《中西方语言学史》期末考查作业
语言学期末考试题及答案

语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究语言的科学,其主要研究对象是语言的()。
A. 历史演变B. 社会功能C. 结构系统D. 所有选项答案:D2. 以下哪项不是语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语义学C. 心理学D. 句法学答案:C3. 语言的最小意义单位是()。
A. 音素B. 词C. 词素D. 语素答案:A4. 语言学家索绪尔认为语言符号是由哪两个部分组成的?A. 语义和语法B. 语音和语义C. 能指和所指D. 形式和内容5. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能?A. 信息传递B. 表达情感C. 思考工具D. 所有选项答案:D6. 语言的音位系统是由()决定的。
A. 社会约定B. 个人习惯C. 物理属性D. 语法规则答案:A7. 以下哪个不是语言的变异现象?A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的稳定性答案:D8. 语言的词汇系统包括()。
A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词D. 所有选项答案:D9. 语言的语法系统包括()。
B. 词法C. 音位学D. 所有选项答案:D10. 以下哪项是语言的内部因素?A. 社会因素B. 心理因素C. 语言接触D. 语言的规则性答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的对象是______,研究的方法是______。
答案:语言;科学的方法2. 语言的音位系统是由______决定的,而词义系统是由______决定的。
答案:社会约定;社会约定3. 语言的最小意义单位是______,而最小的语音单位是______。
答案:语素;音素4. 索绪尔将语言符号分为两个部分:______和______。
答案:能指;所指5. 语言的交际功能包括信息传递、表达情感和______。
答案:思考工具6. 语言的变异现象包括方言、社会方言和______。
答案:语言混合7. 语言的词汇系统包括______和______。
答案:词根;词缀8. 语言的语法系统包括______和______。
西方语言学史期末考查题目

西方语言学史期末考查题目一、简述(60分):1、美国结构主义语言学的基本理论方法及其对汉语研究的影响。
(30分)美国描写主义对现代汉语语法学的影响一、美国描写主义的理论与方法美洲印第安居民有大约可分为150个语种的近千种语言,20世纪初美国学者开始注意研究印第安语言文化。
鲍阿斯(F.Boas)指出,每种语言都有自己的语音、形式和意义的结构,应该依据它本身的特点来描写,而不应该照搬别种语言的预定标准来描写。
美国语言学家采取切分法对这些与印欧语迥然不同的印第安语进行描写,,逐步形成了以语言形式特征为研究重点的描写主义语言学流派。
美国描写主义学派以萨丕尔(E·Sapir)和布龙菲尔德(L·Bloomfield)为代表,他们都赞同索绪尔的语言符号系统观点,都研究共时语言但风格大有不同。
萨丕尔的语言观具有浓厚的人文主义倾向,认为语言纯粹是人类的和非本能的,强调语言中的文化意识。
布龙菲尔德的则以行为主义心理学为理论基础,主张依据"刺激-反应"原理解释语言行为,其代表作《语言论》(1933)影响广泛,以至于人们把20世纪三四十年代的语言学称为"布龙菲尔德时代",一提到"美国结构主义学派"或"美国描写主义语言学派"主要指布龙菲尔德及其门徒。
心理行为主义、结构形式主义、发现描写主义,显示了布龙菲尔德研究语言的指导原则、理论核心和发现程序,以致于走上了"为了研究形式必须排除意义"的极端。
海里斯(Z.S.Harris)、霍克特(C.F.Hockett)、布洛克(B.Bloch)、格里森(H.Agleason)和弗里斯(C.C.Fries)等人继承和发展了布龙菲尔德学说,除弗里斯和格里森,其他人在语言分析中都绝对排除意义,形成了所谓"后布龙菲尔德结构主义"。
美国描写主义形成了独特的研究分析法。
华中师大《西方语言学史》期末考试备考资料(八)

华师《西方语言学史》(八)第九章认知语言学认知语言学认知语言学是语言学的一门分支学科,它以第2代认知科学和体验哲学为理论背景,在反对主流语言学转换生成语法的基础上诞生,在1980年代后期至1990年代开始成型。
认知语言学涉及人工智能、语言学、心理学、系统论等多种学科,它针对生成语言学天赋观,提出:语言的创建、学习及运用,基本上都必须能够透过人类的认知而加以解释,因为认知能力是人类知识的根本。
认知语言学的创立者普遍被认为是乔治·雷可夫(George Lakoff)、马克·约翰逊(Mark Johnson)及朗奴·兰盖克。
当中雷可夫及约翰逊专门研究语言中的隐喻及其与人类认知的关系;而兰盖克的专长在于认知语法。
乔治·雷可夫:认知语言学的其中一位创立者,提倡隐喻是人类日常语言活动中的必须认知能力。
戴浩一:台湾“国立”中正大学语言学研究所教授,是少数的华人专长于认知语言学。
王士元:香港中文大学现代语言学系暨中研院院士,另一少数的华人专长于认知语言学。
王寅:四川外国语大学外国语文中心教授,四川外国语大学博士生导师,四川大学博士生导师,是近几年国内认知语言学的领军人物。
出版了几部相关专著,其《构式语法研究》是国内首部有关构式语法的著作;并发表了几十篇相关论文。
张敏:香港科技大学人文社科学院教授。
著有《认知语言学与汉语名词短语》。
认知语言学不是一种单一的语言理论,而是代表一种研究范式,是多种认知语言理论的统称,其特点是把人们的日常经验看成是语言使用的基础,着重阐释语言和一般认知能力之间密不可分的联系。
这些语言理论虽不相同,但对语言所持的基本假设都大同小异,都不同程度地认可上一节提到的基本观点,只是在讨论和关注的具体语言现象上有所差别。
认知语言学主要理论方法有:Fillmore、Goldberg 等人的“构式语法”(Construction Grammar);Langacker 的“认知语法”(Cognitive Grammar);Lakoff、Talmy 等人的“认知语义学”(Cognitive Semantics);以及S. Lamb 的神经"认知语言学"(Neurocognitive Linguistics)等。
西方语言学试题及答案

西方语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么?A. 文学作品B. 语言C. 社会现象D. 历史事件答案:B2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案:C3. 语言学研究的基本原则是什么?A. 描述性B. 规范性C. 历史性D. 以上都是答案:A4. 索绪尔是哪种语言学理论的代表人物?A. 历史语言学B. 结构主义语言学C. 形式语言学D. 功能语言学答案:B5. 以下哪个术语与“语言变化”无关?A. 语言演变B. 语言借用C. 语言死亡D. 语言创造答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学中,“______”是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案:语素2. 根据乔姆斯基的理论,人类天生具有一种语言能力,这种能力被称为“______”。
答案:语言习得装置3. 在语言学中,“______”是指语言的发音方式。
答案:音位4. “______”是指语言在特定社会和文化背景下的使用。
答案:语用学5. “______”是指语言的语法结构。
答案:句法三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。
答案:语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、比较法和历史比较法等。
2. 描述一下什么是语言的双重性。
答案:语言的双重性指的是语言同时具有形式和内容两个方面,形式指的是语言的声音、文字等物理实体,内容指的是语言的意义。
3. 解释一下什么是语言的变异。
答案:语言的变异指的是语言在不同地区、不同社会群体或不同时间点上所表现出来的差异。
四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1. 论述语言和文化之间的关系。
答案:语言和文化是相互影响、相互塑造的。
语言不仅是文化的载体,也是文化的重要组成部分。
文化通过语言得以传承和发展,而语言的多样性和丰富性也反映了文化的多样性。
2. 论述乔姆斯基的生成语法理论对现代语言学的影响。
华师《西方语言学史》在线作业一.BBC7E5D2-20AA-4F95

华师《西方语言学史》在线作业一以下索绪尔关于共时语言学和历时语言学二者的表述错误的是()?A:共时语言学并不是研究同时存在的一切语言现象,而是研究一种语言中的全部共存现象。
B:历时语言学所研究的对象不一定仅仅属于一种语言,可以同时属于几种语言。
C:共时语言学事实,不论哪种事实,只能表明一种规律性,但绝不是强制性。
相反,历时语言学事实,强加在语言身上,但绝不带普遍性。
D:共时语言学和历时语言学是指两大类成分,不是两种研究语言的方法。
答案:D乔姆斯基认为研究语言能力就是为了建立一种反应语言能力的(),不以具体语言的描写为归宿,而是以具体语言为出发点,探索出语言的普遍规律,最终弄清人的认知系统、思维规律和人的本质属性。
A:生成语法B:认知语法C:构式语法D:行为语法答案:A以下关于语言和言语的关系表述错误的是()。
A:语言是一种语法系统,潜伏在人的大脑之中,言语是语言的运用,是语言的具体表现。
B:语言存在与人的大脑中不完整,只有在一个社会群体才是完整的,言语必须是一个人一个人的运用。
C:言语是总体,语言从属于言语。
D:言既是言语的工具,也是言语的产物。
答案:C以下说法生成语法表述错误的是()。
A:乔姆斯基认为研究语言能力就是为了建立一种反应语言能力的生成语法。
B:生成语法不是说话过程的模式,而是语言能力的模式,是对语言能力做出的形式化的描写,用一套公式将其内容表达出来。
C:生成语法不以具体语言的描写为归宿,而是以具体语言为出发点,探索出语言的普遍规律,最终弄清人的认知系统、思维规律和人的本质属性。
D:生成语法的创建人是索绪尔。
答案:D公元前二世纪,罗马最著名的语法学家是瓦罗,把语言研究分为三大类,不包括()。
A:语音学B:词源学。
期末语言学试题及答案

期末语言学试题及答案第一部分:选择题1. 下列哪个属于语言学的研究范畴?a) 文学作品的分析b) 语言文字的演变c) 心理学的实验d) 数学公式的推导答案:b) 语言文字的演变2. “语言是人类所特有的交流工具”这句话表达了以下哪个语言学观点?a) 脱离人类语言的存在b) 语言的多样性c) 语言与文化的关联性d) 语言的外在表现形式答案:a) 脱离人类语言的存在3. 以下哪个属于双关语?a) “有钱人终成眷属”b) “真理只能通过实践来证明”c) “独立自主,自由自在”d) “一叶知秋”答案:c) “独立自主,自由自在”4. 以下哪个是语义学的研究范畴?a) 语音学b) 词汇学c) 句法学d) 语用学答案:b) 词汇学5. 下列哪个不属于语言学基本假设?a) 语言是有限的b) 语言与思维密切相关c) 语言学研究应遵循科学原则d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造答案:d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造第二部分:简答题1. 解释语言变体的概念,并举例说明。
语言变体指的是不同于标准语的语言变体形式,通常由地理、社会、文化等因素引起。
例如,在中国普通话的基础上,各地方言就是语言的一个变体。
同时,在不同社会群体中,也存在着年龄、职业、阶层等因素引发的语言变体。
例如,年轻人之间的网络流行语和老年人之间的特定方言就是不同的语言变体。
2. 请介绍一下语音学的研究内容。
语音学是语言学的一个分支,主要研究语音的产生、传播和接收过程,以及语音在不同语言之间的差异和共性。
它涉及到元音、辅音等语音单位的分类和描述,以及语音的声音特征、语音规律和变体等课题。
语音学的研究方法包括实地采集语音数据、记录音频,以及使用仪器设备进行分析和测量等。
第三部分:论述题请论述语用学在社会交际中的重要性。
语用学是研究语言使用的学科,它关注的是言语行为和语境对语言意义的影响。
在社会交际中,语用学发挥着重要的作用。
首先,语用学可以帮助人们理解和解释说话者的真实意图。
《英语语言学》期末考试试卷附答案

《英语语言学》期末考试试卷附答案一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题3分,共60分)1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.()A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )A.Broca's aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke's aphasic5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows:.( )A.They cannot pronounce/n/B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongueC.The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.()rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.()A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult11.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.()A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication12.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk13.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".()A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical14.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter15.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence16.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives17.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicparativeD.historical comparative18.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+titlenguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought20.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child languageacquisition?_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use二、判断说明题(判断下列各小题,正确的在题后括号内写“T”,错的写“F”,并说明理由。
欧美语言学史填空试题解读(新)

1. 印度最古老的文献《吠陀》2. 著名的《波你尼经》正是当时从解说《吠陀》语言开始、进而研究梵语的整个结构的产物。
3. 古希腊、古印度、古代中国的语言研究,是世界语言研究的三个主要发源地。
4. 语文学与纯粹意义上的语言学之间,存在着一种相互为用的关系:语文学孕育了语言学,它为语言学提供了不少材料,而语言学也为语文学服务。
因而把语文学与语言学的与别理解为科学与非科学的差别,显而是错误的。
5. 西方语言学是从古希腊发源的。
修辞学在古希腊是演说的艺术,公元前5世纪到前4世纪的智者学派对他特别重视。
6. 古希腊最早接触语言问题的是一批哲学家,他们把语言问题当做哲学问题的一部分看待,从哲学角度分析语言现象。
因此,最早引起争论的,就是语言与外部世界的关系问题。
7. 高尔吉亚也许是最早提出语言与现实世界的关系问题的学者,尽管他对这两者之间的认识还是相当模糊的。
8. P159. 柏拉图《克拉底洛篇》被认为词源学的创始人。
10. 古希腊哲学家在建立语法范畴方面也做了不少贡献,从而初步确立了传统语法的范畴体系。
目前西方语言学中的语法范畴和术语,大多可追溯到公元前5世纪至前4世纪希腊哲学家所提出的有关学说。
11. 与柏拉图相比,亚里士多德的发展首先在于他把词分为三类,除了名字和动词之外,增加了第三类词,即连接词。
其次亚里士多德提出了格的概念。
12. 马可•泰伦梯乌斯•瓦罗是真正地拉丁语法学家。
拉丁语法是首先必须学习的“三学科”(语法、逻辑、修辞学)之一,在之后再学习“四学科”(即算数、几何学、音乐、天文学)总称“七艺”。
就语言研究而言,当时实际上只研究了一种语言,即拉丁语。
13. 巴拉斯蒙发现了叹词。
14. 中世纪语言研究的一个显著特点是受到基督教的巨大影响。
15. 意大利著名的诗人但丁十分重视民族语言问题,并认真地研究过意大利方言,他第一次提出了民族语言理论。
16. 思辨语法就是哲学语法,它的产生和发展就跟当时经院哲学中实在论与唯名论的争论密切相关的。
2024年汉语言本科-20世纪欧美文学史考试历年真题常考点试题带答案

2024年汉语言本科-20世纪欧美文学史考试历年真题常考点试题带答案卷I一.综合检测题(共100题)1.尤·特里丰诺夫的小说_____中的主人公格列勃夫是一个“现代市侩”的典型形象。
2.简述存在主义文学和传统文学的本质区别。
3.在20世纪的俄罗斯诗坛,惟一可以与阿赫玛托娃相媲美的女诗人是()。
A.帕甫洛娃B.洛赫维茨卡娅C.茨维塔耶娃D.苔菲4.由于海勒的小说,“第二十二条军规”已进入美国语言,成为一切官僚主义和()。
A.教条主义的代名词B.专制主义的代名词C.文牍主义的代名词D.反人性现象的代名词5.20世纪创作了著名的“苔雷丝系列”作品的是法国著名心理小说家()。
A.马丁·杜·加尔B.安德烈·莫洛亚C.安德烈·马尔罗D.弗朗索瓦·莫里亚克6.安德烈·马尔罗以1927年上海工人起义和“四一二”政变为题材的作品是()。
A.《王家大道》B.《征服者》C.《人的处境》D.《希望》7.简述奥尼尔的戏剧创作的几个阶段,请分别举出一部代表作。
8.俄国白银时代的新一代现实主义作家主要集中在“星期三”文学小组和知识出版社周围,其核心作家是()。
A.曼德尔什塔姆B.高尔基C.库普林D.布罗茨基9.新小说派最重要的理论家和作家是_____。
10.试论述罗曼·罗兰长篇小说《约翰·克利斯朵夫》中主人公形象的基本特点。
11.确立茨维塔耶娃在俄罗斯流亡作家群中第一流诗人地位的,是她的诗集()。
A.《手艺》B.《里程碑》C.《致波洛克诗抄》D.《普叙赫:浪漫作品》12.“布卢姆斯伯里团体”13.俄国象征派14.论述《喧哗与骚动》的主要艺术特点。
15.福克纳的绝大多数作品都是以作家虚构的美国南方密西西比河北部的一个县为人物活动与故事发生的背景,这些作品统称为()。
A.约克纳帕塔法世系B.卢贡一马卡尔家族C.威弗利小说D.威塞克斯小说16.威廉·戈尔丁的小说_____将故事背景放在一场未来的原子战争中,构想了一个在远离人类文明的背景下关于人性的黑色寓言。
语言学期末考试题及答案

语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的本质和结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案:B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案:C3. 语言的最小意义单位是?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C4. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的规则性?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇5. 语言的交际功能指的是什么?A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部形式C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的个人表达答案:C6. 语言的哪一部分负责表达概念?A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 词汇答案:C7. 下列哪项是语言的物理表现形式?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案:C8. 语言的哪一部分负责表达关系?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案:A9. 语言的哪一部分负责表达情感?B. 语用C. 语音D. 词汇答案:B10. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的变异?A. 语言变异B. 语言变化C. 语言演化D. 语言发展答案:A二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是______。
答案:语言2. 语言的三个基本功能包括表达、______和交际。
答案:指称3. 语音学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:声音4. 语法学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:结构5. 语义学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:意义6. 词汇学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:词汇7. 语用学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:使用8. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案:语素9. 语言的最小声音单位是______。
答案:音素10. 语言的最小结构单位是______。
答案:词三、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
答案:语言学主要研究语言的本质、结构、发展、变化以及语言在社会和个人中的作用。
语言学考试试题及其答案

一、填空15%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具,文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学,通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式,从物理•角度分析它的表现形式(传递过程),从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立(自由)运用,是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母,大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法(1982年)第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题(本大题共26小题,每题1分)1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中,不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的,言语是个人的B.语言是主要的,言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的,言语是具体的D.语言是书面的,言语是口头的答案:D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中,正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案:B 解析:根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度,可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇(一般语汇)两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案:C 解析:ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中,区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长,辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮,辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻,辅音一定受阻D、发元音时,发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张;辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中,正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案:D解析:不同民族对客观事物的认识不同,因而语义的民族特点也不同,词的多义化也会受制约,非理性意义也会有所不同,比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义,像“走狗”;可在英语里,“dog”常含褒义,像“a lucky dog”(幸运儿)。
语言学期末题及参考答案

I1、结构主义语言学阶段(20世纪初—20世纪50年代—至今)索绪尔的语言学理论直接导致了结构主义语言学的建立。
结构主义语言学可以分成五个流派:(王德春P54)1、布拉格学派2、哥本哈根学派3、美国描写语言学派4、伦敦学派5、莫斯科学派2、语言和言语:1、定义:(1)a、言语就是讲话或写作,是一种行为动作。
b、语言也是所讲的话或所写的文章,是行为动作的结果。
(2)“语言”不是言语活动本身,而是隐藏在言语活动或言语结果中的一个规则系统。
直观地说就是语音、词汇、语义、语法系统或者叫音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。
2、区别:(1)言语是个人的行为,每个人可以用不同的嗓音进行说话,每个人都有不同的言语风格,每个人都有自己的“言语”。
(2)每个人必须按照语言系统的规定去说话,必须遵循这个系统的规则,但每个人不能创造自己的“语言”,语言是社会的,言语是个人的。
3、联系:“语言”和“言语”具有紧密的联系而且互为前提的:要言语为人所理解,并产生它的一切效果,必须有语言;但是要语言能够建立,也必须有言语。
从历史上看,言语的事实总是在前的。
语言和言语是互相依存的,语言既是言语的工具,又是言语的产物。
(1)言语是第一性的,语言是第二性的。
那里有言语,哪里就有语言;哪里没有言语,哪里就没有语言。
语言是存在于言语之中的。
(2)语言来源于言语,又反作用于言语。
语言虽然是第二性的,但它绝不是消极的。
相反,它对第一性的言语起着积极的、巨大的作用,即强制性的规范作用,使得任何一个说话的人或写作的人都必须遵照一定的规则进行,否则就不能被人们理解,得不到社会的承认。
3、语言是一个符号系统:1、符号:(1)符号是一种信号、记号、或标记。
被约定用来指代某种事物的标志。
(2)符号由两个部分构成,分别是能指和所指,它们合在一起组成一个符号。
(3)符号的本质特征:任意性/规定性(可变性/不变性)a、符号的能指和所指之间具有任意性和规定性的矛盾统一性。
华中师大《西方语言学史》期末考试学习资料(二)

华师《西方语言学史》(二)
第二章西方语言学流派
一、古希腊语法主要有哪两个派别?代表人物是谁?
自然说 vs.约定俗成说
自然派:斯多噶学派——异常派
惯例派:亚里士多德——规则派
(1)斯多噶学派
自然派:语言的声音和所代表的事物之间有天然的联系
白板说:人出生时头脑像一张白纸
(2)亚里士多德
惯例派:语言的词汇意义和形式之间没有必然的联系,语言形成于惯例
二、中世纪语法的突出成就是什么?
中世纪的突出成就就是在经院哲学影响下的思辨语法sepculative grammar
思辨语法学家认为人类之所以能够通过来认识世界,是因为词这种“符号”一方面与人的心智有联系,一方面同它代表的事物有联系。
世间万物有几种不同的存在方式:永久的方式和暂时的方式,要靠永久的方式去区别和归纳事物,而用暂时的方式来观察事物的变化和发展。
三、请简要对比经验主义和理性主义
1、经验主义
对事物进行孤立的分析研究,强调客观依据,强调实用价值
速记学、语音学和密码学
2、理性主义
理想语言,哲学语言——普遍语法
威尔金斯,罗瓦雅尔,包泽
Bloomfield,Chomsky
四、古代印度语言学研究集中在哪个方面?有什么特点?
印度语言学研究集中在三个方面:一般语言理论和语义、语音和音位、语法描写不重理论而重观察;句子与词的语义;外显即时表达和内含永久表达。
华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案卷4

华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案(图片大小可自由调整)第1卷一.综合考核(共10题)1.继索绪尔之后,出现了三派结构主义语言学,即()。
A.布拉格学派B.哥本哈根学派C.美国结构主义D.伦敦语言学派2.人类语言与动物交际系统有哪些区别?()A.人类语言具有任意性B.人类语言具有双重结构C.人类语言具有位移D.人类语言有文化遗传性3.历时语言学具有普遍性,但没有强制性﹔共时语言学定律有一定的强制性。
()T.对F.错4.1786年,琼斯在加尔各答皇家亚洲学会上宣读论文,确定了梵语与拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语并没有关系。
()T.对F.错5.()和类推是促使语言变化的两大因素A.音色B.音高C.音变D.音强6.是“描写”还是“规定”语言,正是传统语法与现代语言学的分水岭。
()T.对F.错7.韩礼德总结说,儿童在语言发展过程中,逐渐掌握七种功能,到了成年时,功能范围缩减到三种,不包括()。
A.工具功能B.概念功能C.交际功能D.语篇功能8.交际力:表示句子各部分所传达的信息量。
()T.对F.错9.系统语言学的特点包括()。
A.系统语言学十分重视语言在社会学上的特征B.系统语言学认为语言是做事的一种方式,而不是知识方式C.系统语言学比较重视对个别语言以及个别变体的描写D.系统语言学用连续体的概念来解释许多语言事实,我们创造的描写范畴往往不那么明确,多少有些模棱两可10.以下关于语言和言语的关系表述错误的是()。
A.语言是一种语法系统,潜伏在人的大脑之中,言语是语言的运用,是语言的具体表现B.语言存在于人的大脑中不完整,只有在一个社会群体才是完整的,言语必须是一个人一个人的运用C.言语是总体,语言从属于言语D.言既是言语的工具,也是言语的产物第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案:ABC2.参考答案:ABCD3.参考答案:F4.参考答案:F5.参考答案:C6.参考答案:T7.参考答案:A8.参考答案:T9.参考答案:ABCD10.参考答案:C。
华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案卷2

华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案(图片大小可自由调整)第1卷一.综合考核(共10题)1.布拉格学派的突出贡献是区分了语音学和音位学。
()T.对F.错2.交际力:表示句子各部分所传达的信息量。
()T.对F.错3.生成语法、概念语义学都可以看做广义的认知语言学。
()T.对F.错4.1786年,琼斯在加尔各答皇家亚洲学会上宣读论文,确定了梵语与拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语并没有关系。
()T.对F.错5.韩礼德的语言功能的观点包括()。
A.认为儿童语言的发展实际上就是对语言功能的逐渐掌握B.学习自己的母语其实就是学习语言的用途,以及与其相关联的的意义或意义潜势C.结构、词和语音是这种意义潜势的实现D.学习语言就是学习如何表达意义6.构式语法是对乔姆斯基形式语言学理论反思的结果,因此只有了解乔姆斯基的学说,才能懂得构式语法的理论主张。
()T.对F.错7.继索绪尔之后,出现了三派结构主义语言学,即()。
A.布拉格学派B.哥本哈根学派C.美国结构主义D.伦敦语言学派8.韩礼德说,结构研究的是语言的表层形式,而系统研究的是语言的深层形式,也就是语言的意义潜势。
()T.对F.错9.弗斯同意索绪尔所作的语言与言语的区分,同意语言学的研究对象只是语言,不研究言语。
()T.对F.错10.公元前二世纪,罗马最著名的语法学家是瓦罗,把语言研究分为三大类,不包括()。
A.语音学B.词源学C.形态学D.句法学第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案:T2.参考答案:T3.参考答案:T4.参考答案:F5.参考答案:ABCD6.参考答案:T7.参考答案:ABC8.参考答案:T9.参考答案:F10.参考答案:A。
华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案卷1

华中师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《西方语言学史》网课测试题答案(图片大小可自由调整)第1卷一.综合考核(共10题)1.交际力:表示句子各部分所传达的信息量。
()T.对F.错2.以下是索绪尔对语言的特征做过的总结的是()。
A.语言是在各种各样的言语行为中界限明确的实体。
它独立于个人,个人不能创造它,也不能改变它。
语言很像一项社会契约,群体中的全体成员都签字同意履行B.语言不像言语,语言可以单独研究,可以排除言语所涉及的物理学、生理学和心理学方面的因素,独立考察语言诸因素C.言语是多种多样的,而语言是单义的D.语言并不玄妙,所以我们才可以研究它。
声音和意义的结合是得到群体承认的、存在于大脑中的现实3.是“描写”还是“规定”语言,正是传统语法与现代语言学的分水岭。
()T.对F.错4.()是用于人类交际的一种任意的、口语的、符号的系统。
A.语言B.口语C.符号D.语音5.人类语言与动物交际系统有哪些区别?()A.人类语言具有任意性B.人类语言具有双重结构C.人类语言具有位移D.人类语言有文化遗传性6.行为主义局限性表现在()。
A.行为主义把直觉排除在素材之外,这就大大限制了材料范围B.行为主义使产生语言和理解语言的过程过于简单化了,无法解释人所特有的复杂思维过程C.归纳法是重要的,但不能完全排除演绎法,在获得足够证据之后,进行合理的演绎和推论是必要的D.极端行为主义认为人与动物之间没有根本区别7.韩礼德总结说,儿童在语言发展过程中,逐渐掌握七种功能,到了成年时,功能范围缩减到三种,不包括()。
A.工具功能B.概念功能C.交际功能D.语篇功能8.构式语法是对乔姆斯基形式语言学理论反思的结果,因此只有了解乔姆斯基的学说,才能懂得构式语法的理论主张。
()T.对F.错9.以下属于莱柯夫和约翰逊关于语言能力和语言普遍性的论述的是()。
A.语言能力在本质上是被视为神经能力B.语法是对概念进行符号化的过程C.语言结构是从体验性结构中获得的D.语法结构是概念范畴与他的表达式之间不断配对的10.韩礼德说,结构研究的是语言的表层形式,而系统研究的是语言的深层形式,也就是语言的意义潜势。
[资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 - 副本
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英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%)1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how thehuman mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is astructure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________.14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity,the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is calledl_____________.16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length,due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in agenealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for anygiven study is called the speech c___________.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33. allophones:34. phrase structure rules:35. context36. Historical Linguistics:37. standard language:38. linguistic taboo:39. acculturation:40. care-taker speech:V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition andgive your examples.42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in itshistorical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.参考答案第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. A2. D3. C4. C5.B6. A7. B8. C9. C 10. D第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. Psycholinguistics12. diachronic13. duality14. oral15. lateralization16. Suprasegmental17. recursive18. Homonymy19. protolanguage20. communityIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialectmay speak differently because of a number of social factors.( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)31. parole: It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete and varies with context.32. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.33. Allophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite rules which allow for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences.35. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.36. Historical linguistics studies language change ( or historical development of language).37. Standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.40. It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.1) Mother tongue interference2) interlingual interference3) Overgeneralization42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in itshistorical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.Major periods: Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present)Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.面对强大的对手,明知不敌,也要毅然亮剑,即使倒下,也要化成一座山。
【优质】语言学期末考试试卷

【优质】语言学期末考试试卷1. 围绕SFL,TG Grammar, FSP, Saussure 四个知识点,结合课本367及368页相关问答题准备复习。
2.理解并一定识记以下相关概念和名词:categorization ,interpersonal function,duality,semantics,recursiveness,language linguistics,image schema,competence,allophone,inflection,syntax3. 会自己分析诸如课本368页22题,367页14题的题型。
4.其他参见老师最后一次课梳理的内容。
1.Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form (signifier) and an idea (signified), and it is the central fact of language. By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.2.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasized the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third, it looked on language as a tool performing anumber of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.3.What is the Prague School best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the noti on of “phoneme”as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinctive features, he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2) relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarised as: a) bilateral opposition; b) multilateral opposition; c) proportional opposition; d) isolated opposition; e) privative opposition; f) gradual opposition; g) equippolent opposition; h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition.4.What is the essence of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)? FSP is a theory that refers to a linguistic analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole. From a functional point of view, some Czechoslovak linguists believed that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer –it is their rallying point, the ground on which they meet. This is called the Theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the Rheme. It is believed that the movement from the Theme to theRheme reveals the movement of the mind itself. Language may use different syntactic structures, but the order of ideas remains basically the same. Based on these observations, they created the notion ofFunctional Sentence Perspective (FSP) to describe how information is distributed in sentences. FSP deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known (or given) information and new information in discourse. The known information refers to information that is not new to the reader or hearer, and the new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or hearer. 5. What is the tradition of the London School? The London School has a tradition of laying stress on the functions of language and attaching great importance tocontexts of situation and the system aspect of language. It is these features that have made this school of thought known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. It is an important and admirable part of the London School tradition to believe that different types of linguistic description may be appropriate for different purposes.6. What is the difference between Malinowski and Firth on context of situation? Malinowski distinguished three types of context of situation: situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity, narrative situations, and phatic situations. Firth defined the context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. Recognising that sentences can vary infinitely, Firth used the notion of “typical context of situation”, meaning that social situations determine the social roles participants are obliged to play; since the total number of typical contexts of situation they will encounter is finite, the total number of socialroles is also finite. He put forward the idea that in analysing a typical context of situation, one has to take into consideration both the situational context and the linguistic context of a text. 7. What is important about Firth’s prosodic analysis? Prosodic analysis, or prosodic phonology, is Firth’s second important contribution to linguistics. Since any human utterance is a continuous speech flow made up of at least one syllable, it cannot be cut into independent units. Phonological description only deals with paradigmatic relations, leaving syntagmatic relations out of consideration. Firth pointed out that in actual speech, it is not phonemes that make up the paradigmatic relations, but phonematic units. There are fewer features in phonematic units than in phonemes, because some features are common to phonemes of a syllable or a phrase (even a sentence). When these features are considered in syntagmatic relations, they are all called prosodic units, which include features such as stress, length, nasalisation, palatalisation, and aspiration. In any case, these features cannot be found in one phonematic unit alone.8.What is the relation between Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar?Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar are two inseparable components for an integral framework of Systemic-Functional linguistic theory. Systemic Grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. This network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which theyserve.Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind Functional Grammar is systemic..9What is special about Systemic-Functional linguistics?Systemic-Functional linguistics aims to provide taxonomy for sentences, a means of descriptively classifying particular sentences. Although it may not seem as influential as Chomsky’s transformational-generative theory in some parts of the world, it is much more relevant to the needs of various groups of people who deal with language. Halliday believesthat language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. Systemic-Functional linguistics is based on two facts: (1) language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realise different semantic functions in social interaction; and (2) language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomsky’s approach that takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic competence as the object of study.11.(1) she (Person: third person; Number: singular) (2) we (Person: first person; Number: plural) (3) always (Modality: frequency) (4) a perception process (Transitivity: mental process: internalized process) (5) an action process (Transitivity: material process)12.Analyze the following Relational-process sentences according to their mode and type. (1) Linguistics is a difficult course. (Type: intensive; Mode: attributive) (2) This laptop is Professor Huang’s. (Type: possessive; Mode: identifying)15.What are the special features of American structuralism? American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics thatdeveloped in a very different style from that of Europe. While linguistics in Europe started more than two thousand years ago, linguistics in America started at the end of the nineteenth century. While traditional grammar plays a dominating role in Europe, it has little influence in America. While many European languages have their own historical traditions and cultures, English is the dominating language in America, where there is no such a tradition as in Europe. In addition, the pioneer scholars in America were faced with the urgent task of recording the rapidly perishing native American Indian languages because there was no written record of them. However, these languages were characterised by features of vast diversity and differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. To record and describe these exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the nature of language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistic theory during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language should be described without reference to the alleged universality of such categories as tense, mood and parts of speech. Firstly, structural grammar describes everything that is found in a language instead of laying down rules. However, its aim is confined to the description of languages, without explaining why language operates the way it does. Secondly, structural grammar is empirical, aiming at objectivity in the sense that all definitions and statements should be verifiable or refutable. However, it has produced almost no complete grammars comparable to any comprehensive traditionalgrammars. Thirdly, structural grammar examines all languages, recognising and doing justice to the uniqueness of each language. But it does not give an adequate treatment of meaning. Lastly, structural grammar describes even the smallest contrasts that underlie any construction or use of a language, not only those discoverable in some particular use.16. How is behaviourist psychology related to linguistics? For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “behaviourism”. Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult’s use of language is also a process of “stimulus-response”. When the behaviourist methodology ent ered linguistics via Bloomfield’s writings, the popular practice in linguistic studies was to accept what a native speaker says in his language and to discard what he says about it. This is because of the belief that a linguistic description was reliable when based on observation of unstudied utterances by speakers; it was unreliable if the analyst had resorted to asking speakers questions such as “Can you say …in youlanguage?”17. What is Harris’s most important contribution to linguistics? Harris’s Methods in Structural Linguistics (1951) makes the maturity of American descriptive linguistics, for he gave the fullest and most interesting expression of the “discovery procedure”approach characterised by accurate analytical procedures and high degree of formalisation. He formulated a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basis of structuralanalysis. This method has greatly influenced American descriptive linguistics and Harris is therefore regarded as one of the most distinguished linguists in the post-Bloomfieldian era. 18. What is the theoretical importance of Tagmemics? Tagmemics is a special name for the technique of linguistic analysis developed by Pike, the most significant figure in continuing the structuralist tradition. For Pike, a language has its own hierarchical systems independent of meaning. Not only are there hierarchies in language, but that everything in the world is hierarchical, consisting of different layers in the system from small to big, from bottom to top, from simple to complex, from part to whole. The ultimate aim of tagmemics is to provide a theory which integrates lexical, grammatical, and phonological information. This theory is based on the assumption that there are various relations in language, and these relations can be analysed into different units. However, to believe that language is part of human behaviour, one needs to recognise that language cannot be strictly formalised. Since no representational system can account for all the relevant facts of language, tagmemics accepts various different modes of representation for different purposes, and does not insist that there is only one correct grammar or linguistic theory.19. What are the main features of Stratificational Grammar? Lamb’s Stratificational Grammar consists of three levels: phoneme, morpheme, and morphophoneme. It sees the complex relationship in language as series of connected stratal systems on the assumption that while the system of relationships are not directly observable, it is generalizable. In this grammar, there is no direct relation between a concept and its sounds, and that there are various strata that make up a number of stratal systems.Among these, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic, morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom.20.How many stages of development has Chomsky’s TG Grammar undergone?Chomsky’s TG Grammar has seen five stages of development. The Classical Theory aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard Theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory. The Extended Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. The Revised Extended Standard Theory (or GB) focuses discussion on government and binding. The latest is the Minimalist Program, a further revision of the previous theory. The development of TG Grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers. Although TG Grammar has involved putting forward, revising, and cancelling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models, its aims and purposes have been consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.21. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device? Chomsky believes that languageis somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge25. What is special about TG Grammar?The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his innateness hypothesis, based on his observations that someimportant facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. Chomsky’s TG Grammar has the following features. First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure –a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.- 高氯酸对阿胶进行湿法消化后, 用导数火焰原子吸收光谱技术测定阿胶中的铜、“中药三大宝, 人参、鹿茸和阿胶。
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《中西方语言学史》期末考查作业一、名词解释1.布拉格学派又称功能-结构语言学派。
1926年,马泰休斯、特鲁别茨科依、雅柯布逊等在布拉格成立布拉格语言学会,标志着该学派的形成。
学会会刊为《布拉格语言学会会刊》,纲领是《语言学现代研究的行动纲领》。
他们把语言看作一种具有合目的性的功能系统,强调共时分析的优先地位,认为语言有多种功能,最突出的贡献是创立了音位学。
2.哥本哈根学派又称丹麦学派,语符学派。
创立于1931年,以哥本哈根语言学会成立为标志,代表人物为叶姆斯列夫、乌尔达尔和布龙达尔,会刊为《语言学学报》。
该学派继承了索绪尔符号系统的思想,从形式和实体方面来分析语言,认为语言只是形式不是实体,语言形式即语言单位之间的关系,包括依存关系、决定关系和并存关系;提出了表达平面和内容平面的两个平面理论,提倡演绎分析法,试图建立一个严密的语符学理论体系。
叶尔姆斯列夫逝世以后,该学派逐渐衰落。
3.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说又称“语言相对论”,是由萨丕尔提出,经他的学生沃尔夫论证和发展的一种语言决定论的世界观。
假说提出了语言模式和思维模式相关的论题,认为语言结构决定思维方式,语言不同,思维也不同,对世界的看法也不同;语言决定着一个民族的思维方式和文化。
该假说错误地夸大了语言对思维的影响,具有一定的局限性。
4.伦敦语言学派是指以长期在伦敦大学任教的语言学教授弗斯为首形成的语言学派。
该学派注重语言出现的情境,从社会学的角度研究语言。
马林诺夫斯基的“情景意义”思想是学派的思想源泉;弗斯的情景语境理论是学派存在的理论基础;韩礼德的系统·功能语法理论是该学派语言学思想的发展。
5. 乔姆斯基革命1957年,美国语言学家乔姆斯基出版了《句法结构》一书,提出了转换生成语法理论。
该理论以理性主义为哲学基础,采用演绎法和形式化表达手段,研究语言现象,探索语言普遍规律和普遍语法,试图解释人的语言能力,将语言学从社会科学领域引入到了自然科学领域,全面挑战了当时美国流行的结构主义语言学,改变了人们对待语言的传统看法和观念,为语言研究开辟了全新的方向。
这被称为语言学界的“乔姆斯基革命”。
6.语言能力由乔姆斯基提出,是生成语法理论中的基本概念。
就理想的说话人/听话人来讲,语言能力指的是内在于其大脑之中的语言机制以及在特定的语言社团中习得的内在性语言知识。
就整个人类来说,语言能力指的是为人类所独有的、内在于大脑之中的语言机制。
7.合作原则1967年,由美国哲学家格赖斯在《逻辑与会话》中提出。
他认为,在言语交际活动中,为了保证谈话得以顺利进行,使谈话目标得以实现,人们在谈话中就必须要遵守一定的原则,达到相互了解、互相配合,从而形成一种说话双方的默契。
这个原则就是合作原则。
合作原则要求每一个交谈的参与者在交谈过程中所说的话要符合本次交谈的目标和方向,包括了数量准则、质量准则、关系准则和方式准则等四个准则。
8. 认知语言学是一门新兴的、跨领域的学科,它将认知科学和语言科学结合,以身体经验和认知为出发点,以概念结构和意义研究为中心,寻求语言事实背后的认知方式,并通过认知方式和知识结构等对语言作出统一解释。
认知语言学的诞生,一般以1987年莱考夫的《女人、火和危险事物:范畴揭示了思维的什么奥秘》、约翰逊的《心中之身:意义、想象和理解的物质基础》、兰盖克的《认知语法基础》三部著作的出版为标志。
9.训诂学是中国传统的研究词义的学科,偏重在研究古代的词义,特别是以研究汉魏以前古书中的词义为主。
也综合分析古书中的语法、修辞等语文现象。
其著作大体上有两类。
一是专为解释某部著作而写的,如《毛诗注疏》《韩非子集解》等;一类是搜集词语,分类编次,解释其意义的,如《尔雅》《方言》《释名》等。
10.《说文解字》简称《说文》,东汉许慎著,原书十四篇,又叙目一篇,称十五卷。
今存宋初徐铉校定本,每卷又分上下,共三十卷。
收字9353个,又重文1163个。
字体以小篆为主,为正字,有古文、籀文等异体则列为重文。
全书所收之字,按照形体构造分为540部,首创了部首编排法。
每字下的解释,大抵先说字义,再说形体构造及读音,依据六书解说文字。
虽有错误,却是我国古代第一部系统分析字形和考究字源的字书,对后世影响很大。
11.音韵学又叫声韵学,是研究汉语各个历史时期的语音系统及其发展规律的科学,注重辨析字音中的声、韵、调系统,并研究其不同历史时期的分合异同。
音韵学的研究范围包括古音、今音、等韵等。
12.等韵学是中国古代分析汉语发音原理和发音方法的一门学科。
它以“等呼”来分析韵母的结构,以“七音”来分析声母的发音部位,以“清浊”来分析声母的发音方法,以“字母”来表示汉语声母系统。
重要的等韵书有两类:一是分析《切韵》的语音系统的,如《韵镜》;一类是根据当时语音对《切韵》系统加以调整的,如《切韵指掌图》。
二、简答题1.索绪尔语言理论的核心思想有哪些?1916年出版的《普通语言学教程》全面反映了索绪尔的符号系统理论。
核心思想如下:⑴以二元对立的分析方法,从言语活动中区分了语言和言语,并明确了语言的共时态和历时态。
⑵区分了语言的语言学和言语的语言学、内部语言学和外部语言学、共时语言学和历时语言学。
⑶指出语言是一个表示观念的符号系统,语言符号连结的是概念和音响形象,可分别用所指和能指代替。
⑷能指和所指的联系是任意的,或者说语言符号是任意性的;能指则具有线条特征,只在时间上展开。
⑸语言是一个纯粹的价值系统,语言的价值并不决定于心理实体和声音实体,而是由关系决定的。
⑹语言符号系统是一个由句段(组合)关系和联想(聚合)关系构成的关系网络。
⑺提出了建立符号学的设想,语言学可以作为整个符号学的模型。
2.美国描写语言学的产生和发展大致分为哪三个阶段,其标志分别是什么?第一阶段(1911-1932)是美国描写语言学派的摇篮时期。
其标志一是1911年出版《美洲印地安语手册》及鲍阿斯作的序言;二是萨丕尔1921年出版的《语言论》。
从人类语言学的角度研究语言,提出了语言共时客观描写的原则。
第二时期(1933-1950)是美国描写语言学派的正式形成时期,以1933年布龙菲尔德《语言论》的出版标志。
其语言理论以行为主义为基础,主张根据形式的差别来分析语言,提出了一些结构分析的技术和方法,这一时期也称“布龙菲尔德时期”。
第三时期(1951- 1956)是美国描写语言学派的成熟时期,以“美国新语言学的发言人”海里斯的《结构语言学的方法》(1951)的出版为标志。
分布和替代成了结构分析中的主要标准和方法,把描写语言学的方法推向了成熟。
3.布龙菲尔德《语言论》的核心观点有哪些?布龙菲尔德的《语言论》提出了美国描写语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架,其核心观点如下:⑴机械主义的语言观他从行为主义的立场出发,把语言看成一连串的刺激和反应,主张根据形式结构的差别来分析语言,为语言作出了一个著名的公式:S→r…s→R(其中,S是刺激,R是反应,小s是语言的替代性刺激,小r是语言的替代性反应。
)了机械主义语言观的三条原则,把言语行为以前和以后的实际事项看成意义,并排斥意义。
⑵言语社区理论言语社区就是通过言语来互相交往的一群人,言语社区跟人的生理群体没有关系。
在同一个言语社区里存在着不同的“交际密度”,因而语言可有多种变体,分别是文学标准语体、口语标准语体、地方标准语体、非标准语体和地方方言。
⑶音位理论他区分了实验语音学和实用语音学。
认为音位是有区别的声音特征的最小单位,采用“最小音差对词测验”的方法来确定音位,并把音位分成三种:简单基本音位、复合音位、次要音位。
⑷语言形式在语言形式和语言分析方面,提出了诸如自由形式和粘附形式、简单形式和复合形式、直接成分和最终成分、向心结构和离心结构、形式类、语言形式的四种主要配列方式(分别是词序、变调、变音/语音修饰、选择)多独创的概念和见解。
该书后半部分讨论了历史语言学中的一些重大问题,指出语言谱系树形图的两大缺点,并把语言变化的情况归纳为社会文化变化、类推变化、语义变化和借用等四种类型。
4.美国描写语言学的基本特点表现在哪些方面?同传统语言学以及其他结构主义的流派相比,该学派具有以下基本特点:⑴不区分语言和言语。
搜集的言语素材即语言描写的对象。
⑵重视口语描写和共时研究。
美洲印第安语大多没有书面文字,对其研究只能从口语入手,这跟欧洲传统的语言学主要着眼于书面语,以及历史比较语言学以历时为主的研究存在明显的不同。
⑶注重形式分析,回避意义。
主要根据可以观察到的语言形式进行分析,只管语言结构的本身,避免用意义作为结构分析的标准,不考虑语言以外的事实。
⑷反对心灵主义,主张行为主义。
在描写和分析语言结构时,抛弃心理主义和泛灵主义,从行为主义“刺激-反应”的立场出发,只管可以观察到的物理事实,不管心理过程。
⑸强调验证。
语言研究必须根据话语的素材,采用严格的步骤对这些素材做形式的分类,而且分析的结果必须能经受验证。
⑹建立了“语素音位”。
它是在把语法和语音结合的基础上建立的新单位,是出现在某个语素变体里的一组音位所组成的语音单位。
语素由语素音位组成,语素音位体现为音位。
⑺语言分析有形式化倾向。
在数理逻辑的基础上,把语言分析推向代码化、公式化,术语翻新,符号众多。
以上特点是由这个学派的历史发展逐步形成的。
对于这个学派的成员说来,基本上是一致的,最多也只不过在程度上或者个别点上有所不同。
5.韩礼德的系统功能语法理论的核心内容有哪些?(1)结构观弗斯以结构和系统为坐标考察语言现象,韩礼德肯定了弗斯的基本观点并加以改造和发展。
他认为,结构是由符号按照线性方式排列的,每个符号即是一个单位。
单位本身也是一个层级体系,每个单位都有自己的级别。
不同级别的单位按照大小顺序排列,就成了一个级阶。
级阶表明了各单位、各范畴自上而下的联系。
韩礼德认为,句子往往由许多单位组成,这些单位呈现一维线性排列,形成一个连锁轴。
出现在连锁轴上的是大小不同的结构,在这些结构的任何一点,又都有选择的可能,这样连锁轴就变成了选择轴。
选择轴把没有出现的单位联系起来,就形成了相应的语法,在连锁轴上的语法就是结构。
(2)系统观韩礼德认为,语言系统是一种可以进行语义选择的网络,说话者必须根据所表示的意义,在系统中作出适当的选择。
系统有三个特征:每个系统都是有限的,系统内的选择是互相排斥的,相互制约的。
系统与系统之间有相互制约的关系,当有关系统的每个步骤实现后,就产生结构。
(3)功能观韩礼德从社会学的角度来探讨语言的功能,认为儿童语言具有工具功能、控制功能、交往功能、个人功能、启发功能、想象功能、信息功能等七种,儿童语言的发展实际上就是对语言功能的逐渐掌握。
成人阶段语言的功能减少为概念功能、人际功能、语篇功能三种元功能。