中西方时间观念对比研究

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各国对时间观念的差异

各国对时间观念的差异

各国对时间观念的差异关于各国对时间观念的差异介绍如下:时间观念是文化差异的一个重要方面,不同国家和文化对时间的看法、态度和使用方式都有所不同。

以下将从时间感知、时间利用、守时观念和工作与休闲等方面,探讨各国对时间观念的差异。

一、时间感知不同国家和文化对时间的看法和感知方式存在差异。

一些文化强调时间的线性流动,认为时间是一种有限的资源,应该充分利用,强调计划和组织。

而另一些文化则更注重当下的感受和体验,认为时间是一种无限的资源,应该放松和享受。

因此,不同文化对时间的感知和态度也不同。

二、时间利用不同国家和文化对时间的利用方式也存在差异。

一些文化强调效率和生产力,通常将时间安排得非常紧凑,追求高效率。

而另一些文化则更注重人际关系和情感交流,将时间更多地用于社交和休闲活动。

此外,在一些文化中,时间的分割非常明确,每个时间段都有特定的用途,而在其他文化中,时间的分割则相对较为模糊,没有明确的用途划分。

三、守时观念守时观念也是各国文化差异的一个重要方面。

在一些文化中,守时是非常重要的社会规范,人们通常会准时到达约定地点。

而在其他文化中,对时间的态度则相对较为灵活,迟到或提前到达都是可以被接受的。

此外,在一些文化中,时间的精确度也被强调,而在其他文化中,时间的精确度则相对较为宽松。

四、工作与休闲各国对工作与休闲的看法也存在差异。

一些文化强调工作和生产力,认为工作是人生的重要组成部分,应该全力以赴。

而另一些文化则更注重休闲和娱乐,认为人生应该放松和享受。

此外,在工作与休闲的安排上,各国也存在差异。

一些文化通常将工作和休闲分开,而在其他文化中,工作和休闲的界限则相对较为模糊。

综上所述,各国对时间观念的差异主要表现在时间感知、时间利用、守时观念和工作与休闲等方面。

这些差异反映了不同国家和文化的价值观和生活方式,也影响了人们对时间和生活的看法和态度。

了解和尊重不同国家的时间观念差异,有助于更好地沟通和交流,促进跨文化交流和理解。

中美时间观念差异对比(商务英语专业)

中美时间观念差异对比(商务英语专业)

A Comparison of the Discrepancies of Time Concepts betweenChinese and AmericansAbstractCultural differences exist widely in cross-cultural communication, and differences often cause conflicts and hinder normal communication between different cultures. Different cultures shape people's different concepts of time. Because Chinese and American cultures differ widely in many aspects, such as beliefs, historical backgrounds, social models and so on, their concepts and attitudes toward time are also very different, which has resulted in different time-oriented models. With the closer ties between China and the United States, cultural exchanges have gradually increased. How to treat time and how to use it have greatly affected the effect of cross-cultural communication between Chinese and American cultures. By comparing and analyzing the cultural factors that lead to the discrepancies between Chinese and American time concepts, we can further understand and grasp the respective time orientations of Chinese and American cultures to improve the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication.The main purpose of the article is to make a comparative study of differences in time orientation and the manifestations in life between China and the United States. After that, we will analyze the root causes of the differences and propose countermeasures to bridge the differences and strengthen communication. Keywords: cross-cultural communication, time concepts, time orientation中美时间观念差异对比摘要文化的差异广泛存在于跨文化交际中,而这些差异往往会引起冲突,并且阻碍不同文化之间的正常交流。

时间观念的解析及中西方传统时间观的比较

时间观念的解析及中西方传统时间观的比较

时间观念的解析及中西方传统时间观的比较一、引言时间观念在人类文化中具有重要地位,对人类社会的发展和演变有着深远的影响。

介绍时间观念的重要性和本文的研究意义。

二、时间观念的解析1. 时间的概念:时间是什么?时间的本质是什么?2. 时间的测量:如何精确地测量时间?3. 时间的分类:时间的分类和时间段的划分方式。

三、中西方传统时间观的比较1. 中西方时间观的异同:比较中西方两种传统时间观念的异同点。

2. 中西方对时间的态度差异:探讨中西方对时间的态度差异以及其内在的文化原因。

3. 中西方时间观的影响:比较中西方时间观对社会和人类行为的影响。

四、中西方时间观的转变1. 中西方时间观的历史演变:对中西方时间观的发展进行历史纵观。

2. 中西方时间观的转变:分析中西方时间观的转变,从而探讨人类对时间的认知和思考方式的变化。

五、现代时间观的思考1. 现代科技对时间的影响:现代科技对时间观的影响,如何让时间变得更加主动和有意义。

2. 个人时间观管理:探讨如何建立合理的个人时间观管理体系,做到高效利用时间。

六、结论对前面章节进行总结,进一步探讨时间观念的重要性及其对于人类社会的转型和进步所带来的启示。

第一章引言时间是世界上唯一不可逆的事物,它在人类社会中具有重要地位,对人类社会的发展和演变有着深远的影响。

时间观念是人们在长期的社会实践和思考中逐渐形成的关于时间的观念和认识。

本文旨在对时间观念进行解析,并比较中西方传统时间观的异同。

通过探讨时间观念的发展和演变,以及现代时间观的思考,进一步认识时间在人类社会和个人生活中的重要性和作用。

第二章时间观念的解析1. 时间的概念:时间是指宇宙过程中不间断的连续性,是一种通过测量来刻画的物理量。

它不可捉摸,无法具体感知,却贯穿着我们的生活。

2. 时间的测量:时间的测量是指通过一定的方法和设备,对时间的变化进行观测和记录,从而得出时间的定量结果。

人们从古至今,不断寻找更加准确的方法和工具来测量时间。

中西文化差异之时间观念差异

中西文化差异之时间观念差异
由于中国人对时间认识的局限和传统文化对时间认识的限制,因此在中国文化中产生了许 多关于时间本质的理论
1、 对时间的感知与理解
其中最具代表性的理 论就是"阴阳五行说"
万事万物都要受行说认为:在 宇宙中,万物都有阴 阳两个方面、两种属 性
比如在古代哲学中就 有这样一个经典故事: 天地一阴一阳构成了 阴阳
3_中西文化差异之时间 观念差异11111
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目录 / CONTENTS
1、 对时间的感知与理 解
2、 对时间的重视和珍 惜
3_中西文化差异之时间观念差异11111
时间观念是指人们对时间的认知和态度,它反映了人们对时间的感觉和看法。中国人和西 方人在时间观念上的差异主要体现在对时间的感知、理解、重视、珍惜和利用上。中西文 化差异中,时间观念的差异是最重要的,因为它决定了我们对时间的理解、重视和珍惜
西方文化中,由于其历史起源于古希腊,人们更多地关 注于外部世界和自身的内在精神世界。由于古希腊哲学 家把外部世界看作是神所创造的,他们认为人的一切行 动都必须在神或神明面前进行,这就使他们形成了一种 "外在化"、"超越性"的时间观念。古希腊哲学家认为" 过去"、"现在"、"未来"是相互连接在一起的,就像人 可以在过去中发现未来,也可以在未来中发现过去一样
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汇报完毕 感谢聆听
中国文化中,由于中国历史起源于农耕社会,所以中国人更关注于内在精神世界。在 中国传统文化中,时间既不是外在于人存在的客观存在,也不是与人无关的客观存在 。"过去"、"现在"和"未来"并不像西方文化中那样作为一个客观存在而存在。在中国 传统文化中,过去和未来并不是一个客观存在或独立于人而独立存在的客观存在;而 过去、现在和未来却与人密切相关,它们共同构成了一个完整的整体

中西方时间观念差异例子

中西方时间观念差异例子

中西方时间观念差异例子时间观念是不同文化之间的重要差异之一。

中西方时间观念的差异体现在很多方面,包括对时间的看待方式、时间的利用方式以及时间的价值观等。

下面将通过一些例子来说明中西方时间观念的差异。

首先,中西方对待准时的态度有所不同。

在西方文化中,准时被视为一种重要的价值观念,人们非常注重时间的准确性和效率。

例如,在西方国家,如果你迟到了一个会议或者约会,会被认为是不尊重他人的行为。

而在中国文化中,人们对待时间的态度相对较为灵活。

虽然准时也被认为是一种美德,但是人们对于时间的弹性更大,迟到一两分钟并不会被视为大问题。

其次,中西方对待时间的利用方式也有所不同。

在西方文化中,时间被视为一种有限的资源,人们注重高效地利用时间。

例如,西方人通常会将工作时间和休闲时间分开,努力保持工作与生活的平衡。

而在中国文化中,人们更倾向于将工作和生活融为一体,不拘泥于时间的划分。

例如,中国人常常会在工作之余与同事或朋友一起吃饭、喝茶,这种社交活动被视为重要的人际关系建立方式。

此外,中西方对待时间的价值观也存在差异。

在西方文化中,时间被视为金钱,人们注重时间的效益和经济价值。

例如,西方人通常会将时间与金钱进行等价交换,他们会计算每小时的工资,以此来衡量时间的价值。

而在中国文化中,时间被视为一种自然流动的现象,人们更注重时间的质量和内涵。

例如,中国人常常会将时间与情感、思考等联系在一起,他们更注重时间的体验和感受。

最后,中西方对待时间的观念差异还体现在日常生活中的一些细节上。

例如,在西方文化中,人们通常会提前预约,以确保时间的安排。

而在中国文化中,人们更倾向于即时安排,更加注重灵活性和随机性。

另外,西方人通常会将时间分割成小块,以提高效率。

而中国人则更倾向于将时间视为一个整体,注重整体的流动和变化。

综上所述,中西方时间观念的差异体现在对待准时的态度、时间的利用方式以及时间的价值观等方面。

这些差异不仅反映了不同文化的特点,也影响着人们的生活方式和行为习惯。

中美时间观念对比

中美时间观念对比

中美时间观念对比
随着中美两国的关系的深入发展,两国的文化差异也是一个被两国探讨的热点话题。

因此,比较中美文化时,时间观念也是一个不可忽视的话题。

在两国不同的时间观念下,它们处于不同的社会角色,从而影响到中美文化之间的交流和通信。

从美国人的角度来看,时间是一种货币,它被看作宝贵的财产,因此美国人很注重时间的管理。

他们厌恶长时间的等待,并且偏爱完成任务的“立即”回报。

因此,他们不喜欢被耽误时间的行为,还偏爱精确的排程安排。

不同的是,中国人把时间看作是“流动的”,他们不像美国人那样,把时间看得比金钱更重要。

中国人更喜欢随性而来,而不是严格遵循时间表。

在他们眼中,社交活动和行为更有意义,因此他们不拘泥时间安排等问题。

此外,由于中国文化中处处流传着一种“人情主义”,对时间可以宽容一点,所以美国人不喜欢的中文“延迟”就是一个可以容忍的概念。

美国人不喜欢延迟,而中国人则不喜欢紧迫的时间,但他们都把“延迟”看得另外一种方式:例如,在中国文化中,人们喜欢把时间花在友谊等社交活动上,而不是完成任务。

因此,比较中美的文化中,时间观念是非常有趣的,它也是两种文化交流和理解的重要窗口。

尽管中美的时间观念有所不同,但是这些不同也为两国文化之间带来了不同的意义和价值,从而促进了两国之间文化的相互认知和交流。

在实际工作和生活中,中美文化有着重要的不同,尤其是在时间观念上的不同。

因此,美国和中国的商务人员、学生和旅行者都应该了解这一点,以便他们在接触两种文化时也能做到相互尊重和了解。

只有这样,两国文化之间才能进一步深化理解,增进友谊。

跨文化交际中的中美时间观对比研究开题报告

跨文化交际中的中美时间观对比研究开题报告

一、概述1. 背景介绍我国和美国作为世界上两个最大的国家,在文化和社会制度上存在着诸多差异。

其中,时间观念作为文化的核心之一,对人们的生活和行为产生着深远的影响。

本研究旨在探讨中美两国在时间观念方面的差异,以期为跨文化交际提供一定的参考和指导。

二、中美时间观念的差异1.时间观念的概念在概念上解释时间观念的差异。

我国传统文化中,时间被理解为一个循环和节奏的概念,强调与自然的和谐统一。

而美国人则更强调时间的线性和进步性,强调时间的价值和效率。

2.时间的使用方式中美两国在时间的使用方式上存在明显的差异。

我国人更注重节省时间,强调“一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴”,强调时间的珍贵性。

而美国人则更加重视时间的有效利用,倡导“时间就是金钱”的观念。

3.时间观念对生活的影响中美时间观念差异对生活方式、工作习惯等方面均有深远的影响。

我国人更倾向于注重情感交流和人际关系,时间观念相对较为灵活。

而美国人更注重效率和成就,时间观念相对较为严谨。

三、中美时间观念差异的原因分析1.文化传统的影响中美时间观念的差异在很大程度上受到各自文化传统的影响。

我国传统文化中强调人与自然的和谐,时间被视为一种资源而非商品。

而美国文化则更加强调个人成就和利益,时间被视为一种可以被量化和利用的资源。

2.社会制度的影响中美两国的社会制度对时间观念也产生了影响。

我国的集体主义社会制度使得人们更加注重人际关系和情感交流,因此时间观念相对较为灵活。

而美国的个人主义社会制度导致人们更注重效率和成就,时间观念相对较为严谨。

四、跨文化交际中的挑战与应对策略1. 理解对方时间观念的差异在跨文化交际中,要充分理解对方的时间观念差异,避免因此产生误解和冲突。

2. 保持尊重和包容尊重对方的时间观念差异,积极倡导包容和理解,避免因此产生文化隔阂。

3. 寻求共同点,协调双方时间安排在交流中,可以寻求共同点,协调双方的时间安排,使得双方在时间上更加协调和融洽。

五、结论中美两国在时间观念上存在着明显的差异,这种差异对跨文化交际产生了一定的挑战。

中西方时间观念对比研究三篇

中西方时间观念对比研究三篇

中西方时间观念对比研究三篇时间观念是人们对时间的感知,认识和反应。

由于环境、文化以及思维方式、行为方式等方面的差异,人们对时间有着不同的认知和支配方式。

时间观念能够反映一种文化的基本内涵。

因此,来自中西方不同文化背景的人们对时间有着不同的概念和态度。

如果对其他文化的时间观念没有充分的了解,理所当然地以本国的文化准则和时间观念去进行跨文化交际,那么就有可能会产生误解,导致跨文化交际失败。

因此,在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天,研究中西文化的时间观念差异就显得尤为重要。

过去和未来的时间观中国人受儒家等传统文化的影响,比较倾向于性本善之说,并且重视传统。

因此,中国人在时间取向上倾向于过去。

人们在行事时喜欢引经据典,追本溯源,以史为鉴。

相对而言,人们对未来则不太感兴趣,因为未来是难以预测和把握的。

受到这种时间取向的影响,人们崇拜祖先、尊敬老人、重视经验、默守陈规。

西方人则主要采取未来的时间取向。

他们受基督教“原罪说”影响,认为回归过去如同走向“原罪”,因此他们更愿意着眼于未来。

秉持着未来取向的时间时间观念,西方人敢于创新,善于打破常规,推陈出新。

中西方在这一时间取向上的差异表现在许多方面。

举个简单的例子,在中国古装电视剧数不胜数;而在西方国家,特别是美国,有关未来题材的各种科幻大片却层出不穷,倍受欢迎。

另一个具有代表性的差别是中西方文化对“老”这一概念的不同理解。

按照中国的传统观念,“老”意味着有年龄、有经验,是智慧和权威的象征。

但这种观念在西方却并不被认同,“老”很可能被理解为能力衰退。

因此在与西方人交流时,年龄成为了一个人们忌讳的话题。

环形与直线型的时间观不同文化对时间的看法,也可区分为直线式时间观念和环形的时间观念(关世杰,1995)。

环行的时间观念认为,时间是不断运动的圆圈,呈永恒周期性圆辐式或螺旋式运动。

例如,昼夜的交替、季节的往复、月份的轮流、年岁的更迭以及植物的周期生长、农时劳作的更替等都是循环往复、周而复始的循环运动(葛志宏,2004)。

中美时间观的对比分析剖析

中美时间观的对比分析剖析

Thank you !
美国-未来的时间取向
相对较短的历史,采取现在或,极少回顾过去,一切着眼于未来。
时间体系 计划和预约的不同 办公时间和私人时间的不同 中国-多向时间值
倡导在一个时间段内做很多事情,他们做事不受时间和日程安排的限制,有 较强的灵活性。
美国-单向时间值
时间不可重复,倡导特定时间段内只做一件事情,比较看重时间和日程 安排严肃地对待时间,珍惜时间,重视时效,预约、守约和准时。
时间模式 英汉时间习语的不同 交际风格的不同 中国-循环时间观
时间像一个圆圈,始终按照自然规律做着永恒周期性螺旋式运动。像自然界中的 昼夜交替,季节往复,佛教文化中的生死轮回,都是时间循环性的表现.
美国-线性时间观
时间是一种线性的单项持续运动,它包括过去、现在和将来,时刻处于变化 之中。一旦消逝便无法挽回。所以西方人使用时间十分精确,经常会精确到分秒。
文化根源
历史因素 宗教信仰 农业文化与工业文化 集体主义和个体主义
高低语境文化
应对策略
了解和学习不同文化
避免种族中心主义
培养文化移情能力 避免时间取向的文化定势
结论

通过对中美时间观的对比研究 , 可以看出在时间取 向上, 中国重视历史, 有过去的时间取向, 美国重视未来, 有将来的时间取向;中国传统的时间观以循环时间观为主, 而美国则是线性时间观 ; 在计时、用时和守时的习惯上 , 中国属于多向时间习惯 , 美国属于单向时间习惯。但本 研究只局限于定性分析,将来研究需结合定量分析,以 增强是说服力。 然而在当前的动态的全球化语境下, 旧的时间观念受到了冲击与挑战 , 时间价值观与计划性 增强, 由过去取向向未来取向转化。 一种建立在理性、 务实、效率的现代观基础上的线性的、以当下为核心并 向未来开放的时间意识逐渐为不同文化的人们所接受。 要以动态的眼光审视不同国家的时间观。

英国和中国的文化观念存在哪些异同?

英国和中国的文化观念存在哪些异同?

英国和中国的文化观念存在哪些异同?随着全球化的加速,人们越来越意识到不同国家和不同地区的文化差异。

英国和中国是两个拥有悠久历史和文化的国家,它们之间的文化深层次的差异也备受关注。

本文将探讨英国和中国的文化观念的异同。

一、时间观念1.英国人的时间观念英国人的时间观念来自于现代工业社会的产生和发展,他们注重时间的守时和效率,以及时间与金钱的价值等。

英国人坚持时间就是金钱,因此,大多数英国人把时间看做是一种有限的、珍贵的资源,因此他们会把时间分配给一个特定的活动或人。

2.中国人的时间观念中国人的时间观念主要来自于传统文化背景下的影响,中国文化注重历史传承和传统,强调和谐共处,所以不太注重时间的精确性和效率。

在中国文化中,人类与自然和谐共存的观念非常重要,因此中国人更注重自然的节奏和时间的流动,更强调人际关系中的互信和情感的交流。

二、礼仪观念1.英国人的礼仪观念英国人非常注重礼仪,礼貌的言语和姿态在英国社会中被视为重要的社交工具。

他们更注重表达个人意愿和独立思想,而不是别人怎么看他们,因此他们看起来相对冷漠。

在英国社会中,许多礼仪规范已经成为了约定俗成的行为准则,如宴会上不能从共同的盘子里取食物,不能提及敏感话题等。

2.中国人的礼仪观念中国人非常注重礼仪,礼仪被视为维护人际关系的关键。

在中国文化中,个人信奉和传统文化的维护是一种责任和义务,因此,礼节和规则非常重要。

中国人习惯于表现出谦虚、和蔼和热情的面孔,重视集体的利益,强调群体意识,所以他们看起来更为热情和亲近。

三、态度与价值观1.英国人的态度与价值观英国人非常注重个人的隐私权和独立性。

在英国社会中,自由主义和个人主义非常流行,因此个人自由和独立意识被视为重要的价值观。

英国人重视良好的教育和专业技能,认为这些是成功的关键。

在英国社会中,强调公正和平等的价值观也非常重要。

2.中国人的态度与价值观中国人非常注重团体的意识和亲密性,家庭和社区是他们生活的一个重要支持系统。

中美文化时间观念的差异

中美文化时间观念的差异

中美文化时间观念的差异中美两国文化时间观念的差异是显而易见的。

在中文中,时间被看作是一个循环的过程,一个人的生命被主要分为十二个年份,每一个年份都与十二生肖之一相结合,每一年都有不同的象征意义。

在中国文化中,重视时间的周期性。

以太阳活动为基础,将一年分为四个季节,每个季节有不同的气候和景象。

在中国文化中,时间是非线性的,起伏不定的。

相反,美国文化中的时间观念主要是线性的,时间被看作是一个从过去到未来的无尽的进展。

人们在美国文化中,往往会感到“时间匆忙”,时间是可以浪费的,因为时间等价于金钱,它可以用来赚钱或者生产出其他物品。

因此,在美国文化中,时间是有用的,而且人们经常强调时间的重要性。

在中文中,时间的重要性主要体现在人际关系上。

在中国文化中,有一种说法是“不论我遇到什么困难,我会成立日子。

”这表明在中国文化中,时间被看作是一种资源,需要管理和规划。

在传统的中国文化中,重视时间的“维度”,时间作为人际上的一种资源的思想将天文、自然、社会、节令的方方面面纳入其中,构成了“天人合一”、“天时地利人和”的哲学思想。

与之相比,在美国文化中,时间往往被看做是一种快捷的手段,通过“多任务并行工作”或者“快速完成”来节省时间。

此外,中文和英文中的时间表述方式也有所不同。

在中文中,时间被表述为“点”和“间隔”,例如,“上午十点”,“晚上七点半”,“周末两天”。

英文中则更倾向于表达为“时刻”和“持续时间”,例如,“十点钟”,“两小时”等。

因此,中美两国文化中的时间观念基本上是截然不同的。

在中文中,时间被视为一种循环的资源,需要管理和规划。

而在美国文化中,时间被视为线性的资源,具有极高的效率和经济价值。

这种文化时间观念的差异,也反映在两国人民的生产和生活方式中。

因此,在国际交流和跨国合作中,必须了解和尊重彼此的时间观念和文化背景,以避免不必要的误解和矛盾。

中西方在时间意识方面的异同

中西方在时间意识方面的异同

中西方在时间意识方面的异同一、单向计时制与多向计时制美国人类学家霍尔在《超越文化》一书中区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”和“多向计时制”②。

单向计时制和多向计时制与一个人的时间结构有关。

持有单向计时制时间观念的人对事情有明确的规划,按照计划一件一件地做事。

对于单向计时制的文化来说,同时做几件事是不负责任和缺乏效率的表现。

多向计时制则相反:人们没有详细的日程安排或明确的计划,即使有计划也不一定按照计划行事,而是想到什么事就做什么事,即使是在办公的地方,我们随处可见一个工作人员正在同时应对几个人或同时处理几件事情。

许多学者认为中国人属于多时制,习惯同时处理几件事情,根据人际关系来调整自己的时间安排。

然而,这种情况在大城市已经发生了很大的变化,在大城市中生活速度日益加快,人们愈来愈重视时间的安排。

严格的计划和支配时间已成为人们生活的需要。

本批赴泰汉语志愿者教师多来自北师大,已经习惯了北京忙碌而有节奏的生活,对事情有明确的规划,他们的时间观念更倾向于单向计时制。

而泰国人则属于典型的多向计时制,没有清晰的日程安排,经常有“临时通知”的事情。

例如:(1)周三,王老师去上课,可是教室空无一人。

王老师以为学生又迟到了,所以在教室等,可是半小时后还是没有学生来上课。

王老师只好去问其他老师,才知道学生这天要去参加其他的活动,不来上课了。

周四,王老师正在给高一年级的学生上课,楼下突然响起广播,通知学生们到楼下集合。

学生们收拾书包就下去集合了,也不管课程讲到了哪里。

周五,要进行课堂测验,王老师拿着考卷到教师,发现全班有一半的学生都去寺庙参加活动了,所以只能推迟测验。

在泰国的学校,这是个普遍现象。

学校不会对未来一个月甚至一周的活动有明确的计划,而是临时通知学生要去参加活动,课程由此取消。

对此,泰国教师已经习以为常。

可是初到泰国的志愿者教师对于教学有较为明确的规划,包括这节课要讲什么,这个月要完成什么,都是提前计划好的。

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究何谓“时间”?时间的所谓“本质”是什么?何谓“时间意识”或“时间观念”?它们的所谓“本质”又是什么?这篇文稿并无这样的意图,对诸如此类既古老又“纯粹”的时间哲学问题进行求索和提供答案。

本文将集中研究以下几组同时间哲学有联系的理论专题。

第一组是与人的“时间观念”相关联的理论专题。

其中包括:如何“还原”出时间观念的问题;时间观念中的时间样式的划分问题;时间观念形成的渊源问题;时间观念中的时间维度问题。

附带说一句,此处提到的“时间观念”是超地域、跨文化的,对任何民族均一视同仁。

因此,它可以为研究和比较中西方传统哲学中的时间观奠定一个普遍适用的理论基础。

第二组理论专题是:首先纵览中西方时间观的概貌,然后分别介绍中国和西方传统哲学中的几种有代表性的时间观。

其中包括三个理论专题:综述中西方哲人对时间观念作出的不同解释。

综述中国传统哲学中从《易经》开端的某些学派的时间观,这个专题主要涉及先秦时期的《易经》、儒家、道家、墨家和《易传》中独具特色的时间哲学及其时间观,力求做到“见一斑而窥全豹”。

既然只见“一斑”,战国后期的“诸子”,两汉以降的董仲舒、王充、魏晋玄学、中国佛教和宋明理学……的时间哲学及其时间观皆付之阙如。

至于设定超越时间之流的时间观,如董仲舒所云“天不变,道亦不变”的“天道不变说”的超时间观,又如《大乘起信论》标榜的“一心二门”论,其中涉及与“心真如门”相关的“真如不生不灭”的超时间观,由于篇幅所限,不得不或者割爱或者点到为止。

综述西方传统哲学中的某些类型的时间观,重点介绍延续两千余年从柏拉图、亚里士多德经圣·奥古斯丁到牛顿、康德等为数不多的几位先哲的时间哲学。

比方说,基督教教义和基督教哲学涉及的某些时间问题,例如,是上帝在现成的时间流程中创造世界万物?还是上帝既创造了世界万物,又创造了用来创造万物的时间流程和万物演变的时间流程?均在略加点染之列。

第三组理论专题是:对中国和西方传统哲学的时间观中几个发人深省的方面作一些对比研究。

中西方在时间观念方面的差异

中西方在时间观念方面的差异

中西方在时间观念方面的差异:
(一)过去时间取向和未来时间取向
时间取向是文化差异中的一个相对稳定的因素。

人们根据其文化在时间连续体上的侧重点来确定自己安排和使用时间的方法。

时间取向与民族的历史背景有关。

深刻影响中国人思想的儒家文化历来重视传统,重视历史,主张把过去的经验教训作为现在行事的重要参考。

1.中美称呼差异
(1)中国的称呼。

中国人对称呼是很严谨的。

经常用“老”这个词来表达对年长者的尊重,因为在中国人的观念里“老”代表成熟,经验丰富和智慧。

(2)美国的称呼。

美国人不重视“地位”,尤其是社会地位。

大多数美国人都不愿意自己因年龄或社会地位的关系而特别受人尊敬,这样会令他们觉得不自在。

(二)多元时间制和一元时间制
美国人类学家E·T·Hall把世界各地使用时间的习惯概括为多元时间制和一元时间制。

多元时间制是传统农业社会的产物,采取这种时间制的人们习惯于在同一时间内做不同的几件事,对计时、用时随意性强。

而遵循一元时间制观念的人们在一段时间内只安排一件事,强调办事的准时和计划性。

中国人采用的时间是趋于多元制的。

因为中华民族对时间的认识是从农业活动开始的,人们把月亮圆缺,季节更替和农事活动联系在一起。

而西方人采取一元时间制。

一元时间制强调日程,阶段性和准时性。

因此他们非常重视时间表,讲究计划的周密性和严谨性。

在一定的程度上,西方人受时钟的“铁腕”控制,它极客观地操纵着人们的社会生活。

从东到西的人们的时间观念有何不同?

从东到西的人们的时间观念有何不同?

从东到西的人们的时间观念有何不同?一、东方文化中的时间观念东方文化中,时间被视为大自然的流动,被赋予了某种超越个人的神圣属性。

以下是东方人时间观念的几个特点:1. 珍惜时间的有限性东方人普遍认为时间是一种有限的资源,应该珍惜和充分利用。

他们抱着“日以继夜,年复一年”的心态,深感时间逝去不复返。

因此,他们倾向于高度珍视时间并追求高效率的工作、学习和生活方式。

2. 重视顺应自然的节奏在东方文化中,人们注重与自然的和谐共处,强调顺应大自然的节奏。

他们相信时间具有自然规律和固定的节奏,因此,他们会根据自然的变化来调整生活和工作的节奏,例如根据季节的差异来调整作息时间、饮食习惯等。

3. 以长远眼光思考东方人的时间观念更注重长远眼光和持久发展。

他们把时间看作是一种积累和沉淀的过程,追求的是经历时间的积淀所带来的智慧和成长。

他们更加注重长期规划、持久经营和稳定发展,而不仅仅关注眼前的利益和短暂的快感。

二、西方文化中的时间观念与东方文化相比,西方文化中的时间观念存在一些明显的差异。

以下是西方人时间观念的几个特点:1. 精确计时和高效率西方人对时间的认识更加精确和准确。

他们注重准时和高效率,倾向于将时间看作是划分工作和生活的标准,强调时间的可量化和可管理性。

西方人普遍遵循时间表和日程安排,倾向于事先确定好每个任务的时间限制,并努力按计划完成。

2. 尊重个人权利和自由在西方文化中,个人的时间被视为私人资产,受到法律保护,被赋予了更多的自由和支配权。

因此,他们更加注重个人的时间管理和自我决策,追求享受个人自由和追求个人兴趣和愿望的权利。

3. 追求及时和即时性西方人更加注重事物的及时性和即时反馈。

他们喜欢追求即时满足和享受,追求快速反应和即时回报。

这种特点在西方的商业文化中尤为明显,例如迅捷的交易、快速的物流以及高效的客户服务等。

三、东西方时间观念的影响因素东西方时间观念的差异不仅仅是文化传统的影响,还受到许多其他因素的影响。

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究

时间观念的解析及中西传统时间观的比较研究【摘要】本文旨在探讨时间观念对文化和社会的影响,通过比较中西传统时间观的异同,分析其起源、发展和对现代社会的影响。

文章首先从时间观念的重要性入手,阐述了本文的研究目的。

接着从中西传统时间观的起源及差异性入手,结合现代社会的需求探讨了时间观念在未来的展望。

最后探讨了现代时间观与传统时间观的融合,指出时间观念对文化的影响及提出了一些建议。

通过这些讨论,我们可以更好地了解时间观念在不同文化背景下的重要性,以及如何应对未来可能出现的时间观念变化。

【关键词】时间观念、中西传统、比较研究、文化影响、现代社会、差异性分析、融合、未来展望、启示、建议1. 引言1.1 时间观念的重要性时间观念是人类生活中至关重要的一部分,它影响着我们的思想方式、生活习惯以及社会行为。

一个人对时间的认识和理解直接影响着他们的行动方式和决策过程。

时间观念不仅在个体层面上具有重要意义,也在社会层面上具有深远影响。

一个社会的时间观念反映了其文化传统、价值观念和生活模式,对社会的发展和变革起着至关重要的作用。

在当今快节奏的社会中,时间观念更显得重要。

人们面临着诸如时间管理、效率提升、压力释放等诸多挑战。

一个健康的时间观念可以帮助个体更好地应对这些挑战,提高工作和生活的质量。

时间观念的重要性还体现在跨文化交流和合作中。

不同文化对时间的认知存在差异,在跨文化交流中需要尊重和理解对方的时间观念,才能促进良好的合作关系。

我们有必要深入探讨时间观念的本质和价值,研究不同文化背景下的时间观念差异,以更好地适应当今多样化的社会环境和全球化的交流格局。

通过对时间观念的分析和研究,我们可以更好地把握时间,合理安排生活和工作,提升自身的综合素养和生活质量。

1.2 本文研究的目的本文的研究目的是通过比较分析中西传统时间观念的差异和共同点,探讨不同文化背景下的时间观念对社会和个体的影响。

通过对传统时间观念的深入解读,我们希望能够揭示时间观念在文化传承和社会发展中的作用与意义,为现代社会的时间观念转变提供启示和建议。

中西方时间观念对比

中西方时间观念对比

中西方时间观念比照中西方时间观念比照摘要:东西方文化传统的不同,导致人们的时间观念存在差异。

时间观念的差异会使跨文化交际产生交际障碍和失误。

本文拟从哲学根底、时间形态、时间取向、时间制式、时间形态等几个层面,比拟东西方时间观念的差异,期望能有助于人们更好的了解东西方时间观,提高交际能力。

关键词:东西方文化;差异;比拟时间是人和周围世界存在的一种形式。

时间观是人们在认识和改造客观世界的过程中逐渐形成的,人们的时间观一旦形成后,其言行就不知不觉地受其制约与支配。

不同的文化形成其特定的时间观念。

不同的文化观念对人们的语言、行为习惯、思维习惯等都会产生很大的影响。

深入了解不同文化的时间观有利于我们跨文化交际,提高语言应用能力。

一、中西方时间观念比照1.1中西方时间认知之哲学根底中国传统计时采用的主要是干支法。

10个天干和12个地支组成60对干支,可用于年、月、日、时辰的表述。

中国文化自古注重人与时的和谐,“天人合一〞是中国哲学的根本精神之一。

在中国传统文化中,农历除了作为一种表述时间的重要手段,更多的那么作为一种生活行为的指导,如迁居择址、婚丧嫁娶等。

“天人合一〞的思维方式使中国文化在感知事物时,强调主客一体,这导致中国人对时间的感知带有浓厚的主观色彩。

人们对客观时间的感知界限往往比拟模糊,并且表达时间常采取模糊表达方式。

例如:“过了半天〞,“一小会儿〞等等。

这些常用的时间表达方式大多需要说者和听者依靠特定语境才能准确理解。

西方文化采取的那么是“二元〞的思维模式,将主体与客体明确分开,研究主体与客体的相互关系。

这种哲学观念使西方人对时间的认识更加注重对自然时间和物理时间的探讨,具有很大的客观性。

西方人很早就意识到时间中的过去、现在、将来,并对此有所区分。

与汉语截然不同,西方语言大多需要通过动词复杂变化表示动作时间的明确差异。

1.2过去与未来的时间取向时间取向是时间观念中的一个重要方面。

人们通常根据其文化在时间取向连续体上的侧重点来确定自己的立场。

最新-中西方时间观念比较分析 精品

最新-中西方时间观念比较分析 精品

中西方时间观念比较分析本文将集中研究以下几组同时间哲学有联系的理论专题。

第一组是与人的时间观念相关联的理论专题。

其中包括如何还原出时间观念的问题;时间观念中的时间样式的划分问题;时间观念形成的渊源问题;时间观念中的时间维度问题。

附带说一句,此处提到的时间观念是超地域、跨文化的,对任何民族均一视同仁。

因此,它可以为研究和比较中西方传统哲学中的时间观奠定一个普遍适用的理论基础。

方传统哲学中的几种有代表性的时间观。

其中包括三个理论专题1综述中西方哲人对时间观念作出的不同解释。

2综述中国传统哲学中从《易经》开端的某些学派的时间观,这个专题主要涉及先秦时期的《易经》、儒家孔子和孟子、道家老子和庄子、墨家和《易传》中独具特色的时间哲学及其时间观,力求做到见一斑而窥全豹。

既然只见一斑,战国后期的诸子,两汉以降的董仲舒、王充、魏晋玄学、中国佛教和宋明理学……的时间哲学及其时间观皆付之阙如。

至于设定超越时间之流的时间观,如董仲舒所云天不变,道亦不变的天道不变说的超时间观,又如《大乘起信论》标榜的一心二门论,其中涉及与心真如门相关的真如不生不灭的超时间观,由于篇幅所限,不得不或者割爱或者点到为止。

3综述西方传统哲学中的某些类型的时间观,重点介绍延续两千余年从柏拉图、亚里士多德经圣·奥古斯丁到牛顿、康德等为数不多的几位先哲的时间哲学。

比方说,基督教教义和基督教哲学涉及的某些时间问题,例如,是上帝在现成的时间流程中创造世界万物?还是上帝既创造了世界万物,又创造了用来创造万物的时间流程和万物演变的时间流程?均在略加点染之列。

面作一些对比研究。

笔者概括出了以下五个方面1观察时间与体验时间;2时间之体与时间之用;3依存时间相对时间和纯粹时间绝对时间;4实在性时间和非实在性时间;5线行性时间和周行性时间。

要作两点说明其一,为了设定以上五个可资对比的方面,笔者不得不自创了一组同中西方时间哲学有关的术语。

其二,中国和西方传统哲学中各自的时间观的独特之处远不止以上几个方面,笔者不过是列举出其中的较为醒目者而已。

中西方对时间观念的差异的对话

中西方对时间观念的差异的对话

中西方对时间观念的差异的对话时间,对于人类来说,是无法回避的一个概念。

不同的文化背景和环境下,对时间的看法也存在着巨大的差异。

本文将从中西方时间观念的不同角度出发,探讨中西方的时间观念差异,并希望能够达到相互理解、相互融合的目的。

一、中西方时间观念的根源中西方时间观念的根源可以追溯到不同的文化传统。

西方时间观念的起源可以追溯到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德,他认为时间是一种可以度量和管理的量。

中华传统文化中,时间的观念则和阴阳五行、天文历法、农耕文化等息息相关。

因此,在中西方的不同文化传统中,对时间的看法也存在着一定的差异。

二、中西方对时间的不同看法1、时间的概念在西方文化中,时间被看作是一种可以统计和管理的量,例如秒、分钟、小时、天、周、月、年等等。

而在中国文化中,时间的概念则更多地体现在天文历法、节气、农事等方面,例如“节令”、“春节”、“端午节”、“中秋节”、“重阳节”等等。

2、时间的重要性在西方文化中,时间被视为一种非常宝贵的资源,人们通常会用时间来赚钱、工作、社交、学习等。

而在中国文化中,时间则被看作是人生中的一种自然因素,它的存在是无法改变的。

因此,中国人通常会把时间用于家庭、照顾子女、跟长辈聊天、参加社区活动等。

3、时间的管理西方人通常非常注重时间的管理,他们会用各种工具来帮助自己管理时间,例如日历、时钟、提醒器等等。

而中国人则更多地采用“随缘之心”的态度来面对时间,这种态度让人们更加放松、自在。

三、如何理解中西方对时间观念的差异理解中西方对时间观念的差异是非常重要的,这样才能够更加融洽地进行跨文化交流和互动。

在中西方文化的交流中,我们可以从以下三个方面来理解这种差异:1、尊重和包容。

中西方的时间观念虽然存在着一定的差异,但这并不意味着我们应该否定对方的时间观念,相反,我们应该尊重和包容对方的观点、看法和方式。

2、相互学习。

中西方时间观念的差异,也意味着我们可以从对方的文化中学习到更多的东西。

中西方时间观念对比研究

中西方时间观念对比研究

中西方时间观念对比研究comparis on betwee n the Chin ese con cept of time andwester n con cept of timeOgin ates from agriculture civilizati on and in dustrial civilizati on which affect l people 'behavior,aware ness Of con cepts, in dustrial relati on ship , in terpers onal relati on ship and value orie ntati on Different cultures breed differe nt time con cepti ons and time behaviors .Today will talk about the aspects of their differe ncesWhen differe nt time views meet with each other — cultural com muni cati on , con flicts and obstacles Of in terpers onal com muni cati on may arise.1. IntroductionBecause of the social practice , ways of thinking and understanding and time of people from different cultures are different. . That is to say, time ,as an objective existenee , has different forms of reflect ion in differe nt cultures . Time view is see n as a part of cultural deed structure ,which affects people ‘ s perception of the world , controls their judgment and determines theways of behaviors . The vagueness and exactness Of Chinese and western culture usually lead to con flicts and misun dersta nding whe n people in teract with each Other. The Chin ese use time Very casually and tangibly (明确的).The Chinese prefer to say some uncertain words like “at Once", "sometimes”“ a short while" , which always contrary to the westerners . Chinesestude nts who are study ing En glish tend to misuse the tense when com muni cati ng with the foreigners . The reason may be that there is no clear differentiation of the concept Of time in Chinese. When a Chinese and a westerner parted from a party , the westerner said , "I shall invite you to have a lunch one day " . And the Chinese took his words seriously and had been waiting fOr his invitation , but in Vain . So he thought the westerner was dishonest and he did not carry out his promise . In fact, such " promises", as " we will keep in touch " and ''I will see you One day", do not specify the time and place of the invitation and are only greetings . Because we are accustomed to such vague expressing way Of time , we tend to take them seriously .Conversely, a certain behavior also reflects certain concept of time and transmits some message about it . As a way Of non-verbal exchange , time has its own special communicative function . Just as American cultural anthropologist ([??n 0 r?0?l?d??st ]人类学家)E. T. Hall has pointed out that it has its own Ianguage , every culture owns its“time Ianguage" (Hall, l 959, p. 2O). We all have such experience that when people shake hands with each other on social occasi ons , we can know someth ing about their ide ntities , relati onship and status from the order of who stretches his hand first and how long the shaking has lasted. Similarly, if two sides have made an appo in tme nt to n egotiate a con tract at 9 : 00, while one side was late and made no apology , it shows that this side is insincere or his concept of time is not ripe yet.原因:Though time is a cognitive(认知的)concept shared by the human society , because the social practice of people from different cultures and their different historical and geographical environments , people may differ in the meanings they give to time and the way they makeuse of time . Therefore , when people from different cultures carry out communication, time, as an in visible guide, will has a great effect on people' s words and deeds, which preve nts com muni cati on from realizi ng its inten ded purpose . 目的:We try to discuss the differe nee between time values and time behaviors of Chinese cultures and western cultures so as toan alyze their impacts on the cultural com muni cati on2. Difference1..ro un d-trip time view Vs a lin ear on e-directi onal time view环形时间观Vs直线式时间观In the oriental (东方的)world , farming is the major way of carrying out material exchange dominates all the economic life of the whole society. This pastoral civilization treats huma n and the n ature as in terrelated and in teracted , the world as an in teger orga ni cally linked. So the oriental society formed the round-trip time outlook that is “ the nature and the human integer ”. This kind Of time Outlook thinks that time is like a circle and all the things in the world return to its origina1 state after a cycle of time , For example, the alternation of day and ni ght, the come and go of the four seas ons , the tur ning of the twelve mon ths , the in crease of the age and the growing of plantsJIAYu —xin, 1 997, p. 7 1). This kind of time View makes the oriental think that they are rich in time , which enables them to handle the time at their disposaland do things at ease. For example, when a teacher has not finished an important point i n his class, he can prolong his class . At the Chinese wedding feast , few people will come at the time onthe invitation paper. The time distance between the earliest and the latest can be Over One hour. And the wedding feast can last two or three hours . The time of app0intment and Visiting ends is rarely certa in .If a friend wh0 you have n ever met says he will visit you this weeke nd , you have to stay at home for the whole day to wait for him .The western culture usually con siders time as a li ne and a lin ear On e-directi onal continuous movement . Time is mOving on and passing . It is very precious and stubborn . Once it has passed, we cannot get it back . They also think that time has its beg inning and end and can be measured by the clock and calendar ; a certain regularized time is a point on this line and the space between two points is a period . Therefore , the westerners use their time very exactly , like to the minute , in a secOnd , and so on . Time in the western world is nearly a commodity (商品)because it is concrete andvaluable . W e can buy, sell, save, waste, lose, borrow ,make and measure time . There are also suggesting people how to shop , cook, clean their houses and babysit their childre n by using less time and achievi ng excelle nt results .2. Mono chromic time system Vs . Polychromic time system单一时间习惯VS多重时间习惯Different peoples in the world , because Of their different geographical environments , history and traditions , their understandings and attitudes towards time are different , which ref1ect specifically On the habits Of timing and using time . American cultural experts divided the usingOf time in differe nt cultures into two areas : One is mono chromic time system and the other is polychromic time system(Hall , l 982 , p. 1 6) . The former emphasizes schedule and punctuality .using time . Booking are regarded as nothing serious. Being punctual is important but not strict . Many Asian , Latin American , Arabic and African countries beIong to the Iatter . PoIychromic time system is the heritage of traditional agriculturaI society . Their people are used to doing severa1 different things at the same time and do things stressing ripe conditions . The Chinese think that everything in the wor1d develops with the cyc1ing Of time , so people stress (强调) ripe conditions when work . That is tosay , each step Of our action is determined temporarily by our surroundings . So the Chinese action is poorly planned, very tangible but inefficient . The Chinese hardly subscribe in advance in the social activity . Friends and relatives can Visit each other at any time and place . In some occasions , peopIe can chat , read newspaper and work at the same time . The Chinese can go on with One thing next day that has not been finished 1ast day . The Chinese salesmen can check Out with the first customer on the one hand , and show the goods to a second one on the other hand , even greet a third One at the same time . However, the wester ns can hardly accomplish them and also cannot accept them .The wester ns are accustomed to doing only one thing in a specific un it time . So, caIe ndar, schedule, diary, annual and accounting ledger p1ay a very important ro1e in the westernwor1d . America ns are stron gly con trolled by time ' iron hand . They even claim themselves to be “ slave to nothing but the clock ” : They always feel that time are “ ticking in their inner heart. There is a saying"Time is everything ' . Hall(1 982, p . 20)has said: "In the western world ,no body can escape from the con trol Of One—way time ' s iron hand . In fact, social and commercial life even sexual lives are all under time ' s control. Time weave the net Of people ' s life totalIy" . In cross—cultural commercia1 activities , the westerners do things strictly in accorda nce with time table , while the Chin ese stress in terpers onal relati on ship ' s harm ony and ripe conditions Of things ' development, not allowing the time table to interfere . So the trade of these two sides always fails because Of deadli ne.3 Past time 0rientation VS. future time OrientationTime orientation is a re1atively stable factor in cultura1 difference . It is connected to the historicalbackgro und of the people . Gen erally speak ing , people who have too heavy traditi on load stress history and past , and their time orientation is past — oriented . We belong to past — orie nted . People show great respect to the past . The past experie nee and less on are importa nt reference for today' s success and failure . The Chinese show respect to our aneestors and teachers . We like to say things by referring to the old books and stories . That is why we call teacher "1ao shi” . Gen erally speak ing, China is a society searchi ng f0r quiet ness and stability . Unity and stability are the top priorities of every dynasty and the guarantee of social development .Con tracted to the time orie ntatio n , the westerners , especially America ns , hardly look back and always look forward , so future — orientation is their important value conception . They do not puttoo much emphasis on the history and traditi on like other peoples. every one has the equal chanee and history is not so important . If you work hard , you can succeed. They think that future is con trollable , or at least can be affected by them . what has happe ned now is just preparati on for the bright future . They gen erally believe that cha nge means improveme nt and new things are superior to old things . As a result, the westerners hardly confront to the miles and worship their ancestors . Age and experienee are not desired to be respected .eg. Their differentiation(区另U) in time orientation makes people from China and the western world react differently towards words like “ old age" and “the aged ” . China is a society directed by tradition , and people attach importanee to age and experienee because they are symbols of power and wisdom , so words like “ lao' ' and “ da” in Chinese address always mean respect . However, such honorary titles cannot be used in the western world , because in their mind , "01d"means that their youth has passed away . If we really want to address , we must use“ Respected . . . ” Or "Senior?".4. Time view difference and Social relationsTime View differenee can affect people's value judgme nt of the relati on ship betwee n themselves and the outside world .For example, people have different expectations and evaluati on concerning the len gth of in terpers onal relati on ship 's maintaining time , like pare nts , children, couples, lovers, and friends , and so on .America ns freque ntly move from one place to ano ther and their in terpers onal relati on ship is short and changeable . On the contrary , in China, children have too look after their aged parents un til their death , f rien dship should be Ion g-lasti ng , and reside nee will not easily be cha nged . This different cultural value expectation that has close connection with time Value has made some equal words in English and Chinese have unequal effect , like hopping , divorce and remarry . Corresp onding to time View and in terpers onal relati on ship is Ion g-term or short —term man-thing (人为的)relationship . Materials ' eternity has once been a dream to our human society. People are committed to extend the life of products in order to make them more valuable to us. But the rapidly develop ing western in dustrial civilizati on and fast life space have greatly cha nged westerners ' conception . Man — thing relation becomes shorter and shorter .The modem application Of the English word “change ” gives it positive meaning : Changing tech no logy ,cha nging con cept , for a better cha nge . The Chin ese en tered in dustrial civilizati on very late and they still insist on the eternity and resist to refornl . " bian"in Chinese has always been used to express the negative meaning , like" bian xin", “bian gu", “bian zhi" , “bian tai"and so on.This kind of difference inevitably brings about different value judgments of their respective behavior standards .In fast-pace countries ,patience is n0t highly regarded ,while hurry is morefavored .However ,patient robust and implicit are specially emphasized .5. Changes and fusion Of Chinese time view and western time view People' s time views have been formed gradually ,and they are relatively stable in a long time ,but they are not without changes.The better Of living conditions ,the development Of the economy ,the improvement Of the society and the increase of the interaction of people from different cu1tural backgrounds will undoubtedly have subt1e effects on their time Views ,alth0ugh it is also a long process.with China' s joining the WTO and under the influence of globalization ,peop1e's concepts and life styles have changed a lot .The old time views are challenged and a brand new time View is in the process of formation .6. The Values and planning 0f time have been strengthenedIn a society dominated by traditional culture ,time is value1ess ,and peop1e can work ,sing and chat at the same time .With the development of market economy and the improvement ofindustria1ization ,the vague time system of agricultural society is required to move towards more strict and exact modern time system .The concepts that“ time is money"and “ efficiency is life ” are gradually accepted by people .Now being late for an appointment will be regarded as unreliab1e and irresponsible ,as a result,this person cannot get Others ' trust .The speed Of people 's life has also increased:On the road ,people are hurrying .When happen to meet an old friend ,they just nod to each other ,hardly stopping to have a long chat .There are less visits being paid to the neighbors .These on one hand show that people are more practical and their affection is not so good ,On the other hand they also show we are more respectful Of personal space and we do not interfere others' life order casually .7. CONCLUSION: Turning from past-oriented to future-orientedWith the coming Of the new century ,,the world is changing all the time ,and the competition is more acute .To any nation ,looking back is useless.It can only move forwards .The power of age,experience and teacher in Chinese culture begin to be challenged .When people take their past and history correctly ,they are hurrying to make plans and aims for their life at the same time.In the 2 l st century ,the life and future —oriented time conception that based on nationality ,practicality and efficiency are gradual1y accepted by people from different culture .However ,because time Views Of different society are factors of respective cu1tures ,their biases are deep —rooted and it is not easy to be got rid of .So when people Of the two sides carry out cross —communication ,they should be aware of this p0int and try to avoid conflicts and obstacles brought about by cultural difference Of time views ,so that our communication can achieve its intended aims and we can understand each other 's culture better .作为结语Now ,the time values of both Chinese and western have impacts on each other and are gradually integrated with each Other .We need to know more about them so that we can form a better concept of time and take a better advantage of time in the future job market.。

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中西方时间观念对比研究comparison between the Chinese concept of time and western concept of time0ginates from agriculture civilization and industrial civilization which affect l people’s behavior,awareness Of concepts,industrial relationship,interpersonal relationship and value orientation.Different cultures breed different time conceptions and time behaviors.Today will talk about the aspects of their differences.When different time views meet with each other —cultural communication,conflicts and obstacles Of interpersonal communication may arise.1.IntroductionBecause of the social practice,ways of thinking and understanding and time of people from different cultures are different..That is to say, time ,as an objective existence,has different forms of reflection in different cultures.Time view is seen as a part of cultural deed structure,which affects people‘s perception of the world,controls their judgment and determines the ways of behaviors.The vagueness and exactness Of Chinese and western cu1ture usually lead to conflicts and misunderstanding when peop1e interact with each Other.The Chinese use time Very casually and tangibly(明确的).The Chinese prefer to say some uncertain words 1ike “at Once",”sometimes”,“a short while",which a1ways contrary to the westerners.Chinese students who are studying English tend to misuse the tense when communicating with the foreigners.The reason may be that there is no clear differentiation of the concept Of time in Chinese.When a Chinese and a westerner parted from a party,the westerner said,“I shall invite you to have a lunch one day”.And the Chinese took his words seriously and had been waiting f0r his invitation,but in Vain.So he thought the westerner was dishonest and he did not carry out his promise.In fact,such“promises”,as“we will keep in touch”and‘‘I will see you 0ne day",do not specify the time and place of the invitation and are only greetings.Because we are accustomed to such vague expressing way Of time,we tend to take them seriously.Conversely,a certain behavior also reflects certain concept of time and transmits some message about it.As a way 0f non-verbal exchange,time has its own special communicativefunction.Just as American cultural anthropologist ([ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst] 人类学家)E.T.Hall has pointed out that it has its own language,every culture owns its“time language"(Hall,l 959,p.2O).We all have such experience that when people shake hands with each other on social occasions,we can know something about their identities,relationship and status from the order of who stretches his hand first and how long the shaking has lasted.Similarly,if two sides have made an appointment to negotiate a contract at 9:00,whileone side was late and made no apology,it shows that this side is insincere or his concept of time is not ripe yet.原因:Though time is a cognitive(认知的) concept shared by the human society,because the social practice of people from different cultures and their different historical and geographical environments,people may differ in the meanings they give to time and the way they make use of time.Therefore,when people from different cultures carry out communication, time, as an invisible guide, will has a great effect on people’s words and deeds,which prevents communication from realizing its intended purpose.目的:We try to discuss the difference between time values and time behaviors of Chinese cultures and western cultures so as to analyze their impacts on the cultural communication.2.Difference1..round-trip time view Vs a linear one-directional time view环形时间观Vs直线式时间观In the oriental(东方的)world,farming is the major way of carrying out material exchange dominates all the economic life of the whole society.This pastoral civilization treats human and the nature as interrelated and interacted,the world as an integer organically linked.So the oriental society formed the round-trip time outlook that is“the nature and the human integer”.This kind Of time Out1ook thinks that time is like a circ1e and all the things in the world return to its origina1 state after a cyc1e of time,For example,the alternation of day and night,the come and go of the four seasons,the turning of the twelve months,the increase of the age and the growing of plants(JIAYu—xin,1 997,p.7 1).This kind of time View makes the oriental think that they are rich in time,which enables them to handle the time at their disposaland do things at ease.For example,when a teacher has not finished an important point in his class,he can prolong his class.At the Chinese wedding feast,few people will come at the time onthe invitation paper.The time distance between the earliest and the Iatest can be Over One hour.And the wedding feast can last two or three hours.The time of app0intment and Visiting ends is rarely certain.If a friend wh0 you have never met says he will visit you this weekend,you have to stay at home for the whole day to wait for him.The western culture usually considers time as a line and a linear 0ne-directional continuous movement.Time is m0ving on and passing.It is very precious and stubborn.Once it has passed,we cannot get it back.They a1so think that time has its beginning and end and can be measured by the clock and calendar;a certain regularized time is a point on this line and the space between two points is a period.Theref0re,the westerners use their time very exactly,1ike to the minute,in a sec0nd,and so on.Time in the western world is nearly a commodity (商品)because it is concrete and valuable.W e can buy,sell,save,waste,lose,borrow,make and measure time.There are also suggesting people how to shop,cook, clean their houses and babysit their children by using less time and achieving excellent results.2. Monochromic time system Vs.Polychromic time system单一时间习惯VS多重时间习惯Different peoples in the worId,because Of their different geographica1 environments,history and traditions,their understandings and attitudes towards time are different,which ref1ect specifically On the habits Of timing and using time.American cultural experts divided the using Of time in different cultures into two areas:One is monochromic time system and the other is polychromic time system(Hall,l 982,p.1 6).The former emphasizes schedule and punctuality.And subscription and punctuality are the customs of it.Many industrialized society adopt monochromic time system.They plan time very carefully,arrange One thing in a period of time,not easily alter the schedule and stress efficiency.The latter is very casual in timing and using time.Booking are regarded as nothing serious.Being punctual is important but not strict.Many Asian,Latin American,Arabic and African countries beIong to the Iatter.PoIychromic time system is the heritage of traditional agriculturaI society.Their people are used to doing severa1 different things at the same time and do things stressing ripe conditions.The Chinese think that everything in the wor1d develops with the cyc1ing Of time,so people stress(强调)ripe conditions when work.That is to say,each step Of our action is determined temporarily by our surroundings.So the Chinese action is poorly planned,very tangible but inefficient.The Chinese hardly subscribe in advance in the social activity.Friends and relatives can Visit each other at any time and place.In some occasions,peopIe can chat,read newspaper and work at the same time.The Chinese can go on with One thing next day that has not been finished 1ast day.The Chinese salesmen can check Out with the first customer on the one hand,and show the goods to a second one on the other hand,even greet a third One at the same time.However,the westerns can hardly accomplish them and also cannot accept them.The westerns are accustomed to doing only one thing in a specific unit time.So,caIendar,schedule,diary,annual and accounting ledger p1ay a very important ro1e in the westernwor1d.Americans are strongly controlled by time’s iron hand.They even claim themselves to be“slave to nothing but the clock”:They always feel that time are “ticking in their inner heart. There is a saying“Time is everything ’.Hall(1 982,p.20)has said:“In the western world,nobody can escape from the control Of One—way time’s iron hand.In fact,social and commercial life even sexual lives are all under time’s control. Time weave the net Of people’s life totalIy".In cross—cultural commercia1 activities,the westerners do things strictly in accordance with time table,while the Chinese stress interpersonal relationship’s harmony and ripe conditions Of things’development,not allowing the time table to interfere.So the trade of these two sides always fails because Of deadline.3 Past time 0rientation VS.future time OrientationTime orientation is a re1atively stable factor in cultura1 difference.It is connected to the historical background of the people.Generally speaking,people who have too heavy traditionload stress history and past,and their time orientation is past—oriented.We belong to past—oriented.People show great respect to the past.The past experience and 1esson are important reference for today’s success and failure.The Chinese show respect to our ancestors and teachers.We like to say things by referring to the old books and stories.That is why we call teacher“1ao shi”. Generally speaking,China is a society searching f0r quietness and stability.Unity and stability are the top priorities of every dynasty and the guarantee of social development.Contracted to the time orientation,the westerners,especially Americans,hardly look back and always look forward,so future—orientation is their important value conception.They do not put too much emphasis on the history and tradition like other peoples.everyone has the equal chance and history is not so important.If you work hard,you can succeed.They think that future is controllab1e,or at least can be affected by them.what has happened now is just preparation for the bright future.They generally believe that change means improvement and new things are superior to old things.As a result,the westerners hardly confront to the miles and worship their ancestors.Age and experience are not desired to be respected.eg.Their differentiation(区别) in time orientation makes people from China and the western world react differently towards words like “old age" and “the aged”.China is a society directed by tradition,and peop1e attach importance to age and experience because they are symbols of power and wisdom,so words like“lao'’and“da”in Chinese address a1ways mean respect.However,such honorary titles cannot be used in the western world,because in their mind,”O1d”means that their youth has passed away.If we really want to address,we must use “Respected...”Or“Senior⋯".4.Time view difference and SociaI reIationsTime View difference can affect people’s value judgment of the relationship between themselves and the outside world.For example,people have different expectations and evaluation concerning the length of interpersonal relationship’s maintaining time,like parents,children,coup1es,lovers,and friends,and so on.Americans frequently move from one place to another and their interpersonal relationship is short and changeable.0n the contrary,in China,children have too look after their aged parents until their death,friendship should be long-lasting,and residence will not easily be changed.This different cultural value expectation that has close connection with time Value has made some equal words in English and Chinese have unequal effect,like hopping,divorce and remarry.Corresponding to time View and interpersonal relationship is long-term or short—term man-thing (人为的)relationship.Materials’eternity has once been a dream to our human society.People are committed to extend the life of products in order to make them more valuable to us.But the rapidly developing western industrial civilization and fast life space have greatly changed westerners’conception.Man—thing relation becomes shorter and shorter.The modem application Of the English word“change”gives it positive meaning:Changing technology,changing concept,for a better change.The Chinese entered industrial civilization very 1ate and they still insist on the eternity and resist to reforn1.“bian"in Chinese has always been used to express the negative meaning,like“bian xin",“bian gu",“bian zhi",“bian tai"andso on.This kind of difference inevitably brings about different value judgments of their respective behavior standards.In fast-pace countries,patience is n0t highly regarded,while hurry is more favored.However,patient robust and implicit are specially emphasized.5.Changes and fusion Of Chinese time view and western time viewPeople’s time views have been formed gradually,and they are relatively stable in a long time,but they are not without changes.The better Of living conditions,the development Of the economy,the improvement Of the society and the increase of the interaction of people from different cu1tural backgrounds will undoubtedly have subt1e effects on their time Views,alth0ugh it is also a long process.with China’s joining the WTO and under the influence of globalization,peop1e’s concepts and life styles have changed a lot.The old time views are challenged and a brand new time View is in the process of formation.6. The Values and planning 0f time have been strengthenedIn a society dominated by traditional culture,time is value1ess,and peop1e can work,sing and chat at the same time.With the development of market economy and the improvement of industria1ization,the vague time system of agricultural society is required to move towards more strict and exact modern time system.The concepts that“time is money"and“efficiency is life”are gradually accepted by people.Now being late for an appointment will be regarded as unreliab1e and irresponsible,as a result,this person cannot get Others’trust.The speed Of people’s life has also increased:On the road,people are hurrying.When happen to meet an old friend,they just nod to each other,hardly stopping to have a long chat.There are less visits being paid to the neighbors.These on one hand show that people are more practical and their affection is not so good,On the other hand they also show we are more respectful Of personal space and we do not interfere others’life order casually.7.CONCLUSION: Turning from past-oriented to future-orientedWith the coming Of the new century,,the world is changing all the time,and the competition is more acute.To any nation,looking back is useless.It can only move forwards.The power of age,experience and teacher in Chinese culture begin to be challenged.When people take their past and history correctly,they are hurrying to make plans and aims for their life at the same time.In the 2 l st century,the life and future—oriented time conception that based on nationality,practicality and efficiency are gradual1y accepted by people from different culture.However,because time Views Of different society are factors of respective cu1tures,their biases are deep —rooted and it is not easy to be got rid of .So when people Of the two sides carry out cross—communication,they should be aware of this p0int and try to avoid conflicts and obstacles brought about by cultural difference Of time views,so that our communication can achieve its intended aims and we can understand each other’s culture better.作为结语Now ,the time values of both Chinese and western have impacts on each other and are gradually integrated with each Other.We need to know more about them so that we can form a better concept of time and take a better advantage of time in the future job market.。

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