Principles for Translation 英语翻译原则
翻译 the principles and criteria of translation
Fu Lei(傅雷）, 傅雷） 傅雷 a famous translator, writes in the preface to his translation of Balzac’s Old Goriot translation ought to be like copying a picture ; the ultimate aim lies in the resemblance in spirit rather than that in form. (“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样， 所求不在形似而在神似。”)
Principles and Criteria of Translation
a yardstick to guide the translation practice and measure or assess the quality of translated version. /The principles guide the translators’ practice, //and the criteria lay emphasis on readers’ or critics’ evaluation of the translated text. In most cases, they are the two aspects of the same thing. 翻译的标准:所谓翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则；1.即 翻译的标准 指导翻译实践；2.评价译文质量的尺度,即翻译批 评(translation criticism)的标准。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Part three the Process of Translation
Nida 1. analysis of the source text grammatical analysis semantic analysis logical analysis 2. transfer from the source text to the source text 3.restructuring the target text 4.testing
翻译六大原则(旺旺)
我们学习英语时，往往在理解除了英文的意义后，免不了会想到用我们自己的语言或文字把它阐述出来，这种用另一种语言或文字所作的简述就是“翻译”。
翻译必然会牵涉到两种文字，翻译者事前须弄清楚两种文字的相同和相异之处，翻译的过程，就是两种文字的比较过程，所以学习翻译可以帮助我们更透彻了解原文的含义。
学习英文翻译也一样。
多做翻译练习，对提高英文方面的能力是大有益处的。
本章特别介绍基本的英文翻译技巧，希望读者能藉此进一步理解英文的结构，把英文运用得更好。
本章内容共分四节。
第一节介绍翻译的六大原则：省略法﹑增词法﹑重复法﹑转译法﹑颠倒法和否定法。
第二节是要根据上述的六大原则，分别讲解各种词类的翻译方法。
第三节讨论习语的翻译。
最后一节则选取十则译例，先列原文，再列译文，供读者对照学习和借镜。
通过本章，读者定能对英语有更深入的认识，日后阅读﹑作文和会话时，更能应付自如了。
第一节翻译的六大原则(The Six Principles of Translation）一般来说，翻译可归纳为六大原则：省略法(omission)﹑增词法(amplification)﹑重复法(repetition)﹑转译法(conversion)﹑颠倒法(inversion)及否定法(negation)。
现分别详述于下：１.省略法(Omission)在名法结构上，有些在英文中是必要的﹑不可忽略的部份，在中文里却是冗赘的﹑多余的字眼，譬如冠词(a rticles)。
因此在翻译时要注意哪些该省略。
以下分别谈谈一些词类的省略法。
1)主词(subject) 的省略例：(a) But it’s the way I am and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.我就是这样，即使竭尽所能，也改不了。
（中译里无须译出后两个主词“I”）(b) John worked so hard that he fell sick.约翰工作认真得生病了。
英语翻译原则作文模板
英语翻译原则作文模板英文回答：Principles of Translation。
Translation is a complex and multifaceted process that involves transferring meaning from one language to another. While there are many different approaches to translation, there are certain principles that are generally consideredto be essential.Accuracy。
Accuracy is the most important principle of translation.A translation must be faithful to the meaning of theoriginal text. This means that the translator must takeinto account not only the literal meaning of the words, but also the context in which they are used.Clarity。
A translation must be clear and easy to understand. The translator should avoid using ambiguous language or jargon that may be unfamiliar to the reader. The translation should also be well-organized and logical.Consistency。
A translation should be consistent throughout. The translator should use the same terms to refer to the same concepts throughout the text. This will help to ensure that the reader does not become confused.Cultural Sensitivity。
新编英汉互译教程,谭卫国,第2章：Pricinples for Translation
(i.e. tourism/advertising texts)
Principles of Translation
Name
Principles/Proposals
Applications/Comments
P15:Yan Fu严复
2.Normativeness/elegance:The version itself should be normative.(i.e.,proper words,expressionsandsentencesshould be employed in a normative manner, or in accordance with thegrammatical rulesof the target language)
P18:Liu Zhongde
刘重德
Triple principles信达切
1.Faithfulness：
2.Expressiveness：
3.Closeness:The TT should be as close to the original style as possible.
P19 VS严复&泰特勒
3.The translation should have all theeaseof original composition.
P13:Eugene A. Nida
尤全·A·奈达
Dynamic → Functional Equivalence(功能对等论）:
“动态对等”中的对等包括四个方面:1. 词汇对等,2. 句法对等,3. 篇章对等,4. 文体对等。在这四个方面中,奈达认为“意义是最重要的,形式其次”（Translatethe meaningof the original in such a way.)
《英语翻译基础》讲义及《样题和答案》
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
泰特勒三原则文献综述
“泰特勒三原则”文献综述摘要：泰特勒提出的翻译三原则对文学翻译产生了巨大的影响，本文以此为理论依据，针对泰特勒三原则的地位与作用，从与严复“信、达、雅”加以比较和中译三原则方向加以研究，从而更为深刻地理解泰特勒三原则。
关键词：泰特勒三原则“信、达、雅”中译一、引言泰特勒关于翻译理论的传世之作是1790年匿名出版的专著《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation），书中最为出色的部分之一是泰特勒给“优秀的翻译”下的定义，即“原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受”。
在此基础上，泰特勒提出了翻译的三原则，分别是：译作应该完全再现原作的思想。
译作的写作风格和手法应该与原作具有相同的特征。
译作语言应该与原作语言同样流畅。
泰特勒的理论代表了他那个时代的最高峰,一个重要原因是:他似乎是西方翻译史上尝试将翻译目的与手段区分开来的第一人。
他的翻译三法则和翻译标准恰似一条自然科学定律,包含了该定律的必要条件和结果。
这对后世的翻译论者，尤其是翻译科学派影响极大,因而可以认为是泰特勒对现当代翻译研究的最大贡献。
泰特勒对传统译论的另一重要贡献是澄清并深化了人们对译者是画家这一译界传统比喻的认识。
对于这个流行于18世纪西方的著名比喻,泰特勒着重指出了两者的区别:译者(与画家)的工作则有天壤之别。
译者所使用的色彩与原文不一样,却需要令译文有与原文相同的感染力和效果。
译者愈是战战兢兢地模仿原文,他的译文便愈不能像原文般流畅。
译者同时又要行文流畅,又要忠于原文,哪里会容易做得到呢?(张南峰,2000:14)泰特勒对译者与画家工作性质相异之处的独到分析同样源自他对翻译目的与手段的区分。
译者与画家的目标是一致的,即追求其作品与原作的最大程度的相似,但是,两者所采用的手段截然不同:画家使用的是与原作完全相同的色彩,且模仿原作时受到的约束和羁绊较少;译者使用的却是与原作不同的色彩(另一种语言和文化),因而翻译时面对着巨大的束缚和障碍。
翻译标准
翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。
翻译是一种社会活动，翻译标准则是从中产生的。
由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素，因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。
总的说来，翻译标准大体可分为以下四种：任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的翻译标准或原则，衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开一定的翻译标准，因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
然而由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准。
概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：一、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则（the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle）以译出语为取向的翻译原则唯原文的形式是举，惟恐译文失真，有违原文作者的原意，因此翻译时完全采取词对词、句对句（word for word and line for line）的死译方法，而且常多用音译法。
例如把the Milky Way（银河）直译为"牛奶路"，把the apple of my eye(珍爱物；珍爱之人，宝贝)直译成"我眼的苹果"；把"Every dog has its day."译为"每只狗都有它的日子"（正确的译法应为"人人皆有得意之日"）。
持这种原则的翻译家为数不少，如中国西晋时期的佛经翻译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯·封·维尔(Nicolas von Wyle,生卒年不祥)、近代的美国作家赛珍珠(Pearl Buck, 1892-1973)；而以译入语为取向的原则则是一味以译文读者的口味为准绳，完全采用归化的译法。
或是完全为了适合读者的口味而让译文归化，有时甚至不惜曲解原作，如把"When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war."译作"张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞"（正确译法应为"两雄相遇，其斗必烈"），把Solomon(所罗门，古以色列国国王大卫之子，以智慧著称)意译成"诸葛亮"，把Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king意译为"春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜"。
中文菜单英文翻译的原则Principles of Translation
中文菜单英文翻译的原则Principles of Translation一、中餐Chinese Food1. 冷菜类Cold Dishes2. 热菜类Hot Dishesa. 猪肉Porkb. 牛肉Beefc. 羊肉Lambd. 其他肉类Otherse. 禽蛋类Poultry and Eggsf. 菇菌类Mushroomsg. 鲍鱼类Abloneh. 鱼翅类Shark’s Finsi. 海鲜类Seafoodj. 蔬菜类V egetablesk. 豆腐类Toful. 燕窝类Bird’s Nest Soupm. 羹类汤类煲类Soupsn. 主食、小吃Rice, Noodles and Local Snacks二、西餐Western Fooda. 头盘、沙拉及汤类Appetizers,Salads and Soupsb. 禽蛋类Poultry and Eggsc. 肉类Beef, Pork and Lambd. 鱼和海鲜Fish and Seafoode. 面、粉及配菜类Noodles, Pasta and Side Dishesf. 面包类Bread and Pastriesg. 甜品及其他西点Cakes, Cookies and Other Desserts三、饮品Drinks1. 中国酒Chinese Alcoholic Drinks2. 洋酒Imported Winesa. 开胃酒Aperitifb. 白兰地Brandyc. 威士忌Whiskyd. 金酒Gine. 朗姆酒Rumf. 伏特加V odkag. 龙舌兰Tequilah. 利口酒Liqueursi. 清酒Sakej. 啤酒Beerk. 鸡尾酒Cocktails and Mixed Drinks3. 餐酒Table Wine4. 饮料Non-Alcoholic Beveragesa. 矿泉水Mineral Waterb. 咖啡Coffeec. 茶Tead. 茶饮料Tea Drinkse. 果蔬汁Juicef. 碳酸饮料Sodasg. 混合饮料Mixed Drinksh. 其他饮料Other Drinksi. 冰品Ice。
translationcriticismintroduction
8. The significance of translation criticism
翻译批评与赏析对于译员培训、翻译工作质量 管理、翻译学的发展等都起着举足轻重的作用。 翻译批评与赏析的水平如能提高，翻译事业也 可以随之发扬光大。
误译分析
语言因素导致的误译
Examples 1
From Charles Dickens, David Copperfield:
9. 误译和佳译赏析（examples）
1. What is translation criticism?
Translation criticism is the combination of translation criticism and translation appreciation from the perspective of content, expression, style, language and vividness on the background of cross-cultural communication.
林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 刘重德：信、达、切 古正坤：多元互补论
3. Principles for translation
criticism
1.翻译批评的对象不仅仅是翻译作品本身，还 应是翻译过程和译者，但对译者进行翻译批评 不是对其进行人身攻击，而是将其置于历史文 化语境之下对其翻译立场、翻译方案以及翻译 视界等进行考察；
6. Textual functions
作作 信 原 真 社沟 目 委 译 译 译
语篇 者 者 息 文 理 会 通 的 托 者 文 文
功能
意
渠语者
使
图
道
用
泰特勒 翻译三原则
翻译的原则，又称翻译的标准，是指导翻译实践，以及评价译文质量的尺度。
18世纪末，爱丁堡大学历史教授亚历山大·F·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1749-1814）在《论翻译的原则》一书中系统地提出了进行翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则：
1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
译文应和原作同样流畅。
(A.F.Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)
我们在做完任何一次翻译的时候，都需要拿出泰特勒先生的翻译三原则，来审视自己的译文，看看自己的译文是否都符合泰特勒的翻译三原则，养成良好的翻译习惯，才可以不断地在翻译方面取得进步。
2.英汉翻译概述
• • • • • • • • •
sporting house dead president busboy busybody heart man blind date sweet water criminal lawyer service station
• • • • • •
妓院 美钞 餐馆勤杂工 爱管闲事的人 换心人 (由第三者安排的)男女初 次见面 • 淡水 • 刑事律师 • 加油站
2. 翻译的原则 The Principles for Translation
• 1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. • 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character of the original. • 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
The second climax of translation -scientific and technological translation (religious activities relating to Christianity) From late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty.
至柔至刚
刚柔相济
温柔的妻子 慈爱的母亲 沙龙里的漂亮夫人
刚直孤傲，愤世嫉俗 温和善良，宽容大度
钱钟书： 散文集:《写在人生边 上》 小说：《猫》 中短篇小说集： 《人· 兽· 鬼》 长篇小说：《围城》 诗集：《槐聚诗存》 学术著作：《管锥编》 诗论《谈艺录》《七 缀集》《宋诗选注》 等 其他作品： 《诗可以怨》《也 是集》《模糊的铜 镜》《石语》 翻译作品： 德译汉： 《唐· 吉珂德》 汉译英： 《毛泽东诗词》 学术著作： 《林纾的翻译》
unit1principlesoftranslation翻译原则[教学]
![unit1principlesoftranslation翻译原则[教学]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a643573a7275a417866fb84ae45c3b3567ecdddc.png)
A TestAll's Well That Ends WellIt was fine and warm one afternoon, and Will decided to go for a bicycle ride in the country. He was enjoy the sunshine and the peaceful roads, and when he came to a steep hill he let his bicycle run down it much too fast. But there was a sharp bend at the bottom of the hill. When he was nearly there, a dog rushed out of a farmyard, barking and jumping up at him.Will put his brakes on. He managed not to hit the dog, but he was going too fast to ger round the bend safely. The bicycle ran across the road and hit the bank at the other side. Fortunately, no vehicle was passing, so there was no danger of a collision. As Will was picking himself up, the farmer came out. When he saw that there was no damage, he brought Will back to the farmhouse and gave him a glass of fresh milk.Will was soon to go on with his ride. "All's well that ends well," he said to the farmer when they wished each other goodbye.My Version:结果好便一切都好在一个晴朗而温暖的午后，威尔决定在乡下骑车转转。
III.1 Principles 翻译标准
• hippie : 嬉皮士（常留长发、穿着艳丽、吸毒。嬉皮 士运动在 20 世纪 60 年代最盛行）1965年9月6日旧 金山的一家报纸首先使用了嬉皮士这个词来描写这些 年轻的波西米亚主义者，但其他媒体在此后两年中几 乎没有使用过这个词。旧金山海特· 亚许柏里地区的嬉 皮士是以一个叫做Diggers的团体为中心。这个街头 剧团体将即时性的街头剧、无政府主义行动和艺术表 演结合在一起，他们的目标是要建立一个“自由城市” 。他们受两个不同的运动的影响：一方面受波西米亚 主义的、地下艺术的、剧团的影响，另一方面受左派 的、民权主义的、和平运动的影响。加利福尼亚州的 洛杉矶也有一个非常活跃的嬉皮士社团。1967年夏， 许多年轻人（据警察估计有7.5万人）聚集在海特· 亚 许柏里分享他们的新文化的音乐、毒品和反抗。60年 代末嬉皮士运动达到高潮。1976年7月7日《时代》杂 志将嬉皮士运动作为其封面故事——《嬉皮士：一个 次文化的哲学》。由于许多嬉皮士在他们的头发里带 花或向行人分花，因此他们也有“花癫派”的称号。
2. Avoid cultural misunderstanding
Love me, love my dog. Every dog has its day.
That funny guy often talks horse.
• He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth, so he went and joined a Hippie commune. • 出于对现代生活 的不满和对人们 自私的个人财富 占有欲的反感， 他加入了嬉皮士 群居社。
4. Faithful to the style
商务英语翻译原则与技巧
商务英语翻译原则1.准确严谨由于国际商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，因此，合同的内容也就日趋精确和完备。
这就要求译者在翻译时应把“准确严谨”作为首要标准，尤其是合同中的法律术语和关键词语的翻译更应予以特别重视，仅仅忠实原文远远不够，而应严格贴近合同所涉及的专业性内容。
以“offer”一词为例，将它翻译为“提供、提议”是正确的，但在国际商务合同种，offer一般只能译为“要约、报盘”。
此外，为了避免产生歧义，有些词语的翻译必须保持同一种译法，尤其是合同中的专业术语和关键词语都有着严格的法律涵义，翻译时一定要透彻理解原文的内容要求，准确完整地传达合同文件的精神实质。
以“exclusive”为例，exclusive territory应译为“独占区域”，表示许可方不得再把同样内容的技术许可协议授予该地域内的任何第三方。
但是，exclusive contract则译为“专销合同”，表示制造商与转卖商之间签订的专销协议，规定转卖商不得同时经销竞争对手的产品。
2.规范通顺所谓“规范通顺”，就是把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字(中文)表达出来。
因此，要使合同语言“规范通顺”，译者就要特别注意合同的词语运用规范，符合合同文体中约定俗成的含义。
例如，将“documentarybillatsight”译为“即期付有单据的票据”，虽然表达的意思符合原文要求，但概念并不清晰，因为“票据”本身的涵义是广义的，在国际商务合同中的票据主要指汇票，因此，应译为“跟单汇票”。
此外，国际商务合同的译文不仅要符合合同语言的要求和规律，还应做到通顺，着重体现在条理清晰上。
国际商务合同的条款往往比较繁复，翻译时应首先弄清全文的条例，对各条款间的制约关系和逻辑关系须仔细琢磨，注意译文语言的语句结构，不拘泥于原文的词句结构和句法框框的限制。
1.功能性归化国际商务英语合同自身的文体特征和鲜明的“告知”与“规定”功能，决定了这类文本翻译的特殊要求和目的，即：遣词用字、行文布局必须符合译文的形式和规范，在翻译技巧上毫无例外地一律采用归化的方法。
泰特勒三原则文献综述
“泰特勒三原则”文献综述摘要：泰特勒提岀的翻译三原则对文学翻译产生了巨大的影响，本文以此为理论依据，针对泰特勒三原则的地位与作用，从与严复“信、达、雅”加以比较和中译三原则方向加以研究，从而更为深刻地理解泰特勒三原则。
关键词：泰特勒三原则“信、达、雅”中译一、引言泰特勒关于翻译理论的传世之作是1790年匿名出版的专著《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）,书中最为出色的部分之一是泰特勒给“优秀的翻译”下的定义，即“原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受”。
在此基础上，泰特勒提出了翻译的三原则，分别是：译作应该完全再现原作的思想。
译作的写作风格和手法应该与原作具有相同的特征。
译作语言应该与原作语言同样流畅。
泰特勒的理论代表了他那个时代的最高峰，一个重要原因是:他似乎是西方翻译史上尝试将翻译目的与手段区分开来的第一人。
他的翻译三法则和翻译标准恰似一条自然科学定律，包含了该定律的必要条件和结果。
这对后世的翻译论者，尤其是翻译科学派影响极大，因而可以认为是泰特勒对现当代翻译研究的最大贡献。
泰特勒对传统译论的另一重要贡献是澄清并深化了人们对译者是画家这一译界传统比喻的认识。
对于这个流行于18世纪西方的著名比喻，泰特勒着重指出了两者的区别：译者（与画家）的工作则有天壤之别。
译者所使用的色彩与原文不一样，却需要令译文有与原文相同的感染力和效果。
译者愈是战战兢兢地模仿原文，他的译文便愈不能像原文般流畅。
译者同时乂要行文流畅,乂要忠于原文，哪里会容易做得到呢?（张南峰,2000:14）泰特勒对译者与画家工作性质相异之处的独到分析同样源自他对翻译的与手段的区分。
译者与画家的LI标是一致的,即追求其作品与原作的最大程度的相似，但是，两者所采用的手段截然不同:画家使用的是与原作完全相同的色彩，且模仿原作时受到的约束和羁绊较少;译者使用的却是与原作不同的色彩（另一种语言和文化），因而翻译时面对着巨大的束缚和障碍。
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则Essay on the principles of translationAlexander Fraser TytlerLord WoodhouseleeFirst Edition, 1791The impulse for the essay certainly does not seem to have come from any preoccupation with theoretical statements about the translation process, for Tytler appears to have had a rather spotty and accidental knowledge of that tradition. Instead, he seems to have been moved to write on translation by reading, in his voracious but rather unsystematic manner, a wide variety of literature in the original and translation, and by his own efforts as a translator of Petrarch and Schiller.Third Edition, 1813Tytler had, too, become somewhat more overt about his philosophical foundations, claiming for the first time that his principles were “founded in nature and huamansense”. He notes that what he feels to be a lack of decent commentary on the process translation, even among the ancient authors. Tytler’s approach is that of theantiquarian, reading whatever comes readily to hand, rather than that of te though scholar seeking copiousness. There was before him notreatise that discussed at length the problems of and solutions to the translation dilemma and the more interesting od the explicit statements on the questions scattered about in the introductions to the various translations.While such has been our ignorance of the principles of this art, it is not at all wonderful, that a midst the numberless translation which everyday appear, both of the works of the ancients and the moderns, there should be so few that are possessed of real merit. The utility of translations is universally felt, and therefore there is a continual demand for them. But this very circumstance has thrown the practice of translation into mean and mercenary hands.(7-8)General law of translationIt is the duty of a translator to attend only to the sense andspirit of his original, to make himself perfectly master of hisauthor’s ideas, and to communicative them inthose expressions which he judges to be best suited to convey them. It has, on the other hand, been maintained, that, in order to constitute a perfect translation, it is not only requisite that the ideas and sentiments of the original author should be conveyed, but likewise his style and manner of writing, which, it is supposed, cannot be done with a strict attention to the arrangement of his sentences, and even totheir order and construction. According to the former idea of translation, it is allowable to improve and to embellish; according to the latter, it is necessary to preserve even blemishes and defects; andto these must likewise be superadded the harshness that must attend every copy in which the artist scrupulously studies to imitate the minutest lines or traces of his original. (14-15)Tytler claims to choose a middle position.He then supplies a characterization of what he considers a good translation to be: that. In which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (15-16)Three general law:1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3) That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.The translator’s privilege to alter the originalThe issue to which Tytler devotes the majority of his discussion and the one for which many reviewers took him to task is the question of the translator’s liberty to add to,delete from, or in other ways alter the character of his original. Suppression is deemed proper when there is a careless inaccurate expression of the original, where that inaccuracy seems materiallyaffect the sense. (54) and when something offends against the dignity of the native. (55)“An ordinary translator sinks under the energy of his original: of man of genius(42) frequently rises above it”Evaluation and ConclusionAs a result, we cannot expect to find his principles set into afully articulated general framework, whether rhetorical or linguistic. In another way, however, the essay is a modern book, for we find in it no slavish adherence to a classical theory or ancient authority, nor is there a mere categorization on the model of the encyclopedia. Tytler seems to have felt no need to discover a tradition, a usable past which must be assumed as a foundation for a workable present.。
Essayontheprinciplesoftranslation泰勒的翻译三原则
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则Essay on the principles of translationAlexander Fraser TytlerLord WoodhouseleeFirst Edition, 1791The impulse for the essay certainly does not seem to have come from any preoccupation with theoretical statements about the translation process, for Tytler appears to have had a rather spotty and accidental knowledge of that tradition. Instead, he seems to have been moved to write on translation by reading, in his voracious but rather unsystematic manner, a wide variety of literature in the original and translation, and by his own efforts as a translator of Petrarch and Schiller.Third Edition, 1813Tytler had, too, become somewhat more overt about his philosophical foundations, claiming for the first time that his principles were “founded in nature and huamansense”. He notes that what he feels to be a lack of decent commentary on the process translation, even among the ancient authors. Tytler’s approach is that of theantiquarian, reading whatever comes readily to hand, rather than that of te though scholar seeking copiousness. There was before him notreatise that discussed at length the problems of and solutions to the translation dilemma and the more interesting od the explicit statements on the questions scattered about in the introductions to the various translations.While such has been our ignorance of the principles of this art, it is not at all wonderful, that a midst the numberless translation which everyday appear, both of the works of the ancients and the moderns, there should be so few that are possessed of real merit. The utility of translations is universally felt, and therefore there is a continual demand for them. But this very circumstance has thrown the practice of translation into mean and mercenary hands.(7-8)General law of translationIt is the duty of a translator to attend only to the sense andspirit of his original, to make himself perfectly master of hisauthor’s ideas, and to communicative them inthose expressions which he judges to be best suited to convey them. It has, on the other hand, been maintained, that, in order to constitute a perfect translation, it is not only requisite that the ideas and sentiments of the original author should be conveyed, but likewise his style and manner of writing, which, it is supposed, cannot be done with a strict attention to the arrangement of his sentences, and even totheir order and construction. According to the former idea of translation, it is allowable to improve and to embellish; according to the latter, it is necessary to preserve even blemishes and defects; andto these must likewise be superadded the harshness that must attend every copy in which the artist scrupulously studies to imitate the minutest lines or traces of his original. (14-15)Tytler claims to choose a middle position.He then supplies a characterization of what he considers a good translation to be: that. In which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (15-16)Three general law:1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3) That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.The translator’s privilege to alter the originalThe issue to which Tytler devotes the majority of his discussion and the one for which many reviewers took him to task is the question of the translator’s liberty to add to,delete from, or in other ways alter the character of his original. Suppression is deemed proper when there is a careless inaccurate expression of the original, where that inaccuracy seems materiallyaffect the sense. (54) and when something offends against the dignity of the native. (55)“An ordinary translator sinks under the energy of his original: of man of genius frequently rises above it” (42)Evaluation and ConclusionAs a result, we cannot expect to find his principles set into afully articulated general framework, whether rhetorical or linguistic. In another way, however, the essay is a modern book, for we find in it no slavish adherence to a classical theory or ancient authority, nor is there a mere categorization on the model of the encyclopedia. Tytler seems to have felt no need to discover a tradition, a usable past which must be assumed as a foundation for a workable present.。
美食译苑——中文菜单英文译法(官方全套完整版)
美食译苑——中文菜单英文译法（官方全套完整版）中西餐终于有了统一翻译标准。
昨日，北京市政府外事办消息，新出版的《美食译苑——中文菜单英文译法》共规范了3102个中西餐饮食名称，其中包括2158个中餐，并向北京市各大餐馆推广。
《美食译苑——中文菜单英文译法》共分三章，分别对中餐、西餐、饮品进行了标准的英文翻译，其中中餐部分细化到八大菜系，包括鲁菜、川菜、闽菜等特色饭菜的介绍和重点翻译。
此次参加翻译的专家不仅有北京外国语大学、清华大学、北京大学等的教授，还邀请了外交部翻译专家、英籍专家、驻外大使等人。
翻译团队带头人、北京外国语大学教授陈琳表示，翻译力争让完全不懂中华文化的外国宾客一眼就能看懂。
“童子鸡”译成Chicken without sex(还没有性生活的鸡)，“红烧狮子头”译成Red burned lion head(红烧狮子脑袋)。
“上面的译法都很可笑，外国人看了会一头雾水。
”陈琳表示，在编制标准译法时，不少菜名都引发了编委会的激烈争议。
陈琳介绍，翻译时，还考虑中国文化、国家政策法律、民族问题等。
“东坡肘子、宫保鸡丁，翻译时，把历史人名保留了下来；乞丐鸡直接翻译，保留了一个故事；麻婆豆腐不能翻译成‘麻脸老太太做的豆腐’，这对妇女不尊重。
”他称。
☆目录 Table of Contents·翻译的原则Principles of Translation·中餐 Chinese Food冷菜类 Cold Dishes热菜类 Hot Dishes猪肉 Pork牛肉 Beef羊肉 Lamb禽蛋类 Poultry and Eggs菇菌类Mushrooms鲍鱼类 Ablone鱼翅类Shark’s Fins海鲜类 Seafood蔬菜类 Vegetables豆腐类 Tofu燕窝类Bird’s Nest Soup羹汤煲类Soups主食、小吃 Rice, Noodles and Local Snacks·西餐 Western Food头盘及沙拉 Appetizers and Salads汤类 Soups禽蛋类 Poultry and Eggs牛肉类 Beef猪肉类 Pork羊肉类 Lamb鱼和海鲜 Fish and Seafood面、粉及配菜类 Noodles, Pasta and Side Dishes面包类 Bread and Pastries甜品及其他西点 Cakes, Cookies and Other Desserts 中国酒 Chinese Alcoholic Drinks黄酒类 Yellow Wine白酒类 Liquor啤酒 Beer葡萄酒 Wine洋酒 Imported Wines开胃酒 Aperitif白兰地 Brandy威士忌 Whisky金酒 Gin朗姆酒 Rum伏特加 Vodka龙舌兰 Tequila利口酒 Liqueurs清酒 Sake啤酒 Beer鸡尾酒 Cocktails and Mixed Drinks餐酒 Table Wine饮料 Non-Alcoholic Beverages矿泉水 Mineral Water咖啡 Coffee茶 Tea茶饮料 Tea Drinks果蔬汁 Juice碳酸饮料 Sodas混合饮料 Mixed Drinks其他饮料 Other Drinks冰品 Ice☆翻译的原则一、以主料为主、配料为辅的翻译原则1、菜肴的主料和配料主料（名称/形状）+ with + 配料如：白灵菇扣鸭掌 Mushrooms with Duck Webs2、菜肴的主料和配汁主料 + with/in + 汤汁（Sauce）如：冰梅凉瓜 Bitter Melon in Plum Sauce二、以烹制方法为主、原料为辅的翻译原则1、菜肴的做法和主料做法（动词过去分词）+主料（名称/形状）如：火爆腰花Sautéed Pig Kidney2、菜肴的做法、主料和配料做法(动词过去分词)+主料（名称/形状）+ 配料如：地瓜烧肉 Stewed Diced Pork and Sweet Potatoes3、菜肴的做法、主料和汤汁做法(动词过去分词)+主料（名称/形状）+ with/in +汤汁如：京酱肉丝Sautéed Shredded Pork in Sweet Bean Sauce三、以形状、口感为主、原料为辅的翻译原则1、菜肴形状或口感以及主配料形状/口感 + 主料如：玉兔馒头 Rabbit-Shaped Mantou脆皮鸡 Crispy Chicken2、菜肴的做法、形状或口感、做法以及主配料做法（动词过去分词）+ 形状/口感 + 主料 + 配料如：小炒黑山羊Sautéed Sliced Lamb with Pepper and Parsley四、以人名、地名为主，原料为辅的翻译原则1、菜肴的创始人（发源地）和主料人名（地名）+ 主料如：麻婆豆腐Mapo Tofu (Sautéed Tofu in Hot and Spicy Sauce)广东点心 Cantonese Dim Sum2、介绍菜肴的创始人（发源地）、主配料及做法做法（动词过去式）+ 主辅料+ + 人名/地名 + Style如：北京炒肝 Stewed Liver, Beijing Style北京炸酱面 Noodles with Soy Bean Paste, Beijing Style五、体现中国餐饮文化，使用汉语拼音命名或音译的翻译原则1、具有中国特色且被外国人接受的传统食品，本着推广汉语及中国餐饮文化的原则，使用汉语拼音。
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增补法
The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion courage, the lamb weakness. Afraid of being cut off, they lose no time in turning back. A new type of plane—small, cheap, plane— pilotless— pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. A full moon hung high in the sky.
重复法 （1）为了明确
Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 参考译文 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国 的路线。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，despised it in life， it， others. 参考译文 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失 败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
We (you) should be cautious under that circumstance. She sat down, crossed her legs, and drew her skirt down over her knees.
减词法（省略法） （3）连词的省略
He looked gloomy and troubled. 参考译文 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes，can spring be far behind? comes， 参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
减词法（省略法） （1）冠词的省略
Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，or a gas. solid， liquid， 参考译文 任何物质，无论它是固体、液体或气体， 都是由原子构成的。
减词法（省略法） （2）代词的省略
词意的褒贬
The statement completely laid bare their ambition for world conquest. Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition.
增补法 (1)增加名词 (1)增加名词
According to scientists，it takes nature scientists， 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 参考译文 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要 用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土 500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土 壤。
Heavy: crops; frost; wine; road; sea; heart; fire; smoker; bread; line; storm
词义的选择 根据具体语境选择词义
Kill: He killed the man. He killed the dog. They killed the proposal. Please kill the engine. You are killing me. She kills her child with kindness. He took a snack to kill her hunger. He killed time everyday at the park. He killed the spirit of teamwork. The news killed their hope. These flowers kill easily. The smell killed my appetite.
增补法 (3)增加形容词 (3)增加形容词
With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism. 参考译文 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建 设社会主义啊! 设社会主义啊! What a sight! 参考译文 多美的景色啊! 多美的景色啊!
Principles for Translation
In 1898, in the introduction to his translation of the book "Completed Works of Thomas Henry Huxley, Volume IX" (Chinese title《天演论》), title《天演论》 Mr. Yan wrote, "There are thranslation: fidelity, fluency and elegance.“ (译事三难信达雅). 译事三难信达雅).
重复法 （1）为了明确
There was cooling system and/or oil system trouble.
Water can be decomposed by energy，a energy， current of electricity. 参考译文 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也 就是电流。
减词法（省略法） （4）介词的省略
Now complaints are heard all over the country. Smoking is prohibited in public places. 参考译文 公共场所不许吸烟。
减词法（省略法） （5）同位语前置名词的省略
They were all worried over the fact that you were sick. 参考译文 你病了,大家都很担心.
词义的引申
Were it left to an American to decide whether they should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government，he should not hesitate a government， moment to prefer the latter. 参考译文 如果让一个美国人决定要没有言论 自由的政府还是要言论自由而无政府的国家， 他会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
增补法 (2)增加动词 (2)增加动词
In the evening，after the banquets，the evening， banquets， concerts and the table tennis exhibitions，he exhibitions， would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 参考译文 晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒 晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒 乓球表演之后，他还得草拟最后公告。 The cities utilize these funds for education， education， police and fire departments，public works and departments， municipal buildings. 参考译文 市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业， 市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业， 加强治安消防，投资公共建筑和市政工程。 加强治安消防，投资公共建筑和市政工程。
16 tips
定 同 语 从 句 从 句 译 译 语 句 位 语 从 句 从 换 合 宾 语 转 与 主 语 态 译 译 与 倒 换 分 反 异 转 换 贬 顺 构 转 法 法 结 词 类 词 减 重 复 补 法 的 褒 引 申 择 增 词 意 义 义 的 的 选 词 词
词义的选择 根据具体语境选择词义
词义的引申
In these days of urban decay and energy crisis, there is a constant longing to return to the land and flee back to a simpler way of life. But it cannot be done. We have a tiger by the tail and we cannot go home again.
词义的选择 根据具体语境选择词义
After their interview，he compares not interview， their experience，but their statistics… experience， 参考译文 面试以后，他并不比较他们的经 验，而是比较他们的统计数字。 Our journey to Tibet was quite an experience. 参考译文 我们的西藏之旅真是一次难忘的 经历。
词义的选择 根据具体语境选择词义
吃: 这药一天吃三次。 没吃一口东西。 一口气吃完了。 吃饱了。 吃不惯。 不喜欢吃。 不愁吃穿。 这么大了还不会吃饭。 这碗饭不好吃。
词义的选择 根据具体语境选择词义
Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 参考译文 电力可以被输送到很远的地方。 A car needs a lot of power to go fast. 参考译文 汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。 Explosive technological development after 1990 gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness. 参考译文 1990年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医 1990年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医 学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。