2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案
2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
Passage1：希腊硬币Greek coinage参考答案：1. 希腊coin早在3000年就出现了=F2. T3. Sparta地区侵略Athens并强制Athens用他们的货币=F4. Great coins在整个欧洲流传=F5. Persian 入侵了Lydia并且使用人家的硬币=T6. 用硬币上的头像来奖励做出杰出贡献的人=NG7. mint8. stamps9. anvil10. reserve dies11. 希腊硬币的重量至少=0.15g12. 硬币的图案=the king的头像13. 希腊被波斯征服之前的花纹是lion and doil14. coin 在雅典被称为 owlPassage2：悉尼交通标识Street markers in SydneyPassage3： Musical Maladies参考答案：A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects，and as a neuroscientist specializing in auditory learning and memory， I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia， the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him>C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body ofwork>complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.＂ He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation＂ and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology，” he says， and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks， who has been practicing neurology for 40 years， is torn between the old-fashioned path of observation and the new-fangled， high-tech approach： He knows that he needs to take heedof the latter， but his heart lies with the former.D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases，most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice.Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I， Haunted by Music，＂ begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria， a nonmusical， middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music， which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music， which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen？ Was I the cause psychological？（He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.） Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex？Electro-encephalography （EEG） showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s， just after his trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests， but Cicoria has declined to undergo them； he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame！E. Part II，“A Range of Musicality，” covers a wider variety of topics，but unfortunately， some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example， chapter 13， which is five pages long， merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about “ amusia，” an inability to hear sounds as music，and “dysharmonia，”a highly specific impairm ent of the ability to hear harmony， with the ability to understand melody leftintact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.F. To Sacks＇s credit， part III，＂Memory， Movement and Music，＂ brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how ＂melodic intonation therapy＂ is being used to help expressive aphasic patients （those unable to express theirthoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident）>G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior，Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For>appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical inaccepting scientific findings and theories.H. It＇s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However， Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example， he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension， such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody， indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely tobelieve in the brain localization of all mental functions， this was a missed educational opportunity.I. Another conclusion>patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications， which ＂damp down＂ the excitability of the brain in general； their effectiveness varies widely.J. Finally， in many of the cases described here the patientwith music-brain symptoms is reported to have ＂normal＂ EEG results. Although Sacks recognizes the existence of new technologies， among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test， he does not call for their use. In fact，although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients， he conveysno sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosisand treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book＇s preface， in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost＂ if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches， though， and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.27-30：B C A A31-36：YES NG NO NG YES NO 37-40：F B A D。
2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
……
PASSAGE 3
The Rainmaker DesiHale Waihona Puke n【喷淋设备设计】……
9. having a close circle of friends
10. reveals a link between happiness and life expectancy
11. shows that enviornment is not solely responsible for determining how happy
graph E
Modern and happiness
6. contributes to long-term happiness
7. we are more satisfied when we earn more than others
8. people can have negative feelings about their local enviornment
12. is generally stronger in happier people
13. shows that levels of happiness dont necessarily rise with improvements in life
PASSAGE 2
Copy Your Neighbor
上周的雅思考试已经顺利结束真题和答案也已经公布接下来就和出国留学网看一看2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
上周的雅思考试已经顺利结束，真题和答案也已经公布，接下来就和看一看2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
PASSAGE 1
2019雅思阅读考试真题(19)
2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena ofirritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed"neuroglia". They are characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The parts of a neuron(B) The structure of animals' nerve(C) The nervous system of vertebrates(D) The development of the brain2. According to the passage , the nerve cord of vertebrates is(A) large(B) hollow(C) primitive(D) embryological3. The author implies that a careful investigation of a biological structure in an embryo may(A) Improved research of the same structure in other species(B) A better understanding of the fully developed structure(C) Discovering ways in which poor development can be corrected(D) A method by which scientists can document the various stages of development4. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the(A) sensory endings(B) cranial nerve(C) spinal cord(D) peripheral nerves5. All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT(A) connective tissue(B) cardiac muscle(C) glandular activity(D) smooth muscle6. In what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells?(A) lines 1-2(B) lines 9-12(C) lines 12-14(D) lines 16-18CBBCA D。
2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
Title：印第安文明古迹Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析对于文化类的考察，放在第一篇的位置相对而言，对于考生而言还是比较友好的，尤其是针对古迹一类的词汇，学生相对而言应该还是比较熟悉的，类似于Relic这样的生词，考前应该完全熟悉并且做到心中有数。
具体可参考文章：C13——TEST3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation？Reading Passage 2Title：人类和人工智能的结合在太空探索中的应用Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析本篇文章相对而言还是比较简单的，在文章的理解上面首先就不是很难，其次在文章当中一直会重复出现AI等平时常见的生词，因此对于学生做题在信心上面也是很有帮助的，对待这篇文章，最重要的就是要做到定定心心。
但是把握好时间。
具体可参考文章：C9——TEST1 Passage2 Is anybody out there？Title：科技爆炸带来的负面影响Question types：待补充文章内容回顾具体可参考这一篇类似的文章：Alexander Henderson （1831-1913）Born in Scotland， Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful grandfather， also called Alexander， had founded the family business， and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh， it owned Press Estate， 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle， the large mansion on the northern edge of the property， and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area，playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh， Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career， he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855， however， he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish- Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source ofartificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Hendersonacted as chairman of the association＇s first meeting， which was heldin Notman＇s studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship， their styles of photography were quite e Notman＇s landscapes were noted for their bold realism，Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images， showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication had limited circulation （only seven copies have ever been found）， and was called Canadian Views and contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson＇s early work.In 1866， he gave up his business to open a photographicstudio， advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes， houses， and markets are alive with human activity， and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land，cutting ice on a river， or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade， steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirsof a trip or as gifts， and catering to this market， Henderson hadstock photographs on display at his studio for mounting， framing， or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad， in London， Edinburgh， Dublin， Paris， New York， and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario， in Canada， documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche， du Lievre，and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to theMaritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year， while in the lower St Lawrence River region， he took some photographs of the construction of the lntercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec，Montreal， Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway （CPR） as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia， where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west， photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897， when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913， his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada， Ottawa， and the McCord Museum of Canadian History， Montreal.题型难度及技巧分析这篇文章在三篇文章当中看上去和第二篇文章有点类似，但是从雅思真题的这篇文章来看，第二篇文章更加偏向于科技而不是强调人工智能。
2019年雅思阅读模拟练习题2
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and paper.Read the passage below and answer 10 questions.Ethnic Groups in SingaporeIn addition to being one of the smallest (and youngest) countries in theworld, Singapore, with its population of less than four million, is one of theworld 's most ethnically mixed countries. It is primarily Chinese, a group towhich over three quarters of permanent residents assign themselves, but even inthis group there are differences in languages and cultures. The other two main ethnic groups in Singapore are Malays and Indians, each representing around tenpercent of the population. It has long been the goal of the government topromote Singapore as a multicultural society in which all three of these main groups enjoy equal access to the wealth, education, and social systems that Singapore offers.For nearly seven hundred years, Chinese have been travelling to SoutheastAsia in search of wealth and prosperity. Those whosettled in Singapore came mainly from southern China and spoke different languages depending on which areawas home. Hokkien, one of the main Chinese languages spoken in Singapore, originates from Fujian Province. Speakers of Teochew had ancestors from easternGuangdong. Hakka has roots in both Fujian and Guangdong. Cantonese is also spoken in Singapore today, and originates from Guangzhou. All of these languages(and more) are spoken by the Chinese population of Singapore today, though thereare very few communities now that are linguistically isolated as theywere inthe past, and in recent years the government has also heavily promoted the teaching and learning of Mandarin to serve as a common language for the Chinesecommunity.Though representing a much smaller proportion of the population, the Malays are the second largest ethnic group in Singapore and the original inhabitants of Singapore. They are still today the main ethnic group throughout the region stretching from Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines. The Malay communityin Singapore camemainly from the Malaysian peninsula, though manyalso came from Java and other Indonesian islands. The Malay community practices Islam, which came to the area via Arab and Indian traders in the 1400s, but theirreligion also retains some features of pre-islamic Hindu beliefs.The third largest ethnic group in Singapore, slightly smaller than the Malay community, is that of the Indians. Migration from India dates mainly from the days of the British colony of Malaya in the 18th century, and most Indians came to the area as labourers recruited by the British to work on plantations.Most of the Indian community are Tamil from the southern part of India, but a sizeable portion originates from Kerala in the southwest.Another group of people with a long history in Singapore are known as thePeranakans. The word peranakan in Malay means ‘half-caste ' and the Peranakansare the descendants of Chinese immigrants who settled in the area and married Malay women. The groups of Chinese who travelled and settled in the region centuries ago were predominantly (if not entirely) men, and so a most weremarried to local women. The culture of the Peranakans is a mix of both Chinese and Malay traditions, and in most cases this group adopted the name and religion of their Chinese fathers, but retained the language and customs of their Malaymothers. Today, the Peranakan population speaks a version of Malay which borrowsfrom Hokkien so much that Malay speakers often cannot understand the dialect.While the Peranakan culture is being preserved and revived by organisations in Singapore, there are just a few thousand Peranakan Malay speakers left on the island.According to the information in the reading passage, which group(s) havethe following features:A ChineseB MalaysC IndiansD Peranakans1)Has/Have features of more than ethnic group?2)Is/Are united strongly through religion?3)Speak / Speaks many different languages?4)Is/Are not native to the Singapore region?5)Was originally made up mostly of men? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheetwrite Yes if the statement is true according to the article No if the statement is not true according to the article NOTGIVENif it is not possible to determine the truth of the statement from the article6)Originally, many Chinese communities in Singapore couldn ' t communicateeasily with each other due to linguistic differences.7)Mandarin is the main language of Singapore.8)Indians were the most recent of the three to arrive in Singapore.9)Arab and Indian traders settled in Singapore in the 1400s.10)The Peranakan language is being increasingly used in Singapore. Answers1)D2)B3)A4)A, C5)A6)YES7)NOT GIVEN8)YES9)NO10)NO。
2019年雅思阅读模拟练习题1
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and paper.Read the passage below and answer 10 questions.Early ClocksHumans have been trying, in various ways, to keep track of the passing oftime for around 6000 years. This means, of course, that for the very longstretch of human history before this time, people didn’t have ways to divide theday other than the rising and the setting of the sun. It is thought that theancient Sumerians may have been the first true time-keepers, but this is notclear as archaeological evidence is not sufficient. There is evidence, however,that the ancient Egyptians incorporated time-keeping as an aspect of their dailylife over five thousand years ago.The earliest type of clock, and the one which was used in ancient Egypt, was the sundial. As the name suggests, the sundial uses the sun to show thetime. There were many different types of such clocks in use at that time, but itis one type, the obelisk, which has become most closely linked with ancientEgypt. An obelisk is a tall, narrow stone tower, built outside, which would casta shadow on the ground in different places during different times of the day. Astime progressed, obelisks became more complex, and markings around the base ofthe tower could indicate further time divisions.Two centuries after obelisks were first used the Egyptians had expanded upon the idea and created more complex sundials. Sundials as we think of themtoday are flat stone objects with a long, narrow bar, called a gnomon, attachedat the centre of the ‘face’, or surface of the stone. The sun would shine downon the gnomon and its shadow would fall on the face, indicating the time ofday.Water clocks were among the first clocks which didn’t depend on the sun orstars to keep time. The oldest one known dates back to 1500 BC, and water clocksor ‘clepsydras’ became popular in amongst the Greeks and Arabs a thousand yearslater. The Clepsydra (Greek for “water thief”) consisted of a reservoir forholding water, and a mechanism by which water would and steadily flow or dripinto the reservoir. The rising level of the water would indicate how much timehad passed since the dripping began.The earliest water clocks were not very accurate, but as with the sundial,as time passed, water clocks became more mechanised and complex and they wereincreasingly outfitted with gadgets – some rang bells or gongs, some showed themovement of the planets, and some opened little windows to display statues orfigures. Just before the turn of the century, the Greeks built what is calledthe “tower of winds”, a complex water clock showing time, seasons, winddirection, and much more. Around this time, water clock making took root inChina, and after a thousand years of development, another famous clock, theeponymous Su Sung clock tower, was built. This tower clock was over 30 feet talland contained a variety of mechanisms not only for telling time accurately, butfor following the position of the stars and planets.The history of the development of clocks continued in Europe, and startinga few hundred years after the building of the Su Sung, clocks were developedthat kept time due to other natural phenomenon, mostly related to natural motion– the pulling of gravity, the swinging of pendulums, and finally, thereleasedtension of coiled springs, a mechanism which, for the first time, allowedportable watches to become a reality.QuestionsLabel the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Classify the following features according to the type of clock:A) SundialsB) Water ClocksC) Other kinds of clocksWrite the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7) Developed in Europe after the Su Sung8) Served purposes other than telling time9) Were easily portable10) Oldest recorded time-keeping device参考答案Answers1) Obelisk2) Sundial3) Gnomon4) Face5) Water clock / Clepsydra6) Reservoir7) C8) B9) C10) A。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(4)
2019年雅思考试阅读模拟试题：段落标题(1)Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesAVolcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption—cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava—is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floorhas a basement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they arealso thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every yearthey add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smokingaway for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth：enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world's atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.BGeologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack—like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly 'flow' like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents,is powerful enough to fracture the 'eggshell' of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.CThese zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow： vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa—the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes,like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth's crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific 'ring of fire' where there have been the most violent explosions—Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen's in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.DBut volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests faded, after snowin June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.。
2019年雅思考试阅读理解练习试题及答案
2019年雅思考试阅读理解练习试题及答案★Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure IneffectivePublished： February 5, 2007 New York Times1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard andthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are askedto select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look liketheir bank's, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6. "The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image," said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. "From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time."7.He added： "If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better," he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites tofind better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do： ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey "gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site," said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. "It was very well received."13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the。
2019年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案
2019年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案A“Your battery is now fully charged”, Announced the laptop computer to its owner, Donald A Norman, with enthusiasm-perhaps even a hint of pride?---in its synthetic voice. To be sure, distractions and multitasking are hardly new to the human condition. “A complicated life, continually interrupted by computing requests for attention, is as old as procreation,”laughs Ted Selker of the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMedia Lab. But increasingly, it is not just our kids pulling us three ways at once; it is also a relentless barrage of e-mail, alerts, alarms, calls, instant messages and automated notifications, none of them coordinated and all of them oblivious to whether we are busy—or even present. “It’s ridiculous that my own computer can’t figure out whether I’m in front of it, but a public toilet can,”exclaims Roel Vertegaal of Queen’s University in Ontario.BHumanity has connected itself through roughly three billion networked telephones, computers traffic lights—even refrigerators and picture frame—because these things make life more convenient and keep us available to those we care about. So although we could simply turn off the phones, close the e-mail program, and shut the office door when it is time for meeting or strench of concentrated work, we usuallydon’t. We just endure the consequences.CNumerous studies have shown that when people are unexpectedly interrupted, they not only work less efficiently but also make more mistakes. “It seems to add cumulatively to a feeling of frustration,”Picard reports, and that stress response makes it hard to regain focus. It isn’t merely a matter of productivity and the pace of life. For pilots, drivers, soldiers and doctors, errors of inattention can be downright dangerous. “If we could just give our computers and phones some understanding of the limits of human attention and memory, it would make them seem a lot more thoughtful and courteous,”says Eric Horvitz of Microsoft Research. Horvitz, Vertegaal, Selker and Picard are Eric Horvitz among a small but growing number of researchers trying to teach computers, phones, cars and other gadgets to behave less like egocentric oafs and more like considerate colleagues.D“Attentive”computing systems have begun appearing in newer Volvos and IBM has introduced Websphere communications software with a basic busyness sense. Microsoft has been running extensive in-house tests of a much more sophisticated system since 2003. Within a few year, companies may be able to offer every office worker a software version of the personal receptionist that only corner-suite executives。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(1).doc
2019 年雅思阅读模拟试题 (1)This reading test contains 14 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and doit with pen andpaper.Read the passage below and answer 14 questions.Bird Body LanguageABirds are becoming popular as pets, but unlike with more common pets,owners of birds are often not familiar with thebehavioural patterns of theanimal which allow them to recognise what the pet needsand wants. For example,most of us can recognise the behaviour a dog exhibits when he is hungry or wantsattention, but how many of us know how birds go about showing the same feelings?By learning about the behavioural patterns of birds, itsowner can forge astronger relationship with his pet. Owners can learn howto read bird bodylanguage, including movements of the eyes, wings, tail andbeak. In addition,the sounds the bird makes can also indicate the mood, desires,and requirementsof the pet.BA bird ’s eyes are different from a human ’s. While both birds and humanshave pupils and irises (the black and coloured parts respectively), birds havethe ability to control the size of their pupils byenlarging and reducing theiririses quickly. This behaviour, flashing, is somethingbirds may do when theyare angry, interested, or frightened.CA bird also communicates through the use of their wings.A bird may lift oropen his wings as a sign of happiness. But if the birdstarts opening andclosing their wings, it may signal anger or pain. If abird fails to fold itswings against its body, and instead lets them hang by theirside, the bird maybe ill. Healthy adult birds will typically tuck their wingsagainst their bodieswhen they are at rest.D Birds often use their tail feathers to communicate,so an understandingof this behaviour will help the pet’s owner. A bird may move his tail from sideto side, called wagging, to express happiness (similarto dogs in behaviour andmeaning). Happiness is also the emotion expressed by otherkinds of tailmovement, such as up and down. However, if a bird fanshis tail feathers out, itis usually a way to show anger or aggression.EWhile the bird ’s beak is used mainly for eating and grooming, a bird mayalso communicate by using beak movements. For example, a bird may click his beakonce as a greeting, and several clicks can be taken as awarning. Birds maysometimes bite, but it is often difficult to determine thereason behind it –birds bite as a way to defend territory, show angeror express fear.FFinally, the sounds a bird makes are very importantin communication. Birdsuse vocalisations to communicate with each other (andwith their owners).Singing is the sign of a happy bird, and many birds loveto sing when others arearound. Birds may also purr, though this is not the same asa cat's purr. Abird's purr sounds more like a low growl, and may indicateannoyance. Finally, abird may click his tongue against his beak, and thisoften indicates a desire tobe picked up and petted.QuestionsComplete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Part of the bodyEyesWingsWingsWingsTailTailBeakBeakMovementRapid change ____(1)____ size of pupils, called ____(2)____Wings in an ____(3)____ position____(4)____ of wingsWings ____(5)________(7)____ in any directionFanning outOne clickSeveral clicks ReasonAnger, interestContentmentAnger or pain____(6)____HappinessAggression____(8)____WarningThe Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 9-14 on youranswer sheet.NB You mayuse any letter more than once.9) Mentions behaviour connected to a bird’s state of health10)Describes how birds say hello11)Compares the behaviour of two different pets12)Compares humans and birds13)Discusses the importance of learning about bird behaviour14)Describes how birds indicate they want physicalcontact参考答案Answers1)in2)flashing3)open4)movement5)hanging down / at side6)illness7)wagging / movement8)greeting9)C10)E11)D/F12)B13)A14)F。
2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案雅思的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage1：蝴蝶保护色Copy your neighbour参考答案：A THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance？Until recently， this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists，armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity，battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate， others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators：“Keep off，we’re poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection， other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.B But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area，” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum，London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicryresearch，” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance， Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity， the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich，but comparatively well collected，so I pretty much knew what was there，says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”C Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo， Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Cen tral and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours， toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies， but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs，” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.D Even though all ithomiines are poisonous，it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic， but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is： an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic， with varying degrees of verisimilitude， a focal or model species，” says John Turner from the University of Leeds.“The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour，many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.E But why are there so many different mimicry rings？ One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height，” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy，providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing pat terns don’t match very well，” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still， according to DeVries， this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.F “When I first went out to Ecuador，I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it，” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept，however，was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought，if this idea really is true， and I can work out why， it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings，there were also 69 other insect species，including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly，all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him，Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers， he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.G The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive，” he recalls. “For example，most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor， while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.H However， this being practice rather than theory， things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights，” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land， but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far，so good，but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.I Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy，” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab， it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”1-5. E、B、G 、F 、D6-E、TRUE、NOT GIVEN、FALSE、NOT GIVEN、TRUE12-13. D、BPassage2： CRS企业社会责任感参考答案：The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing” ---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility，the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States.A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments，communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally， reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grou nds that they will improve a company’s image， strengthen its brand，enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock.B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education，health care，and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its endsat the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time，a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs，wealth，and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.C A company’s impact on society also changes over time，as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos，now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow，firms may risk their very survival.D No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources，expertise，and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it canhave a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company contributes between $250，000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other importan t constituencies. What’s more，GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is，it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE’s recrui ting and retention is modest.F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth，currently，there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges，representing 45% of all U.S. Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes，however，that community colleges face special challenges：IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated，and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money andproducts，Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs，contribute to curriculum development，and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case，volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition：a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural，and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently，the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short，nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its valueproposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.V、 viii、 iv、 vii、 i、iii、 iiequal opportunity、internal costC、C、 A、 BPassage3：沙漠造雨参考答案：A. Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case，out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert，” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot， wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke， the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet？”B. The answer， of course， was condensation. Back home in London，a physicist friend，Philip Davies，explained that the glass，chilled by the rain outside，had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point， causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued， Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert，simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”C. Today， a decade on， his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenh ouse”. Local scientists，working with Paton under a license from hiscompany Light Works， are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine thatproduces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago，Marco Goldschmied，president of the Royal Institute of British Architects，called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”seawater greenhouse as developed by Paton has three main both air-condition the greenhouse and provide water for front of the greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot dry air blows in through a front wall is made of perforated cardboard kept moist by a constant trickle of seawater pumped up from purpose is to cool and moisten the incoming desert cool moist air allows the plants to grow faster. And，crucially， because much less water evaporates from the leaves，the plants need much less moisture to grow than if they were being irrigated in the hot dry desert air outside the greenhouse.air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse is completed by the second feature：the roof. It has two layers：an outer layer of clear polyethylene and an inner coated layer that reflects infrared radiation. This combination ensures that visible light can steam through to the plants， maximizing the rate of plant growth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer， sand kept away keep the air around the plants cool.F. At the lack of the greenhouse sits the third elements. This is the main water production ，the air hits a second moist cardboard wall that increases its humidity as it reaches the condenser，which finally collects from the hot humid air the moisture for irrigating the condenser is metal surface kept cool by still more seawater. It is the equivalent of the window onPaton’s Morcoccan s of pure distilled water form on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.Abu Dhai greenhouse more or less runs ors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature，humidity， and windless days，fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. “Once it is tuned to the local environment，you don’t need anyone there for it to work” says Paton. “We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug， and in the future we could make it entirely independent of the grid，powered from a few solar panels.”ics point out that construction costs of around $4 a square foot are quite illustration， however， Paton presents that it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. Thus the plants need only an eighth of the Volume of water used by those grown conventionally. And so the effective cost of desalinated water in the greenhouse is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator， which is good economics. Beside it really suggests an environmentally - friendly way of providing air conditioning on a scale large enough to cool large greenhouses where crops can be grown despite the high outside temperatures.27-31：YES、NO、YES、NOT GIVEN、 NO32-36：hot dry air、moist、heat、condenser、pure distill water37-40：fans、solar panels、construction costs、environmentally-friendly。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)导读：本文2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task. To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with penand paper.Read the passage below and answer questions 1-10.What you need to know about Culture ShockMost people who move to a foreign country or culture may experience aperiod of time when they feel very homesick and have a lot of stress anddifficulty functioning in the new culture. This feeling is often called ‘cultureshock’ and it is important to understand and learn how to cope with cultureshock if you are to adapt successfully to your new home’s culture.First of all, it’s important to know that culture shock is normal. Everyonein a new situation will go through some form of culture shock, and the extent ofwhich they do is determined by factors such as the difference between cultures,the degree to which someone is anxious to adapt to a new culture and thefamiliarity that person has to the new culture. If you go, for example, to aculture that is far different from your own, you’re likely to experience cultureshock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language andthe behavioural norms of the new culture.There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and it is importantthat you are aware of these stages and can recognise which stage you are in andwhen so that you will understand why you feel the way you do and that anydifficulties you are experience are temporary, a process youare going throughrather than a constant situation.The first stage is usually referred to as the excitement stage or the‘honeymoon’ sta ge. Upon arriving in a new environment, you’ll be interested inthe new culture, everything will seem exciting, everyone will seem friendly andhelpful and you’ll be overwhelmed with impressions. During this stage you aremerely soaking up the new landscape, taking in these impressions passively, andat this stage you have little meaningful experience of the culture.But it isn’t long before the honeymoon stage dissolves into the secondstage –sometimes called the withdrawal stage. The excitement you felt beforechanges to frustration as you find it difficult to cope with the problems thatarise. It seems that everything is difficult, the language is hard to learn,people are unusual and unpredictable, friends are hard to make, and simplethings like shopping and going to the bank are challenges. It is at this stagethat you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably findyourself complaining about the new culture or country. This is the stage whichis referred to as ‘culture shock’.Culture shock is only temporary, and at some point, if you are one of thosewho manage to stick it out, you’ll transition into the third stage of culturaladjustment, the ‘recovery’ stage. At this point, you’ll have a routine, andyou’ll feel more confiden t functioning in the new culture. You’ll start to feelless isolated as you start to understand and accept the way things are done andthe way people behave in your new environment. Customs and traditions areclearer and easier to understand. At this stage, you’ll dealwith new challengeswith humour rather than anxiety.The last stage is the ‘home’ or ‘stability’ stage – this is the point whenpeople start to feel at home in the new culture. At this stage, you’ll functionwell in the new culture, adopt certain features and behaviours from your newhome, and prefer certain aspects of the new culture to your own culture.There is, in a sense, a fifth stage to this process. If you decide toreturn home after a long period in a new culture, you may experience what iscalled ‘reverse culture shock’. This means that you may find aspects of your ownculture ‘foreign’ because you are so used to the new culture that you have spentso long adjusting to. Reverse culture shock is usually pretty mild – you maynotice things about your home culture that you had never noticed before, andsome of the ways people do things may seem odd. Reverse culture shock rarelylasts for very long.QuestionsDo the following statements agree with the information given in thearticle?In boxes 1-10 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1) Some people will find the process of adapting to a new country easierthan others.2) Knowing about these four stages will help people adjust to a new culturemore quickly.3) People can ease culture shock by learning about the language and customsbefore they go to the new culture.4) Culture shock is another name for cultural adjustment.5) The first stage is usually the shortest.6) In the first stage, people will have a very positive impression of thenew culture.7) Many people will leave the new culture while they are in the secondstage.8) By the third stage, people do not experience any more problems with thenew culture.9) In the fourth stage, people speak new language fluently.10) Reverse culture shock is as difficult to deal with as cultureshock.参考答案Answers1) TRUE2) NOT GIVEN3) TRUE4) FALSE5) NOT GIVEN6) TRUE7) NOT GIVEN8) FALSE9) NOT GIVEN10) FALSE。
2019-雅思阅读模拟试题(四)(附答案)-范文word版 (1页)
2019-雅思阅读模拟试题（四）(附答案)-范文word版本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思阅读模拟试题（四）(附答案)A . Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit from any situation . Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision - making is rational . But that contradicts growing evidence that decision - making draws on the emotionseven when reason is clearly involved .B . The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense . For situations met frequently in the past ， such as obtaining food and mates ， and confronting or fleeing from threats ， the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome . Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes ，evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases . But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity ?C . One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein ， an economist at Carnegie Mellon University ， in Pittsburgh . In particular ， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision - making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt . To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists ， Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ， to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy .。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(15)
2019年雅思考试模考巩固试题及答案四1. Washing， brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.2. Instead， excavators should be handling at least someof their bounty with gloves， and freezing samples as theyare found， dirt and all， concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally thatthis is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA，Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris，France， and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information， they say，needs to be hammered home among the people who are actuallyout in the field digging up bones.4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year-oldfossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs. The fossils were dug upat a site in France at two different times — either in 1947，and stored in a museum collection， or in 2004， andconserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.5. The team’s attempts to extract DNA from the 1947bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils， however， all yielded DNA.6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amountof time， and in the same conditions， the conservationmethod had to be to blame says Geigl. “As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3，200 years before，” she says.Wash in， wash out7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone， their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA， Geigl explains.8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath， which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA —to permeate into the porous bones. “Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out， but contamination is getting washed in，” says Geigl.9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already， says Hendrik Poinar， an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario，Canada. But that doesn’t mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators， says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases， he says.11. P bo’s team， which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA，continually faces these problems. “When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains，there’s a bigissue of contamination with contemporary human DNA，” he says.12. This doesn’t mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed， notes P bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab， for example， had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations —just in case.Warm and wet13. Geigl herself believes that， with cooperation between bench and field researchers， preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place， and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason， Geigl says， most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples，such as the woolly mammoth， or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.15. Better conservation methods， and a focus on fresh fossils， could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens， says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.(640 words nature )GlossaryPalaeontologists 古生物学家Aurochs 欧洲野牛Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。
2019年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题与答案解析.doc
2019 年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology ： solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they havenot needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea-- draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras.An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply anappropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect isAlex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enoughto change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cyclesa second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80 ℃. At 85 ℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curiousphysical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source.Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in NorthCarolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by10 ℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A.AppleB.IBMC.IntelD.Alex MischenkoE.Ali ShakouriF.Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to makesure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6.Paraelectric materials can generate a currentwhen electrodes are attached to them.7.Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8.Doubling the frequency of logical operations insidea microprocessor doubles the heat output.9.IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10.Which method of disposing heat in computersmay have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor 抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systemsof subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3 ： ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5 ：The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8 ： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃ .4. ESee Paragraph 8：Ali Shakouri, of the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller 梥 o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9 ： To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchangetakes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2：...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what thoseapplications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5 ： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9 ： In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6：Tweaking the processor's heatsinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shiftingfrom single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1 ：Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3 ： Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7 ： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9 ： The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
2019年9月14日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
一、考题解析P1 新闻消息是如何传播的P2 栅栏P3 美国工作压力二、名师点评1. 本次考试难度偏低。
2. 整体分析：涉及三篇人文社科类文章本场考试可能让很多小伙伴对我们的阅读放心了心，毕竟相比我们12号那场考试，整体难度降了下来，但是，倒是雅思听力上了热搜榜。
让很多小朋友叫苦不迭。
这三篇阅读总体来说难度低的很善良，有一篇还是之前考过的原题。
题型也是大家熟悉的几大题型搭配。
总之就是只要你用心准备，在前一个阶段把该刷的题目都刷了，该背的词汇都背了，基本是没有什么问题的。
3.主要题型：涉及判断题、填空题、配对题、heading、选择等。
4.文章分析：第一篇文章主要讲关于信息传递的内容；第二篇文章讲述栅栏的作用有关内容；第三篇介绍关于就业的相关内容5.部分答案及参考文章：Passage 1：题材：人文社科类题目：新闻消息是如何传播的文章难度：三颗星文章：待补充参考答案：1. letters2. legal3. religious4. distribution5. songs6. journalists7. advertising8. FALSE9. TRUE10. NOT GIVEN11. TRUE12. FALSE13. FALSE可以参考剑桥雅思真题：C9 T3 P3 （Information Theory—The Big Idea）Passage 2：题材：人文社科类题目：栅栏文章难度：三颗星文章：待补充题型：heading 7题+填空题 4题+选择 2题可以参考剑桥雅思真题：C12 T8 P1 （The History of Glass）Passage 3：题材：人文社科题目：美国工作压力文章难度：三颗星参考答案和文章待补充可以参考剑桥雅思真题：C8 T3 P3 （HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK）三、考试预测1. 2019年9月的考试基本已经接近了尾声，通过这几场的考试来看，目前题目的整体难度一直是趋向于稳定，没有出现大段大段配对题的情况，所以总体来说对大家是非常友善的。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(20)
雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析六1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars.2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water".7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years上一篇英语：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案下一篇英语：没有了查看更多关于雅思模拟题的文章网友同时还浏览了：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案Now you knowNew weapon to fight cancerNext Year MarksSun s fickle heartWashingto confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called "asteroseismology".10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star’s precise mass, age and chemical composition.11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Smalloscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet" - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the "wobble" their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, wi上一篇英语：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案下一篇英语：没有了查看更多关于雅思模拟题的文章网友同时还浏览了：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案Now you knowNew weapon to fight cancerNext Year MarksSun s fickle heartWashingll launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets. Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.1. Corot is an instrument which(A) can help to search for certain planets(B) is used to find planets in the orbit(C) can locate planets with human beings(D) can spot any planets with water.Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 2-5 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contraicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.3. BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. They will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6. __________, the expected number of which could be up to 7. __________ .Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this way, a star’s mass, age and chemical composition can be calculated.According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets or star 9. __________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10. _上一篇英语：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案下一篇英语：没有了查看更多关于雅思模拟题的文章网友同时还浏览了：雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案Now you knowNew weapon to fight cancerNext Year MarksSun s fickle heartWashing_________ of the star formation and evolvement.Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other stars than the Sun. The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12. ___________ .With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether those rocky planets have 13. __________ for life.Answer keys:1. 答案:A (第3段第1句:Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. A项中的certain planets指small rocky planets beyond the solar system.)2. 答案:TRUE (第5段第1、2句: At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. 问题中的“that can be inhabited”意思就是inhabitable.)3. 答案:NOT GIVEN (文中没有提及该信息。
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2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案A.
When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as
head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs
to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in
all 41 of the European countries where anti-
globalisers’favourite enemy operates.
B.
So far Mr Hennequin is doing st year European
sales increased by 5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%，
the best annual results in nearly 15 years.Europe accounted
for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its
sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C
Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being American.Mr Hennequin says
he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D.
He introduced“open door”visitor days in each country which became hugely popular.In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’programme last year.The Nutrition Information Initiative，launched last year，put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories，protein，fat，carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E.
Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that“McJobs”，the low-paid menia l jobs at McDonald’s restaurants，are much better than people think.But some of his efforts have backfired：last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a“McPassport”that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union.Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the continent.
F.
To stay in touch with local needs and preferences，McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible.A
R ussian is running McDonald’s in Russia，though a Serb is in charge of Germany.The group buys mainly from local suppliers.Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers，for example.(Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently。