外文文献及翻译：The introdution of the Injection Mold
针刺方法中英文对照
04
By inserting needs into these points, acquisition can restore balance and harmony in the body, leading to improved health and well being
Principles of Acquisition
Needlework technique
Needlework technique
Different cupping methods
mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry引用格式-概述说明以及解释
mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry引用格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在《mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry》这篇长文中，我们将重点关注当前药物化学领域的研究进展和重要的研究成果。
药物化学是一门研究药物设计、合成和优化的学科，对于新药物的开发和治疗疾病具有重要意义。
本文旨在提供一个概述和综述最新的药物化学领域的相关研究成果，以便读者了解当前这一领域的进展情况。
通过对已有的文献进行综合分析和评价，我们将介绍一些有意义的研究成果和突破性进展，以及它们在药物研发和临床应用中的潜在价值。
本文主要分为三个部分。
第一部分是引言，我们将对药物化学的概念和研究领域进行简要介绍，以便读者对该领域有一个大致的了解。
第二部分是正文，我们将详细探讨几个重要的研究要点，包括药物设计、化合物合成和生物活性评价等方面的内容。
最后一部分是结论，我们将总结本文的主要观点和发现，并探讨未来药物化学研究的发展方向。
通过撰写这篇文章，我们希望能够向读者展示当前药物化学领域的发展动态和重要研究成果，为研究人员提供一个全面了解该领域的概览，以及未来研究方向的指导。
同时，我们也希望能够促进学术界之间的合作与交流，推动药物化学领域的进一步发展和创新。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分应该包括以下内容：文章的结构是指文章整体的组织方式和框架，有助于读者理解文章的逻辑和脉络。
本文将按照以下结构展开讨论：引言部分：首先对mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry进行简要介绍，介绍该期刊的背景和特点，以及其在医药化学领域的重要性和影响力。
接着，对本文的研究目的进行明确和具体地描述，即在该期刊上撰写一篇长文，从而引出本文的整体框架。
正文部分：本文的正文将以四个要点为主线进行展开。
每个要点将对mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry的某一方面进行详细探讨。
化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿
化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿引言该文档旨在提供化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿。
以下是一个初步概述，其中包含选定的文献和简要讨论。
文献1：《化学反应动力学研究》- 作者：John Smith- 出版年份：2020年- 摘要：本文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。
作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。
文献2：《化学反应的溶剂效应》- 作者：Emily Johnson- 出版年份：2018年- 摘要：本文研究了不同溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响。
通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验，并分析实验结果，作者确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。
译文稿请注意，以下是对上述两篇文献的简要翻译稿，仅供参考。
文献1翻译稿《化学反应动力学研究》是John Smith于2020年发表的一篇关于化学反应动力学的研究论文。
该文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。
作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。
文献2翻译稿《化学反应的溶剂效应》是Emily Johnson于2018年发表的一篇关于溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响的研究论文。
该文通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验并分析实验结果，确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。
结论该文档提供了两篇化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿的简要介绍。
这些文献涵盖了化学反应动力学和化学反应的溶剂效应两个重要研究领域。
通过阅读这些文献，读者可以了解到关于化学反应动力学和溶剂选择的最新研究成果，并为进一步的研究提供了参考依据。
美国生物医学公司的骨髓穿刺针产品说明书
SimpleOnly three componentsEfficientAll-in-one procedure tocapture the biopsy specimenBetterExcellent specimen withno tissue distortionOrdering informationCat. No.Description Qty. BMNI15GX2I-Type 15G x 2 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNI15GX4I-Type 15G x 4 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ11X4J-Type 11G x 4 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ11X6J-Type 11G x 6 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ8X5J-Type 8G x 5 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ13X2J-Type 13G x 2.5 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs 31-CR1SF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type needle, 11G x 4 in.10/cs 31-CR1SFDF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type needle, 11G x 4 in. without lidocaine10/cs 31-CR2SF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type and I-Type needles10/cs 31-CR2SFDF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type and I-Type needles without lidocaine10/csTrocar point stylet• Long and sharp trocar point stylet effectively penetrates soft tissue and cortical bone, allowing precise access to the cancellous bone. It is also used for pushing the sample out of the needle at the end of the procedure.Cardinal Health™ Core Retention Bone Marrow Biopsy NeedleFeaturesInsertion aid• Insertion aid helps guide the introduction of the pusher rod into the mouth of theneedle and facilitates the delivery of the biopsy specimen through the opposite/proximal end of the needle.Outer serrations• A series of outer serrations supports drilling and helps the passage of the needle through the cortical layer of bone.• The cutting edge, designed for precision, helps ensure that the bony trabeculae is cut cleanly, giving a better biopsy sample.Unique core retaining device• The unique design allows the sample to expand within the needle, ensuring entrapment and safe capture of a better biopsy sample.No tissue distortion• The core retention bone marrow needle retrieves long, uniform core of marrow tissue with little or no distortion of marrow architecture.© 2021 Cardinal Health. All Rights Reserved. CARDINAL HEALTH, the Cardinal Health LOGO, ESSENTIALTO CARE are trademarks of Cardinal Health and may be registered in the US and/or in other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. Lit. No. 2GM21-1383835-01 (04/2021)For more information, visit /CoreRetentionBoneMarrowNeedle。
双金属纳米颗粒的英文文献2000字左右
双金属纳米颗粒的英文文献2000字左右Dual-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. These NPs are composed of two different metallic elements, typically noble metals such as gold and silver, which are combined to form a single nanoparticle. In this review, we will discuss the synthesis, properties, and applications of dual-metallic NPs.Synthesis of dual-metallic NPs can be achieved through various methods, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical deposition, and seed-mediated growth. One commonly used method is the co-reduction of metal salts in the presence of a stabilizing agent, which can control the size and composition of the NPs. Another approach is the Galvanic replacement reaction, where a more reactive metal is used to replace the less reactive metal in the NPs, resulting in a core-shell structure.Dual-metallic NPs exhibit unique properties that are distinct from their single metal counterparts. For example, the combination of two different metals can lead to the formation of alloyed NPs with enhanced catalytic activity, optical properties, and stability compared to single metal NPs. The electronic structure of dual-metallic NPs can also be tuned by controllingthe composition, size, and shape of the NPs, leading to interesting phenomena such as localized surface plasmon resonance.The applications of dual-metallic NPs are diverse andwide-ranging. In the field of catalysis, these NPs have been employed as efficient catalysts for various reactions, including hydrogenation, oxidation, and reduction. The synergistic effects between the two metals can promote the catalytic activity and selectivity of the NPs, making them promising candidates for industrial applications. In addition, dual-metallic NPs have shown great potential in biomedical applications, such as imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. The unique optical and magnetic properties of these NPs make them suitable for bioimaging and targeted drug delivery, while their biocompatibility and stability are advantageous for in vivo applications.In summary, dual-metallic NPs represent a promising class of nanomaterials with unique properties and versatile applications. The synergistic effects between the two metals can lead to enhanced performance in catalysis, sensing, imaging, and other fields. Future research in this area should focus on developing new synthesis methods, understanding the fundamental properties of these NPs, and exploring theirpotential in emerging technologies. Overall, dual-metallic NPs hold great promise for advancing the field of nanotechnology and contributing to the development of new and improved materials and devices.。
JMC上一篇文献的总结
张参制药工程14221010772Discovery of a Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the Frataxin/Ubiquitin Interaction via Structure-Based Virtual Screening andBioassays一个抑制共济蛋白泛素化的新型小分子抑制剂的发现——基于结构的虚拟筛选和生物测定一、研究背景：1、有关弗里德赖希共济失调症（FRDA）弗利特里希氏共济失调症是一种常染色体隐性遗传的神经变性紊乱，由一种控制铁元素稳态的线粒体共济蛋白的部分还原引起。
弗利特里希氏共济失调症是美国和欧洲最常见的遗传性共济失调症，其发病率估计在1:30000到1:50000之间。
这种神经疾病的主要特征是影响中枢和周围神经，导致神经节的初等感觉神经元死亡并并伴有一系列神经学症状。
虽然发病时间高度不统一，还会因为不明原因的部分延迟，这些在出生时和幼儿期表现正常的患者大部分通常在20岁左右出现这类症状。
弗利特里希氏共济失调症的主要病因是人体失调症基因的第一个内含子的GAA异常复制膨胀，抑制了转录，导致大量酶缺失（也包括共济蛋白），线粒体功能紊乱，以及氧化性功能损伤。
目前仍然没有能延缓病情的药物治疗。
2、有关共济蛋白（Frataxin）共济蛋白在细胞核中编码，在细胞质中合成，并作为先导多肽（共济蛋白1-210）被转移至线粒体基质，被蛋白酶修饰成中间体（共济蛋白41-210），最终形成成熟形式（共济蛋白81-210）。
目前认为共济蛋白在线粒体基质中被加工成成熟体，没有发现其在线粒体内的其他后加工程序。
最近，人们在人类干细胞的几种细胞类型的细胞质中发现了大量成熟共济蛋白，它参与了多种生物功能。
这里我们报道了一种。
二、提出问题最近很多研究发现说明了共济蛋白先导物和成熟体聚集体通过泛素-蛋白酶体通路系统（UPS）的直接调控作用。
(完整版)有关隧道方面外文文献与翻译
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thawconditions in the surrounding rock wall of atunnel in permafrost regionsHE Chunxiong（何春雄），（State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology andGeocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Applied Mathematics,South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China）WU Ziwang（吴紫汪）and ZHU Linnan（朱林楠）（State key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology andGeocryologyChinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China）Received February 8, 1999AbstractBased on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted.Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw.A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermalconditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and maintenance of new tunnels in cold regions.Many tunnels，constructed in cold regions or their neighbouring area，s pass through the part beneath the permafrost base .After a tunnel is excavat，edthe original thermodynamical conditions in the surroundings are and thaw destroyed and replaced mainly by the air connections without the heat radiation, the conditions determined principally by the temperature and velocity of air flow in the tunnel ，the coefficients of convective heat transfer on the tunnel wall，and the geothermal heat. In order to analyze and predict the freeze and thaw conditions of the surrounding wall rock of a tunnel，presuming the axial variations of air flow temperature and the coefficients of convective heat transfer, Lunardini discussed the freeze and thaw conditions by the approximate formulae obtained by Sham-sundar in study of freezing outside a circular tube with axial variations of coolant temperature .We simulated the temperature conditions on the surface of a tunnel wall varying similarly to the periodic changes of the outside air temperature .In fact，the temperatures of the air and the surrounding wall rock material affect each other so we cannot find the temperature variations of the air flow in advance; furthermore，it is difficult to quantify the coefficient of convective heat exchange at the surface of the tunnel wall .Therefore it is not practicable to define the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall according to the outside air temperature .In this paper, we combine the air flow convective heat ex-change and heat conduction in the surrounding rock material into one mode，l and simulate the freeze-thaw conditions of the surrounding rock material based on the in situ conditions of air temperature，atmospheric pressure，wind force at the entry and exit of the tunnel，and the conditions of hydrogeology and engineering geology. MathematicalmodelIn order to construct an appropriate model, we need the in situ fundamental conditions as a ba-sis .Here we use the conditions at the scene of the Dabanshan Tunnel. The Dabanshan Tunnel is lo-toted on the highway from Xining to Zhangye, south of the Datong River, at an elevation of 3754.78-3 801.23 m, with a length of 1 530 m and an alignment from southwest to northeast. The tunnel runs from the southwest to the northeast.Since the mon thly-average air temperature is ben eath O'}C for eight mon ths at the tunnel site each year and the construction would last for several years，the surrounding rock materials would become cooler during the construction .We conclude that, after excavation, the pattern of air flow would depend mainly on the dominant wind speed at the entry and exit，and the effects of the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the tunnel would be very small .Since the dominant wind direction is northeast at the tunnel site in winter, the air flow in the tunnel would go from the exit to the entry. Even though the dominant wind trend is southeastly in summer, considering the pressure difference, the temperature difference and the topography of the entry and exi，tthe air flow in the tunnel would also be from the exit toentry .Additionally，since the wind speed at the tunnel site is low，we could consider that the air flow would be principally laminar.Based on the reasons mentione，dwe simplify the tunnel to a round tube，and consider that theair flow and temperature are symmetrical about the axis of the tunnel，Ignoring the influence of the air temperature on the speed of air flow, we obtain the following equation:ra (/ v a v 亠X + 7 ★亦…at/ TI ^ u -z — + (/ — +d t % where t, x, r are the time, axial and radial coord in ates; U, V are axial and radial wind speeds; T is temperature; p is the effective pressure(that,isair pressure divided by air den sity); v is the kin ematic viscosity of air; a is the thermal con ductivity of air; L is the len gth of the tunn el; R is the equivale nt radius of the tunnel secti on; D is the len gth of time after the tunnel con structi on ;S f (t), S u (t) are frozen and thawed parts in the surrounding rock materials respectively; f , u and C f ,C u are thermal conductivities and volumetric thermalcapacities in frozen and thawed parts respectively; X= (x , r) , (t) is phase change front; Lh is heat late nt of freez ing water; and To is critical freez ing temperature of rock ( here we assume To= -0.1C).2 used for sol ving the modelEquation( 1)shows flow. We first solve those concerning temperatureat that thetemperature of the surrounding rock does not affect the speed of air equationsconcerning the speed of air flow, and then solve those equations every time elapse. 2. 1 Procedure used for sol ving the continu ity and mome ntum equati onsSince the first three equati ons in(1) are not in depe ndent we derive the sec ondequati on by xand the third equation by r. After preliminary calculation we obtain the followingelliptic equation concerning the effective pressure p:「艺p ,丄空仃肚、J 裂 工 r 3r\ dr) ~ t 卄升 1 0 < x < A 3U av\ 2V Z nJ" Q ・ (2)» 0 < r < R .0 < x < L, O < r < fi j <? V rr 3V 丽4 □齐 <7*3? tl/亦("狂丿 + 7 a?J-产' 0 < t < 77, 0 < x < fj’Oc r < /? j 3 / R T\ 1 3 f ^r\ a?=芥2右八7芥(s 苏n 0 < t < D , 0 < jr < £ T O < 尸吃 K* -iff 入己art d s at 亠张［仏c= r u ( (ar r 3 TA-九昇）1 小弓訂⑺丹，0 < f < Z> f ( i r > € S f { t ):0 < l <. ( x ( r ) 6 S u (< )； f * « r o t 0 t Di = “屠 O W Y 6+) I乔*左石r(R-)»Then we solve equatio ns in(1) using the follow ing procedures:(i ) Assume the values for U0 V0;(ii ) substituting U0 , V0 into eq. (2), and solving (2), we obtain p0;(iii) solving the first and second equations of(1), we obtain U0, V1;(iv) solving the first and third equations of(1), we obtain U2, V2;(v) calculating the momentum-average of U1, v1 and U2, v2, we obtain the new U0, V0;the n return to (ii);(vi) iterating as above until the disparity of those solutions in two consecutive iterations is sufficiently small or is satisfied, we then take those values of p0 U0 andV0 as the in itial values for the n ext elapse and solve those equati ons concerning the temperature..2 .2 En tire method used for sol ving the en ergy equati onsAs mentioned previously, the temperature field of the surrounding rock and the air flow affect each other. Thus the surface of the tunnel wall is both the boun dary of the temperature field in the surrounding rock and the boundary of the temperature field in air flow .Therefore , it is difficult to separately identify the temperature on the tunnel wall surface , and we cannot independently solve those equations concerning the temperature of air flow and those equations concerning the temperature of the surrounding rock .In order to cope with this problem, we simultaneously solve the two groups of equati ons based on the fact that at the tunnel wall surface both temperatures are equal .We should bear in mind the phase cha nge while sol ving those equati ons concerning the temperature of the surro unding rock a nd the convection while solvi ng those equations concerning the temperature of the air flow, and we only need to smooth those relative parameters at the tunnel wall surface .The solvi ng methods forthe equati ons with the phase cha nge are the same as in refere nee [3].2.3 Determ in ati on of thermal parameters and in itial and boun dary con diti ons2.3.1 Determination of the thermal parameters. Using p= 1013.25-0.1088 H , wecalculateP air pressure p at elevati on H and calculate the air den sity using formula , where T is the yearly-average absolute air temperature and G is the humidity constant of air. Letting C P be the thermal capacity with fixed pressure, the thermal con ductivity , and the dyn amic viscosity of air flow, we calculate the thermal con ductivity and of the surro unding rock are determ ined from the tunnel site.2 .3.2 Determ in ati on of the in itial and boun dary con diti ons .Choose the observed mon thly average wind speed at the entry and exit as boun dary con diti ons of wind speed and choose the relative effective pressure p=0 at the exit ( that,isthe entry of 2 [5]the dominant wind trend) and p (1 kL/ d) v /2 on the section of entry ( thatis , the exit of the dominant wind trend ), where k is the coefficie nt of resista neealong the tunnel wall, d = 2R , and v is the axial average speed. We approximate T varying by the sine law accord ing to the data observed at the sce ne and provide a suitable boundary value based on the position of the permafrost base and thegeothermal gradie nt of the thaw rock materials ben eath the permafrost base.3 A simulated exampleUsing the model and the solving method mentioned above , we simulate thevarying law of the air temperature in the tunnel along with the temperature at the entry and exit of the Xiluoqi No.2 Tunnel .We observe that the simulated results are close to the data observed[6].The Xiluoqi No .2 Tunnel is located on the Nongling railway in northeastern Chinaand passes through the part ben eath the permafrost base .It has a len gth of 1kinematic viscosity using the formulas aC p and —.The thermal parameters160 m running from the northwest to the southeast, with the entry of the tunnel in the no rthwest, and the elevati on is about 700 m. The dominant wind direct ion in the tunnel is from no rthwest to southeast, with a maximum mon thly-average speed of 3 m/s and a minimum monthly-average speed of 1 .7 m/s . Based on the data observed we approximate the varying sine law of air temperature at the entry and exit with yearly averages of -5°C, -64C and amplitudes of 189C and 176C respectively. The equivalent diameter is 5 .8m, and the resista nt coefficie nt along the tunnel wall is 0.025.Sineethe effect of the thermal parameter of the surrounding rock on the air flow is much smaller than that of wind speed , pressure and temperature at the entry and exit, werefer to the data observed in the Dabanshan Tunnel for the thermal parameters.Figure 1 shows the simulated yearly-average air temperature in side and at theentry and exit of the tunnel compared with the data observed .We observe that the differenee is less than 0 .2、C from the entry to exit.4 Predict ion of the freeze-thaw con diti ons for the Daba nsha n Tunnel4 .1 Thermal parameter and in itial and boun dary con diti onsUsing the elevation of 3 800 m and the yearly-average air temperature of -3 C , we ues: 2, dbaervccl rdijea»Disuse from theemr>/m1；阿严1 龄n o( simulAted and drived air 左血呼存afurr in Xihioqa g 2 Tunnel in 1979, I、SicmilMed vibFigure 2 shows a comparis on of the simulated and observed mon thly-averageair temperature in-side (dista nee greater tha n 100 m from the en try and exit) thetunn el. We observe that the principal law is almost the same, and the main reason forthe differe nee is the errors that came from approximat ing the vary ing si ne law at the entry and exit; especially , the maximum monthly-average air temperature of 1979was not for July but for August.Tic 凹聽阿弊口of sitnuhied and abserv回«ir lera-peraruir inaide the Xihi呦No, 2 Twind in 1979 1 * Simi- hlrdvdu£A； 2, uLMrved vadiii^.calculate the air density p=0 .774 kg/m 3.Sinee steam exists In the air, we choose the thermal capacity with a fixed pressure of air C p 1.8744kJ/(kg.°C), heat conductivity 2.0 10 2W/(m.0C) and6 and the dynamic viscosity 9.218 10 kg /(m.s). After calculation we obtain the5 2 thermal diffusivity a= 1 .3788 10 m / s and the kinematic viscosity ,1.19 10 5m 2 /s .Con sideri ng that the sect ion of automobiles is much smaller tha n that of thetunnel and the auto-mobiles pass through the tunnel at a low speed , we ignore the piston effects, coming from the movement of automobiles, in the diffusion of the air.We con sider the rock as a whole comp onent and choose the dry volumetric cavity d 2400kg / m ‘content of water and unfrozen water W=3% and W=1%, and the thermalcon ductivity u 1.9W/m.°c , f 2.0W /m.o c ,heat capacityAccording to the data observed at the tunnel site the maximum monthly-average wind speed is about 3 .5 m/s , and the minimum monthly-average wind speed is about 2 .5 m/s .We approximate the wind speed at the entry and exit as一 2v(t) [0.028 (t 7) 2.5](m/s), where t is in mon th. The in itial wind speed in the tunnel is set to ber 2 U (0,x,r) U a (1 (R )2),V(0,x,r) 0.The initial and boundary values of temperature T are set to beT(x = .1 ■+ 耐血(洁和-y) T ,T(O t x,/t a ) = - Jt 0) x O.OJ-C , f - r ) x O. D3・ t. /i r F W K wwhere f(x) is the distanee from the vault to the permafrost bas , and R0=25 m is the radius of do-main of solution T. We assume that the geothermal gradient is 3%, the yearly-average air temperature outside tunnel the is A=-3 0C , and the amplitude is B=12 0C .C V 0.8kJ /kg.o c and C f(0.8 4.128w u )1 W (0.8 4.128w u ) 1 WAs for the boundary of R=Ro，we first solve the equations considering R=Ro as the first type of boundary; that is we assume that T=f(x) 3%0C on R=Ro. We find that, after one year, the heat flow trend will have changed in the range of radius between 5 and 25m in the surrounding rock.. Considering that the rock will be cooler hereafter and it will be affected yet by geothermal heat, we appoximately assume that the boundary R=Ro is the second type of boundary; that is，we assume that the gradient value，obtained from the calculation up to the end of the first year after excavation under the first type of boundary value, is the gradient on R=Ro of T.Considering the surrounding rock to be cooler during the period of constructio，n we calculate from January and iterate some elapses of time under the same boundary. Then we let the boundary values vary and solve the equations step by step(it can be proved that the solution will not depend on the choice of initial values after many time elapses ).4 .2 Calculated resultsFigures 3 and 4 show the variations of the monthly-average temperatures on the surface of the tunnel wall along with the variations at the entry and exit .Figs .5 and 6 show the year when permafrost begins to form and the maximum thawed depth after permafrost formed in different surrounding sections.4 .3 Prelimi nary con clusi onBased on the in itial-bo un dary con diti ons and thermal parameters men tioned above, we obtai n the followi ng prelimi nary con clusi ons:1) The yearly-average temperature on the surface wall of the tunnel isapproximately equal to the air temperature at the entry and exit. It is warmer duri ng the cold seas on and cooler duri ng the warm seas on in the internal part (more tha n 100 m from the entry and exit) of the tunnel than at the entry and exit . Fig .1 shows that the internal mon thly-average temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall is1.2°C higher in January, February and December, 1C higher in March and October, and1 .6C lower in June and August, and 2qC lower in July than the air temperature at the entry and exit. In other mon ths the infernal temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall approximately equals the air temperature at the entry and exit.2) Since it is affected by the geothermal heat in the internal surrounding section,>oz □『enf X 2x < 3S £上 £«『M 除 Mirf^ce 垃 tiiiubel *rtk th 盘亚ut 込 ihc h^ntl . 1, JnFig, 6. Tk ； KJiimiflE thwed depih H!!e (T pennatrafit frrfuwd in y*snjDrs^ncr fnwr irwiy m Hf V TT IP 胴列h/iHT 替 砖卩皿巾冲 ftp ihf Bijrhfi* rtf iMwidt^hTumi . J .山甲 Jtli f = l 52h "\l2. 【尸匚gtjnt-nj*11X- £ gy 2即 ncu产«药-工一匚t ^fwrwr df tkr fmnh 】厂肌'**i 芦 P EI 严Mfewr [he- jeu wrieo pemafrffil bepu tc farm LFI i±d-□hsun 氐 fromcniry/n“ H m昭巧 Q j O m V".总町 L h ■ — Z 0 5 G 小二 研 SNuance Mim em^ m nti (JiMancc A 100 a fram cfUi} 血 eiLl) tcviperatmc on rfcr<ufiic<*i 2 . uwHr ur lemperifuft. 5 4 3 2 I o LJ/qlsp ■■u.%l£ily uduylil -餌也IT*especially in the central part, the internal amplitude of the yearly-average temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall decreases and is 1 .(6 lower than that at the entry and exit.3 ) Under the conditions that the surrounding rock is compact , without a great amount of under-ground water, and using a thermal insulating layer(as designed PU with depth of 0.05 m and heat conductivity =0.0216 W/m°C, FBT with depth of0.085 m and heat conductivity =0.0517W/m C), in the third year after tunnel construction, the surrounding rock will begin to form permafrost in the range of 200 m from the entry and exit .In the first and the second year after construction, the surrounding rock will begin to form permafrost in the range of 40 and 100m from the entry and exit respectively .In the central part, more than 200m from the entry and exit, permafrost will begin to form in the eighth year. Near the center of the tunnel, permafrost will appear in the 14-15th years. During the first and second years after permafrost formed, the maximum of annual thawed depth is large (especially in the central part of the surrounding rock section) and thereafter it decreasesevery year. The maximum of annual thawed depth will be stable until the 19-20th years and will remain in s range of 2-3 m.4) If permafrost forms entirely in the surrounding rock, the permafrost will providea water-isolating layer and be favourable for communication andtransportation .However, in the process of construction, we found a lot of underground water in some sections of the surrounding rock .It will permanently exist in those sections, seeping out water and resulting in freezing damage to the liner layer. Further work will be reported elsewhere.严寒地区隧道围岩冻融状况分析的导热与对流换热模型何春雄吴紫汪朱林楠（中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室）（华南理工大学应用数学系）摘要通过对严寒地区隧道现场基本气象条件的分析，建立了隧道内空气与围岩对流换热及固体导热的综合模型;用此模型对大兴安岭西罗奇 2 号隧道的洞内气温分布进行了模拟计算，结果与实测值基本一致;分析预报了正在开凿的祁连山区大坂山隧道开通运营后洞内温度及围岩冻结、融化状况.关键词严寒地区隧道导热与对流换热冻结与融化在我国多年冻土分布及邻近地区，修筑了公路和铁路隧道几十座.由于隧道开通后洞内水热条件的变化;，普遍引起洞内围岩冻结，造成对衬砌层的冻胀破坏以及洞内渗水冻结成冰凌等，严重影响了正常交通.类似隧道冻害问题同样出现在其他国家（苏联、挪威、日本等）的寒冷地区.如何预测分析隧道开挖后围岩的冻结状况，为严寒地区隧道建设的设计、施工及维护提供依据，这是一个亟待解决的重要课题.在多年冻土及其临近地区修筑的隧道，多数除进出口部分外从多年冻土下限以下岩层穿过.隧道贯通后，围岩内原有的稳定热力学条件遭到破坏，代之以阻断热辐射、开放通风对流为特征的新的热力系统.隧道开通运营后，围岩的冻融特性将主要由流经洞内的气流的温度、速度、气—固交界面的换热以及地热梯度所确定.为分析预测隧道开通后围岩的冻融特性，Lu-nardini借用Shamsundar研究圆形制冷管周围土体冻融特性时所得的近似公式，讨论过围岩的冻融特性.我们也曾就壁面温度随气温周期性变化的情况，分析计算了隧道围岩的温度场[3].但实际情况下，围岩与气体的温度场相互作用，隧道内气体温度的变化规律无法预先知道，加之洞壁表面的换热系数在技术上很难测定，从而由气温的变化确定壁面温度的变化难以实现.本文通过气一固祸合的办法，把气体、固体的换热和导热作为整体来处理，从洞口气温、风速和空气湿度、压力及围岩的水热物理参数等基本数据出发，计算出围岩的温度场.1数学模型为确定合适的数学模型，须以现场的基本情况为依据•这里我们以青海祁连山区大坂山公路隧道的基本情况为背景来加以说明.大坂山隧道位于西宁一张业公路大河以南，海拔3754.78~3801.23 m全长1530 m，隧道近西南一东北走向.由于大坂山地区隧道施工现场平均气温为负温的时间每年约长8个月，加之施工时间持续数年，围岩在施土过程中己经预冷，所以隧道开通运营后，洞内气体流动的形态主要由进出口的主导风速所确定，而受洞内围岩地温与洞外气温的温度压差的影响较小；冬季祁连山区盛行西北风，气流将从隧道出曰流向进口端，夏季虽然祁连山区盛行东偏南风，但考虑到洞口两端气压差、温度压差以及进出口地形等因素，洞内气流仍将由出口北端流向进口端•另外，由于现场年平均风速不大，可以认为洞内气体将以层流为主基于以上基本情况，我们将隧道简化成圆筒，并认为气流、温度等关十隧道中心线轴对称，忽略气体温度的变化对其流速的影响，可有如下的方程其中t为时间，x为轴向坐标，r为径向坐标；U, V分别为轴向和径向速度，T 为温度，P为有效压力(即空气压力与空气密度之比少，V为空气运动粘性系数，a为空气的导温系数，L为隧道长度，R为隧道的当量半径，D为时间长度S f(t),(1)S u(t)分别为围岩的冻、融区域• f, u分别为冻、融状态下的热传导系数，C f,C u分别为冻、融状态下的体积热容量，X=(x,r) , (t)为冻、融相变界面,To为岩石冻结临界温度(这里具体计算时取To=-0.10°C), L h为水的相变潜热2求解过程由方程(1)知，围岩的温度的高低不影响气体的流动速度，所以我们可先解出速度，再解温度•2.1连续性方程和动量方程的求解由于方程((1)的前3个方程不是相互独立的，通过将动量方程分别对x和r求导，经整理化简，我们得到关于压力P的如下椭圆型方程：3U BV 3(J dV\ 2严升dr dxi r20<i<Z f>0<r<J R.于是，对方程(1)中的连续性方程和动量方程的求解，我们按如下步骤进行⑴设定速度U0,V0;(2) 将U 0,V0代入方程并求解，得P0(3) 联立方程(1)的第一个和第二个方程，解得一组解U1,V1;(4) 联立方程((1)的第一个和第三个方程，解得一组解U2,V2;(5) 对((3) ,(4)得到的速度进行动量平均，得新的U 0,V0返回⑵;(6)按上述方法进行迭代，直到前后两次的速度值之差足够小•以P0,U0,V0作为本时段的解,下一时段求解时以此作为迭代初值•2. 2能量方程的整体解法如前所述，围岩与空气的温度场相互作用，壁面既是气体温度场的边界，又是固体温度场的边界，壁面的温度值难以确定，我们无法分别独立地求解隧道内的气体温度场和围岩温度场•为克服这一困难，我们利用在洞壁表面上，固体温度等于气体温度这一事实，把隧道内气体的温度和围岩内固体的温度放在一起求解，这样壁面温度将作为末知量被解出来•只是需要注意两点：解流体温度场时不考虑相变和解固体温度时没有对流项；在洞壁表面上方程系数的光滑化•另外，带相变的温度场的算法与文献［3］相同.2. 3热参数及初边值的确定热参数的确定方法：用p=1013.25-0.1088H计算出海拔高度为H的隧道现场的大气P压强，再由P计算出现场空气密度，其中T为现场大气的年平均绝对温GT度，G为空气的气体常数•记定压比热为C p,导热系数为，空气的动力粘性系数为•按a 和一计算空气的导温系数和运动粘性系数.围岩的热物理C p参数则由现场采样测定.初边值的确定方法：洞曰风速取为现场观测的各月平均风速.取卞导风进曰的相对有效气压为0，主导风出口的气压则取为p (1 kL/d) V2/2［5］，这里k为隧道内的沿程阻力系数，L为隧道长度，d为隧道端面的当量直径，为进口端面轴向平均速度.进出口气温年变化规律由现场观测资料，用正弦曲线拟合，围岩内计算区域的边界按现场多年冻土下限和地热梯度确定出适当的温度值或温度梯度.3计算实例按以上所述的模型及计算方法，我们对大兴安岭西罗奇2号隧道内气温随洞曰外气温变化的规律进行了模拟计算验证，所得结果与实测值⑹相比较,基本规律一致.西罗奇2号隧道是位十东北嫩林线的一座非多年冻土单线铁路隧道，全长1160 m，隧道近西北一东南向，高洞口位于西北向，冬季隧道主导风向为西北风.洞口海拔高度约为700 m ,月平均最高风速约为3m/s,最低风速约为1.7m/s.根据现场观测资料，我们将进出口气温拟合为年平均分别为-50C和-6.40C，年变化振幅分别为18.90C和17.60C的正弦曲线.隧道的当量直径为5.8 m,沿程阻力系数取为0.025.由于围岩的热物理参数对计 算洞内气温的影响远比洞口的风速、压力及气温的影响小得多，我们这里参考使用了大坂山隧道的 资料.图1给出了洞口及洞内年平均气温的计算值与观测值比较的情况，从进口到 出口，两值之差都小于0.20C .图2给出了洞内（距进出口 100m 以上）月平均气温的计算值与观测值比较的 情况，可以看出温度变化的基本规律完全一致， 造成两值之差的主要原因是洞口 气温年变化规律之正弦曲线的拟合误差，特别是 1979年隧道现场月平均最高气 温不是在7月份，而是在8月份.4对大坂山隧道洞内壁温及围岩冻结状况的分析预测4. 1热参数及初边值按大坂山隧道的高度值 3 800 m 和年平均气温-30C ，我们算得空气密度0.774kg/m 3 ；由于大气中含有水汽，我们将空气的定压比热取为[7]C p 1.8744kJ/m s 导热系数 2.0 102W/m °C ，空气的动力粘性系数取为9.218 10 6 kg/m s ,经计算，得出空气的导温系数a 1.3788 10 5m 2 /s 和运 动粘性系数1.19 10 5m 2/s .考虑到车体迎风面与隧道端面相比较小、车辆在隧道内行驶速度较慢等因素，我们这里忽略了车辆运行时所形成的活塞效应对气体扩散性能的影响. 岩体的导热系数皆按完好致密岩石的情况处理，取岩石的干容重3d 2400kg/m 时，含水量和末冻水含量分别为W=3%和 W=1 %，s-- cs 釜09 Irum mt? entry/mFig. I. Cpnpajriion of s^nwlated «nd cbwrwd air ten-p*r- 也uiz in Xilwoqi Nu ・ 2 Tumcl in l 切0+ I . Einmhkad val- UPi 2T cjbMrral values .Fig. 2 B The 普咖抨占阿■ of tiitiLkled And rdbtprved «r twr- perifurr inAide llw Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnd in 11974 1. Simb-laJfed Talu«{ 2, oEwmxd raJufa . Y-5fT MglloJ 签EMJfl nu盘Su1.9W/m.o c , f2.CW/m.o c 岩石的比热取为 C V 0.8kJ/kg.°C ,「 (0.8 4.128W u ) d , C u d . 1 W另外，据有关资料，大坂山地区月平均最大风速约为3.5 m/s ,月平均最小 大风速约为2.5m/s 我们将洞口风速拟合为V(t) [0.028 (t 7)22.5](m/s)，这 里t 为月份.洞内风速初值为：U(0,x,r) U a (1(―)2), V (0, x, r) 0.这里取 RU a 3.0m/s .而将温度的初边值取为r( E r > = 丁(—旷)三 A + 甘至"-号)弋・/XO” 工* ff Q > m (Z<^) 一 «o> x 0-03%： ” r x y 一 尸〉>：o .0-3» 尺 c 尸 w 尺叮 lx - H, 旷w这里记f (x)为多年冻土下限到隧道拱顶的距离，Ro = 25m 为求解区域的半径.地 热梯度取为3%,洞外天然年平均气温 A=-3 0C ，年气温变化振幅B=120C .对于边界R = Ro ,我们先按第一类边值(到多年冻土下限的距离乘以3 %)计 算，发现一年后，在半径为 5m 到25m 范围内围岩的热流方向己经发生转向.考 虑到此后围岩会继续冷却，但在边界 R=R 0上又受地热梯度的作用，我们近似地 将边界R= Ro 作为第二类边界处理，即把由定边值计算一年后R=R 。
中英文翻译、外文文献翻译——浇铸钛和金的显微结构和机械性能
附录一浇铸钛和金的显微结构和机械性能摘要：通过感应熔化的方法而获得的Ti21523合金，研究热处理和冷却凝固率对其显微结构和机械性能的影响和作用。
结果表明：通过增加冷却凝固率，可以使Ti21523合金的显微结构从单一化特征及大尺寸的粒状结构变成了具有优良性能的小尺寸粒状结构。
通过采用不同的方法和对不同时期的合金进行处理，合金相位逐渐在粒状晶体的内部和粒状晶体的边界上沉淀。
由于沉淀物晶相的改变，合金承受拉力的性能和伸长率同时被改良。
在σb=1. 406Gpa、δ=4. 5%时，将会获得一种具有良好性能的合金,在临界区域里使用这种合金会让我们收到满意的效果。
关键字浇铸Ti21523合金；冷却凝固率；机械性能1 介绍钛合金以其优良的机械性能，在飞机、航空航天和其它领域中，受到了人们的关注和认可，尤其是在较高特殊作用力的环境之下。
在降低航天器的质量并改进的它的运输适宜性上，该合金受到了关注。
为了满足以上两种情况，一种被叫做贝它钛的重要钛合金逐渐得到发展和优化。
由于其具有高抗力、弹性系数和伸长率等良好的综合性能，合金 Ti215V23Cr23Sn23Al(Ti21523) 已经变成了潜在的选择材料被用于在那些贝它类型合金之中。
从以上的论述中我们可以知道，Ti21523合金在室温有较好的可使用性，同时也适用于寒冷的工作环境之下。
不幸地是，由于合金的高处理成本以及诸如低可塑性和高刚度等缺点，使其在制造复杂的联合体和薄壁件时存在许多问题，成为影响其在航空航天业中广泛应用的关键所在。
为了降低其合成成本并达到其易于重新塑造的弹性，精密铸造技术被引入到了这个领域中。
但是由于铸造出来的合金其贝它晶粒较大且机械性能很低，故此Ti21523合金的使用受到了极大的限制。
由于热处理对Ti21523合金的力有影响，因此Ti21523合金还是可以改善其伸长率并提高它的机械性能的。
关于热处理对Ti21523合金的影响的研究首先在美国和前苏联开展。
Science中文摘要29April2016
Science中文摘要29April2016想参与摘要翻译？有好的论文想推荐给大家？《环球科学》实习生团队欢迎你的加入！详细招募信息，请点击这里。
VOL 352, ISSUE 6285审校：史静雯、魏若妍、杨柳Structure and organization of heteromeric AMPA-type glutamate receptors异源AMPA型谷氨酸受体的结构和组装翻译: 赵红蕾Beatriz Herguedas, Javier García-Nafría, OndrejCais…Hinze Ho, Ingo H.Greger/content/352/6285/aad3873.fullAMPA型谷氨酸受体(AMPARs)，在快速兴奋传递和突触可塑性的介导中发挥重要作用，主要的存在形式是由GluA1~GluA4几个亚基组成的异聚体。
本文我们介绍了首个AMPAR异聚体的结构，它与现有的GluA2同聚体的结构有大幅度的偏离。
GluA2/3和GluA2/4的N 末端结构域的晶体结构揭示了一种新奇的致密构象，这种构象是围绕中心轴的四个亚基的交替排列。
这种组装在全长受体的半胱氨酸交联中得到证实，这使我们可以通过低温电子显微镜来证实完整GluA2/3受体的结构。
在8.25埃和10.3埃的分辨率下，处在无配体状态的两种模型，展示了显著的垂直压缩和域层之间的紧密联系，与N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体相似。
模型1类似一个休眠状态，模型2则是脱敏状态，因此为所谓配体缺失情况下的门控转换提供了瞬像。
我们的数据揭示了异源AMPARs的组织特征，为破译AMPAR的结构和信号转导提供了框架。
Changes in the composition of brain interstitial ionscontrol the sleep-wake cycle脑间质离子成分的变化控制睡眠觉醒周期翻译：刘小鸥Fengfei Ding, John O’Donnell, Qiwu Xu, Ning Kang, NannaGoldman, MaikenNedergaard/content/352/6285/550觉醒由上行激活系统广泛释放神经调质所驱使。
Rana grylio virus thymidine kinase gene
Rana grylio virus thymidine kinase gene:an early gene of iridovirus encoding for a cytoplasmic proteinZhe Zhao ÆFei Ke ÆYan Shi ÆGuang-Zhou Zhou ÆJian-Fang Gui ÆQi-Ya ZhangReceived:28May 2008/Accepted:18December 2008/Published online:6January 2009ÓSpringer Science+Business Media,LLC 2009Abstract The presence of thymidine kinase (TK)is a feature of many large DNA viruses.Here,a TK gene homologue was cloned and characterized from Rana grylio virus (RGV),a member of family Iridoviridae .RGV TK encodes a protein of 195aa with a predicted molecular mass of 22.1kDa.Homologues of the protein were present in all the currently sequenced iridoviruses,and phyloge-netic analysis showed that it was much close to cellular TK type 2(TK2),deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)and deoxygua-nosine kinase (dGK).Subsequently,Western blotting revealed TK expression increased with time from 6h post-infection in RGV-infected ing drug inhibition analysis by protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide)and DNA replication inhibitor (cytosine arabinofuranoside),RGV TK was classified as the early expression gene during in vitro infection.Subcellular localization by TK–GFP fusion protein expression and immunofluorescence staining showed RGV TK was an exclusively cytoplasmic protein in fish cells.Collectively,current data indicate that RGV TK was an early gene of iridovirus which encoded a cytoplasmic protein in fish cells.Keywords Rana grylio virus (RGV)ÁIridovirus ÁThymidine kinase ÁEarly viral gene ÁCytoplasmic proteinIntroductionIridoviruses are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells [1].The viral genome is both circularly permutated and terminally redundant and is a double-stranded DNA genome ranging from 103to 212kbp in length [2].Based on the Eighth Report of the Interna-tional Committee on Taxonomy of Virus (ICTV),the family Iridoviridae has been subdivided into five genera:Iridovirus ,Chloriridovirus ,Ranavirus ,Lymphocystisvirus ,and Megalocytivirus [3].To date,12genome sequences of iridoviruses including at least one from each genus have been completely sequenced and analysed [2,4–14].These analyses show that iridoviruses encode a number of cellular protein homologues that may be mostly involved in nucleic acid metabolism,such as ribonucleotide reductase (RR),thymidylate synthase (TS),deoxyuridine triphosphatase (DUT),and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)[15].The presence of the cellular homologue genes may be of significant advantage for iridoviruses that independently replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cell [16].TK is also a key nucleotide metabolism enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of thymidine to thymidine monophosphate (dTMP)and plays a role in the salvage pathway of pyrimidine synthesis [17].The enzyme has been intensively studied over the past few decades because of its roles in cell proliferation,apoptosis and antiviral drug activation [18].TK is not only widely distributed in eukaryotes and prokaryotes,but also present in a number of large DNA viruses,such as herpesviruses,poxviruses,asf-aviruses,and whispoviruses [19–22].However,viral TKs also belong to different subfamilies based on the sequence homology and substrate specificity [19,20,23].For example,herpesvirus TKs have relatively broad substrate specificity such that they can phosphorylate deoxycytidineThe sequence reported here has been deposited in the GenBank database under accession no EU747722.Z.Zhao ÁF.Ke ÁY.Shi ÁG.-Z.Zhou ÁJ.-F.Gui ÁQ.-Y.Zhang (&)State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology,Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,China e-mail:zhangqy@Virus Genes (2009)38:345–352DOI 10.1007/s11262-008-0318-x(dC)[24]and thymidine monophosphate(TMP)[25].The herpesvirus TKs can be considered functionally equal to the cellular TK2and dCK.By contrast,poxvirus and asfavirus TKs are very similar to mammalian TK1:they have a strict substrate specificity for dT[26,27].It has been reported that viral TKs are responsible for virus-efficient replication in some specific cell type,virus virulence,pathogenesis and reactivation from latency[20,28].As for the iridoviruses, TK is conserved within the genome sequences of all the sequenced members in the family Iridoviridae and belongs to the core genes of iridoviruses[15].Furthermore,TK activity has also been shown in Bohle iridovirus[23]. However,no work has been carried out on other aspects of iridovirus TK,such as temporal expression pattern and subcellular localization.Rana grylio virus(RGV)is a pathogen of cultured pig frog(Rana grylio)and bears significant similarity to frog virus3(FV3),the type species of the genus Ranavirus in the family[29–31].Recently,individual proteins of RGV have been investigated to understand their roles in virus infection[32–34].As a continuing effort,here,we cloned the TK from RGV genome and further characterized its feature in culturedfish cells.Materials and methodsCells and virusFathead minnow(FHM)and grass carp ovary(GCO)cells were cultured in TC199medium supplemented with10% fetal bovine serum(FBS)at25°C.RGV was propagated as described previously[29].Gene cloning and computer-assisted analysisAccording to the conserved TK sequences of FV3[10],a pair of primers(50-GTCACTCTCGGTAAAGGAAC-30; 50-GAATAGACAACACAAGACGC-30)located in the50 and30flanking regions of the TK ORF was designed and used to amplify RGV TK from the genomic DNA.The fragment was cloned and sequenced,and the sequence data were compiled and analysed using DNASTAR software. The nonredundant protein sequence database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information(National Institutes of Health,MD,USA)was searched using BLASTP,and iterative searches were performed using PSI-BLAST[35].Multiple sequence alignments were con-structed using ClustalX1.83and edited using GeneDoc. Phylogenetic analysis was done using MEGA4.0by the neighbor-joining(NJ)method with Poisson correction for distance calculation[36].Prokaryotic expression,protein purification and antibody preparationThe TK ORF was amplified from RGV genomic DNA using primers(50-GTCGAATTC ATGAGCATCCCTAC AGT-30;50-GTCAAGCTTCGTACCGCACATTTC-30) and ligated into the prokaryotic vector pET-32a(Novagen). The recombinant plasmid,named pET32a-TK,was trans-formed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),and the bacteria were induced for5h by1mM IPTG at37°C to express the fusion protein.The fusion protein was purified from inclusion bodies under denaturing conditions using a His-Bind Purification Kit(Novagen),mixed with an equal volume of Freund’s adjuvant(Sigma)and used immunize mice by hypodermal injection once every7days.After the fifth immunization,anti-TK serum was collected and tested by Western blotting with lysates from virus-infected cells. Western blotting and drug inhibition assayTotal protein was isolated from GCO cells infected with RGV at an m.o.i.of one at various times post-infection (p.i.)(2,4,6,8,12,16,24,36and48h)or mock infected, and was subjected to Western blot analysis as described previously[31].Anti-TK serum was used as the primary antibody at a dilution of1:500,followed by alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG(H?L)anti-body at a dilution of1:1000(Vector laboratories inc)as the secondary antibody.Internal control was carried out simultaneously by detecting cellular b-actin protein.Cycloheximide(CHX),as protein synthesis inhibitor,and cytosine arabinoside(AraC),as DNA replication inhibitor, were used to classify the transcription class of RGV TK.The treatment and RT-PCR analysis was performed according to the previous study[33].The specific primers TK-F/TK-R (TK-F,50-ACAGTCATAGCGTTTAGCG-30;TK-R,50-ACAGTCATAGCGTTTAGCG-30)were used to detect RGV TK transcripts.As control,two pairs of primers,ICP-F/ ICP-R(ICP-F,50-AAGCCTACCTGTGCGACTC-30;ICP-R,50-CCGTCAGTCTCCAGGTTTT-30)and MCP-F/MCP-R(MCP-F,50-GACTTGGCCACTTA TGAC-30;MCP-R, 50-GTCTCTGGAGAAGAAGAA-30),were used to detect the transcripts of the known immediate-early(IE)gene, ICP18gene[37],and late(L)gene,major capsid protein gene (MCP)[38],respectively.Subcellular localizationThe subcellular localization of RGV TK was performed by GFP fusion protein expression and immunofluorescence staining.For GFP fusion protein expression,a recombinant eukaryotic vector pEGFP-TK was constructed by cloning the entire TK ORF into pEGFP-N3(Clontech)usingprimers (50-TCTAAGCTTCAATGAGCATCCCTAC-30;50-TCTGGTACCCGATATTTGCCGCACA-30).This vec-tor expressed RGV TK with a C-terminal fusion green fluorescent protein (GFP)tag.Plasmid pEGFP-TK was transiently transfected into GCO and FHM cells,and the cells were fixed at 48h post-transfection and stained with propidium iodide (PI,Sigma)as described previously [39].For immunofluorescence localization,all performances were done according to the previous study [33].Anti-TK serum was used as the primary antibody at a dilution of 1:100,followed by FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody at a dilution of 1:50(Pierce)as the secondary antibody.All the samples were examined under a Leica DM IRB fluorescence microscope.ResultsIdentification and sequence analysis of RGV TK Using the designed primers,a 649-bp fragment was amplified from the RGV genome.Sequence analysis revealed that this fragment contained the complete ORF of RGV TK (GenBank accession no.EU747722).The ORF was 588bp and encoded a peptide of 195aa with a pre-dicted molecular mass of 22.1kDa.Homologues of the protein were present in all the sequenced iridoviruses todate,and database searches showed it had the highest identity to zebrafish TK type 2(TK2)and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)among noniridoviruses using a position-specific iterative BLAST search.An alignment of amino acid sequence of RGV TK with cellular TK2and dCK is shown in Fig.1,and overall the proteins showed striking similarity.Upon the alignment,it was also revealed that RGV TK contained the conserved nucleotide binding motif,but lacked the signal peptide targeting mitochondrial at the N-terminus of TK2(Fig.1).Phylogenetic analysisTo better understand the pattern of TK isoenzymes in iridoviruses,and to compare it with the situation in other large DNA viruses,a phylogenetic tree was constructed with overall amino acid sequences of 40TK isoenzymes from viral and cellular sources.As shown in Fig.2,RGV TK was grouped together with that of FV3with a 100%bootstrap,and they were further clustered with other members of iridovirus.Moreover,iridovirus TKs were clustered within a monophyletic clade of cellular TK2,dCK,and deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK)kinases,and appeared more closely related to them than to the cellular TK1kinases.In contrast,poxvirus and asfavirus TKs appeared to associate more closely with the cellular TK 1kinases.Figure 3showed the deduced aminoacidFig.1Multiple alignments of RGV TK amino acid sequences with several typical cellular TK2and dCK from mammals and fish Multiple sequence alignments are performed using ClustalX 1.83and edited using GeneDoc.Amino acidnumbering is shown to the right.Sequence gaps are represented by dashes.Nucleotide binding motif is highlighted in black box.Invariant residues are marked by black background while the highly conserved residues (more than 80%identity)are indicated over a gray background.Abbreviations and accession numbers are following:Homo sapiens ,HsTK2(O00142)and HsdCK (P27707);Mus musculus ,MmTK2(NP_066356)and MmdCK (NP_031858);Danio rerio ,DrTK2(NP_001002743)and DrdCK (NP_001014374)sequences of representative species from each genus of the family Iridoviridae.Within the iridovirus family,the RGV TK has the highest identity with FV3TK,while ISKNV TK appears the most divergent with respect to size and nucleotide-binding motif sequence.The conserved nucle-otide-binding motif(GXXXXGK)near the N-terminus of the protein is boxed,and the consensus amino acid residues are indicated by black background.Expression and purification of RGV TK in prokaryotic systemTo prepare anti-RGV TK serum,pET32a-TK was trans-formed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)and expression of the fusion protein was induced.As shown in Fig.4, the fusion protein was approximately42.1kDa,which included the RGV TK(22.1kDa)and the Trx/His/S tag(20.0kDa)(Lane2),whereas no protein band was found at the same position of the non-induced pET32a-TK/BL21(Lane1).The fusion protein was purified using Ni-IDA affinity chromatography(Fig.4,lane3) and used to generate anti-RGV TK polyclonal antibody in mice.Temporal expression pattern of RGV TK duringin vitro infectionThe temporal expression pattern of RGV TK was charac-terized during RGV infection by Western blot analysis.As shown in Fig.5a,a specific protein band was detected by anti-TK serum from6h p.i in RGV infected cells and its level increased to a high level at48h p.i.Its molecularmass was about 22.1kD,which corresponded to the the-oretical molecular weight of RGV TK.No signal was observed in the control sample (Mock)that was collected after 48h.As an internal control,the protein levels of b -actin expression were consistent throughout theexperiment.The data suggest that RGV TK might be an early (E)viral gene.To further verify RGV TK as an E gene,CHX and AraC inhibition assay was performed.As expected,the IE gene ICP18was expressed in all RGV-infected cell samples regardless of the absence or presence of CHX and AraC,whereas the transcription of L gene MCP was inhibited in the presence of CHX and AraC,and was only presented in the sample infected with RGV at 48h p.i.(Fig.5b).In contrast,the TK transcript was detected in the AraC-treated sample infected with RGV for 48h,and its content is less than that in the untreated sample,but not in the sample treated with CHX infected with RGV for 6h (Fig.5b),thus indicating that RGV TK is an E viral gene during in vitro infection.RGV TK is a cytoplasmic protein in fish cellsThe intracellular localization of RGV TK in fish cells was first investigated by detecting the fluorescence distribution of TK-GFP.Figure 6a showed that strong green fluores-cence was predominantly presented in the cytoplasm of pEGFP-TK transfected GCO and FHM cells under fluo-rescence microscope.As control,the vector-expressed EGFP was distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the two fish cells (data no shown).In addition,the cytoplasmic localization of RGV TK was also con-firmed by immunofluorescence staining.As illustratedinFig.3Multiple sequence alignment of TK orthologs in iridoviruses.RGV TK and one representative sequence from each genus of the family Iridoviridae are included in the alignment.FV3,Frog virus 3;LCDV-1,Lymphocystis disease virus 1;CIV,Chilo iridescent virus;IIV-3,Invertebrate iridescent virus 3;ISKNV,Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus;the black-shaded regions are completelyconserved while the grey-shaded regions are partially conserved with more than 80%identity.GXXXXGK motif was the nucleotide-binding region and boxed at the top of the alignment.Gaps introduced to maximize alignment (dashes)and amino acid numbering is shown to the rightFig.6b,RGV-infected cells show a dispersed cytoplasmic staining pattern,while essentially a light diffusefluores-cence signal was detected in the mock-infected cells due to anti-TK serum.In some cases the exclusion of the protein from the viral factory,as in the factory indicated by an arrow in Fig.6b,is evident.Overall,the results indicated that RGV TK was exclusively a cytoplasmic protein infish cells and its localization is independent of the cell type. DiscussionTK is an important deoxyribonucleoside kinase in the salvage pathway of DNA synthesis and the presence of TK is a typical feature of many large DNA viruses.In mammalian cells,there are four different deoxyribonu-cleoside kinases with overlapping substrate specificities for the precursors of DNA synthesis,including TK1,TK2, dCK and 1is a cytoplasmic enzyme that phosphorylates only thymidine(dT);whereas TK2is a mitochondrial enzyme that can phosphorylate dT and deoxycytidine(dC).Cytoplasmic dCK has a broader specificity and phosphorylates dC,deoxyadenosine(dA) and deoxyguanosine(dG);and mitochondrial dGK phos-phorylates dA and dG[17,40–42].Among them,TK2, dCK and dGK show a high level of amino acid sequence identity and they belong to the same family,whereas TK1 belongs to another family[43].In this study,phylogenetic tree was constructed,derived from38different deoxyri-bonucleoside kinases representing the viral and cellular sources.Our data showed that both iridovirus and her-pesvirus TKs have more close relationship to the cellular TK2,dCK and dGK than to the TK1from a phylogenetic perspective,although the poxvirus and asfavirus TKs appear to associate more closely related to TK1.There-fore,it is indicated that iridovirus TKs may be functionally equal to the cellular TK2/dCK/dGK-like family and they have a relatively broad substrate speci-ficity.Furthermore,the multiple substrate activity of iridovirus TKs may contribute to quickly acquire enough nucleic acid substrates for replication.The iridovirus genes are expressed in three main temporal kinetic expression classes:immediate-early(IE), early(E)and late(L),which can be defined experimen-tally by using protein synthesis and DNA replication inhibitors[44,45].In general,the products of viral E genes are often some enzymes involved in viral DNA replication and nucleic acid metabolism[46,47].In this study,our data based on the temporal expression pattern and drug inhibition assay revealed that RGV TK belongs to the early expression class of genes during in vitro infection.The intracellular localization of viral TKs has not been found in previous studies except for herpesvirus TKs. Moreover,the literature on intracellular location of her-pesvirus TKs is rather confusing because of different techniques and cells used[48–51].Therefore,we simulta-neously performed immunofluorescence technique and RGV TK-GFP fusion protein expression to study intracel-lular localization of RGV TK.Both data revealed that RGV TK was predominantly localized cytoplasm in the trans-fected and RGV-infectedfish cells.Furthermore,the intracellular distribution of RGV TK was consistent with that of other enzymes associated with nucleic acid metabolism in iridoviruses,such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase(PNP),deoxyuridine triphosphatase(DUT) and thymidylate synthase(TS)[33,39,52].Whether the cytoplasmic localizations of those enzymes are related to the cytoplasmic replication of iridoviruses needs further investigation.Mock24681216243648h.p.iTKbM123456TKICP-18MCPbAcknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the National Major Basic Research Program (2004CB117403),the National 863High Technology Research Foundation of China (2006AA09Z445,2006AA100309and 20060110A4013),the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671616and U0631008),and the Key Technology R &D Program of China (2006BAD03B05).References1.T.Williams,V.Barbosa-Solomieu,V.G.Chinchar,Adv.Virus Res.65,173–248(2005).doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(05)65006-32.J.K.Jancovich,J.Mao,V.G.Chinchar,C.Wyatt,S.T.Case,S.Kumar et al.,Virology 316,90–103(2003).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.0013.V.G.Chinchar,S.Essbauer,J.G.He,A.Hyatt,T.Miyazaki,D.Seligy,et al.,2005.in Virus Taxonomy ,ed.by C.M.Fauqet,M.A.M.J.Mayo,U.Desselberger,L.A.Ball (Elsevier/Academic Press,London,2005),pp.145–1624.C.A.Tidona,G.Darai,Virology 230,207–216(1997).doi:10.1006/viro.1997.84565.J.G.He,M.Deng,S.P.Weng,Z.Li,S.Y.Zhou,Q.X.Long et al.,Virology 291,126–139(2001).doi:10.1006/viro.2001.12086.N.J.Jakob,K.Mu¨ller,U.Bahr,G.Darai,Virology 286,182–196(2001).doi:10.1006/viro.2001.09637.J.G.He,L.Lu¨,M.Deng,H.H.He,S.P.Weng,X.H.Wang et al.,Virology 292,185–197(2002).doi:10.1006/viro.2001.12458.J.W.Do,C.H.Moon,H.J.Kim et al.,Virology 325,351–363(2004).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.05.0089.W.J.Song,Q.W.Qin,J.Qiu,C.H.Huang,F.Wang,C.L.Hew,J.Virol.78,12576–12590(2004).doi:10.1128/JVI.78.22.12576-12590.200410.W.G.Tan,T.J.Barkman,V.G.Chinchar,K.Essani,Virology323,70–84(2004).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.01911.Q.Y.Zhang,F.Xiao,J.Xie,Z.Q.Li,J.F.Gui,J.Virol.78,6982–6994(2004).doi:10.1128/JVI.78.13.6982-6994.200412.C.T.Tsai,J.W.Ting,M.H.Wu,M.F.Wu,I.C.Guo,C.Y.Chang,J.Virol.79,2010–2023(2005).doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2010-2023.2005FITC HOECHST33342 MERGE+RGVTK-GFPE G R E M I P GCOFHM(A)(B)–RGVFig.6Subcellular localization of RGV TK in fish cells a Subcellular location of TK–GFP fusion protein in GCO and FHM cells.Green fluorescence shows the localization of TK–GFP fusion protein (left panel)and the red images show the localization of nucleus stained by PI (middle panel).b Expression of TK in RGV-infected GCO cells byimmunofluorescence detection;FITC-green fluorescence displays the localization of TK (?RGV);Mock-infected GCO cells as control and light immunofluorescence signals are detected (-RGV).The arrows indicate virus factory.(9100oil immersion objective)13.L.Lu,S.Y.Zhou,C.Chen,S.P.Weng,S.-M.Chan,J.G.He,Virology339,81–100(2005).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.021 14.G.Delhon,E.R.Tulman,C.L.Afonso,Z.Lu,J.J.Becnel,B.A.Moser et al.,J.Virol.80,8439–8449(2006).doi:10.1128/JVI.00464-0615.H.E.Eaton,J.Metcalf,E.Penny,V.Tcherepanov,C.Upton,C.R.Brunetti,Virol.J.4,11(2007).doi:10.1186/1743-422X-4-11 16.C.A.Tidona,G.Darai,Virus Genes21,77–81(2000).doi:10.1023/A:100819261692317.S.Eriksson,B.Munch-Petersen,K.Johansson,H.Eklund,Cell.Mol.Life Sci.59,1327–1346(2002).doi:10.1007/s00018-002-8511-x18.M.P.Sandrini,J.Piskur,Trends Biochem.Sci.30,225–228(2005).doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.03.00319.G.A.Gentry,Pharmacol.Ther.54,319–355(1992).doi:10.1016/0163-7258(92)90006-L20.D.M.Moore,L.Zsak,J.G.Neilan,Z.Lu,D.L.Rock,J.Virol.72,10310–10315(1998)21.M.F.Tsai,H.T.Yu,H.F.Tzeng,J.H.Leu,C.M.Chou,C.J.Huang et al.,Virology277,100–110(2000).doi:10.1006/viro.2000.059722.B.Ehlers,G.Dural,M.Marschall,V.Schregel,M.Goltz,J.Hentschke,J.Gen.Virol.87,2781–2789(2006).doi:10.1099/vir.0.81977-023.B.E.Coupar,S.G.Goldie,A.D.Hyatt,J.A.Pallister,Arch.Virol.150,1797–1812(2005).doi:10.1007/s00705-005-0544-724.S.Kit,W.C.Leung,G.N.Jorgensen,D.Trkula,D.R.Dubbs,ColdSpring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol.39,703–715(1975)25.M.S.Chen,W.H.Prusoff,J.Biol.Chem.253,1325–1327(1978)26.S.Kit,D.R.Dubbs,Virology26,16–27(1965).doi:10.1016/0042-6822(65)90021-827.R.M.L.Buller,G.J.Palumbo,Microbiol.Rev.55,80–122(1991)28.G.Andrei,J.Balzarini,P.Fiten,E.DeClercq,G.Opdenakker,R.Snoeck,J.Virol.79,5863–5869(2005).doi:10.1128/JVI.79.9.5863-5869.200529.Q.Y.Zhang,Z.Q.Li,J.F.Gui,Aquaculture175,185–197(1999).doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00041-130.Q.Y.Zhang,F.Xiao,Z.Q.Li,J.F.Gui,J.H.Mao,V.G.Chinchar,an48,27–36(2001).doi:10.3354/dao048027 31.Q.Y.Zhang,Z.Zhao,F.Xiao,Z.Q.Li,J.F.Gui,Aquaculture251,1–10(2006).doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.05.01232.W.Sun,Y.H.Huang,Z.Zhao,J.F.Gui,Q.Y.Zhang,Biochem.mun.351,44–50(2006).doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.16933.Z.Zhao,F.Ke,J.F.Gui,Q.Y.Zhang,Virus Res.123,128–137(2007).doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.08.00734.Z.Zhao,F.Ke,Y.H.Huang,J.G.Zhao,J.F.Gui,Q.Y.Zhang,J.Gen.Virol.89,1866–1872(2008).doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/ 000810-035.S.F.Altschul,T.L.Madden,A.A.Schaffer,J.Zhang,Z.Zhang,ler et al.,Nucleic Acids Res.25,3389–3402(1997).doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.338936.K.Tamura,J.Dudley,M.Nei,S.Kumar,Mol.Biol.Evol.24,1596–1599(2007).doi:10.1093/molbev/msm09237.D.B.Willis,D.Foglesong,A.Granoff,J.Virol.53,905–912(1984)38.J.Mao,T.N.Tham,G.A.Gentry,A.M.Aubertin,V.G.Chinchar,Virology216,431–436(1996).doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0080 39.Z.Zhao,Y.Shi,F.Ke,W.Sun,J.F.Gui,Q.Y.Zhang,Virology372,118–126(2008).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.02840.H.F.Tzeng,Z.F.Chang,S.E.Peng,C.H.Wang,J.Y.Lin,G.H.Kou et al.,Virology299,248–255(2002).doi:10.1006/viro.2002.148041.A.R.Van Rompay,M.Johansson,A.Karlsson,Pharmacol.Ther.100,119–139(2003).doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.07.001 42.M.N.Prichard,A.D.Williams,K.A.Keith,E.A.Harden,E.R.Kern,Antiviral Res.71,1–6(2006).doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.01.01343.J.Piskur,M.P.Sandrini,W.Knecht,B.Munch-Petersen,FEBSLett.560,3–6(2004).doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00081-X 44.R.Nalcacioglu,H.Marks,J.M.Vlak,Z.Demirbag,M.M.vanOers,Virology317,321–329(2003).doi:10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.00745.R.Nalcacioglu,I.A.Ince,J.M.Vlak,Z.Demirbag,M.M.vanOers,J.Gen.Virol.88,2488–2494(2007).doi:10.1099/vir.0.82947-046.D.T.Lua,M.Yasuike,I.Hirono,T.Aoki,J.Virol.79,15151–15164(2005).doi:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15151-15164.200547.L.M.Chen,F.Wang,W.Song,C.L.Hew,J.Gen.Virol.87,2907–2915(2006).doi:10.1099/vir.0.82219-048.L.Haarr,T.Flatmark,J.Gen.Virol.68,2817–2829(1987).doi:10.1099/0022-1317-68-11-281749.B.Degre`ve,M.Johansson,E.De Clercq,A.Karlsson,J.Balza-rini,J.Virol.2,9535–9543(1998)50.B.Degre`ve,R.Esnouf,E.De Clercq,J.Balzarini,Biochem.mun.4,32–38(1999)51.A.So¨ling,A.Simm,N.Rainov,FEBS Lett.527,153–158(2002).doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03201-552.J.W.Ting,M.F.Wu,C.T.Tsai,C.C.Lin,I.C.Guo,C.Y.Chang,J.Gen.Virol.85,2883–2892(2004).doi:10.1099/vir.0.80249-0。
基于“核心病机观”从脾胃浊毒辨治干燥综合征
ʌ临证验案ɔ基于 核心病机观 从脾胃浊毒辨治干燥综合征❋郝新宇1,王彦刚2ә,刘㊀宇1,周平平1,姜㊀茜2(1.河北中医学院,石家庄㊀050200;2.河北中医学院附属医院,石家庄㊀050011)㊀㊀摘要:介绍王彦刚教授运用化浊解毒法从脾胃辨治干燥综合征的临证经验,王彦刚教授从 核心病机观 出发,认为干燥综合征与脾胃关系密切,浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,气机升降失常,津液输布失司,机体失养是干燥综合征的核心病机,贯穿疾病始末㊂在治疗上以化浊解毒为基本大法,遵循疾病发展之规律,抓住每一阶段主要病机,不忘核心病机,以虚实为纲,着眼于脾胃,佐以解毒㊁行气㊁祛湿㊁清热㊁祛瘀㊁滋阴等法,病证结合,辨证施治,治疗效果显著㊂文末以典型案例佐证,供同道参考借鉴㊂㊀㊀关键词:干燥综合征;核心病机观;脾胃;浊毒;王彦刚㊀㊀中图分类号:R442.8㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-3250(2021)01-0158-03Pattern Differentiation and Treatment of Sjogren's Syndrome According to Turbid Toxin of The Spleen and Stomach Based on The Theory of "Core Pathogenesis"HAO Xin-yu 1,WANG Yan-gang 2ә,LIU Yu 1,ZHOU Ping-ping 1,JIANG Qian 2(1.Hebei University of Chinese Medicine,Shijiazhuang 050200,China;2.Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine,Shijiazhuang 050011,China)㊀㊀Abstract :The article introduces professor WANG Yan-gang's clinical experience of treating Sjogren s syndrome by using resolving turbid and eliminating toxin method of spleen and stomach.My tutor starts from the view of "core pathogenesis"and thinks that Sjogren's syndrome is closely related to the spleen and stomach ,and turbid toxin violating on the spleen and stomach ,leading to the disorder of Qi ,the body fluid ,and the nourishment is the core pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome which runs through the whole course of the disease.In the treatment ,my tutor uses resolving turbid and eliminating toxin method as the basic way ,follows the regular of disease development ,grasps the main pathogenesis of each stage and keeps the core pathogenesis in mind ,takes the deficiency and excess as the outline ,focuses on spleen and stomach ,uses methods of eliminating toxin ,moving Qi ,dispelling dampness ,clearing heat ,dispelling stasis and nourishing Yin ,combines the disease and syndrome ,uses the method of syndrome differentiation ,the treatment effect is remarkable.At the end of the article ,typical case is used for reference.㊀㊀Key words :Sjogren's syndrome ;Core pathogenesis ;Spleen and stomach ;Turbid toxin theory ;WANG Yan-gang❋基金项目:河北省临床医学优秀人才培养和基础课题研究项目(361025)-基于浊毒理论对慢性萎缩性胃炎癌变预警及其机制研究作者简介:郝新宇(1990-),女,河北石家庄人,在读博士研究生,从事中西医结合临床与基础研究㊂ә通讯作者:王彦刚(1967-),男,教授,主任医师,博士研究生,从事中西医结合临床与基础研究,Tel :*************,E-mail :piwei001@ ㊂㊀㊀干燥综合征(sjogren s syndrome ,SS )是一种主要累及外分泌腺功能的慢性炎症性自身免疫病,以唾液腺和泪腺受损㊁功能下降而出现的口干㊁眼干为主要表现,同时可累及其他组织器官,表现出皮肤干燥㊁关节疼痛㊁乏力㊁低热等全身症状㊂西医学主要采用糖皮质激素和免疫调节剂治疗[1],但其不良反应较大且疗效未得到普遍认可㊂中医学根据证候将此病归为 燥证 虚劳 渴证 等病证范畴,且在治疗本病能显著改善症状,控制延缓病情进展,提高患者的生活质量,存在一定优势[2-3]㊂王彦刚教授在治疗疑难杂症方面积累了丰富的临床经验㊂同时总结前人经验,结合临床实践,在各种病机理论基础上系统总结,提出 核心病机观 理论,其认为干燥综合征的核心病机为浊毒阻滞中焦,致机体失调诸症由生,治疗上从 浊毒 立论进行辨治,疗效显著㊂现笔者将王彦刚治疗干燥综合征经验总结如下㊂1㊀诸症丛生,责之脾胃,浊毒致病,核心病机王彦刚通过多年的临床实践,在各种病机理论基础上,将哲学理论与中医学理论相结合,提出 核心病机观 理论,认为在疾病的发生㊁发展㊁演变过程中,必定存在一种贯穿疾病始末㊁起决定作用的 基本矛盾 ,是疾病的本质所在,即 核心病机 ㊂而在疾病发展各阶段,常出现不同于核心病机的其他病机,是疾病某一阶段的 主要矛盾 ,即疾病当前所处阶段的主要病机,因此核心病机是推动整个疾病发生发展的内在因素,主要病机则决定了疾病各阶段的表现㊂故在治疗上需抓住疾病某一阶段的主要病机,同时不忘顾及疾病的本质原因,标本兼顾,辨证施治㊂王彦刚在浊毒理论[4]的基础上进行发挥,认为 浊毒 为滞㊁湿㊁热㊁瘀㊁毒[5]等诸邪胶结不解而成,故其认为SS 核心病机为浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,气机升降失常,津液输布失司,机体失养以致病,851中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年1月第27卷第1期January 2021Vol.27.No.1同时气机不畅㊁气血津液阻滞或运行无力,不能将代谢产物及时排出,蕴积体内以致浊毒内生,浊毒日久,灼伤阴液,从而出现SS典型症状,如眼干㊁口干㊁鼻干,以及全身症状如身痒㊁乏力㊁肢体麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂1.1㊀眼㊁口㊁鼻㊁唇干燥脾在窍为口,其华在唇㊂‘灵枢㊃五阅五使“曰: 口唇者,脾之官也 ,同时脾在液为涎, 涎出于脾而溢于胃 ,故若浊毒侵袭中焦,脾胃失健,津液乏源,化生不足,或浊毒日久,多从热化,伤气耗血,灼伤阴液,致阴液亏虚,则见口干㊁唇干㊁舌燥;脾主升清,输布水谷精微与津液濡养全身,若脾主升清功能异常,津液不得上承,则目鼻失养,见眼干㊁鼻干㊂1.2㊀周身乏力㊁肌肤干涩㊁身痒脾胃为气机升降之枢纽,脾主运化,胃主受纳,二者密切合作,维持饮食物的消化及精微㊁津液的传输,机体得以滋养㊂若浊毒外袭或机体失调,浊毒内生,损伤脾胃,脾失健运,胃失和降,气血津液生化乏源,输布失常,机体营养不足则见周身乏力;气血津液不足,一则不能濡养滋润肌肤,二则津伤化燥,燥盛则干,故见肌肤干涩㊁身痒等㊂1.3㊀肌肉疼痛㊁肢体麻木脾在体合肉主四肢,全身肌肉的壮实丰满,有赖于脾胃运化的水谷精微及津液的滋养濡润㊂正如‘素问㊃五脏生成篇“所云: 脾主运化水谷之精,以生养肌肉,故主肉㊂ 若浊毒阻滞中焦气机,脾胃升降失常,水谷精微的生成与输布障碍,肌肉失于营养滋润,不荣不通则痛,可见肌肉软弱无力㊁疼痛㊂四肢同样需要脾胃运化的水谷精微和津液滋养,以维持正常的生理功能㊂‘素问㊃太阴阳明论篇“云: 四肢皆禀气于胃,而不得至经,必因于脾,乃得禀也㊂ 故若脾失健运,不能为胃行其津液,四肢不得水谷之气濡养,则脉道不利,肢体麻木㊂2 浊毒立论,辨证施治基于核心病机观理论㊁SS的临床表现及与脾胃的生理病理关系,王彦刚认为SS的治疗应以化浊解毒为基本大法,遵循疾病发展之规律,抓住主要病机,不忘核心病机,以虚实为纲,着眼于脾胃,以解毒㊁行气㊁祛湿㊁清热㊁祛瘀㊁滋阴等法辨证施治㊂2.1㊀化浊解毒以清胃腑2.1.1㊀清热祛湿以截浊毒之源㊀浊毒因水湿代谢失常凝而成浊,蕴结日久化热而成[6],故当以清热祛湿治法,截断浊毒生成之源泉㊂王彦刚常用黄芩㊁黄连以清热燥湿㊁泻火解毒,用于清中焦湿热;当SS患者出现身痒时,常用苦参㊁白鲜皮㊁地肤子同用,既可清热燥湿㊁除脾胃之湿热,又可止痒以对症治疗;若湿浊较重,症见肢体困重,常用藿香㊁佩兰㊁苍术以燥湿健脾,用于湿阻中焦之证;砂仁为 醒脾调胃之要药 ,既可化湿醒脾又可行气,故王彦刚常用此药治疗脾胃气滞及湿阻中焦证,症见胃脘胀痛㊁大便黏腻不爽等,同时湿和痰常兼夹出现,若患者因胃气上逆出现恶心呕吐㊁头目眩晕等,常用半夏㊁旋覆花燥湿化痰㊁降逆止呕,若因胃热呕吐则当用竹茹清热化痰止呕㊂2.1.2㊀行气导滞以通浊毒之路㊀浊毒之邪易于阻滞气机,亦可随气机升降遍布全身㊂而脾胃为气机升降之枢纽,故当脾胃受邪㊁清阳不升㊁浊阴不降,以致气机升降失调,邪无以出路,积聚体内而致病,故需用行气导滞之药通胃腑㊁畅气机,给邪以出路㊂王彦刚常用陈皮㊁青皮以行气导滞㊁健脾和中,用于偏中焦寒湿之气滞;香橼㊁佛手气香醒脾,辛行苦泄,入脾胃以行气宽中,常用于SS患者出现脘腹胀痛之症状;枳实㊁厚朴同用,二者皆入脾胃经,辛行苦降,既能燥湿消痰又可下气除满,常用于食积气滞;SS患者除典型症状外,常表现出抑郁㊁胁痛㊁不思饮食等症状,故王彦刚常用甘松以芳香行气㊁开郁醒脾㊂‘本草纲目“记载: 甘松,芳香,能开脾郁,少加入脾胃药中,甚醒脾气㊂2.1.3㊀解毒消瘀以化浊毒之物㊀浊毒停滞体内,阻碍气机运行,气不行血则血液瘀滞致血瘀,故浊毒致病常形成瘀血之病理产物㊂‘血证论“中曰: 有瘀血,则气为血阻,不得上升,水津因不得随气上升 ,故当瘀血内停㊁气机受阻,以致津液不能正常输布,除出现SS典型症状眼干㊁口舌干燥㊁口渴等症状外,还常常伴有胃脘部疼痛不适及肌肤甲错㊁面色晦暗㊁舌有瘀点瘀斑等症状,故王彦刚采用活血祛瘀之药,如川芎㊁姜黄㊁郁金㊁延胡索等,既能活血祛瘀又能行气止痛,且延胡索能行血中气滞,气中血滞,专治一身上下诸痛,为活血化气第一要药,诸药合用旨在祛瘀血㊁畅气机㊁通津液㊁养机体;若热毒较深,SS患者可见紫癜㊁荨麻疹㊁结节红斑等血管病变[7],则常用板蓝根㊁青黛以凉血消斑,蒲公英㊁败酱草清热解毒㊁泄降滞气,同时对于解毒除湿效果显著㊂2.2㊀滋阴益气以健脾胃浊毒日久,灼伤阴液,深入脏腑,耗气伤津,导致阴液亏虚㊁正气亏损,以致SS疾病后期病性由实转虚或虚实夹杂㊂在诊治过程中需结合八纲辨证及脏腑辨证,根据证候表现综合考量㊂阴虚津伤是SS后期的主要病机,表现为眼干无泪㊁口唇干燥㊁皮肤干枯㊁舌有裂纹等,故治疗当滋阴生津为主,并着眼于脏腑,既要滋补脾胃之阴以复津液生化之源,又要顾及久病伤肝肾之阴,故王彦刚常选用北沙参㊁麦冬㊁石斛㊁玉竹以养阴益胃生津,此药皆入胃经,可养胃阴㊁清胃热,对于胃阴虚有热之口干多饮㊁大便干结㊁舌红少津效果尤甚㊂同时不忘滋肝肾之阴以护先天之气,故常选用入肝肾经之药枸杞子㊁女贞子㊁旱莲草㊁桑葚以滋补肝肾㊁生津润燥㊂病久则耗气,正气9512021年1月第27卷第1期January2021Vol.27.No.1㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine虚弱,邪气可干,故亦当调护脏腑之气,尤重护脾胃之气㊂若SS患者兼见气短懒言㊁神疲倦怠㊁嗳气㊁面色萎黄㊁食少等,当以黄芪㊁白术㊁山药益气健脾㊂‘医学衷中参西录“记载: 黄芪能补气,兼能升气 ,白术为 脾脏补气健脾第一要药 ㊂‘神农本草经“云: 山药,补中,益气力,长肌肉 ㊂故此三者配伍使用,旨在调护后天之气,使水谷精微生化有源,气血津液输布畅达㊂3 典型病案王某,女,70岁,2017年1月21日初诊:主诉口眼干燥㊁皮肤瘙痒伴肢体麻木6个月,加重1个月㊂患者半年前感到口眼干燥,皮肤瘙痒,口渴欲饮,伴有肢体麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂曾于某医院查抗核抗体谱抗SSA㊁抗dsDNA抗体阳性,行腮腺造影㊁唇腺活检等,确诊为干燥综合征㊂电子胃镜示慢性萎缩性胃炎㊂间断服用药物治疗病情改善不明显,后因症状加重就诊于本院㊂刻见口眼干燥,舌干辣,皮肤瘙痒,烧心,反酸,夜间肢体麻木,肌肉疼痛,脐上及下肢发凉,大便干燥,小便尚可,舌紫暗,苔黄腻,脉弦㊂中医诊断燥痹,治宜化浊解毒㊁养阴生津㊂处方:茵陈15g,黄芩12g,黄连12g,栀子12g,知母15g,生石膏30g,生大黄9g,玉竹10g,玄参20g,地肤子15g,白鲜皮15g,石斛9g,赤芍15g,蒲公英30g,海螵蛸15g,枳实15g,厚朴15g,瓦楞粉30 g,元明粉3g,焦槟榔15g,每日1剂,水煎服,分早晚2次温服㊂服药半个月后复诊,口眼干燥,舌干辣症状较前缓解,身痒不明显,肢体麻木较前改善,偶烧心,遂守原方,随症加减,继服6个月,口眼干燥㊁身痒㊁肢体麻木疼痛等症状基本消除,随访半年病情稳定㊂按语:患者以口眼干燥㊁皮肤瘙痒伴肢体麻木为主诉就诊,根据症状㊁舌脉及西医诊断,辨证属浊毒内蕴证㊂浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,脾胃气机升降失常,气血生化乏源,水谷精微及津液输布障碍,机体失于濡养,出现口眼干燥㊁舌干㊁身痒㊁四肢麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂同时浊毒侵犯,胃腑受损,胃失滋养,胃液减少,腺体萎缩,故SS患者常呈现慢性萎缩性胃炎及相关症状㊂浊毒内蕴日久,胃络瘀阻,阳气不能随血液输布于下肢及胃部,故见脐上及双下肢发凉,以黄芩㊁黄连㊁蒲公英化浊解毒共为君药;茵陈㊁栀子清利湿热;石膏㊁知母清热泻火,且知母清润兼备,能滋阴润燥;枳实㊁厚朴㊁焦槟榔行气消积,通降胃腑之气共为臣药;佐以玉竹㊁玄参㊁石斛养阴益胃生津滋养机体,同时防苦寒之药伤及脾胃;生大黄㊁元明粉通腑泄浊,给邪以出路;赤芍清热散瘀;地肤子㊁白鲜皮清热燥湿止痒;海螵蛸㊁瓦楞粉抑酸以对症治疗㊂全方攻补兼施,清润并用,气阴兼顾,补中有通,临床疗效显著㊂参考文献:[1]㊀赵福涛,周曾同,沈雪敏,等.原发性干燥综合征多学科诊治建议[J].老年医学与保健,2019,25(1):7-10.[2]㊀黄钰婷,汲泓.从中医五脏理论论治干燥综合征[J].现代医学与健康研究电子杂志,2018,2(16):132-134.[3]㊀姜兆荣,于静,金明秀.金明秀教授从 燥毒瘀血津枯 辨治干燥综合征的经验[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(3):716-717. [4]㊀王彦刚,吕静静,董环,等.慢性糜烂性胃炎HGF㊁c-Met相关性研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2017,37(4):410-413. [5]㊀王彦刚,刘宇,李佃贵.化浊解毒法治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎疗效的Meta分析[J].中医杂志,2015,56(23):2017-2020. [6]㊀王彦刚,田雪娇,李佃贵,等.李佃贵治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎用药规律研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2017,23(5):702-705.[7]㊀L.HERETIU,D.PREDEEANU.Sicca to Lymphoma:SjogrenSyndrome[J].Open Journal of Rheumatology and AutoimmuneDiseases,2013,3(1):26-30.收稿日期:2020-05-16(上接第123页)说“: 尝见一医方开小草,市人不知为远志之苗,而用甘草之细小者㊂又有一医方开蜀漆,市人不知为常山之苗,而另加干漆者㊂凡此之类,如写玉竹为萎蕤,乳香为薰陆,天麻为独摇草,人乳为蟠桃酒,鸽粪为左蟠龙,灶心土为伏龙肝者,不胜枚举㊂ 现代许多医生也常用此法处方保密,古今一致㊂保密 都会留下一些线索㊂裴松之借‘华佗别传“透露: 青黏者,一名地节,一名黄芝,主理五脏,益精气 ㊂据此才有 青蓁 凡蔽之草 凡薮之草 青菾 等线索,先贤洞悉青黏玄机,但看破未说破;叶天士破解漆叶为豺漆,使人知其然;李维贤的考证又点明因何名豺漆,使人知其所以然,都为考证提供了线索与证据㊂参考文献:[1]㊀刘自忠.华佗所传漆叶青黏散考辨[J].浙江中医杂志,1999,34(12):531-532.[2]㊀李永海,熊昌栋.漆叶青黏散治疗慢性腹泻200例[J].湖北中医杂志,1994,16(1):26.[3]㊀程从容,郭泉.古方漆叶青黏散中的青黏之考证[J].基层中药杂志,2001,15(1):48.[4]㊀江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1986.[5]㊀王明.新编诸子集成㊃抱朴子内篇校释[M].北京:中华书局,1980.[6]㊀吴征镒,王锦秀,汤彦承.胡麻是亚麻非脂麻辨 兼论中草药名称混乱的根源和‘神农本草经“的成书年代及作者[M].植物分类学报,2007,45(4):458-472.[7]㊀李维贤,曹先兰.古代药用五加品种的探讨[J].新中医,1984(4):55-57.[8]㊀李维贤,曹先兰.古代药用五加品种的探讨(一)[J].自然资源研究,1983(2):31-34.[9]㊀祝之友.青蘘临床注意事项[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2019,17(6):62.收稿日期:2020-05-23061中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年1月第27卷第1期January2021Vol.27.No.1。
人类受精与胚胎学法案 英文
人类受精与胚胎学法案英文The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFEA) is a piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that regulates assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilisation (IVF), embryo research, and the storage and use of gametes and embryos. The Act was first passed in 1990 and has undergone several amendments since then to keep up with scientific advancements and social changes.The main objectives of the HFEA are to protect the safety, welfare, and dignity of those involved in assisted reproduction and embryo research, while also promoting the development and use of these technologies to the benefit of society. The Act sets out strict guidelines and regulations for clinics and researchers, including licensing requirements, staff qualifications, and ethical standards.One of the key provisions of the HFEA is the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), an independent regulatory body responsible for ensuringcompliance with the Act. The HFEA licenses and inspects clinics and research facilities, investigates complaints, and enforces sanctions against those who violate the law.It also provides guidance and advice to clinics and researchers on ethical and best practice issues.One of the most controversial areas covered by the HFEA is the use of embryos for research purposes. The Act allows for the creation and use of embryos for research, but only under strict conditions and with the explicit consent of the donors. Embryos must be destroyed after a certain period of time, and no embryo can be implanted into a woman's womb for the purpose of creating a child. These restrictions are designed to protect the dignity and rights of the embryo, as well as to prevent the commercialisation of human reproduction.Another important aspect of the HFEA is its focus on the welfare of children born through assisted reproduction. The Act requires that children born through IVF and other assisted reproductive technologies have the same legal status as naturally conceived children, and that theirparents have the same rights and responsibilities as any other parents. This ensures that children born through assisted reproduction are not discriminated against and have the same opportunities and protections as other children.Overall, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act has played a crucial role in regulating and guiding the development of assisted reproductive technologies and embryo research in the United Kingdom. It has struck a balance between promoting scientific progress andprotecting the rights and welfare of those involved, while also ensuring that new technologies are used ethically and responsibly. However, as science continues to evolve and social attitudes change, the HFEA and the law it governs will need to adapt and evolve as well.。
研究生外文文献翻译--中英完整版
Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on theslope constructionFu Ming Fu , Zhang TianAbstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction.Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening1.IntroductionAnchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage.Fig 1 after excavation of the slope2.Project profileThe length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope hadcollapsed at various locations, it is vary dangerous to the building, so we need to reinforce the slope, and we use stone concrete retaining wall and bolt to support it.3.Bolt retaining and protecting design3.1Bolt design（1）all formation of anchor use whole length bond-type, the binder materials are ordinary cement mortar, the mortar strength grade is M30, the anchor length L is 10 meters, the slope height h is 9 meters. Anchoring section length is 5m.（2）According to the construction condition and the needs of the process, the layout form of anchor use quincunx, and in order to make the anchoring force in the role of surface rock surface with uniform, the two adjacent line bolts should be staggered arrangement.（3）The anchor’s number according to /3.24 per meter to calculation, the anchor length is L, a tolal of 252. The diameter of drilling holes is φ90,the number of drill according to (L-0.1)m per hole to calculation, M30 grout number according to average 0.052m3per hole to calculation.（4）The two adjacent rows vertical spacing of anchor take 2.55m, horizontal spacing take 2.55m. The dip angle of anchor: with the angle of horizontal line is 20°, and drilling down with this Angle.（5）Anchor use the steel bar, which is HRB400 level, 28mm diameter.3.2Anchor calculation（1）The calculation of lateral geotechnical pressure[1][2]When the supporting structure to leave in rock and earth mass direction migration until to the limit equilibrium state, the geotechnical pressure which is role in supporting structure called active geotechnical pressure. Its calculation method is as follows:For the slope which has no flare structure surface, generally speaking, failure is controled by rock mass strength, the calculation formula is same to the active soil pressure, but cohesive force C take zero, internal friction angle ϕuse eϕ(rock mass equivalent internal friction angle) instead of, according to the standard to selection; rupture angle is 45°+ϕ/2（ϕis rock mass internal friction angle, is estimationed by haircut at the standard of rock mass internal friction angle, reduction factor according to the standard to selection).According to the engineering survey, active rock pressure can calculation as follows:（2）the calculation of anchor tension design value a Q ak N N γ= (1)(2) In the formula: a N is anchor tension design value; ak N is anchor tension standard value; Q γis partial load factor, take 1.3; tk H is the horizontal tension standard value of anchor; αis the dip angle of anchor.Through the calculation, ak N =112.3kN a N =145.99kN（3）the calculation of anchor steel section area(3) In the formula: S A is the steel section area of anchor; ογ is slope engineering importance coefficient(the slope engineering importance coefficient of this project is level 1, take 1.1); 2ξis the tensile working conditions coefficient of anchor bar ( permanent anchor take 0.69, temporary anchor take 0.92); y f is the tensile strength design value of anchor bar(standard value k y f =400a MP , design value y f =360a MP ).According to the calculation, S A ≥0.5883210m -⨯,choose level 3 steel of 1φ28mm,S A =0.6153210m -⨯.（4）The calculation of anchorage body and rock mass anchoring lengthanchoring length should not only meet the requirements which the bond force of formation on mortar and the bond stress of mortar on steel, but also meet the requirements that the Structure design codes the Minimum anchoring length.(4) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length; D is the diameter of anchorage body; rb f is the bond strength eigenvalue of layer and anchorage body, through the experiment or local experience sure, or according to the standard to selection ( this engineering ’s rock mass uniaxial compressive 2222111209tan (45)2090.217175.77/2222e a aE H K kN m ϕγ︒==⨯⨯⨯-=⨯⨯⨯=cos tkak H N α=2a S yNA f ογξ≥1ak a rbN l Df ξπ≥strength is 7.46a MP , belong to soft rock, rock mass structural plane development, rb f take 300a KP );1ξis the bond working conditions coefficient of anchorage body and layer (permanent anchor take 1.00).According to the calculation, a l ≥4.3m, take a l =5.0m.（5）The anchoring length between anchor steel and anchor mortara l ≥ (5) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length between steel and mortar; d is the diameter of anchor bar; n is the number of steel;b f is the bond strength design value between steel and anchor mortar, through the experiment sure, or according to the standard take 2.40; 3ξ is the working conditions coefficient of steel and mortar bond strength(permanent anchor take 0.60）. According to the calculation, a l ≥2.1m ，take a l =5.0m.3.3 The construction technology and key points of anchorThe anchor ’s construction technology is as follows: build-up scaffold ——excavate and clear up the slope surface ——measures to fix position ——drill hole ——washing hole ——bolt put in a certain place ——grout ——colligation the end of the anchor ——flushing the slope surface ——pouring frame space ——Spray seed（1）This slope belong to rocky slope, after excavate the slope 10 cm to the underside of the frame space, set bolt and pouring frame space, then spray grass or seeds after borrowed soil 20 cm in the frame space.（2）the slope should be payed attention to clean up, when construction. The anchor should be placed after wash hole, then put pressure (0.4MPa) and grout. After the mortar fully solidification, colligation steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame space, bend the end of the anchor and bind point by point with the skeleton steel.（3）Before drilling, the hole should be measured to fix position and then do mark. Pitch deviation is less than 150mm, hole depth error is less than 50mm. Try not remold the surrounding rock, when drill. Before Put the anchor, it should be attentioned that blow wash clean the water of the hole and rock powder and so on, and rust removal the body of rod. When grouting, builders 3a bN n df ογξπshould attention the grouting pressure and mortar ratio.Fig 2 anchor field construction drawing4.ConclusionIt is economical to reinforcement slope with bolt, and use the normal equipment, It is not only achieve safe and also economy and rational.(1) Today bolt technology is widely used in the project. It is an effective reinforcement measures to constraints sliding soil with the combining of bolt and concrete slope protection.(2) We must be sure to do geological exploration work of the slope to find out the nature of the rock and hydrogeological situation before reinforcing slope by grouting bolt.(3) Due to the factors of engineering geological conditions, grouting pressure and construction technology, we should be given adequate attention to the quality of construction.Reference[1]Technical code for building slope engineering (JGJ 120-99). The People's Republic nationalstandards. Beijing: China Architecture & Building PRESS.[2] Ying-Ren Zheng, Zu-Yu Chen etc. Engineering Treatment of Slope & Landslide [M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2007[3] LuoZhenHai. Talk shallowly the application of the anchor at the slope reinforcement[J]. FujianConstruction Science & Technology，2010,06:15-16浅谈锚杆技术在边坡工程中的应用 1.引言锚杆技术是利用锚杆周围地层岩土的抗剪强度来传递结构物的拉力或保持地层开挖面的自身稳定。
人促红素注射液的作文
人促红素注射液的作文英文回答：Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO)。
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is produced by recombinant DNA technology and is used to treat anemia in a variety of conditions, including chronic kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, and HIV infection.Mechanism of Action.rHuEPO binds to erythropoietin receptors on the surface of bone marrow cells. This binding stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells into mature erythrocytes. rHuEPO also increases the production of hemoglobin and hematocrit.Indications.rHuEPO is indicated for the treatment of anemia in the following conditions:Chronic kidney disease.Cancer chemotherapy-induced anemia.HIV infection.Premature infants.Anemia due to surgery.Dosage and Administration.The dosage of rHuEPO is determined by the patient's condition and response to treatment. The drug is typically administered subcutaneously or intravenously.Side Effects.The most common side effects of rHuEPO include: Hypertension.Thrombosis.Headache.Fatigue.Nausea.Contraindications.rHuEPO is contraindicated in patients with:Uncontrolled hypertension.Unresolved thrombosis.Severe allergic reactions to rHuEPO.Precautions.rHuEPO should be used with caution in patients with:Cardiac disease.Liver disease.Diabetes.Thrombocytosis.Monitoring.Patients receiving rHuEPO should be monitored closely for the following:Hematocrit.Blood pressure.Thromboembolic events.Drug Interactions.rHuEPO may interact with the following drugs:Androgens.Corticosteroids.Cyclosporine.Tacrolimus.Pregnancy and Lactation.rHuEPO has not been evaluated in pregnant or breastfeeding women.中文回答：重组人促红素注射液。
染色体文献
染色体文献(中英文版)英文文档：Chromosome LiteratureChromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of animal and plant cells that contain genetic information.They are composed of DNA and proteins and are responsible for carrying genes, which are the hereditary units that determine an organism"s traits.The study of chromosomes and their composition, organization, and behavior is known as cytogenetics.Over the years, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to explore the fascinating world of chromosomes.These studies have led to a better understanding of how genetic information is inherited, how chromosomes evolve, and how they can be affected by various factors such as radiation and chemicals.One of the most significant findings in the field of cytogenetics is the discovery of the structure of chromosomes.In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double-helix model of DNA, which revolutionized the way scientists thought about chromosomes and genetics.Their discovery laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and has been instrumental in unraveling the mysteries of life.Another important area of research in chromosome literature is thestudy of chromosomal abnormalities.Errors in the replication or division of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and many others.Understanding these abnormalities has crucial implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of genetic diseases.In recent years, advancements in technology have allowed scientists to study chromosomes at the atomic level.Techniques such as chromosome microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have enabled researchers to explore the intricate details of chromosome structure and function.The field of chromosome literature is constantly evolving, with new discoveries and insights being published every day.Scientists around the world continue to delve into the complex world of chromosomes, seeking to unravel the remaining mysteries of genetics and improve our understanding of life itself.中文文档：染色体文献染色体是存在于动物和植物细胞核中的结构，负责携带遗传信息。
Deformations of hyperbolic 3-cone-manioflds
PSL2 (C). For cone-manifolds, we have a holonomy representation of a nonsingular part, so that meridional loops of the singularity are mapped to elliptic elements. The representation so obtained could be neither faithful nor discrete. Nevertheless, the local rigidity in [7] asserts that a neighborhood of this wild representation is parameterized up to conjugacy by Dehn filling coefficients [14] which are geometrically well understood. One corollary is about the global rigidity. Weil and Garland rigidity states that any nearby discrete faithful representations of a group in PSL2 (C) with finite volume quotients are conjugate. In the case of cone-manifolds, the local rigidity says in particular that nearby representations of a holonomy representation of a nonsingular part with constant rotation angles for meridians are conjugate. Mostow [11] and Prasad [12] rigidity for a hyperbolic manifold of finite volume then asserts that any discrete faithful representations in PSL2 (C) are not only locally but globally conjugate each other. This global rigidity implies a geometric consequence that homeomorphic hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume are isometric. We state the global rigidity for hyperbolic 3-cone-manifolds rather in terms of this geometric terminologies. Corollary 1. Let C be a compact orientable hyperbolic 3-cone-manifold with singularity Σ where cone angles assigned to the components of Σ all are ≤ π . If (C ′ , Σ ′ ) is homeomorphic to (C, Σ ) so that the corresponding cone angles all are the same, then C ′ and C are isometric. The other corollary is about liftability of PSL2 (C)-representations into SL2 (C). The liftability has been discussed particularly for discrete subgroups in PSL2 (C). As was pointed out in [2], the liftability depends only on the component of the space of representations. The main theorem will be proved by connecting the holonomy representation of a cone-manifold with that of a complete structure by a particular path in the space of representations. Since the holonomy representation of a complete hyperbolic manifold is known to lift in [14], we have Corollary 2. The holonomy representation of a compact orientable hyperbolic 3cone-manifold can be lifted to a SL2 (C)-representation if the cone angles assigned all are at most π . It is quite unlikely that the angle assumptions in Theorem and Corollaries are necessary, though the argument we develop here uses its advantage. More progress should be expected. A fairly large part of the proof of the main theorem is due to Thurston’s strategy for the geometrization of orbifolds [15, 16] together with the local rigidity by Hodgson and Kerckhoff. The over all logic of Thurston’s argument and some of its details can be found in [13]. We convey its minimal essentials for our purpose here, and hence the exposition will be reasonably self-contained. This paper is organized as follows. In the first section, we will review some basic facts about hyperbolic 3-cone-manifolds. Also we improve the results in [9] from more Riemannian geometric viewpoints due to Steve Kerckhoff. The second section is to introduce two main machineries, the local rigidity and the pointed Hausdorff-Gromov topology. They are fundamental when cone angles are ≤ 2π . The third section is to establish a few tools to control the local geometry of cone-manifolds away from the singularity when cone angles are ≤ π . This section contains a technical but the most
INJECTOR
专利名称：INJECTOR 发明人：BILZ, Florian 申请号：EP18711872.4申请日：20180312公开号：EP3595740A1公开日：20200122专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The invention relates to an injector for injecting a liquid from a syringe (4) havinga displaceable syringe plunger (41), wherein the injector (1) comprises a syringe holder(15), for introduction of the syringe, and a drive (2) assigned to the syringe holder (15) for the syringe plunger (41), and the drive (2) is configured as a spindle drive with a threaded spindle (22) which can be rotated by motor about its longitudinal axis (A) and a spindle nut arranged on the threaded spindle (22), wherein the spindle nut is configured as an unlocking slide (27) with a through-bore (273) formed as an elongate bore for the passage of the threaded spindle (22), the largest diameter of which bore extends transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis (A) of the threaded spindle (22) and, only in an end region of the largest diameter, a partial thread (274) is provided for engagement into the threaded spindle (22), and the unlocking slide (27) is displaceable transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis (A) of the threaded spindle (22) between an engagement position, in which the partial thread (274) is in engagement with the threaded spindle (22), and a release position, in which the partial thread (274) is not in engagement with the threaded spindle.申请人：Medtron AG地址：Hauptstrasse 255 66128 Saarbrücken DE国籍：DE代理机构：Wagner Albiger & Partner Patentanwälte mbB 更多信息请下载全文后查看。
envafolimab injection说明书 英文
envafolimab injection说明书英文Envafolimab Injection: A Comprehensive GuideEnvafolimab is a novel immunotherapy agent that has been approved for the treatment of certain types of cancer. As a monoclonal antibody, envafolimab targets and inhibits the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor, a crucial immune checkpoint that regulates the body's immune response against cancer cells. By blocking the PD-1 pathway, envafolimab helps to restore and enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy malignant cells.The active ingredient in envafolimab injection is envafolimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor. The injection also contains other inactive ingredients such as L-histidine, L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate, trehalose dihydrate, and polysorbate 80. These components work together to ensure the stability, solubility, and proper administration of the active ingredient.Envafolimab injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic solid tumors that have high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR)biomarkers, and who have progressed following prior treatment and have no satisfactory alternative treatment options. The injection is administered intravenously over a period of 30 minutes every three weeks.The efficacy of envafolimab in the treatment of MSI-H or dMMR solid tumors has been demonstrated in several clinical trials. In a phase II study, envafolimab showed a overall response rate of 32% in patients with previously treated MSI-H or dMMR solid tumors, with a median duration of response of 8.4 months. Additionally, envafolimab was found to have a manageable safety profile, with the most common adverse events being fatigue, nausea, and decreased appetite.It is important to note that envafolimab, like other immune checkpoint inhibitors, can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These side effects occur when the activated immune system attacks healthy tissues, and may include skin reactions, endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal issues, and other conditions. Patients receiving envafolimab should be closely monitored for the development of irAEs, and appropriate management strategies should be implemented promptly.Before administering envafolimab, healthcare providers should review the patient's medical history and assess the potential risksand benefits of the treatment. Patients with certain pre-existing conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or active infections, may not be suitable candidates for envafolimab therapy. Additionally, the use of envafolimab during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended, as the effects on the developing fetus or nursing infant are not well-established.In conclusion, envafolimab injection is a promising immunotherapy agent approved for the treatment of certain types of advanced solid tumors. Its mechanism of action, which involves the blockade of the PD-1 pathway, helps to restore and enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. While envafolimab has demonstrated clinical efficacy and a manageable safety profile, it is essential for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients for the development of immune-related adverse events and to manage these side effects proactively. Patients should be thoroughly informed about the potential benefits and risks of envafolimab therapy, and their individual circumstances should be carefully evaluated before initiating treatment.。
injection for 英文说明书
injection for 英文说明书Injection is a method of administering a substance into the body through a hypodermic needle or catheter. It is commonly used to deliver drugs, vaccines, nutrients, or other substances into the bloodstream or a specific tissue or organ.Before injecting a substance, it is important to read the manufacturer's instructions and follow the safety precautions provided. Ensure that the needle and syringe are sterile and the injection site is clean and free of infection. Do not inject into areas that are tender, red, swollen, or have a raised temperature.The most common type of injection is intramuscular injection, which involves injecting the substance into a muscle. This type of injection is usually given in the upper arm, buttock, or thigh. Another type of injection is intravenous injection, which involves injecting the substance into a vein. This type of injection is usually given in the hand or forearm.After injecting the substance, clean the area with alcohol or an antiseptic solution and apply light pressure to prevent bleeding. Keep the area clean and dry, and avoid strenuous activity for a few hours to prevent soreness or swelling.If you have any questions or concerns about injecting a substance, consult a healthcare provider or trained professional. Injecting a substance incorrectly can lead to infection, tissue damage, or other serious side effects.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
注射模具的介绍1.模具基本知识1.1引言我们日常生产、生活中所使用到的各种工具和产品，大到机床的底座、机身外壳，小到一个胚头螺丝、纽扣以及各种家用电器的外壳，无不与模具有着密切的关系。
模具的形状决定着这些产品的外形，模具的加工质量与精度也就决定着这些产品的质量。
因为各种产品的材质、外观、规格及用途的不同，模具分为了铸造模、锻造模、压铸模、冲压模等非射胶模具，以及射胶模具。
近年来，随着射料工业的飞速发展和通用与工程射料在强度和精度等方面的不断提高，射料制品的应用范围也在不断扩大，如：家用电器、仪器仪表，建筑器材，汽车工业、日用五金等众多领域，射料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。
一个设计合理的射料件往往能代替多个传统金属件。
工业产品和日用产品射料化的趋势不断上升。
1.2 模具的一般定义在工业生产中，用各种压力机和装在压力机上的专用工具，通过压力把金属或非金属材料制出所需形状的零件或制品，这种专用工具统称为模具。
1.3 模具的一般分类可分为射胶模具及非射胶模具：（1）非射胶模具有：铸造模、锻造模、冲压模、压铸模等。
A．铸造模——水龙头、生铁平台B．锻造模——汽车身C．冲压模——计算机面板D．压铸模——超合金，汽缸体（2）射胶模具根据生产工艺和生产产品的不同又分为：A．注射成型模——电视机外壳、键盘按钮（应用最普遍） B．吹气模——饮料瓶 C．压缩成型模——电木开关、科学瓷碗碟D．转移成型模——集成电路制品E．挤压成型模——胶水管、射胶袋F．热成型模——透明成型包装外壳 G．旋转成型模——软胶洋娃娃玩具注射成型是射料加工中最普遍采用的方法。
该方法适用于全部热射性射料和部分热固性射料，制得的射料制品数量之大是其它成型方法望尘莫及的，作为注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注射模具，在质量精度、制造周期以及注射成型过程中的生产效率等方面水平高低，直接影响产品的质量、产量、成本及产品的更新，同时也决定着企业在市场竞争中的反应能力和速度。
注射模具是由若干块钢板配合各种零件组成的，基本分为： A 成型装置（凹模，凸模） B 定位装置（导柱，导套） C 固定装置（工字板，码模坑） D 冷却系统（运水孔） E 恒温系统（加热管，发热线） F 流道系统（唧咀孔，流道槽，流道孔） G 顶出系统（顶针，顶棍）1.4 模具的类型根据浇注系统型制的不同可将模具分为三类:（1）大水口模具：流道及浇口在分模线上，与产品在开模时一起脱模，设计最简单，容易加工，成本较低，所以较多人采用大水口系统作业。
（2）细水口模具：流道及浇口不在分模线上，一般直接在产品上，所以要设计多一组水口分模线，设计较为复杂，加工较困难，一般要视产品要求而选用细水口系统。
（3）热流道模具：主要由热浇口套，热浇道板，温控电箱构成。
热流道模具是在一个半模有流道加热系统的两板式模具。
热流道系统分成两个部分：分流板和喷嘴。
分流板的通道将射料传送到一个和分型线平行平面，这个平面在型腔的上面。
喷嘴垂直于分流板安装，把射料从分流板送进行腔。
热流道系统的优势:（1）无水口料，不需要后加工，使整个成型过程完全自动化，节省工作时间，提高工作效率。
（2）压力损耗小。
2．注射模设计模具有很多的规则。
这些规则和标准的做法，都是基于逻辑，过往的经验，方便性，经济性。
设计，模具制造，和成型，它通常的优势就是遵循规则。
但有时候，它可能会做出更好的，如果一项方法是被忽视和另一种方法被选择。
在一些书中,最普通的规则都会一一列出,而设计者设计的东西也仅仅是跟着以往的经验走而已。
设计者应该研究出新的想法和方法,来进行新的成型和选择模具材料。
注射工艺过程就是从给料斗送进粉状或粒状的射料混合物，经过定量区和熔化区，然后将其注射到模具型腔中。
注射过程说明：模具是一种生产射料制品的工具。
它由几组零件部分构成，这个组合内有成型模腔。
注射时，模具装夹在注射机上，熔融射料被注入成型模腔内，并在腔内冷却定型，然后上下模分开，经由顶出系统将制品从模腔顶出离开模具，最后模具再闭合进行下一次注射，整个注射过程是循环进行的。
注射模至少是由装在注射机的两个压板上的两部分组成，以便可以开模和合模。
在合模的时候,模具的两半部分形成的产品成型表面是由射料熔体通过浇口和热流道系统注入模具型腔形成的。
模具中冷却的原则是产品要在模具中冷却和凝固,以便随后可以脱模。
随着产品注射的完成,模具就必须开模。
产品的形状决定着它是否由模具两部份简单地开模或由有侧向分型来开模。
模具的设计是由产品的形状和产品开模的方式决定的。
注射成型的产品可以分为以下几类:无侧抽芯的产品；有侧向开口的外侧抽芯的产品；有内侧抽芯的产品；有外侧抽芯和内侧抽芯的产品。
3．注射模具的组成3.1 型腔空间型腔空间是在模具中的一个形状,当注射的材料充满这个空间的时候,它就会呈现出和型腔空间一样的形状。
在注射成型时,射料是通过很高的压力注射入型腔空间的,所以模具必须要足够的坚固来抵抗注射的压力,以防变形。
3.2 型腔的数量许多的模具，特别是较大产品的模具，仅仅只有一个模具型腔，但是也有许多的模具，特别是比较大型的模具，都会有2个或更多的型。
究其原因就是它纯粹的经济性。
它仅仅是注入多个型腔比注入一个型腔多花了一点的时间。
今天,大多数的模具型腔数量都是以这些数字为参考的: 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128。
选择这些数字（偶数）的原因是为了在长方形区域内布置型腔方便，这样就有利于设计、定尺寸、加工制造和围绕机器中心对称，这种对称分布对于保证每个型腔分配到相同的锁模力非常重要。
3.3 型腔和型芯按照习惯，腔空间的中空部分称为型腔。
与型腔空间所匹配的部分称为型芯。
大部分射胶制品是杯形的。
但这并不意味着它们看起来就像是一个杯，只是它们有一个内部和外部。
产品的外部是由型腔形成的,而内部是有由型芯形成的。
通常情况下,型腔是位于注射一边的那半模具上,而型芯是位于可以移动的那半模具上的。
这样安排的原因是注射机上的移动板有一个弹射装置,而产品是收缩和包紧在型芯上的,然后产品就可以通过此来弹射出来。
大部分的注射机在注射的一边都不会安装弹射装置。
对于模具包含复杂型腔和多型腔模具，试图象整体模具那样在一块钢板加工型腔和型芯是不让人满意的。
型腔和型芯分别决定着成型的外部和内部的形状,而它们的整体决定着整个成型的方式。
3.4 分模线为了能够生产出一个模具,我们必需具备有两个分半的模具,一半装型腔一半装型芯。
这两个板分离时的部分叫做分模线,简称P/L。
其实,这是一个分离的区域或面,但是为了方便,我们习惯叫它成一条线。
模具的分型面是两模板接近型腔的那些部分，它们对接一起形成油封并且避免型腔里射性材料的损失。
分模线可以是任何形状的, 许多的注射成型都是要求分模线是不在同一平面或是曲面的,但是为了便于模具制造,最好设计在同一个平面上。
为了能够在模具上脱出产品,分模线总是在分布在产品最宽的圆周区域。
对一些形状来说，设置分模线或其角度是非常有必要的，但是在任何情况下，都要有目的地让它容易加工，以确保当注射的时候模具能够紧紧地合在一起。
如果分模线设计不好,射料将会溢出来,那样产品就会有一个非常大的凹陷,那样的产品肯定会被拆除,否则那样的产品是不能够使用的。
甚至更危险的是,射料喷射进模具的时候,它会飞溅出伤害到人本身。
3.5 流道和浇口现在,增加介绍的是把射料从外面带到型腔空间的装置。
在射料冷却之前(也就是射料冷却后不能在流动之前),它必需有足够的压力以便使射料能够充满型腔。
流动的通道就是流道,它把注射机的喷嘴和模具连接了起来,流道是一个独立的型腔, 流道本身要光滑,以便可以阻止射料自由流动。
同时, 型腔被充满后，浇口处先凝固，注射机螺杆抽回时可防止成型中的回流。
浇口是一个小型的开口,它引导着流道到型腔空间。
浇口是一个渠道,是连接与流道相通的小口。
与其他的进料系统相比,它有一个很小的横截面积。
在射料充满型腔后,浇口很快就会冷却,注射的喷嘴往后退,在模具退后的时候射料还是留有在喷嘴中的。
4. 注射机的工作过程注射模具是安装在注射机上的，它的注射成型过程是由注射机来完成的。
以下是注射机的工作过程：注射成型机通过抽真空把射料原料从干燥机吸到料斗里面。
料斗实际上是一个小的漏斗，它被安装在机台料筒的后面。
开始起实际作用的地方是料筒，料筒实质上是四周都是加热器的一个很大的螺杆安放室，它把原料送向模具。
随着螺杆的旋转，原料在料筒里前进并成为熔融状态。
只有完全熔融后，原料才会在螺杆高速旋转产生的挤压力下射进模腔。
当螺杆前端压室注满射料时，螺杆被迫后退，断开限位开关而开动液压缸，从而向前推动螺杆，将熔融射料注射到闭合的模具型腔中。
型腔被充满后，浇口处先凝固，注射机螺杆抽回时可防止成型中的回流。
螺杆端部称为喷嘴，从这里开始直到模具型腔这段空间内，熔融材料没有被加热，并且一直处于被冷却的状态。
流道水口料就是在喷嘴到模腔之间冷却固化的射料，属于工艺废料。
实际上，在喷嘴到模腔之间的冷却射料是“主流道”，但它和流道是连在一块的。
有一些关于处理水口料的方法，但这不是我们这里要讨论的。
大多数人以前都见过流道，但却没有认出。
最容易见到他们的地方是由单独零件构成的飞机和汽车模型上，在这些零件上面一般都附着着流道系统。
一般地，水口料被顶出，落进安放在模具下面的落料装置（通过一个斜坡传送通道），或者被机械手取出，然后投入粉料机。
粉料机把水口料绞成碎料并送回干燥机。
尽管塑料一旦被加热就会发生降解，而且有些成型工艺不允许碎材混入原材料里面，因为这样会导致成品的缺陷。
这种情况下水口料可以用到其他地方或者干脆不用。
收缩在成型中影响深远，大部分塑料冷却后会收缩20%。
为了在重点（关键）塑料零件上--当然不只是玩具---克服这种现象，模具设计者必须把这个要素考虑到设计里面去，那样成型出来的产品才能满足设计规格。
顶针是模具本身的零件，用来在模具打开的时候顶出产品。
整个过程都有注射成型机控制。
一个成型周期实际上就是合模--注射--开模--顶出。
模具被锁紧在机台上，前模固定不动（在机台的料筒侧），后模则可以移动。
上面说的顶针就是后模侧。
当模具打开，产品吸附在后模侧以被顶出。
以上就是关于注射模具的相关介绍。
The introdution of the Injection Mold1. Mold basic knowledge1.1 IntroductionThere is a close relationship with all kinds of mold,which are refered to our daily production, and life in the use of the various tools and products, the large base of the machine tool, the body shell, the first embryo to a small screws, buttons, as well as various home appliances shell. Mold’s shape determine the shape of these products, mold’s precision and machining quality determine the quality of these products,too. Because of a variety of products, appearance, specifications and the different uses,mold devide into Die Casting into the mould, die forging, die-casting mould, Die, and so on other non - plastic molds, as well as plastic mold. In recent years, with the rapid development of the plastics industry, and GM and engineering plastics in areas such as strength and accuracy of the continuous enhancement , the scope of the application of plastic products have also constantly expanded, such as: household appliances, instrumentation, construction equipment, automotive, daily hardware, and many other fields, the proportion of plastic products is rapidly increasing. A rational design of plastic parts often can replace much more traditional metal pieces. The trend of industrial products and daily products plasticed is rising day after day.1.2 Mold general definitionIn the industrial production，with the various press and the special instruments which installed in the press,it produces the required shape parts or products through pressure on the metal or non-metallic materials, this special instruments collectively call as the mold.1.3 Mold general classificationMold can be divided into plastic and non - plastic mould: (1) Non-plastic mould: Die Casting, forging Die, Die, die-casting mould and so on. A. Die Casting - taps, pig iron platformB. Forging Die - car body C. Die - computer panel D. Die Casting Die - superalloy, cylinder body (2) For the production technology and production, the plastic mold are divided into different products: A. Injection molding die - TV casing, keyboard button (the most common application) B. Inflatable module - drink bottles C. Compression molding die - bakeliteswitches, scientific Ciwan dish D. Transfer molding die - IC products E. Extrusion die - of glue, plastic bags F. Hot forming die - transparent shell molding packaging G. Rotomoulding mode - Flexible toy doll. Injection Molding is the most popurlar method in plastics producing process. The method can be applied to all parts of thermoplastic and some of thermosetting plastics, the quantity of plastic production is much more than any other forming method.Injection mold as one of the main toolsof injection molding processing,whosh production efficiency is low or high in the quality of precision、manufacturing cycle and the process of injection molding and so on,directly affect the quality of products, production, cost and product updates, at the same time it also determines the competitiveness of enterprises in the market's response capacity and speed. Injection Mold consists of a number of plate which mass with the various component parts. It divided into: A molding device (Die, punch)B positioning system (I. column I. sets) C fixtures (the word board, code-pit) D cooling system (carrying water hole) E thermostat system (heating tubes, the hotline) F-Road System (jack Tsui hole, flow slot, streaming Road Hole) G ejection system (Dingzhen, top stick).1.4 Type of moldIt can be divided into three categories according to gating system with the different type of mold :(1) intake die: Runner and gate at the partig line,it will strip together with products when in the open mode,it is the most simple of design, easy processing and lower costing.So more people operations by using large intake system. (2) small inlet die:It general stay in the products directly,but runner and gate are not at the partig line.Therefore,it should be design a multi-outlet parting line.And then it is more complex in the designing, more difficult in processing, generally chosing the small inlet die is depending on the product’s requirements. (3) hot runner die:It consists of heat gate, heat runner plate, temperature control box. Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold. A hot runner system is divided into two parts: the manifold and the drops. The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point above the cavity. The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part. The advantages of hot runner system ：(1)No outlet expected, no need processing, the whole process fully automated, save time and enhance the efficiency of the work. (2) small pressure loss.2、Injection MoldThere are many rules for designing molds.These rules and standard practices are based on logic,past experience,convenience,and economy.For designing,mold making,and molding,it is usually of advantage to follow the rules.But occasionally,it may work out better if a rule is ignored and an alternative way is selected.In some texts,the most common rules are noted,but the designer will learn only from experience which way to go.The designer must ever be open to new ideas and methods,to new molding and mold material that may affect these rules.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.Injection molding process: Mold is a production of plastic tool. It consists of several parts and this group contains forming cavities. When it injects molding, mold clamping in the injection molding machine, melting plastic is Injected forming cavities and cooling stereotypes in it, then it separate upper and lower die,it will push the production from the cavity in order to leave the mold through ejection system, finally mold close again and prepared the next injection. The entire process of injection is carried out of the cycle.An injection mold consists of at least two halves that are fastened to the two platens of the injection molding machine so that can be opened and closed.In the closed position,the product-forming surfaces of the two mold halves define the mold cavity into which the plastic melt is injected via the runner system and the gate.Cooling provisions in the mold provide for cooling and solidification of the molded product so that it can be subsequently ejected.For product ejection to occur,the mold must open.The shape of the molded product determines whether it can be ejected simply by opening the two mold halves or whether undercuts must be present.The design of a mold is dictated primarily by the shape of the product to be molded and the provisions necessary for product ejection.Injection-molded products can be classified as:1).Products without undercuts.2).products with external undercuts of lateral openings.3).products with internal undercuts.4).products with external and internal undercuts.3.The composition of injection mold3.1 Mold Cavity SpaceThe mold cavity space is a shape inside the mold,when the molding material is forced into this space it will take on the shape of the cavity space.In injection molding the plastic is injected into the cavity space with high pressure,so the mold must be strong enough to resist the injection pressure without deforming.3.2 Number of CavitiesMany molds,particularly molds for larger products,ate built for only 1 cavity space,but many molds,especially large production molds,are built with 2 or more cavities.The reason for this is purely economical.It takes only little more time to inject several cavities than to inject one.Today,most multicavity molds are built with a preferred number ofcavities:2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128.These numbers are selected because the cavities can be easily arranged in a rectangular pattern,which is easier for designing and dimensioning,for manufacturing,and for symmetry around the center of the machine ,which is highly desirable to ensure equal clamping force for each cavity.3.3 Cavity and CoreBy convention,the hollow portion of the cavity space is called the cavity.The matching,often raised portion of the cavity space is called the core.Most plastic products are cup-shaped.This does not mean that they look like a cup,but they do have an inside and an outside.The outside of the product is formed by the cavity, the inside by the ually,the cavities are placed in the mold half that is mounted on the injection side,while the cores are placed in the moving half of the mold.The reason for this is that all injection molding machines provide an ejection mechanism on the moving platen and the products tend to shrink onto and cling to the core,from where they are then ejected.Most injection molding machines do not provide ejection mechanisms on the injection side.For moulds containing intricate impressions,and for multi-impression moulds, it is not satisfactory to attempt to machine the cavity and core plates from single blocks of steel as with integer moulds. The cavity and core give the molding its external and internal shapes respectively, the impression imparting the whole of the form to the molding.3.4 The Parting LineTo be able to produce a mold,we must have ta least two separate mold halves,with the cavity in one side and the core in the other.The separation between these plates is called the parting line,and designated P/L.Actually,this is a parting area or plane,but,by cinvention,in this intext it is referred to as a line. The parting surfaces of a mould are those portion of both mould plates, adjacent to the impressions, which butt together to form a seal and prevent the loss of plastic material from the impression.The parting line can have any shape, many moldings are required which have a parting line which lies on a non-planar or curved surface,but for ease of mold manufacturing,it is preferable to have it in one plane.The parting line is always at the widest circumference of the product,to make ejection of the product from the mold possible.With some shapes it may be necessary to offset the P/L,or to have it at an angle,but in any event it is best to have is so that itan be easily machined,and often ground, to ensure that it shuts off tightly when the mold is clamped during injection.If the parting line is poorly finished the plastic will escape,which shows up on the product as an unsightly sharp projection,which must then be removed;otherwise,the product could be unusable.There is even a danger that the plastic could squirt out of the mold and do personal danger.3.5 Runners and GatesNow,we must add provisions for bringing the plastic into these cavity spaces.This must be done with enough pressure so that the cavity spaces are filled completely before the plastic "freezes"(that is,cools so much that the plastic cannot flow anymore).The flow passages are the sprue,from wherethe machine nozzle contactss the mold,the runners,which distribute the plastic to the individual cavities, the wall of the runner channel must be smooth to prevent any restriction to flow. Also, as the runner has to be removed with the molding, there must be no machine marks left which would tend to retain the runner in the mould plate.And the gates which are small openings leading from the runner into the cavity space. The gate is a channel or orifice connecting the runner with the impression. It has a small cross-sectional area when compared with the rest of the feed system. The gate freezes soon after the impression is filled so that the injection plunger can be withdrawn without the probability of void being created in the molding by suck-back.4. The injection molding machine processInjection Mold is installed in the injection molding machine, and its injection molding process is completed by the injection molding machine. Following is the injection molding machine process.The molding machine uses a vacuum to move the plastic from the dryer to it's initial holding chamber. This chamber is actually a small hopper on the back of the "barrel" of the machine。