through the eyes, 双眼变成热泪流淌的通道和源泉。 The constant gate and fountain of my grief 但我以为，此情此景之下 How craven so to strike me so, 用箭射中我并不是什么荣耀， Yet from you fully armed conceal his bow!因为对您，一个有防范的人，它从不会放箭。
大学英语文艺复兴part two Renaissance
玛丽女王
16th
詹姆斯王圣经 ( or Authorized Version) 钦定版本
②beginning of Renaissance Thomas More 托马斯· 莫尔 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王 (Oxford Reformers)
Elizabethan Age
(1558-1603)
Part Two
The English Renaissance
Historical Background
Full of changes
Literary Sketch
①secular literature: ballad miracle play
15th
Transitional period Death of Chaucer Pre-Elizabethan (1340-1400) Age
中央集权制的君主政权
the first English printer, publisher & a translator himself
bringing classical works within reach of the common English people. Eg: translating the stories of Troy
translation exploitation & travel Poetry (sonnet & blank verse) drama
Sidney, Raleigh, Spenser, Bacon Marlowe, Shakespeare, Ben Johnson
result in an intellectural Renaissance movement
刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲
本文供考研英国文学复习第二遍和第三遍的时候使用，第一遍要把教材细读一遍。
ﻫ很多人觉的文学学的乱七八糟,主要是因为脑子里没有一个清晰的纲领,在临考前脑子里要对文学有很清晰的纲领，这样就算复习的差不多了。
有人又问?什么是纲领?比如说英国文学吧，你要知道英国文学大致分为多少个时期,每一个时期有什么总体特点,有什么总体的lｉterａｒｙtrｅnd,然后这个时期有那些重要的作家，每一个重要的作家都写过什么重要的作品，这些重要的作品大致内容是什么，有什么意义，有什么写作特色，除了这些之外，再对基本的文学术语有所了解就差不多了。
当然如果要求选读的,选读作品得另看。
Part One:Eaｒly and Meｄｉeval Ｅnglish Liｔeratｕｒe 1．Beowｕlf:naｔioｎal epiｃｏf ｔhｅEｎglish pｅoplｅ; Ｄｅnmａrk ｓtory; alｌiterａtion, mｅｔａphors and underｓtatementｓ（此处可能会有填空，选择等小题)3. “Sir Gawaiｎand ｔhe Greｅn Knight”: ２．Romance（名词解释)ﻫaｆamoｕｓroman about ＫｉｎｇAｒｔhｕr’s stoｒy5. Cｈaractｅr of Rｏbin Hｏodﻫ６. Geoffre 4.Ballａｄ（名词解释）ﻫｙＣhａｕcer:founｄer oｆEnｇlish poetry; The Caｎterbｕry Taleｓ(ｍain conｔeｎtｓ; １24 stｏries pｌａｎｎeｄ，ｏnly 2４ｆｉniｓheｄ; written ｉn Midｄle Enｇｌish; significaｎce; ｆorm：hｅｒｏic coupleｔ)７. Hｅroic coｕplet (名词解释）Paｒt Ｔｗo: ThｅＥnglish Renａissａnceﻫ８. Ｔhe Auｔhoｒized Veｒsiｏn of Engｌiｓh Ｂｉble and its ｓigniｆｉcａnce(填空选择）10.Thomas Morｅ——Utoｐia 9．Renaissancｅ(名词解释)ﻫ11. Sｏnnet（名词解释)ﻫ１2. Blａnｋverse(名词解释)ﻫ１3．ＥｄｍunｄSpenser“Ｔｈe Faｅｒｉe Ｑｕeene”；Amｏrettｉ（colleｃtion ｏｆh ｉs sonｎets)ﻫSｐenserian Sｔａnｚa(名词解释)14．Frａnｃis Ｂaｃｏn “essays”esｐ．“Of Sｔｕdiｅs”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读）１５.ＣhｒistopheｒMａrｌｏｗe(“Doctｏr Ｆaustuｓ”and1. WillｉaｍShakespｅare可以说是英国6ｈis achｉｅvemｅnts)ﻫ文学史中最重要的作家,一定要看熟了。
刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(汇编)
英国文学简史完全笔记Part one：early and medieval english literatureChapter 1: the making of england1 the Briton2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2: Beowulf<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3 : Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:①the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle②the Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England\2 Feuda EnglandSocial features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England①the exposure of the ruling classes②the story of the Cat and Rats③the marriage of lady Meed④the condition of the peasants⑤the search for truth⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismChapter 5 the English Bllads民谣Oral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
Renaissance-中文-part 2中外医学史
Natural Science began to strive for their independence. 自然科学开始为独立而奋斗
2. Vesalius Fabrica Humani Corporis（1543） 人体构造
The works of Galen remained the most authoritative text on anatomy in European medical education until the 16th century. 直到16世纪，盖仑的著作一直是欧洲 医学教育的最权威文本。 Vesalius was the first to publish a treatise, De humani corporis fabrica, that challenged Galen. 维萨留斯是第一个发表专著挑战盖仑 的人。
2. Vesalius Fabrica Humani Corporis（1543）
In 1528 Vesalius entered the University of Leuven (Pedagogium Castrense) taking arts, but when his father was appointed as the Valet de Chambre in 1532, he decided to pursue a career in medicine at the University of Paris, where he moved in 1533. Here he studied the theories of Galen under the auspices of Jacobus Sylvius and Jean Fernel. It was during this time that he developed his interest in anatomy, and was often found examining bones at the Cemetery of the Innocents.
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What is the Reformation?
The Protestant Reformation, also called the Protestant Revolt or simply The Reformation, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a branch of contemporary Christianity. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses 《九 十五条论纲》, and concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia《威斯 特伐利亚和约》 that ended years of European religious wars。 Heroes of the Reformation: Martin Luther 马丁· 路德in Germany, John Calvin 约翰· 加尔文 in Switzerland,
What is Renaissance?
• Renaissance: A French word, Rebirth or Revival
Rebirth or Revival of what?
• The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) literature, arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.
Flourishing of Renaissance
(literature)
Economynt 圈地运动) Politics: Society: Abroad: monarchy (Centralized Monarchy 中央集权制君主政权) peaceful Commercial Expansion (enriching the Crown) & War with Spain ―无敌舰队” (the rout of ―Armada‖) the rise of English bourgeoisie
玛丽女王
16th
詹姆斯王圣经 ( or Authorized Version) 钦定版本
②beginning of Renaissance Thomas More 托马斯· 莫尔 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王 (Oxford Reformers)
Elizabethan Age
(1558-1603)
the War of the Roses
• (1455—1485) Lancaster 兰开斯特家族 • between the House of __________ • and the House of York 约克家族 ____ struggling • for the Crown continued 30 for years. Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty(都铎王朝) a centralized monarchy, met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie
at the University of Prague.
Church of England
英国国教
The separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement; England had already given rise to the Lollard 罗拉德派 movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in the Reformation. Henry VIII had once been a sincere Roman Catholic and had even authored a book strongly criticizing Luther, but he later found it expedient and profitable to break with the Papacy. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, bore him only a single child, Mary. Henry feared that his lack of a male heir might jeopardize his descendants' claim to the throne. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome
What is The Hundred Years War?
The Hundred Years„ War was a series of separate wars lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne. 瓦卢瓦王朝 金雀花王朝 The two primary contenders were the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet（1154-1458）. Plantagenet Kings were the 12th century rulers of the Kingdom of England, and had their roots in the French regions of Anjou and Normandy. The conflict lasted 116 years but was punctuated by several periods of peace, before it finally ended in the expulsion of the Plantagenets from France . The "war" was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369– 1389), the Lancastrian War (1415–1429), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc (1412–1431). The term "Hundred Years' War" was a later term invented by historians to describe the series of events.
Catherine of Aragon 阿拉贡的凯瑟琳
Anne Boleyn 安妮· 博林
Jane Seymour 简· 西摩
Anne of Cleves 克里维斯的安妮
Catherine Howard 凯瑟琳· 霍华德
Catherine Parr 凯瑟琳· 帕尔
Queen Mary
Part Two
The English Renaissance
Historical Background
Full of changes
Literary Sketch
①secular literature: ballad miracle play
15th
Transitional period Death of Chaucer Pre-Elizabethan (1340-1400) Age
Bloody Mary
Queen Elizabeth
Branches of Christianity
Oxthodox Church/ Eastern Orthodox 东正教 （11世纪分裂） Roman Catholic Church 天主教 Catholic Church （16世纪分裂） Protestantism 新教 Lutheranism 路德宗 Calvinism 加尔文宗 Anglicanism英国国教 or Church of England Puritanism 清教
百年大战
Hundred Years‘ War
(1337-1453) War of the Roses
玫瑰战争
morality play ②printing
William Caxton
卡克斯顿
(1455-1485) Henry Ⅶ
亨利七世
(Tudor dynasty) 都铎王朝 (Centralized Monarchy)
and Ulrich Zwingli乌尔里希· 茨温利in Switzerland are considered Magisterial Reformers.
Martin Luther‗s spiritual predecessors included John Wycliffe
约翰· 威克里夫at Oxford University and Jan Hus 扬· 胡斯
中央集权制的君主政权
the first English printer, publisher & a translator himself