医学英语 课后翻译及词汇整理

Lesson three1.Furthermore,pathology is concerned with the sequence of events thatleads from cause to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestations.this sequence is referred to as the pathogenesis of disease.this term etiology means the study of causes.it is commonly misused as a synonym for cause.此外，病理学是跟事件发生的顺序有关。

从引起结构和功能异常到最后临床表现。

这个顺序被称为疾病的病因。

病因学是指对原因的研究。

经常被误用为原因。

2.if possible, a diagnosis should be the name of the disease that thepatient has,e .g ., multiple sclerosis . 如果可能的话，诊断应该是病人所患疾病的名称。

例如，多发性硬化。

3. boratory abnormalities in the broad sense refers to theobservations made by tests or special procedures,such as X-rays ,blood counts ,or biopsies.实验室异常广义上说是指通过实验或者特殊程序获得的观察，例如X射线，血细胞计数或者活检。

4.the range of abnormalities in this category is very broad,extendingfrom deformities present at birth to biochemical changes caused by genes but influenced by environment so they appear later in life,e.g.,diabetes mellitus.这一类别的异常表现范围很广，从出生时的畸形直到因基因引起，但受环境因素影响向到后来才表现出来的生化变化，如糖尿病。

5.acquired injuries and inflammatory diseases are diseases due tointernal or external forces or agents that destroy cells or intercellular substances ,deposit abnormal substances,or cause the body to injure it self by means of the inflammatory process.获得性损伤和炎症性疾病，是因为内部或外部的力或因子破坏细胞或细胞间的物质，使异常物质（异物或体内产生的物质）沉积、或通过炎症过程使机体损伤自身所致的疾病。

6.neoplasms are divided into two groups ,benign and malignant ,based onwhether they will remain localized or will contine to grow and spread .cancer is synonymous with malignant neoplasm .the situation is made more complicated by certain types of hyperplasias that slowly evolve,presumably through a series of genetic changes induced by external agents ,into malignant neoplasms.肿瘤可分为两类，良性的和恶性的，判断依据是它们是限于局部还是不断生长和增殖，癌症即恶性肿瘤。

由于某些增生类型可能是通过外部因素诱发的一系列基因变化而缓慢演化成恶性肿瘤的，这使得情况更复杂。

7.the more mental illnesses are investigated ,the more it is appreciated that there is likely to be an organic basis (on a biochemical level)to many of them.the most common functional disorders are tension headache and functional bowel syndrome ,disorders that probably are due to unconscious stimulation of the autonomic nervous system.对精神疾病调查研究越多，就越意识到其中许多都可能有器质性病变（在生化水平上）。

最常见的功能紊乱是紧张性头痛和功能性腹泻。

这些紊乱起因于自主神经系统的无意识刺激。

课后：In the field of health care, normality and health are synonymous .both states are difficult to define and are therefore not easy to measure.The WHO has defined health as “a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity”.this is an idealistic definition and ,if it were possible to quantify any of these terms,perhaps few people could be regarded as truly healthy.The majority of people will probably have no detectable abnormality and would ,therefore,be regarded as normal.some of the remainder will possess some characteristics,for example ,overweight.others will possess some precursor morbid state like atherosis(atherosclerosis).a further group will show ,on examination,signs of disease not previously recognized and not yet gioing rise to symptoms .some will have signs of disease and a few will have such advanced disease that they are in the process of dyin.there is thus a “clinical spectrum”of disease in populations ,ranging from healthy to terminal illness.Patho-(disease):pathology 病理学 pathogenesis病原学 pathophysiologic 病生学pathoanatomy病理解剖学pathography病情记录Morpho-(form):morphology形态学 morphogenesis形态发生 morphography形态描述学Chromo-(color):chromosome染色体 chromogenesis色素生成 chromoscope色度计Chrono-(time):chromic慢性的 chronological以时间排序的 synchronize同步chronometer计时器Bio-(life):biochemical生化 biopsy活检 biomedical生药Necro-(dead):necrosis坏死 necropsy产检 necrology死亡统计学-genesis(origination,production):pathogenesis发病学 biogenesis生源说cytogenesis细胞生成-plasm,-plasia(a thing formed,forming):hyperplasia增生 neoplasm肿瘤aplasia 发育不全bioplasm原生质In the broad sense 广义上说；in the narrow sense 狭义上说。

Physical examination= medical check up 体检。

gross=naked eye肉眼肾的词根nephro-,renal.cluster（set,丛），diagnosis。

Lesson four1.the nation project sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy oflowering dietary total fat,saturated fat,and cholesterol in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy hypercholesterolemic children.这项全国性科研项目试图评估在健康的血胆固醇过高的儿童中，减少饮食中的脂肪总量，饱和脂类和胆固醇对降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的安全性和效果。

2. it is apparent that this is not the case as a closer look at DISCprovides answers to these questions.很显然事实并非如此。

因为DISC 就能提供这些问题的答案。

3.Clearly,those who are not compliant or respond poorly to dietaryintervention dilute the mean effects.显然，那些不遵守规定者或对饮食节制反应不佳的学生，冲淡了试验的平均效果。