高级口译 翻译讲义

Unit 1 Introduction
1. hypotaxis & parataxis
2. information focus
3. static & dynamic
4. omission & repetition
5. cultural gap
对外开放
当今世界经济贸易形势趋好，我国加入世界贸易组织的进程加快。我们要抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，采取更加有力的措施，以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放，力争在对外贸易和吸收外资上有新的增长。要实行以质取胜和市场多元化的战略，贯彻实施鼓励出口的各项政策，努力扩大出口。首先要调整出口商品结构，进一步扩大机电产品出口，加快纺织、服装、轻工等传统出口商品升级换代，提高高新技术产品的出口比重，扩大农产品出口。
中美合作
历史雄辩地说明， 中美之间建立在平等互利基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系。中国物美价廉的制成品源源不断地走上美国超级市场的货架， 而美国的农产品、高新技术产品，连同跨国公司的资本和技术，滚滚不息地涌进中国大陆。中国人民以其勤劳的双手，增进了美国的福祉，促进其产业升级换代；而北美这块广袤而又富饶的土地，也以其精华滋润和促进了中国的现代化进程。经贸合作是两国能够找到共同语言的最佳领域。以谋求共同利益来减少或淡化意识形态差异和现实利害冲突，过去是、今后更是双方寻求和平共处的必由之路。
太湖
太湖明珠无锡，位于江苏省南部，地处美丽富饶的长江三角洲中心地带。这里气候宜人，物产丰富，风景优美，是中国重点风景旅游城市。与万里长城齐名的古京杭大运河纵贯市区,泛舟河上，能领略水乡的民俗风情。距市区七公里的太湖梅粱景区是太湖风景之精华，碧波万顷，渔帆点点，湖光山色令人陶醉。其中的鼋头渚巨石状如鼋头，远眺烟波浩渺的太湖，被诗人郭沫若誉为“太湖佳绝处”。


Unit 2 Conversion
Washington's failure
The most important fact in Washington's failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission is that it was America's friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat. After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S.-led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington. The shock came in the fact that the European and other Western nations that traditionally ensured U.S. re-election turned their backs on Washington.
Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism. They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington's tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty. They are also critical of what they see as Washington's tendency to publicize the issue of human rights, using annual resoluti

ons at the committee to denounce China or Cuba when that conforms to U.S. foreign policy objectives but for the same reason voting alone in defense of Israel when that country is in the dock over its conduct.

Washington’s General Orders on War
The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of brave resistance of the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve to conquer or to die. Our own, our country’s honor, calls upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall become infamous to the whole world. Let us then rely on the goodness of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions. The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us and we shall have their blessings and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them. Let us animate and encourage each other, and show the whole world that a free man contending for liberty on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth.

关于推进祖国和平统一进程的八项主张：
1. 坚持一个中国原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。中国的主权和领土决不容分割。
2. 对于台湾同外国发展民间性经济文化关系不持异议。但是，反对台湾以搞“两个中国”、“一中一台”为目的的所谓“扩大国际生存空间”的活动。
3. 我们一贯主张进行海峡两岸和平统一谈判。在和平统一谈判的过程中，可以吸收两岸各党派、团体有代表性的人士参加。
4. 努力实现和平统一，中国人不打中国人。我们不承诺放弃使用武力，决不是针对台湾同胞，而是针对外国势力干涉中国统一和搞“台湾独立”的图谋的。
5. 大力发展两岸经济交流与合作，以利于两岸经济共同繁荣，造福整个中华民族。
6. 中华各族儿女共同创造的五千年灿烂文化，是维系全体中国人的精神纽带，也是实现和平统一的一个重要基础。两岸同胞要共同继承和发扬中华文化的优秀传统。
7. 两千一百万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。要充分尊重台湾同胞的生活方式和当家作主的愿望，保护台湾一切正当权益。
8. 欢迎台湾当局的领导人以适当身份前来访问；也愿意接受台湾方面的邀请，前往台湾。
和平统一
祖国和平统一，乃千秋功业。台湾终必回归祖国，早日解决对各方有利。台湾同胞可安居乐业，两岸各族人民可解骨肉分离之痛，在台诸前辈及大陆去台人员亦可各得其所，且有利于亚太地区局势稳定和世界和平。当今国际风云变幻莫测，台湾上下众议纷纭。岁月不居，来日苦短，夜长梦多，时不我与。试为贵党

计，如能依时顺势，负起历史责任，毅然和谈，达成国家统一，则两党长期共存，互相监督，共图振兴中华之大业。

Unit 3 确定主干 贯通平衡
1. 中国的外交正在酝酿更大的突破。
2. 中国的外交在社会主义中国走向振兴统一的进程中将谱写更为辉煌的篇章。
3. 第二十届中国地毯交易会的规模为历届之最。
4. 来自中国各地的专业外贸公司和有地毯出口经营权外贸公司以及地毯厂踊跃参展。
5. 两国经贸领域的互补性很强，双方可以彼此分享巨大的市场。
6. 中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会将越来越多。
7. 世界各国青少年在沪逗留的时间虽然短暂，但上海的风貌和中国的传统文化仍然给他们留下了深刻的印象。
8. 黄浦江阻隔，极大地影响了浦东的经济发展。浦江两岸形成了一边是万商云集的十里洋场，一边是以自然农作物为主的大片农田的鲜明对照。自1990年中央宣布开放浦东以来，浦东新区的建设日新月异，突飞猛进。
9. 中华民族的传统文化、博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说，和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派。
10. 从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族的传统文化有它的许多珍贵品，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公，特别是"天下兴亡，匹夫有责"的爱国情操。
11. 知识技术创新是人类经济、社会发展的重要动力源泉。中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
教学改革
许多专家认为，教学改革的当务之急是要改变现在的课程设置和考试办法，不要让孩子只知道“头悬梁，锥刺股，死读书，读死书”。他们指出，教育改革的关键在于使全社会认识到中、小学教育的目的不只是让学生掌握必要的知识，更应该提高学生整体素质，特别是他们对于人生意义和社会责任这些根本性的问题要有比较深入的思考。学校要在这些方面深入研究，选择合适的内容和方式引导和帮助学生形成正确的观点。如果学校只强调知识教育而忽视了人生课程的引导，那么培养出来的只是一批文字或者数字机器，而不是准备进入社会的预备人才
亚洲发展
目前，亚洲的发展面临着新的机遇，也面临着新的挑战。总体上，亚洲依然是当今世界最具经济活力和发展潜力的地区。经济全球化的深入发展和科学技术的迅猛进步，有利于亚洲各国利用国际资本，引进先进技术，开拓国际市场，推动本国经济的发展。但是，亚洲某些地

区的安全形势仍不容乐观，反对恐怖主义的斗争尚待深入。经济全球化在带来发展机遇的同时，也增加了国际经济环境的不确定性，增加了本地区发展中经济体结构调整的难度和遭遇外部冲击的风险。
中国入世
光阴似箭，转眼中国加入世贸组织已经整整4年。4年来，中国加入世贸绝大多数承诺都已兑现，部分承诺的兑现甚至走在规定的时间表之内。在世贸成员关心的知识产权问题上，中国启动法律修改工程，查处大批侵权案件，这些努力均取得了显著成效。中国政府还全面清理了部委和地方的行政法规。一诺千金，有诺必践，传送着中国的极大诚意，展示了一个负责任大国的襟怀，赢得世贸成员和国际舆论的佳评。在世贸组织的年度审议中，这几年中国都受到充分肯定。为使国内经济与世贸规则相符，中国表现了承担义务的强烈意愿，并且一如既往从未动摇。
Unit 4 三大从句 分合倒转
Relative clauses
1. The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible". ( Napoleon )
2. True friendship is like sound health, the value of which is seldom known until it be lost.
3. A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.
4. He is a fool who cannot be angry, and he is wise who will not.
Nominal clauses
5. The problem is not what he knows and how he is trained, but what he is and what he can do.
6. Absence to love is what wind is to fire. It extinguishes the small; it inflames the great. Adverbial clauses
7. If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself; if you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you.
8. When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a dog that is news.
9. In Hollywood a marriage is a success if it outlasts milk. Rita Rudner
10. Every man is a poet when he is in love. (Plato)
11. People generally quarrel because they cannot argue. ( Chesterton )
12. It never will rain roses. When we want to have more roses we must plant trees. (G. Eliot)
Blacks and Whites
Race relations in the U. S. A. continue to be a thorny problem. The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sit-ins, to force Southern states to implement the Federal desegregation laws in schools and public accommodations. Down came the "whites only" notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, restrooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. Gone were the restrictions that prevented blacks voting. Gone, too, were the hideous lynchings, which since the Civil War had caused the death of thousands of innocent blacks--hanged without trial by white mobs. However, even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more affluent and better educa

ted can expect.
Adult World and Child World
The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubts about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished. When American parents are in serious domestic trouble, they maintain a front of sweetness and light before their children. Even if American parents suffer a major business or personal catastrophe, they feel obliged to turn to their children and say, "Honey, everything is going to be all right." This American desire to keep the children's world separate from that of the adult is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident. Thus, in summary, American parents face a world of reality while many of their children live in a near-ideal unreal realm where the rules of the parental world do not apply, are watered down, or are even reversed.
American Family
A major source of anxiety about the future of the family is rooted not so much in reality as in the tension between the idealized expectation in the culture and the reality itself. Nostalgia for a lost family tradition, which, in fact, never existed, has prejudiced our understanding of the family in contemporary society. Thus, the current anxiety over the fate of the family reflects not only problems in the family but also a variety of fears about other social problems that are eventually projected onto the family. The real problem facing American families today are not symptoms of breakdown as is often suggested; rather, they reflect the difficulties of adaptation to recent social changes, particularly to the loss of diversity in household membership, to the reduction of the variety of family functions and, to some extent, to the weakening of the family adaptability. The idealization of the family as a refuge from the world and the myth that the work of mothers is harmful has added considerable strain. The continuous emphasis on the family as a universal private retreat and as an emotional haven is misguided in light of historical experience.

Unit 5 分清主从 连接分句
每一个回合都取得了胜利，使中国五十年的中国外交史充满了激动人心的突破。
一．分析关系，添加连词
二．统一主语，分词连接
1. 美国的军费开支将达到4750亿美元，超过冷战时期达到的最高数额。
2. 美国凭借其强大的军事实力，在国际上到处穷兵黩武，侵犯别国主权和人权。
3. 自90 年代初以来，美国对外使

用武力就达40多次，试图把自己的意志强加在别国头上。三．利用定语或定语从句
四．伴随信息，用同位语
4. 杭州是中国的“丝绸之府”，丝绸产品品种繁多，其中以织锦尤为引人注目。
五．变句为词，利用词组
汽车贷款
有了房子，就想车子，老百姓的想法和银行不谋而合。银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又将目光瞄上了汽车市场。昨天，建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。此前，银行界人士纷纷预测，外资非金融机构进入汽贷市场后，很有可能会在手续简便和贷款利率上做文章，以吸引购车族。因此，建行的十大举措也同样是为了简化手续和提供优惠利率，希望此举能使该行的汽车贷款占个人消费信贷的比重从原来的三成提升至五成以上。
老舍自传
舒舍予，字老舍，现年四十岁，面黄无须，生于北平，三岁失怙，可谓无父，志学之年，帝王不存，可谓无君，无父无君，特别孝爱老母。幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业。甚难发财，每购奖券，以得末奖为荣，示甘为寒贱也。二十七岁，发愤著书，科学哲学无所终，故写小说，博大家一笑，没什么了不得。三十四岁结婚，今已有一男一女，均狡猾可喜。书无所不读，全无所获，并不着急，教书做事，均甚认真，往往吃亏，也不后悔。再活四十年，也许能有点出息。
和谐世界
中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不凌弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神，主张“协和万邦”。中国人提倡“海纳百川，有容乃大”，主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。今天，中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路，既通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长，以合作谋和平、以合作促发展，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
上海男人
据说，上海男人是最好的丈夫。他们总是知道该如何讨妻子欢心，避免矛盾，一家人其乐融融。从某种程度上讲，上海男人是社会安定和和谐的象征。当妻子快乐时，他也快乐。因而整个城市充满快乐的气氛。
上海男人常被戏谑为“妻管严”。但他们从不屈从于妻子，当发生争吵时，他们总是保持沉默，要么一笑置之。但他们有时也会生气，但事后不久他们会毫不犹豫道歉。最终妻子发现，她总是按照他说的去办。
上海男人，聪明、务实，有时甚至有点圆滑。但最印象深

刻的，上海男人在事业上有进取心，对家庭有很强的责任感，而且尊重女性。


Unit 6 省略增添 直译意译
1. 要加强电网、通讯、广播电视和大中城市的基础设施建设，要把水资源的开发和节水工作放在突出位置。
2. 杭州是个美丽迷人的城市，它使你感到自己是在天堂。
3. 杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都风景如画，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞美西湖。
? Reference
1. To know the pains of power, we must go to those who have it; to know its pleasure, we must go to those who are seeking it :the pains of power is real, its pleasures imaginary. (Charles)
2. Friendship is like earthenware: once broken, it can be mended; love is like a mirror: once broken, that ends it. (Josh Billings)
3. Mariage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside deapair to get in and those within despair to get out. (Michel de Montaigne)
? Substitution
4. A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn’t.A man marries a woman expecting that she won’t change, and she does.
5. If you love somebody, let them go. If they return, they were always yours. If they don't, they never were."
6. Art is the right hand of nature. The latter only gave us being, but the former made us men.
? Ellipsis
7. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
8. An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward.
9. A timid person is frightened before a danger, a coward during the time, and a courageous person afterward. Jean Paul Richter
10. Wealth is the parent of luxury and indolence, and poverty of meanness and viciousness, and both of discontent. Plato, The Republic
11. The best thing to give to your enemy is forgiveness; to an opponent, tolerance; to a friend, your heart; to your child, a good example; to a father, deference; to your mother, conduct that will make her proud of you; to yourself, respect; to all men, charity.
科学与艺术
长期以来，科学同艺术之间的关系一直是剃头担子一头热：科学热恋着艺术，艺术却拒科学于千里之外。
许多大科学家一生钟爱艺术，且懂艺术，从中汲取养料，善养浩然之气，或得到人生最大安慰。相反，能热爱并且理解自然科学和工程技术的文学艺术家真可谓凤毛麟角。
艺术家对自然科学望而生畏，敬而远之,原因之一是里面有一大堆高深的数学公式。其实，撇开数学，绕过那一大堆公式，一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的．这恰如我们虽然看不懂莫扎特乐曲的总谱，却照样能同它的主旋律产生共鸣，击节称赞．


Proverbs in Latin American Talk
Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten

so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegantes. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting.
When a neighbor’s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora, ‘There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled wither husband’s parents, and Imelda was insisting that she apologize to them. Her daughter objected, “But, Mama, I just can’t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they’re too poor. So today when they wouldn’t even lend enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that I’ve heard you say a hundred times: ‘If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?’ “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, ‘What the tongue says, the neck pays for?’ I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, “What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try, “But Mama, you often say, ‘If the saint is annoyed, don’t pray to him until he gets over it.’ Can’t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: ‘If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.’ You know, my child, you did wrong. But, ‘A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.’ I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner. I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law.
Bill Gates
Consider the following statements, made by the same man eight years apart. "Eventually, being 'poor' won't be as much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills." That was Bill Gates talking in 1992. Way back then, the Microsoft chairman's image was that of a rather harsh, libertarian-leaning fellow who proudly declared his products alone would "change the world."
Yes, even Bill Gates, the iconic capitalist of our day, seems to have come around. The self-assured Gates of 1992 was obviously a man of his times, confident of his industry's ability to change the world, certain that the power of markets and new technology, once unleashed, would address most of the world's ills. But the more skeptical Gates of the new millennium is someone who evinces a passion for giving and government aid. He shares a gro

wing realization, even in the multibillionaire set, that something is amiss with the ideology that has prevailed since the end of the cold war: global-capitalism-as-panacea.


Unit 7 前后贯通 整体把握
分隔结构
1. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. ( Voltaire )
2. We need in politics man who have something to give, not men who have something to get.
3. The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.
倒装结构
1. It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants. What are you industrious about? (Thoreau)
2. Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust. (Robbins Stacie, British writer)
3. Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime, and too sleepy to worry at night.
4. The most glorious moment in your life are not the so-called days of success, but rather those days when out of dejection and despair you feel rise in you a challenge to life, and the promise of future accomplishment. (Gustave Flaubert, French writer)
否定结构
1. All men can't be first.
2. Rarely are sons similar to their fathers:most are worse, and a few are better than their fathers.
3. Nothing is a greater misfortune than not being able to bear misfortune.
并列结构
1. The primary purpose of education is not to teach you to earn your bread, but to make every mouthful sweeter. (J. Agell)
2. Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort .(Franklin Roosevelt)
比较结构
1. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. (George Bernard Shaw)
2. Comparison, more than reality, makes men happy or wretched.
3. Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato)
4. Happiness is nothing more than good health and a bad memory. (Albert Schweitzer)
5. If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention, than to any other talent. Isaac Newton
English language
What a noble medium the English language is! It is not possible to write a page without experiencing positive pleasure at the richness and variety, the flexibility and the profoundness of our mother tongue. What a pity that English is not more generally studied. I am not going to attack classical education. No one who has the slightest pretension to literary tastes can be insensible to its attraction. But I confess our present educational system excites in my mind grave misgivings, which I cannot believe is the best or even reasonable, a system that thrusts upon reluctant and uncomprehending multitudes treasures which can only be appreciated by the privileged and gifted few. To the vast majority of children who attend our public schools, classical education is from beginning to end long, useless and meaningless. If I am told that classical subjects are t

he best preparation for the study of English. I reply that by far this preparatory stage is incomplete and without deriving any of the benefits which are promised as its result.

Human Cloning
After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human cloning has shifted to the states. Six states have already banned cloning in one form or another, and this year alone 38 anticloning measures were introduced in 22 states. The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether.
Since 1997, when scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, the specter of cloned babies, infants that are in essence genetic carbon copies of adults, has loomed large in the public psyche and in the minds of lawmakers.
Today, there is widespread agreement that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases. The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent human life, against patients groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry.
History Writing
The task of writing a history of our nation from Rome’s earliest days fills me, I confess, with some misgivings and even were I confident in the value of my work, I should hesitate to say so. I am aware that for historians to make extravagant claims is, and always has been, all too common: Every writer on history tends to look down his nose at his less cultivated predecessors, happily persuaded that he will better them in point of style, or bring new facts to light. Countless others have written on this theme and it may be that I shall pass unnoticed amongst them. If so, I must comfort myself with the greatness and splendor of my rivals, whose work will rob my own of recognition.
My task, moreover, is an immensely laborious one. I shall have to go back more than 700 years, and trace my story from its small beginnings up to these recent times when its ramifications are so vast that any adequate treatment is hardly possible. I am aware too that most readers will take less pleasure in my account of how Rome began and in her early history; they will wish to hurry on to more modern times and read of the period, already a long one, in which the might of an imperial people is beginning to work its own ruin. My own feeling is different; I shall find antiquity a rewarding study. If only, because, while I am absorbed in it, I shall be able to turn my eyes from the troubles, which for so long have tormented the modern world, and to write without any of that over anxious consideration, which may well plague a writer in contemporary life, even

if it does not lead him to conceal the truth.


Unit 8 长句处理 拆分重组
1. The availability of venture capital financing to the young high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increasing competitiveness of, American’s high-tech industries and to the expansion of economy and the increased employment level of the Silicon Valley in California and other high technology concentrations.
2. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
3. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the rapid development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information to more locations with greater speed than is ever possible before.
4. Either party could terminate the contract if the other party fails to fulfill or perform any of the obligations hereunder in the event that such failure remains unremedied 60 days after the service of the written notice by the party to the defaulting party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied.
5. Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best? Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor?

Japan’s Economy
Japan’s once enviable jobless rate will soar to double-digit levels if—and the warning is a big one—firms opt for drastic Western-style layoffs to boost profits. While Japan’s life-time employment system is visibly unraveling, many economists still doubt whether a scenario of soaring joblessness will occur, given that economic incentives to slash payrolls clash with social and political pressures to save jobs. A kinder, gentler approach to restructuring would soften the social instability many fear would result from doubling the jobless rate, already at a record high.
Critics believe it would also cap gains in profit margins and stifle economic vitality, especially in the absence of bold steps to open the door to new growth industries. Some economists believe different methods of counting mean Japan’s jobless rate is already close to 7 per cent by United States standards, not that far from the 7.8 per cent peak hit in the US in 1992 when it began to emerge from a two-year slump.
Economic Policy
The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both t

he level of utilization of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure’s major effects will tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In Keynesian economics, the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unsued productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increased productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.


Unit 9 汉语长句 切割衔接
1. 九寨沟位于四川省北部南坪县境内，是一条纵深40余公里的山沟谷地，因周围有9 个藏族村寨而得名，总面积约620平方公里，其间有翡翠般的湖泊，美妙绝伦，有迭起的瀑布，有五彩斑斓的森林，还有雪山和藏族村寨，浑然一体。
2. 东方明珠广播电视塔位于黄浦江畔、浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。
3. 浦东新区地处中国海岸线中点和长江出海口的交汇处，紧靠繁华的上海市区，背倚物阜民丰的长江三角洲，面对太平洋及东南亚的发达国家和地区，有着得天独厚的地理优势。
4. 当今世界出现汉语热，一是因为中华民族历史悠久，有着光辉灿烂的文化，对人类进步作出过巨大贡献；更是因为最近20年来，中国实行改革开放，综合国力大大提升，与中国打交道、对中华文化感兴趣的国家、国际组织和人员日益增多。
5. 上海大剧院自1998年8月27日开业以来，已经成功上演过歌剧、音乐剧、巴蕾、交响乐、室内乐、话剧、戏曲等各类大型演出和综艺晚会，在国内外享有很高的知名度，许多国家领导人和外国政要、国际知名人士光临大剧院后，给予了高度评价，认为上海大剧院是建筑与艺术的完美结晶，上海大剧院正日益成为上海重要的中外文化交流窗口和艺术沟通的桥梁。

抗战精神
伟大的抗战精神，蕴含着中华儿女和衷共济的团结精神。面对亡国灭种的民族危机，中华儿女，地无分南北，人无分老幼，有钱出钱，有力出力，举国上下，万众一心，用血肉筑成了一座侵略者不可逾越的新的长城。“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”，在民族患难的

时代，这种浩然之气概，不屈之节操，激励着中华儿女赴汤蹈火，殊死奋战，使救亡图存成为可歌可泣、英勇卓绝的斗争。今年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年。重温那段血与火的悲壮历史，缅怀抗日先烈的丰功伟绩，弘扬中华民族伟大的抗战精神，在今天仍然具有十分重要的意义。
钱钟书
他在父亲的教导下“发愤用功”，其实他读书还是出于喜好，只似馋嘴佬贪吃美食：食肠很大，不择精粗，甜咸杂进。极俗的书他也能看得哈哈大笑。戏曲里的插科打诨，他不仅且看且笑，还一再搬演，笑得打跌。精微深奥的哲学、美学、文艺理论等大部著作，他像小儿吃零食那样吃了又吃，厚厚的书一本本渐次吃完，诗歌更是他喜好的读物。重得拿不动的大词典、辞典、百科全书等，他不仅挨着字母逐条细读，见了新版本，还不嫌其烦的把新条目增补在旧书上。他看书常做些笔记。


Unit 10 四字词组 语言增色
上海
上海是一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际大都市，改革开放以来，上海变化之大令世人瞩目。经济高速发展，社会秩序稳定，人民安居乐业，呈现出一片繁华气象。 今天，尽管上海还有着不少色彩斑斓的过去可以留恋和回味，但城市日新月异的面貌却使越来越多的世人折服。浦西展示了上海的辉煌岁月，浦东展现了上海的美好前景。上海就像一轮红日，光芒四射，鲜艳夺目。上海的明天充满希望。

Bill Clinton
The book shows us the progress of a remarkable American, who, through his own enormous energies and efforts, made the unlikely journey from Hope, Arkansas, to the White House---a journey fueled by an impassioned interest in the political process which manifested itself at every stage of his life: in college, working as an intern for Senator William Fulbright; at Oxford, becoming part of the Vietnam War protest movement; at Yale Law School, campaigning on the grassroots level for Democratic candidates; back in Arkansas, running for Congress, attorney general, and governor.
We see his career shaped by his resolute determination to improve the life of his fellow citizens, an unfaltering commitment to civil fights, and an exceptional understanding of the practicalities of political life.
We come to understand the emotional pressures of his youth--born after his father's death; caught in the dysfunctional relationship between his feisty, nurturing mother and his abusive stepfather, drawn to the brilliant, compelling lady whom he was determined to marry; passionately devoted, from her infancy, to their daughter, and to the entire experience of fatherhood; slowly and painfully beginning to comprehend how his early denial of pained him at times into damaging patterns of behavior.
Urban Transportation
The popular vi

ew when discussing urban transportation in American cities today is to decry its sorry state. Newspaper and journals are filled with talk of "urban transportation crisis," of the "difficulties of getting from here to there, " and so on at great length. Matters are reported to get worse and very quickly.
Everyone has his own favorite traumatic experience to report: of the occasion when many of the switches froze on New York's commuter railroads; of the sneak snowstorm in Boston that converted thirty-minute commuter trips into seven hour ordeals; of the extreme difficulties in Chicago and other Midwestern cities when some particularly heavy and successive snowstorms were endured.
One reason for the talk of an urban transportation crisis in the United States today perhaps lies in a failure to meet anticipations. Many commuters expected to reduce their commuting times as systems improved, but instead found themselves barely able to maintain the status quo in terms of time requirements. Another reason for talk of crisis, almost certainly, is the rate of improvement in the performance of urban transportation systems during rush hours has been markedly inferior to that expected during off-peak hours. Specifically, the ability to move quickly about American cities during non-rush hours has improved in a truly phenomenal fashion.

Birthright Citizenship
A proposal to change long-standing federal policy and deny citizenship to babies born to illegal immigrants on U.S. soil ran aground this month in Congress, but it is sure to resurface – kindling bitter debate even if it fails to become law.
At issue is “birthright citizenship” – provided for since the Constitution’s 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868. Section 1 of that amendment, drafted with freed slaves in mind, says: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”
Some conservatives in Congress, as well as advocacy groups seeking to crack down on illegal immigration, say the amendment has been misapplied over the years, that it was never intended to grant citizenship automatically the babies of illegal immigrants. Thus they contend that federal legislation, rather than a difficult-to-achieve constitutional amendment, would be sufficient to end birthright citizenship.
“Most Americans feel it doesn’t make any sense for people to come into the country illegally, give birth and have a new U.S. citizen,” said the spokesman of the federation of American immigration reform. “But the advocates for illegal immigrants will make a fuss; they’ll claim you’re punishing the children, and I suspect the leadership doesn’t want to deal with that.”