1 学术论文写作 introduction pre-text
SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作
SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作第一篇：SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作引言Introduction 是SCI论文最难写的部分之一，很多文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素，然而，一篇好的SCI论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，一个好的引言相当于文章成功了一半。
所以大家应该在 Introduction的撰写上下功夫。
要写好 Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。
SCI论文引言部分Introduction 主要包括如下四个方面的内容：1、阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。
要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦;须知看文章者都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。
2、文献总结回顾。
是引言的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写。
一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用(这是两个最容易出问题的地方，要极力避免;一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面，负面作用非常明显)。
另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果;引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据);数据出错会导致文章的印象特差!此外，引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。
如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。
3、分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点。
这是整个引言的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。
阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上(这也是文章易犯的毛病)，研究者一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。
英文学术论文Introduction部分的写作方法
Sub-moves 1) Indicate a gap 2) Identify a problem 3) Extend previous knowledge
Moves 3 Occupy the niche
Note: 1) the word “outline” means that the content in that sub-move is very brief, no details 2) RQs are not necessary sometimes
Sub-moves 1) Outline aim, purpose 2) Specify RQs 3) Outline the theoretical perspectives 4) Describe methodology & design 5) Indicate scope/delimitation 6) explain contribution and vzation of the thesis
But in the introduction chapter of the dissertation, we usually use the following subtitles, altogether three, namely: 1) Background of the study (corresponding with Moves 1 and 2) 2) Aim and significance of the study (corresponding with Move 3.1---3.6) 3) Organization of the dissertation (corresponding with Move 3.7)
第1章学术论文写作概述讲义
第1章学术论文写作概述1.1 学术规范1.2 关于学术论文1.3 学术论文的撰写1.4文献综述的撰写1.1.1学术剽窃及其防范凡是在自己的文章中有意或无意地使用他人的思想见解或语言表述，而没有申明其来源的，就是剽窃。
主要有以下几种情形：•总体的剽窃：整体立论、构思、框架等方面抄袭；•直接抄袭：直接的从他人论著中寻章摘句，整段、整页地抄袭；为了隐蔽，同时照搬原著中的引文和注释；•在通篇照搬他人文字的情况下，只将极少数的文字做注；•为改而改，略更动几个无关紧要的字或换一种句型；•错误理解综述的概念•跳跃颠转式抄袭•拼贴组合式抄袭学术剽窃的主观控制：•一字不差地直接复制引用，确保不做任何改变•在做笔记时清晰地记下作者和资料来源细节；•熟悉文中的引用方法；•仅引用对论点至关重要的段落；•在开始查找文献资料之前，先记录下自己的观点和思想，然后用他人的成果支持或反驳这些论点；•有选择性地引用，不要引用过多；•解释的时候要注意材料运用得当；•阅读完资料后，凭记忆作笔记。
学术剽窃的客观防范：CNKI 学术不端文献检测系统“14、严禁抄袭、剽窃他人论文（设计）与成果，严禁以任何形式捏造、篡改研究数据和计算结果，上述行为，一经查实，一律以不及格论处。
”1.1.2学术规范的本质和层次•技术层次•内容层次•道德层次1.1.3学术规范的体系•学术道德规范•学术法律规范•学术技术规范1.2.1 学术论文的定义学术论文又称学术文本或研究论文，是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的文章，是作者向社会描述自己研究成果的工具。
1.2.2 学术论文的特征◆创新性◆学术性◆科学性创新性是衡量学术论文价值的根本标准。
一篇论文价值的大小，不是看它如何罗列现象，重复别人已经取得的成果，而是看它能否创造前人所没有过的新技术、新工艺、新理论，并具有普遍性和公开性。
学术性•侧重于对事物进行抽象的概括和论证。
•其基本内容不是对客观事物外部直观形态和过程的描述，而是对事物发展内在本质和发展变化规律的探讨，不是对客观事物一般的认识和议论，而是比较深入的系统化的理性认识，是思维活动反复与深化的结果。
SCI投稿Introduction模板
SCI投稿Introduction模板引言
写作引言是SCI投稿的关键部分之一。
引言应该简洁明了，准确地介绍研究的背景、目的和意义，并引导读者进入论文的主题。
本文提供了一个SCI投稿Introduction模板，帮助作者开始撰写引言部分。
模板结构
第一段：引入研究领域和问题
在第一段，引言应该提供研究领域的背景，并引出你的研究问题。
下面是一个示例句子：
> [研究领域的背景] 过去几十年来，[研究领域] 已经受到广泛关注，其中一个关键问题是 [研究问题]。
第二段：研究目的和意义
第二段应该明确说明你的研究目的和意义。
下面是一个示例句子：
> 本研究的目的是 [研究目的]，这一研究对 [研究领域] 的发展和应用具有重要意义。
第三段：研究方法和数据来源
第三段应简要介绍你的研究方法和数据来源。
下面是一个示例句子：
> 本研究采用了 [研究方法] 来 [研究问题]，数据来自 [数据来源]。
第四段：预期结果和贡献
第四段应描述你对研究结果的预期，并强调你的研究可能对学术界和实践产生的贡献。
下面是一个示例句子：
> 本研究预计将得出 [预期结果]，这将进一步增加对 [研究领域] 的理解，并为 [实践领域] 提供有益的指导。
总结
以上是一个SCI投稿Introduction模板的示例。
通过在引言中准确而简洁地介绍研究的背景、目的、方法和预期结果，读者可以更好地理解你的研究，并为你的研究做出评估。
1 introduction pre-text
* the researchers -- you
* the reason for your research – the needs and the problems that the research is to meet.
* the cost of the research
* the length of the research
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English Academic Writing --For Ph.D Candidates
1. 2. 3. 4.
Requirements
be on time no mobile phones in class homework in time No absence for 4 sessions
1. 2. 3. 4.
Final Exam
An English academic paper of 2500-3000 words No copy, otherwise FAIL Printed form as required Time for the paper : before May 6, 2011
* Background on the researchers and their organisation (including degrees, titles and achievements)
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学术英语经管pre演讲稿
学术英语经管pre演讲稿The Importance of Emotional Intelligence in LeadershipIntroductionGood morning, everyone. Today, I would like to talk about a topic that is essential in the field of management and leadership – emotional intelligence. In recent years, emotional intelligence has gained significant attention in both academic and professional settings, as it has been proven to play a crucial role in effective leadership. Inthis presentation, we will explore what emotionalintelligence is, why it is important for leaders, and how it can be developed and applied in the workplace.Definition and Components of Emotional IntelligenceEmotional intelligence, also known as EQ, refers to the ability to recognize and understand our own emotions, as well as the emotions of others, and to use this understanding to manage our behavior and relationships effectively. It consists of four primary components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.Self-awareness involves recognizing our emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and impact on others. Self-management is the ability to control and regulate our emotions, thoughts, and behavior in different situations. Social awareness pertains to understanding the emotions and needs of others, while relationship management is the ability to build and maintain positive relationships and effectively navigate conflicts.Importance of Emotional Intelligence in LeadershipNow, let us delve into why emotional intelligence is crucial for effective leadership. Firstly, leaders with high emotional intelligence can inspire and motivate their team members. By understanding their employees' individual needs, strengths, and weaknesses, leaders can tailor their approach to providing support and encouragement that resonates with each team member. This leads to improved engagement, productivity, and overall job satisfaction within the team.Secondly, emotional intelligence plays a vital role in decision-making. Leaders who are aware of their own emotions and able to manage them effectively are less likely to make impulsive decisions driven by anger or frustration. Instead, they can approach decision-making with a calm and rational mindset, considering the impact of their decisions on others and taking into account different perspectives and inputs.Thirdly, emotional intelligence enables leaders to effectively manage conflicts and resolve issues within their teams. By understanding the emotions underlying conflicts, leaders can approach them with empathy and work towards finding win-win solutions that satisfy all parties involved. This leads to improved teamwork and harmony within the organization.Developing and Applying Emotional Intelligence in the WorkplaceNow that we understand the importance of emotional intelligence in leadership, let us explore how it can be developed and applied in the workplace. Firstly, leaders canenhance their self-awareness by reflecting on their emotions and their impact on their behavior and decision-making. Keeping a journal or seeking feedback from trusted colleagues and mentors can be helpful in this process.Secondly, leaders can develop their self-managementskills by practicing emotional regulation techniques such as deep breathing or mindfulness exercises. These techniques can help leaders manage stress, remain calm in challenging situations, and make more rational decisions.Thirdly, leaders can improve their social awareness and relationship management skills by actively practicing empathy and active listening. By putting themselves in others' shoes and genuinely seeking to understand their perspectives and needs, leaders can build stronger relationships and foster a more inclusive and collaborative work environment.ConclusionIn conclusion, emotional intelligence is an essential attribute for effective leadership in the field of management. Through its components of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management, leaders with high emotional intelligence can inspire and motivate their team members, make well-informed decisions, and effectively manage conflicts. By developing and applying emotional intelligence in the workplace, leaders can create a positive and engaging work environment that promotes productivity, teamwork, and success. Thank you for your attention.。
学术论文写作范例
学术论文写作范例学术论文是一种以系统性的方法研究某一特定主题的文献作品。
它要求作者具备扎实的知识背景和独立思考的能力，以及对所研究领域的全面了解。
本文将以学术论文写作为例，介绍一种常见的论文结构和写作方法。
一、引言学术论文的引言部分是整篇文章的开篇之作，旨在引起读者的兴趣并提出研究问题。
引言应包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 研究背景：简要介绍研究领域的现状和相关研究的进展，说明为什么选择该主题进行研究。
2. 研究目的：明确论文的研究目标和意义，指出研究的价值和意义。
3. 研究问题：确立研究的问题和假设，指出研究的关键点和需要解决的难点。
4. 研究方法：简要介绍研究所采用的方法和数据来源，说明研究的可行性和可靠性。
二、文献综述文献综述部分是对研究领域相关文献的回顾和总结，旨在展示作者对该领域已有研究的了解和分析能力。
文献综述应包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 相关概念：介绍研究领域的相关概念和术语，确保读者对后续内容的理解。
2. 前人研究：回顾和总结已有研究的主要成果和观点，指出前人研究的不足和存在的问题。
3. 研究进展：介绍最新的研究进展和热点问题，指出当前研究的空白和亟待解决的问题。
4. 研究方法：分析已有研究所采用的方法和数据来源，评价其优劣，并指出研究方法的改进空间。
三、研究方法研究方法部分是对研究所采用的具体方法和步骤的描述，旨在使读者了解研究的可行性和可靠性。
研究方法应包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 研究设计：详细描述研究的设计和实施过程，包括实验设计、样本选择、数据采集和数据处理等。
2. 研究工具：介绍研究所采用的仪器、设备、软件等工具，确保研究的准确性和可重复性。
3. 数据分析：说明数据分析的方法和步骤，包括统计分析和图表制作等，以支持研究结论的得出。
四、研究结果研究结果部分是对研究数据和实验结果的呈现和分析，旨在回答研究问题并支持研究假设。
研究结果应包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 数据呈现：以表格、图表等形式呈现研究数据，确保数据的清晰和易于理解。
教你学术论文 毕业论文的写作教程 3.Introduction
IntroductionGenerally speaking, the purpose of an introduction is to introduce the topic of the writing and to create interest on the part of the readers. It can be as short as a sentence or a paragraph and as long as an entire chapter, depending on the length and complexity of the writing. The introduction chapter of your dissertation or thesis is the one in which you provide all of the basic information that the reader will need to understand the dissertation which is to follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction chapter.I General functions of introduction1.introducing the subject:The author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.2.limiting the research scope (Establish and Narrow the topic)Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Your introduction should direct the readers to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:The problem is within the scope of…The problem under discussion is within the scope of…Studies of these effects covered various aspects of…Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect…The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differs from…The subject is concerned chiefly with the study of…The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of…The approach under study is only applied to…The problem I have referred to falls within the field of…The theory cannot apply to other cases of…The emphasis of this paper is to survey…3.stating the general purposeThe task is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. To start writing your introduction chapter, come up with a simple one sentence summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of your thesis expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the reader what the topic of the research paper is and what you hope to achieve.4.showing the writing arrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction.It is supposed to give the reader a sense of how the dissertation will be organized. Provide some kind of chapter by chapter breakdown to tell the reader what can be expected so that the reader will be able to scan the paper at first and have a good sense of what ended up happening. Use solid principles of organization throughout your paper, in addition to hitting all the above topics in your introductory paragraph, to make your dissertation as readable as possible.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:This paper is divided into five major sections as follows…Sections one of this paper opens with…Section three develops the second hypotheses on…In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of…Section four shows (introduces, reveals, treats, deals with, develops, etc)…The result of… is given in the last section.The fifth section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on…In the following, a wide range of test data are reported…II. Structural features of introduction and some idiomatic expressions1.starting with the research background (Literature review)To orient the reader, the pertinent（related）literature(文献) should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question “what have been done?”You can talk about the background of the project. How did you choose the project? What kind of greater historical context does the research that you are engaged in exist within? You may want to talk about any related experiments or research that specific people have done in the past, including landmark research cases which are related to the topic at hand. This gives the reader a sense of how your research fits into the greater scheme of things, and lets the reader compare what you are about to present to the research which they may or may not already be familiar with from leading figures in the history of the field.Some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction are:Over the past several decades,…Somebody reported…The previous work on… has indicated that…Recent experiments by… have suggested…In most studies of…, … has been emphasized with attention being given to…Industrial use of… is becoming increasingly common.There have been a few studies highlighting…It is well known that…2.transiting to the existing problem （investigation needed/gap）Authors usually transit to the main problem to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question “what have not been done?”The following are expressions often used to present existing problems:Great progress has been made in this field, but (however, nevertheless, etc.)…Also, the consideration of… alone cannot explain the observed fact that…A part of the explanation could lie in … however,…The study of… gives rise to two main difficulties: one is…, the other is…Despite the recent progress reviewed in…, there is no generally accepted theory concerning…From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither…nor…are known.So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing…The data available in literature failed to prove that…The theory of… did not explain how much modifications arose.No direct outcome was then reported in…Until now, not any experiment in this area has suggested that…Until now, no field experiments of… have been reported.No clear advancement has so far been seen in…The methods we use differs greatly from the one reported ten years ago.3.focusing on the present research (Purpose /value of your research)On the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually and naturally turn the reader’s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. that is to answer the question “what am I going to do?”Now tell the reader what your hypothesis is, as well as your basic reasons for believing in the hypothesis. How does your knowledge of the reality of the field make you lean towards one hypothesis or another? Explain to the reader how you will be able to prove or disprove the hypothesis that you set out with through the course of your research. Talk about any particular relevant issues that could affect the course of the research, or any basic questions or problems that people might have regarding the topic and how you will go about your research process. Try to anticipate how people will react to your hypothesis and make sure that you are able to start your project on a strong heading. It may be best to have the opening paragraph of your thesis reviewed before you embark on the research process, to make sure that you are on the right track (or at least that the track makes sense to others) before you set off and put a lot of effort into collecting data.Expressions to be used to introduce the present work:In this paper, … is investigated(studied, discussed, presented, etc.)The present work deals mainly with…We repot here … in the presence of…This paper reports on…On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to…The present study will therefore focus on…The primary goal of this research is…The purpose of this paper is…In this paper, we aim at…III.ways to begin an introductionnarrative: to begin with an anecdote or a brief story that somehow illuminates the thesis, effective in catching the reader’s attention descriptive: to provide an effective lead to the discussion of the subject by explaining ,illustrating or giving a bit of backgroundpreparatory: to begin with an explanation or definition of the subject to prepare for a discussion in detail in the body of the essayinquisitive: pose provocative questions to simulate the reader’s interest corrective: to put a common belief or show how the subject has been misunderstoodstating a problem: begin with the statement of the problem and proceed to discuss the solutiongiving a surprising fact or statistics: to grab the reader’s attentionusing a striking quote: to use surprising quote from a well-known book or person and lead to the discussion of the topic。
学术短文essay模板
学术短文essay模板
一、引言（Introduction）
1.主题阐述：简要介绍文章的主题和目的，引发读者兴趣。
2.研究背景：阐述相关领域的研究现状、存在的问题以及本文研
究的意义。
3.研究问题：明确本文要解决的问题或探讨的观点。
二、文献综述（Literature Review）
1.已有研究概述：对相关领域的研究进行概括和评价。
2.研究空白：指出已有研究中存在的问题和不足之处。
3.本文贡献：说明本文对已有研究的补充和完善，以及对相关领
域的发展贡献。
三、研究方法（Research Methods）
1.研究设计：说明研究的基本设计和方法。
2.数据采集和分析：介绍数据来源、处理和分析方法。
3.实验或调查过程：详细描述实验或调查的操作过程。
四、结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）
1.结果呈现：将实验或调查结果以图表、数据等形式展示出来。
2.结果分析：对实验或调查结果进行深入分析，探讨其内在机制
和意义。
3.结果与文献比较：将本文结果与已有研究进行比较和分析，进
一步验证本文观点和结论。
4.结果解释和讨论：对结果进行解释和讨论，指出可能存在的限
制和不足之处，并提出改进建议。
五、结论（Conclusion）
1.总结观点：概括本文的主要观点和结论。
2.研究意义：阐述本文研究的理论和实践意义。
3.未来研究方向：提出进一步研究的方向和建议，为相关领域的
发展提供参考。
introduction写作方法及技巧
科技学术论文Introduction引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。
first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性second：强调有必要解决存在的问题third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性逻辑的连贯内容的创新词汇简洁时态1. What is an introduction?The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.2. What’s the purpose of the introduction?The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.It introduces:（1）.the research by situating it (by giving background),（2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , （3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.3. How should I start?You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work4. How to build a model of introduction?Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence.5. The model of introduction.(1) establishes the importance of this research topic确立研究主题的重要性(2) provides general background information for the reader.为读者提供总体的背景信息(3) in a more specific/detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance.与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体(4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点(5) provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡(6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目(7) describes a gap in the research描述了已有研究的空白(8) describes the paper itself描述了论文本身的工作(9) gives details about the methodology详细描述了论文中所用的方法(10) announces the findings公布了论文的结论6. Four components of a model.（1）Establish the importance of your fieldProvide background/ facts/information (possibly from research)Define the terminology in the title/key wordsPresent the problem area/current research focus确立研究领域的重要性提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）定义题目或关键词中的术语给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点（2）Previous and/or current research and contributions前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献（3）Locate a gap in the researchDescribe the problem you will addressPresent a prediction to be tested确定已有研究工作的空白；描述你要解决的问题呈现要验证的预测（4）Describe the present paper描述现在的论文7.Grammar and writing skills.语法时态写作技巧8. V ocabulary词汇的简洁举例三篇文章：1.Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，TP的性质Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF)与药理学意义possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities 实验的动机However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems目的we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.主要理论根据及其基本原理Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity.Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006).have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010).clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007) To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2008).等存在问题和知识空白Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF), possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006). Recently, the methanol/chloroform (T2) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of TWHF, in which TP was identified as the principal active compound, have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). Besides, Liu et al., (2010) found that potential hepatotoxicity in rats treated with TP for 28 days was associated with increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, it was reported that oral administration of TP to rats could lead to liver injury or even death (Fu et al., 2011). In addition to this, our previous investigation showed that the concentration of TP found in liver exceeds those observed in other tissues, such as spleen, lung, heart, and kidney (unpublished data). On account of this, we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.Unfortunately, its underling mechanisms are still insufficiently recognized. To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al.,2005; Yao et al., 2008). Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity (Lee et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.Here, we describe genome-wide gene expression in the TP-exposed Wistar female rat liver. Differential gene expression was evaluated in 6-week-old female Wistar rat livers following 14 days of continuous exposure to large doses of TP. Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.2.综述Blood vessels, a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis?血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as a disease of the blood vessels, both micro- and macro-vessels. The formation of new micro-vessels is in fact necessary to afford the nutritional supply to proliferating synovial pannus, while macro-vessels are the site where accelerated atherosclerosis driven by disease’s systemic inflammation develops. New vessels formation on one side, and atherosclerotic plaque progression on the other, might seem two different biological phenomena, the first related to the articular involvement of the disease, the second to its main systemic complication. In this context, targeting blood vessels in RA might mean either attempting to reduce synovial vascular supply starving the synovial pannus limiting its proliferation or, in the other case, trying to limit macro-vessels’damage outside the joint. In this review we will analyse the possibility of targeting synovial microvessels to treat rheumatoid arthritis, but we will discuss as well the evidence supporting a link between micro- and macro-vascular involvements in RA.综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。
学术专著英语作文模板
学术专著英语作文模板英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction。
Background and significance of the research。
Statement of the problem。
Research questions。
Scope and limitations of the study。
Chapter 2: Literature Review。
Review of existing literature on the topic。
Identification of gaps in the research。
Development of theoretical framework。
Chapter 3: Methodology。
Description of the research design。
Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。
Data collection methods。
Data analysis techniques。
Chapter 4: Results。
Presentation and analysis of the research findings。
Discussion of the key findings。
Chapter 5: Discussion。
Interpretation of the research findings。
Implications for theory and practice。
Recommendations for future research。
Chapter 6: Conclusion。
Summary of the research findings。
Restatement of the research questions。
Concluding remarks。
essay introduction模板in this paper
essay introduction模板in thispaper以下是一个论文引言（essay introduction）的模板，你可以根据需要进行调整和修改，以确保满足字数要求。
**标题：[论文题目]**In this paper, we aim to explore the topic of [具体研究主题] and its significance in [相关领域或背景]. This topic has attracted considerable attention in recent years, due to its profound impact on [阐述研究主题的重要性和影响]. Our primary objective is to provide a comprehensive examination of [研究目标或问题], shedding light on its various aspects and complexities.To achieve this goal, we have employed a multi-faceted approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. By conducting extensive literature reviews, case studies, experiments, or surveys, we have gathered a wealth of data and insights to inform our analysis. This diverse range of methods allows us to approach the subject from different perspectives, enhancing the credibility and validity of our findings.The paper is structured as follows: Firstly, we will delve into the theoretical foundations of [研究主题], exploring relevant concepts, theories, and previous research in the field. This section will provide a solid framework for understanding the subsequent discussions. Subsequently, we will present the methodology employed in our research, detailing the data collection techniques and analytical procedures employed. Following this, the results of our investigation will be presented, accompanied by in-depth discussions and interpretations. Finally, we will summarize the key findings of the study, discuss their implications, and propose potential areas for future research.Throughout this paper, we strive to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on [研究主题] by offering novel insights, theoretical contributions, or practicalimplications. Our hope is that this work will not only enhance understanding of the subject matter but also inspire further research and discussions among scholars and practitioners in the field.。
英语论文写作--1 introduction pre-text
2) 3)
It is a work that shows your originality. It acknowledges all sources you have used.
English Academic Writing --For Ph.D Candidates
A research paper usually includes the following parts:
Qualities a research paper has:
1)
It synthesizes your discoveries about a topic and your judgment, interpretation, and evaluation of those discoveries.
Final Exam
1. 2. 3. 4.
My E-mail Address：
alexliu@
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2014-12-8
English Academic Writing --For Ph.D Candidates
Course Description
This course aims to introduce to the students English academic writing, in particular, the strategies for writing a research paper.
English Academic Writing --For Ph.D Candidates
Hypothesis
your prediction, made sometime before reading
985教授都在用的,introduction四段式写作技巧
985教授都在用的,introduction四段式写作技巧四段式写作技巧，也被称为“汉堡包”结构，是一种常见的写作方法。
在撰写Introduction部分时，四段式写作技巧特别适用，可以帮助你清晰、有条理地展开文章。
以下是一个示例：第一段：引言简要介绍主题，引起读者的兴趣。
可以使用问题、事实或故事来引入主题。
例如：“随着人工智能的快速发展，越来越多的领域开始应用机器学习技术。
本文将探讨机器学习在医疗诊断中的应用及其优势。
”第二段：背景提供与主题相关的背景信息，帮助读者更好地理解主题的重要性和意义。
例如：“机器学习技术在医疗领域的应用逐渐普及，通过智能识别和分析，可以帮助医生提高诊断的准确性和效率。
因此，探讨机器学习在医疗诊断中的应用具有重要意义。
”第三段：研究目的和意义明确研究的目的和意义，阐述文章的主要观点或研究结果。
例如：“本文旨在深入探讨机器学习在医疗诊断中的应用，并分析其优势和挑战。
通过实证研究，我们希望为相关领域的实际应用提供有益的参考和借鉴。
”第四段：研究方法和论文结构简要介绍研究方法、数据来源和论文结构。
例如：“本文采用文献综述和实证分析相结合的方法，对机器学习在医疗诊断中的应用进行深入探讨。
首先介绍相关背景和理论，然后分析研究方法和数据来源，接着详细阐述研究结果和讨论，最后总结全文并提出建议。
”这四段式写作技巧可以帮助你撰写清晰、有条理的Introduction部分，为整篇文章打下良好的基础。
好的论文Introduction，应该这样写！超实用干货分享！（附下载）
好的论⽂Introduction，应该这样写！超实⽤⼲货分享！（附下载）SCI论⽂写作特辑- 第⼆期 -论⽂写作猛如虎，Introduction就是开门见⼭的⼤⽼虎...Introduction引⾔部分是论⽂写作第⼀关，通过呈现研究课题所折射的研究理论来说服⽬标读者。
对于英⽂⽔平捉襟见肘的科研者来说，多掌握⼀些常⽤句式能够很好地提升paper的可读性。
本期SCI论⽂写作分享，⼩艾就为⼤家总结⼀些Introduction的常⽤句型及句式。
⽅便⼤家写论⽂的时候，直接从中挑选使⽤。
值得收藏！（⽂末附PDF下载⽅式）⼀般来说，Introduction的常规写作顺序：1. 确⽴研究领域的重要性2. 早前、当前的研究贡献3. 差距/疑问/难题/评论4. 当前的研究⼯作确⽴研究领域的重要性01 A major current focus in __ is how to ensure sustainability of…__ 当前的⼀个主要重点是如何确保...的可持续性02 Much research in recent years has focused on __近年来的许多研究都集中在 __03 Analysis of change in __ is vital for two important reasons: …__ 变化分析⾄关重要，有两个重要原因：...04 It is of interest to know whether __still hold true.知道__是否仍然正确是很重要的。
05 The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...在过去的⼗年⾥，__见证了许多...的快速发展。
06 The issue of__has received considerable critical attention.__的问题受到了相当多的批判性关注。
《英文学术论文写作简介》教案
et al, ….
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科技论文标题的写法
学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括动名词)，介词词组， 名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领 域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。
1 3
英文摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文的精华，是对一项 科学研究工作的总结，对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。
一、摘要的种类与特点
摘要主要有以下四种。
第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分 之前，目的是让读者首先了解一下论文的内容，以便决定是否阅读全文。 一般来说，这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100～150字之间。 内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。
Ø
方法(methods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程。
Ø
结果与简短讨论(results and discussions)：包括数据与分析。
英文学术论文写作简介
This template is the internal standard courseware template of the enterprise
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学术论文的英文写作简介
一、科技论文的结构
Title(标题) Abstract(摘要) Keywords(关键词) Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表) Introduction(引言)
一、名词性词组 名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词 短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题 的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。例如： Latent demand and the browsing shopper (名词词组+名词词组) Cost and productivity (名词+名词)
英文学术report中introduction的写作范例
Literature Review
To reuse fly-ash, Al-Rawas et al. investigated the effects of Informatio various replacement ratios of sand or cement in a cement mortar n Prominent using MSWI fly-ash . Water-permeable pavement bricks can be made from the molten slag of MSWI fly-ash(Nishigaki,2000) . Partial substitution of cement in mortar by using molten and pulverized slag has recently been of interest due to the ease with which fly-ash can be vitrified .
Conditioned MSWI ash-slag-mix as a replacement for cement in cement mortar
Basic knowledge
MSWI ash-slag-mix
城市固体垃圾焚烧 灰与炉渣的混合物
cement mortar 水泥砂浆
Part One Background
Subarea solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in Taiwan produce about 250,000 tons of
fly-ash and scrubber-ash annually. The resulting ash waste contains hazardous heavy metals. A chelating agent and 20 wt% cement are added to the ash, which is then solidified for safe disposal in landfill sites. However, leaching of heavy metals is still possible in the long term.
如何写好论文的introduction
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1）实词大写虚词小写。如：Body Language and Human Communication
2）位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。 如：On the Principles of Tourism
A
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句型3：提出问题或假设。如： a. However, it remains unclear whether… b. It would thus be of interest to learn how… c. If these results could be confirmed, they
A
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引言开头(即第一层)最主要目的是告诉读者论 文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么，研究要 解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。也就是 说，开头要回答如下问题：
What is the subject of the research?
How is the research going at present?
A
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句型1：用表示否定意义的词例little，few，no 或none of+名词作主语。如：
例
a．Little information／attention／work／ research…
b．Few studies／investigations／researchers ／attempts…
A
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题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一 般对题名字数有所限制。总的原则是，题名应 确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内 容的前提下，题名词数越少越好.
中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题 名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语 要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的 词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接 热量计算，the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam。英文题名的直译中译 文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中 文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上 是一致的。
学术论文写作-引言
• There is a strong link between Move 2 and Move 3. The role of Move 3 is to turn the position already established in Move 2 into the research space that justifies the present article. The obligatory element in Move 3 is Step 1 which is marked by a) the absence of reference to previous research, b) the use of referring expressions (such as this, that, the present, now). Move 3 Occupying the niche • Step 1A Outlining purposes, or • Step 1B Announcing present research • Step 2 Announcing principal findings • Step 3 Indicating RA structure
Forms of citations
Integral Brie (1988) showed that the moon is made of cheese. The moon’s cheesy composition was established by Brie (1988). Brie’s theory (1988) claims that the moon is made of cheese. Brie’s (1988) theory of lunar composition has general support. According to Brie (1988), the moon is made of cheese. Non-integral Previous research has shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988). It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988). It has been established that the moon is made of cheese.[1-3] The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988). The moon may be made of cheese.[1-3]
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
A cover letter. This is one page long, separate from the main proposal. It introduces:
* the researchers -- you
A proposal persuades. ������ ������ A proposal requests. A proposal promises that the project will be completed.
������ A proposal states the researcher’s commitment to doing the work. ������ A proposal presents a detailed plan to accomplish the research.
It is written in a specific format in which ….
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Outline
English Academic Writing
Types of academic writing Nhomakorabea
The structure of a research paper
* What is the need motivating the research?
* How is the research expected to meet the need?
* Why should you be the one to do the research? What are your qualifications for it?
Pre-text for research papers
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English Academic Writing
Types of academic writing
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scientific articles
proposals
research papers
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English Academic Writing
scientific articles
Scientific and technical articles and essays are mainly published in journals, magazines and newspapers. They are normally intended to reach a wider audience than research papers.
No copy, otherwise FAIL Printed form as required
Common E-mail：
pgaw2011@ password: cumt2011
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English Academic Writing
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Scoring System
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English Academic Writing
What is academic writing?
An academic paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
Components
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A cover letter. A title page. A table of contents. A summary An introduction. A needs assessment. Objectives. Methods. Pre-evaluation. Long-term financial plans. Budget. Personnel. Appendices.
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
1. 2.
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A title page. The title page is one sheet of paper. It contains: * the project title * the recipient of the proposal, that is, the organisation, and if possible the individual * the date * the person or persons submitting the proposal, including signatures * a contact person (name and title, address, telephone number, and e-mail address) * the project budget total * the project time span
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
Purpose
A proposal must demonstrate that your research project is worth the time, effort and money to accomplish it. It must make the need for money and time easily understandable and it must propose an appropriate recipient for the funding.
English Academic Writing
Term 2: 2011-2012 academic year
30 Credit hours Tutored by ：Shan Xu-guang
School of Foreign Studies, CUMT
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Reference books
* Background on the researchers and their organisation (including degrees, titles and achievements)
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
A needs assessment. This section should answer these questions:
The structure of a scientific article
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The introduction The main body The conclusion
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
Homework 10%
Attendance 10% Presentation 20% Academic paper 60%
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English Academic Writing
Course plan 1. Introduction & pre-text stuff 2. Language feature of academic paper 3. Titles for academic paper 4. presentation and class discussion 5. Introduction , theoretic framework
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English Academic Writing
Proposals
A table of contents. This is only necessary if the proposal is over 15 pages long. It should be on a single page.
The purpose of a proposal is to ask for funding in order to make research possible. As there is only a limited amount of money in the world for research, you need to make the case for your particular research as effectively as you can.
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
presentation and class discussion
methodology & material selection presentation and class discussion data collection, result analysis discussion & conclusion Abstract 1 Abstract 2 presentation and class discussion post-text---references， appendixes， tables and figures, unit words， Plagiarism Paper publication