教你学术论文毕业论文的写作教程anabstract

Questions on the Abstract•What is the subject matter/area the research paper is dealing with?•What background information is provided by the author(s)?•What is the purpose of the present study?•How is the research to be done?•What are some of the important findings?•What are some of the implications of the study?Elements of structure in an Abstract•We can see that by asking a number of questions we can discover the structure of the Abstract.•We can refer to each section as an "element of stmcture"・ Tlie six elements of structure can then be refeiTed to as•Topic Specification (TS),•Background Information (BI),•Purpose Statement (PS),•Methodology and Data (MD),•Results/Findings (RF), and•Implications/Conclusions (IC).•An important issue here is the time for the writing of the Abstract・•Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case as, for example, people send abstracts of unfinishedpapers to conferences they would like to participate in.•Such abstracts are not totally different from those written for finished papers; they may include less information in some parts like in theResults and Implications sections・Information content of Abstracts•An obvious conclusion to be made at the beginning is that Abstracts are short pieces of writing・•Of course we can have long and short Abstracts but that is beside the point.•The information in an Abstract is condensed because of the summarizing nature of the Abstract・•There is no redundant information in an Abstract・•Getting rid of the redundancy in the Abstracts, however, is not always easy to achieve・Structure of an Abstract•An Abstract of a research paper is the first source of information for a would-be reade匚•Of course the title of the research paper would provide information about the topic of investigation but it is the Abstract that provides a bird^s eye view of the subject matter, the pmpose of the study, the way the research is carried out, some important findings, the implications, and a conclusion.• The Abstract summarizes the study for people who would like to spend no more than a few minutes on the pape匚Sample AbstractTitle： Analyzing Bush's Remarks to the Nation on the Terrorists Attacks from a Critical PerspectiveAbstract：(1) Critical discourse analysis is an important way of inteipreting rather than just describing the linguistic structure of texts. (2) It aims to reveal the relationship between language and ideology・(3) One of the great events that happened in the year 2001 is [was that] the U.S.A. was attacked on September 11th・(4) Right after the attack, President George Bush delivered a speech to the nation. (5) The New York Times ported [reported] his address on Sep, 12th.(6) Tliis paper tries to analyze Bush，s remarks from a critical perspective, focusing on revealing the hidden ideology of the American government.Sample Abstract2On Textual Equivalence of English-Chinese Translation in the Light of Theme/Rheme Theory(1) Translations "refer to the process and result of transfemng a text from the source language into the target language^・(2) One of the issues of translation is the format of equivalence・(3) This light on textual equivalence based on Halliday^ theme/rheme theoiy (4) This paper consists of five parts an introduction. (5) Pail I introduces Halliday^s notion of theme and rheme, theirfunction in a message organization and the main types of theme in English. (6) Part II, with Halliday's theoiy as reference, the paper lists many examples of English-Chinese translation as far as different types of theme is concerned, and then it analyzes the choice of theme in English and the choice of topic in Chinese version. (7) Part III, based on the data analysis of theme choice in English and the topic choice in Chinese in part II, the paper tries to make clear that English and Chinese, belonging to different language systems, have different ways of organizing a message. (8) Part IV suggests some possible ways for English-Chinese translation when them in English can not be taken as topic in Chinese version.(9) Part V is the conclusion, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, a competent translator should decide from the receiver^ perspective what (whether the theme or not) will be placed at the topic position for Chinese audience. (10) Through the theoretical view and the empirical analysis, this paper tries to assert that in translation, at the text level, no exact equivalence can always be found. (11) A translator^ task is to transfer one language into another in a more appropriate format in the target language, on condition that the information and the style of the source language are maintained and well received by the audience of the target language.Comments•The main problem with Abstract 2 is that a lot of the information given in the second paragraph, i.e. sentences 5-9 can be omitted・•Abstracts do not usually give detailed information about the content of each section of a research pape匚•By asking the 6 questions mentioned above, we get some idea of the elements of structure in the Abstract・•However, the information needed for establishing each element has to be sifted through the additional information that could have been put in the Introduction of the same paper.•The secret of a successful Abstract is in giving the most information in the least number of words in a coherent structure. This can be achieved by reading good Abstracts and then imitating them when you need to write one.。