00522 英语国家概况自考大纲

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2020年4月全国英语国家概况自考试题及答案解析

全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522全部题目用英文作答，否则不计分。

PART ONE (40 POINTS)I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinishedstatement or question, four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.(40 points,1 point for each)1. British recorded history begins with the _____ invasion.A. RomanB. VikingC. Anglo-SaxonD. Norman2. The Authorized Version of the Bible (published in 1611) was made by _____ command.A. Edward IV’sB. James I’sC. Elizabeth I’sD. Henry V III’s3. In the United Kingdom, succession is founded on the _____ principle. Sons of the Sovereign have precedence over daughters in succeeding to the throne.A. ethicalB. obligationC. hereditaryD. public relations4. In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of _____.A. the SpeakerB. the Lord ChancellorC. the Duke of EdinburghD. the Prime Minister5. The most important prehistoric monument of the Iberians was _____.A. Maiden Castle in WiltshireB. Stonehenge in WiltshireC. Avebury in WiltshireD. Leeds Castle in Kent6. The Royal National Eisteddfod is a(n) _____ festival of poetry, music and other arts.A. EnglishB. ScottishC. WelshD. Irish7. In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before _____.A. 1918B. 1920C. 1928D. 19458. The English Civil War is generally regarded as the beginning of modern _____ history.A. EuropeanB. ScottishC. WelshD. world9. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of _____.A. the Home SecretaryB. the Lord ChancellorC. the Prime MinisterD. the Attorney General10. During the 1970s Britain began producing petroleum from wells in _____.1A. the Irish SeaB. the North SeaC. the Dover StraitsD. the Cambrians11. The two very important crops in Britain are _____.A. barley and cornB. wheat and riceC. barley and oatsD. wheat and barley12. In Britain, a _____ is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns.A. civic electionB. by-electionC. popular electionD. general election13. What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A. The Rio Grande River.B. The southern Rocky Mountains.C. The Colorado River.D. The Gulf of California.14. The financial, manufacturing and transportation center of the United States is _____.A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. PhiladelphiaD. Chicago15. One of the measures taken by the Roosevelt Administration in the New Deal was _____.A. to close down more banksB. to further loosen the control of financial institutionsC. to adopt a number of labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of productionD. to encourage farm production16. Most of the colleges and universities in the U.S. are located _____.A. in only 5 or 6 states along the Atlantic coastB. in the SouthC. in states with a large populationD. along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts17. Rock’n’ roll in the early 1960s in the United States was music for _____.A. teenagersB. black audienceC. white adult audienceD. people of all ages18. The major Hispanic groups in the United States are _____.A. the Mexicans and HaitiansB. the Puerto Ricans and CubansC. the Mexicans and the Puerto RicansD. the Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans19. Today, American people observe Veterans’ Day by _____.A. keeping two minutes of silence at 11∶00 A.M. on that dayB. holding veterans’ parades in their communitiesC. going to public cemeteries to pay tribute to war heroesD. going to churches for memorial services20. In the U.S., constitutional amendment can go into effect after it is approved by _____.A. a two-thirds vote of both housesB. three-fourths of the states2C. two-thirds of the statesD. half of the states21. When the president of the U.S. signs an act passed by Congress into law, it still can becancelled if _____.A. the lower federal court decides that it goes against previous lawsB. the Supreme Court decides that it goes against previous lawsC. the lower federal court decides it is unconstitutionalD. the Supreme Court decides it is unconstitutional22. President Nixon decided to resign because he _____.A. refused to hand over the White House tapes to courtB. was tired of political struggle in Washington D.C.C. came to see that most probably he would be impeachedD. was deserted by the Republican Party23. In the United States, the first largest immigration movement took place _____.A. right after the War of IndependenceB. in the mid-1810sC. at the turn of the 20th centuryD. right after the Civil War24. The following are the factors that have contributed to the development of the U.S. economyEXCEPT _____.A. the vast space and resources of the landB. the ideals of freedom and economic opportunityC. English as its national languageD. hard work by the people25. Although Australia has a large area, _____ of the continent is desert or semi-desert.A. one –thirdB. two-thirdsC. halfD. more than half26. The Great Barrier Reef is included on the World Heritage list because it has _____.A. the most beautiful seascape in the worldB. the greatest number of islands in the worldC. the most diverse and complex marine life in the worldD. the longest coast in the world27. The first major discoveries, made in _____ in the early 1850s, resulted in gold rushes in Australia.A. QueenslandB. South AustraliaC. Victoria and TasmaniaD. Victoria and New South Wales28. In Australia, the role of the Senate is _____.A. to review bills passed by the House of RepresentativesB. to introduce "money bills"C. to interpret the ConstitutionD. to remove the prime minister from office29. In Australia, the leader of the majority party or the coalition heads the government as _____.3A. premierB. prime ministerC. chief executiveD. governor-general30. Traditionally, Australia has relied heavily on migrants _____.A. to build up its labor forceB. to defend its countryC. to change its way of lifeD. to improve its living standards31. In each of the ten Canadian provinces, the Queen is represented by _____.A. the speakerB. the Lord High CommissionerC. the Lieutenant-governorD. the Attorney-General32. By the British North America Act, Canada was made a _____ in 1867.A. dominionB. sovereign nationC. colonyD. member of the Commonwealth of Nations33. Who opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers in 1535?A. Samuel de Champlain.B. Jacques Cartier.C. John Cabot.D. Henry Hudson.34. Canada is bounded on the west by _____.A. the Pacific OceanB. the Atlantic OceanC. the Indian OceanD. the Arctic Ocean35. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in _____.A. New BrunswickB. OntarioC. QuebecD. Nova Scotia36. The Parliament of Canada is made up of all the following EXCEPT _____.A. the CrownB. the SenateC. the House of CommonsD. the National Assembly37. The largest river in Ireland is _____.A. the Liffey RiverB. the Dodder RiverC. the Shannon RiverD. Lough Derg38. In Ireland Fianna Fail and Fine Gael are both descended from _____.A. the Irish Labor PartyB. Sinn FeinC. IRAD. the Progressive Democrats39. New Zealand’s highest peak is _____ in the mountain range called the central Southern Alps.A. Mount NgauruhoeB. Mount TongariroC. Mount CookD. Mount Taranaki40.Which of the following about New Zealand is true?A. New Zealand is a republic.B. Queen Elizabeth II is represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.C.New Zealand has a bicameral parliament.D.New Zealand has three major political parties.PART TWO (60 POINTS)II.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.(30 points,3 points for each)41.What is a "copyright" library in Britain?442.Why is December 26th called "Boxing Day" in Britain?43.What happened in London in 1952 when 4,000 people were left dead or dying? one of the two major mountain ranges in the United States.45.What are the causes of success for Asian-Americans?46.What is The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot considered?47.Who were the first British settlers in Canada?48.How do children in remote areas of Australia receive their education?49.What is largely responsible for the lack of extreme summer heat and winter cold in Ireland?50.What is New Zealand’s system of government?III. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words.(20 points,5 points for each)51.The City of London52.Tomb of the Unknown Soldier53.Earl Warren54.MaoritangaIV.Write between 100-120 words on EITHER of the following topics in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.(10 points)55.Why is the United States called a nation of immigrants?56.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?5。

全国2005年7月高等教育自学考试

全国2005年7月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Questions.(40 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question; and then write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1．The longest river in Britain is（）,which is 338 kilometers long.A．the Thames River B．the Severn RiverC．the Clyde D．the Tweed2．（）,the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC.A．Julius Caesar B．The Emperor Claudius C．Boadicea D．Agricola3．King Alfred made a treaty with Danes allowing them to keep the northern and eastern parts of England, which later became known as （）.A．Wessex B．NormandyC．“the Danelaw”D．Sussex4．William, Duke of Normandy, is now known as （）.A．William Rufus B．William the ConfessorC．William the Conqueror D．William the Great5．The spirit of （）was the limitation of the powers of the king.A．the Provision of Oxford B．the Book of DoomC．Domesday Book D．Magna Carta6．Although the Wars of he Roses were fought intermittently for （）years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual.A．20 B．30C．40 D．507．In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands （）led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.A．the Black Death B．the Civil WarsC．the Great Famine D．land enclosure8．In the United Kingdom, free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed, which have become available since 1948, are the foundation of地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第1页（）A．the welfare state B．the National Health ServiceC．the civil service D．the National Insurance Fund9．Margaret Thatcher believed in the following EXCEPT （）.A．self-reliance B．privatizationC．the strengthening of trade unions D．the use of monetarist policies to control inflation 10．The monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least （）century.A．the 8th B．the 9thC．the 10th D．the 11th11．All criminal trials are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the （）of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt.A．innocence B．honestyC．guilt D．impartiality12．Easter is traditionally associated with the following EXCEPT（）.A．the Resurrection of Christ B．the eating of Easter eggsC．the custom of giving presents D．the coming of spring13．（）is the most popular sport in England and in Europe.A．Rugby B．TennisC．Snooker D．Football14．Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama takes place for a period of 3 to 4 weeks between （）when Edinburgh becomes a center of cultural activity.A．July and August B．August and SeptemberC．September and October D．October and November15．Up to the end of WWI, there were （）waves of large-scale immgration to the United States.A．two B．threeC．four D．five16．The idea of containment was first brought up by（）.A．Harry Truman B．Franklin D. RooseveltC．Marshall D．George Kennan17．In the last great population movement in America, a large number of people moved to （）.A．the Northwest B．the sunbelt areasC．the South D．the West地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第2页18．Who were the first settlers of the New England Region?A．Hispanic groups. B．English Puritans.C．German farmers. D．Asian Americans19．The Bill of Rights is the term used for （）to the Constitution of the United States. A．the first ten amendments B．the last ten amendmentsC．the tenth amendment D．the most important amendment20．The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by（）during the Civil War. A．George Washington B．Abraham LincolnC．Thomas Jefferson D．Franklin Roosevelt21．The Supreme Court played a role in approving the lawfulness of anti-Communist activities by（）.A．upholding the constitutionality of the Smith ActB．convicting 11 highranking Communist leadersC．supporting the trial of Alger HissD．supporting President Truman’s executive order22．The writers of the Constitution worked out the checks and balances in order to （）. A．prevent the government from misusing its powerB．prevent the government from being too strongC．prevent the government form being separatedD．prevent the government form losing its power23．In America, the first period of the party system refers to the appearance of （）. A．the FederalistsB．the Anti-FederalistsC．the Federalists and the Anti-FederalistsD．the Democratic- Republicans and the Anti-Federalists24．Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of those who （）transcendentalism. A．supported B．was indifferent toC．attacked D．had nothing to do with25．The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper perfected by the （）architect, Louis Sullivan.A．New York City B．ChicagoC．Washington D．Detroit26．Today there are altogether（）departments of the U.S. government.A．11 B．13C．15 D．17地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第3页27．Which of the following is NOT associated with Halloween?（）A．“Trick or treat”B．“eating eggs”C．bonfire D．pumpkin-lanterns28．The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Puritans in Plymouth, Massachusetts on （）,1621.A．January 13 B．April 13C．October 13 D．December 1329．About two thirds of Canada’s petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from （）.A．Alberta B．MontrealC．Quebec D．Vancouver30．Under （）,the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again and given internal self-government in 1848.A．the Act of UnionB．the British North America ActC．the Quebec ActD．the Statute of Westminister31．Indigenous people make up about 1.5% of the Canadian population .They are （）. A．Indians and Africans B．Aborigines and IndiansC．the Eskimo and Aborigines D．American Indians and the Eskimo 32．Since 1971 the Canadian government has adopted a policy of （）,recognizing that cultural pluralism within a bilingual framework is the essence of the Canadian identity. A．assimilation B．integrationC．multiculturalism D．gender equality33．The main feature of Australia’s trade is that（）.A．it is mainly with developing countries and Great BritainB．there is the decline of manufacturing industries and the high tariffsC．there is over-reliance on commodity exportsD．it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products34．The history of Australia began with（）.A．the arrival of AboriginesB．the colonization of Australia by the BritishC．the founding of the Commonwealth of AustraliaD．the First World War35．Victoria is also known as （）.A．the garden state B．the premier state地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第4页C．the sunshine state D．the state of excitement36．The Australian Constitution can only be changed by （）.A．the Parliament B．the QueenC．the Executive D．referendum37．Ireland is one of the most （）countries of Europe.A．Christian B．CatholicC．Buddhist D．Protestant38．The population of Ireland is predominantly of （）origin.A．English B．CelticC．Norman D．French39．In 1893 New Zealand became the first country in the world（）.A．to adopt the 40-hour working weekB．to introduce old age pensionsC．to introduce the Accident Compensation ActD．to give women the vote40．Nearly three –quarters of the population (including more than 50% of the New Zealanders) live in （）.A．South Island B．North IslandC．Stewart Island D．the Chatham IslandsⅡ.Answer the Following Questions Briefly.(30 points,3 points for each)Directions: Give a one –sentence answer to each of the following questions and then write your answers in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.41.What does the British parliament consist of ?42.What are the chief purposes of the penal system of Britain?43.How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France?44.How many states are there in the United States? Which one is the largest and which one is the smallest in area?45.What is “winner-take-all”system?46.Why was Lincoln considered to be a man who lived out the American Dream?47.Why were the French Troops in Canada defeated by the British during the Seven Years’ War?48.What does the Red Centre refer to in Australia?49.When did the first European come to New Zealand and what was his name and nationality?50.What kind of climate does Ireland have?Ⅲ.Term Explanation.(20 points,5 points for each)Directions: Explain each of the following terms in English and then write your answers in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet in around 40 words.地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第5页51.Reuters52.the Gettysburg Address53.the Great Lakes54.the DreamingⅤ.Essay Questions.(10 points)Directions: Write between 100-120 words on EITHER of the following topics in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.55.What were the characteristics of the English Renaissance?56.What were the consequences of the Vietnam War?地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层-第6页。

00522“英语国家概况”新大纲中文考点

“英语国家概况”新大纲中文考点英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

简称：联合王国，或UK.首都伦敦。

它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。

爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。

三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。

由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。

两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。

英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。

英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。

2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。

三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。

第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。

第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。

强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。

技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。

后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。

语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。

宗教：德鲁伊德教。

德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。

采用活人祭祀。

Basis of modern English race：the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁——撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。

酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。

撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。

英语国家概况课程教学大纲

《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：03050201222课程类别：必修课学时：总36学时；2学时/周学分：2学分适用专业：英语开课院（系）：英语语言文化系开课学期：2009～2010学年第一学期二、教学目标及教学要求教学目标：根据全国专业英语教学大纲的要求，英语专业二年级英语国家概况的教学目标是培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，为学生升入三年级打下扎实基础。

教学要求：本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。

本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。

一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。

三、教学内容及学时分配1. 第一章Britain: Land and People (2学时)目的要求：掌握英国的自然、地理、人口概况。

基本内容：英国的自然自然、地理、人口概况。

重点难点：英国的国家名称及其组成成分。

2. 第二章Britain: History I （2学时）目的要求：英国的古代史。

基本内容: 英国的古代史。

重点难点：英国历史上主要的入侵者，如：盎格鲁·萨克逊人；诺曼征服及其影响。

3. 第三章Britain: History II（2学时）目的要求：英国的形成。

基本内容: 英国的形成。

重点难点：英国历史上的大宪章，百年战争，及其黑死病等重要历史事件。

4. 第四章Britain: History III（2学时）目的要求：英国的近代史。

基本内容：英国的近代史。

重点难点：英国宗教改革，文艺复兴，英国内战，光荣革命。

5. 第五章Britain: History IV（2学时）目的要求：英国的现代史。

00522自考英语国家概况-试卷（答案全面）

00522⾃考英语国家概况-试卷（答案全⾯）⾃考课程综合测验英语国家概况试卷（课程代码 00522 ）⼀、单项选择题（每⼩题2分，共40分） 1. is the largest island in Europe.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. IrelandD. Great Britain 2. The UK is bordered on the south by . A. the North Sea B. the English Channel C. the Irish Sea D. the Atlantic Ocean 3. The capital of the UK is .A. EdinburghB. LondonC. LiverpoolD. Birmingham 4. The longest rivers in Britain are the Thames and .A. the MerseyB. the River HumberC. the SevernD. the Tyne River 5. The first known settlers of Britain were the .A. CeltsB. Anglo-SaxonsC. RomansD. Iberians 6. It is that brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.A. the RomansB. the CeltsC. the Anglo-SaxonsD. the Viking and Danish Invasions 7. Among the following groups of people, the came to Britain first. A. Jutes B. Angles C. Saxons D. Normans8. The Conquest in 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. A. Roman B. Viking C. Anglo-Saxon D. Norman9. Under , the feudal system in England was completely established. A. Edward I B. Henry II C. King Alfred D. William the Conqueror 10. The Magna Carta was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between .A. the Crown and the BaronsB. the king and the parliamentC. the aristocrats and the middle classD. the monarch and the working people 11. The name of the Hundr ed Years’ War is given to the intermittent war between .A. France and EnglandB. Spain and EnglandC. Germany and EnglandD. America and England12. in the 14th century was the modern name given to the plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.A. Brid FluB. Black DeathC. Yellow FeverD. Scarlet Fever 13. was above all responsible for the religious reform in England.A. Alfred the GreatB. Edward IC. Henry VIIID. William the Conqueror 14. declared that he, and not the Pope, was the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535.A. James IB. Charles IC. James IID. Henry VIII 15. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was Elizabeth I ’s . A. sister B. daughter C. cousin D. half-sister 16. The English Renaissance was largely .A. literaryB. politicalC. religiousD. philosophical 17. The Chartist movement was the first nationwide movement.A. working classB. lower middle classC. upper middle classD. upper class18. The Seven Years’ War was fought between Britain and for the colonization in North America. A. Spain B. Russia C. Holland D. France19. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the system ended when the Enclosure Acts were introduced. A. tenant B. feudal C. open-field D. enclosed field 20. modified and improved the design of the steam engine in 1765.A. James WattB. Abraham DarbyC. Richard ArkwrightD. Henry Court⼆、论述题（15分）Describe the geographical position of the UK.三、论述题（15分）What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great?年级班级准考证号姓名四、论述题（15分）What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?五、论述题（15分）What do you know about land enclosures in Britain?答案：。

《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲

附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。

自考“英语国家概况”大纲详解（4）

6. Government and Administration 政府与⾏政机构 The British Constitution 英国宪法联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。

联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。

英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，联合王国没有感性认识宪法。

英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。

司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。

Constitutional Monarchy in Britain 英国的君主⽴宪制今天的君主政体实际已⽆实权，它的权⼒受限于法律和议会。

君主⽴宪制是从1688年的光荣⾰命后开始。

英国现任君主伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。

” ⼥王是国家的象征。

从法律上讲，她是⾏政⾸脑，⽴法机构的组成部分，司法⾸脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教“⾄⾼⽆上”的领袖。

她任命⾸相和重要的政府官员。

对议会通过的法案给予御准。

⼥王还是国家礼仪的中⼼⼈物，也是社会领袖。

六⽉君主的⽣⽇要正式庆祝。

在爱丁堡公爵的陪同下，⼥王对外国政府进⾏国事访问。

⼥王从事公务所花的费⽤，从英国王室费中⽀付，或由政府部门⽀付，这些出⽀都由议会批准。

The British Parliament and its functions 英国的议会及其作⽤英国是中央集权国家，⽽不是联邦制国家。

议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。

只有在议会举⾏正式开幕式这样具有象征意义的场合时，三个组成部分才聚在⼀起。

议会的主要作⽤是：（1）通过⽴法；（2）投票批准税为政府⼯作提供资⾦；（3）检查政府政策和⾏政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。

The British government 英国的政府议会通过必要的⽴法后，政府部门及其下属机构，是实施政府政策，并向⼤⾂提出建议的主要机构。

00522英语国家概况201004-推荐下载

2010年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.(50 points，1 point for each)1.____C_______of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history, in which William，the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his followers.A. The Roman Conquest 罗马B. The Anglo-Saxon ConquestC. The Norman Conquest诺曼征服D. The Celt Conquest2.As a result of the Black Death，___C________.A. all land was left untendedB. no labor was required any longerC. 1and owners tended to change from arable to sheep-farmingD. surviving peasants were not able to bargain about their wages3.Which of the following statements about Elizabeth I(1 55 8-1 603)is true? BA. Elizabeth was 35 when she came to the throne.B. Elizabeth remained single.C. Elizabeth was not able to work with Parliament.D. Her reign was a time of diminishing English nationalism.4. _____D______ was not in the“Allies” in the First World War.A. BritainB. FranceC. RussiaD. Turkey5.The English Civil War is also called _____B______ .A. the Revolutionary WarB. the Puritan RevolutionC. the ReformationD. the Renaissance6.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The head of State is a king or a queen .In practice，_____B______.A. Parliament rules the countryB. the Sovereign reigns but does not ruleC. the Sovereign rules but does not reignD. the Prime Minister rules and reigns7.In January,1973，Britain finally became a full member of the_____C______，which was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.A. Organization of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentB. Organization of European DevelopmentC. European Economic CommunityD. European Union8.The____D_______refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.A. UrbanizationB. Economic BoomC. Glorious RevolutionD. Industrial Revolution9.The major Christian festivals in Britain are_________B__ .A. Christmas, Easter and Mother’s DayB. Christmas, Easter and Whit SundayC. Christmas，Guy Fawkes Day and St. Patrick’s DayD. Christmas，Whit Sunday and St. George’s Day10.The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. At present there are ____C_______ countries within the Commonwealth (1991).A. 30B. 40C. 50D. 6011.Among the three tribes of the Celts coming to Britain, the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes was the _____C______ .A. GaelsB. BrythonsC. BelgaeD. Vikings12.Political change in England came mainly through______A_____.A. gradual reformB. revolutionC. people’s uprisingsD. working class movement13.The two parties that have held power in Britain since 1945 are _____B_____ .A. the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyB. the Conservative Party and the Labor PartyC. the Labor Party and the Social Democratic PartyD. the Labor Party and the Democratic Party14.______C_____’s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts. in exploration and in battle.A. MaryB. Henry VIIIC. E1izabeth ID. Charles II15.After the Restoration，Parliament passed a series of severe laws called _____C_______against the Puritans，now known as Nonconformists.A. Agreement of the PeopleB. the Petition of the RightC. the Clarendon CodeD. the Act of Supremacy16.Which statement about the“Wars of Roses”is NOT true? BA. The king’s power now became supreme.B. Ordinary people were seriously affected.C. The wars were waged intermittently for 30 years.D. From these wars feudalism received its death blow.1 7.The finest exponents of Elizabethan drama in the English Renaissance were ___D________ .A. Ben Johnson，Christopher Marlowe and Charles DickensB. Edmund Spenser, Charles Dickens and William ShakespeareC. William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson and Charles DickensD. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson18.The Chartist movement was the first nationwide ____A_______ movement.A. working classB. lower middle classC. upper middle classD. upper class19._______A_______led the U.K. to final victory in the Second World War.A. Winston ChurchillB. Neville ChamberlainC. Tony BlairD. William Gladstone20.Which statement about the religion in Britain is true? CA. Every person in Britain may change his religion，but with difficulty.B. Every person may not manifest his faith in teaching，worship and observance.C. Every person has the right to religious freedom without interference from the community or the State.D. Churches and religious societies of any kind cannot own property and propagate their beliefs in speeches and writing.21.In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus，a(n)_____C______navigator, led his men to sail across the vast ocean and reached some small islands in the now West Indies.A. FrenchB. SpanishC. ItalianD. English22.American troops defeated the British at______A_____ in Northern New York. This was agreat turning point of the American War of Independence，leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France.A. SaratogaB. TrentonC. LexingtonD. Yorktown23.In 1787，delegates from the states held a meeting in Philadelphia to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. The meeting came to be called the ______C_____ .A. First Continental CongressB. Second Continental CongressC. Constitutional ConventionD. Independent Convention24.Which of the following is NOT among President Theodore Roosevelt’s contributions? DA. The implementation of the Sherman Anti-trust Act.B. The initiation of large-scale irrigation projects.C. The adoption of the Hepburn Act of 1906.D. The passage of the Federal Reserve Act.25.______C_____Was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U.S. in 1929.A. Business bankruptcyB. Serious unemploymentC. The stock market crashD. Foreclosures26.During the Second World War, American wartime objectives were the total destruction of______A_____ powers and the establishment of a world order.A. AxisB. AsianC. AlliedD. European27.In 1932，in the depth of the depression，the American people chose ____B_______ as their next president who promised to get the U.S. out of the depression.A. Theodore RooseveltB. Franklin D. RooseveltC. Woodrow WilsonD. Herbert C. Hoovercation was made a function of the state under the ____A_______Amendment to the US Constitution.A. TenthB. EleventhC. TwelfthD. Thirteenth29.McCarthyism was a full-scale ___D________hysteria in the United States in the 1950s.A. pro-NaziB. anti-FascistC. pro-CommunistD. anti-Communist30.On June 5，1947，__B_________suggested that the US should offer economic aid to Western Europe so as to protect the region from Soviet expansion.A. George KennanB. George Marshall马歇尔C. Dwight EisenhowerD. James F. Byrnes31.A decision to set up a world organization，the United Nations，was made at_____A______.A. Yalta ConferenceB. Potsdam ConferenceC. Teheran ConferenceD. Paris Conference32.The safeguards against abuse of powers in the United States come in the form of____A_______.A. separation of powersB. executive ordersC. presidential electionsD. judicial reviews33.______D____Was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote.A. Emancipation Proclamation in 1863B. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865C. The Civil Rights Act of 1964D. The Voting Rights Act of 196534.Woman obtained voting right from the____C_______ Amendment to the Constitution.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th35.Of the four kinds of high schools，_____B______ones only aim to prepare students for college.A. comprehensiveB. academicC. vocationalD. technical36.There have been____C______ periods in the development of American political parties inthe United States.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five37.The 1920s in the United States has been described by many historians as a period of_____B______.A. material failureB. spiritual frustrationC. political setbacksD. welfare reform38.______A_____is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S.，accounting for nearly30％of the total.A. CanadaB. MexicoC. JapanD. European Union39.Mark Twain’s masterwork was ____D_______ .A. The Scarlet LetterB. Leaves of GrassC. The Sketch BookD. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn40.In the early part of the 19th century，____D_______was the center of American writing.A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. ChicagoD. New York City41.Tourist trade is important in economy in ______B_____with rich green mountains and valleys.A. British ColumbiaB. Atlantic provincesC. the Canadian-ShieldD. St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces42.Which of the following about Canada in World War I is NOT true? AA. It founded its navy to enter World War I.B. It took a seat as a member of the League of Nations.C. It won the right to sign the Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name.D. It has found its place among the nations of the world since World War I.43.Generally speaking，Canada can be divided into_____D______ geographical regions.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six44.Which of the following statements about Australia is true? BA. It is the world’s fifth largest country and is surrounded by sea.B. It is the smallest and the only continent that contains only one country.C. It is a continent that contains only Australia and New Zealand.D. It is the world’s smallest continent and the world’s fourth largest country.45.The first Australian colony, established by Britain in 1788 and called the premier state，is ____D_______ .A. VictoriaB. TasmaniaC. QueenslandD. New South Wales46.The Australian political division borders are drawn_____A______.A. along straight lines of latitude and longitudeB. along rivers and forestsC. along mountain rangesD. along natural features47.The only native mammals in New Zealand are______B_____.A. rabbitsB. batsC. opossumsD. goats48.A chain of mountains runs almost the whole length of South Island in New Zealand. The highest peak is_____B_____.A. Mt RuapehuB. Mt CookC. Mt NgaurohoeD. Mt Tongariro49.One of the four unusual demographic features of Ireland is_____B______.A. an early marriage ageB. an excess of males in the populationC. a low proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all agesD. a high birthrate compounded by a century of emigration50.Migration in Ireland declined sharply____D_______.A. during WWIB. in recent yearsC. in the early decades of the 20th centuryD. after the establishment of the Irish Free StateII.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.(30 points，3 points for each)51.What is the Magna Carta also known as?52.Who has the power to declare war and make peace in the U.K.?53.What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain?54.When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?55.What foreign policy did the American government pursue in the early 1930s?56.What are Conglomerates in the USA?57.Where is the name“Canada”believed to have come from?58.Why does Great Britain have the greatest influence upon Australia?59.What is Maoritanga?60.What was the consequence of the the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921?III.Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words.(20 points，5 points for each)61.the House of Commons62.English feudal system63.the U.S. two-party system64.the New Deal。

自考英语国家概况汇总版有效

Chapter 1 Land and People一、本章知识点1.重点：重点： ① Different names for Britain and its parts 2.难点、考点：难点、考点： ① Britain‘s official name ② British Commonwealth 三、课本内容（一）Different names for Britain and its parts Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names. 1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands. （see map of UK ） The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. 2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom isthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. （UK ） capital: London The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国爱尔兰共和国 has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin . 3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales . England is the largest, most . England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―Englandǁ and ―Englishǁ when they mean ―Britainǁ and ―Britishǁ. 4. The British Empire 大英帝国: one fourth of th e world‘s people a nd and one fourth of the world‘s land area.5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）Others Geographical Features 1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France . （p.4）T aiwan Strait ：台湾海峡：台湾海峡2. ―Chunnel ǁ: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult 3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis , 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）The longest river: t he Severn River the Severn River （338 km ）The second largest and most important river: the Thames River （336 km ）（p.7）4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）5. The English are Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts 凯尔特人. （p.12）四、总结 ① Britain‘s official nam e ② British Commonwealth Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts ② Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons ③ The Viking and Danish invasions ④ King Alfred and his contributions ⑤ The Norman Conquest and its consequences 2.难点、考点：① the Anglo-Saxons: Heptarchy 七王国; foundation of the English state ② King Alfred ③ Norman Conquest 三、课本内容（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts （p.17）1. began to arrive about 700 BC2. originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany3. three main waves ——————11st . Gaels 盖尔人, about 600 BC; 2nd . Brythons 布列吞人, 400 BC, （Britain ）; 3rd . Belgae 比利其人, 150 BC, （Belgium ）. Gaelic ：盖尔语：盖尔语4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. 5. Religion: D ruidism Druidism : The C elts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of Celts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of the moon. 6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410） p.18: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion . For nearly . For nearly 400400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. The Roman capital was London （Londinium ）. （二）Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes: Jutes 朱特人（from southern Denmark ）, Saxons , and Angles （both from northern Germany ）; Angles were to give their name to the English people.2. ★Heptarchy 七王国————seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Marcia and Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy ：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes 部落部落 were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 3. In 829, Egbert 伯特became an overlord of all the English. 4. T eutonic 日耳曼人的日耳曼人的 religion: Tiu religion: Tiu——war, Woden war, Woden——heaven, Thor —Storms, Freya —Peace 5. St. Augustine 奥古斯丁—— the first Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主坎特伯雷大教主6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state : divide the country into shires （郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip, three-field farming system （三田轮作）; manorial 庄园庄园 system; Witan （议会）（council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人会议）, the basis of the Privy Council 枢密院枢密院 which still exists today. （三）The Viking and Danish invasions （p.23-24）1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海盗和丹麦人挪威海盗和丹麦人2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw ǁ（丹麦法区）, the north and east of England. 3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire.（四）King Alfred and his contributions 1. King of Wessex （871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2. ★his contributions : ―the father of the British navy ǁ; reorganized the f yrd fyrd 英国民兵英国民兵（the Saxon army）; translated into English Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English People ; established schools and formulated a legal system. 3. ―Alfred the Greatǁ（五）The Norman Conquest and its consequences （p.24-25）1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor ǁ, was far more Norman than Sax on 心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国). 2. 4 men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two brothers of Edward‘s Queen ）; 4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟 3. Oct. 14, 10661066, Hastings, A nglo-Saxon England perished Anglo-Saxon England perished w ith Harold‘s death.with Harold‘s death.因为因为Harold 的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败英国被诺曼人打败4. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day. 5. William the Conqueror: the best-known event in English history; the feudal system was completely established.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度. 四、总结: 历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：Celts, （Romans ） Anglo-Saxons, Viking/Dales, and Normans Chapter 3 the shaping of the nation1066-1381本章知识点本章知识点1重点: : 1 1 1 England‘s England‘s England‘s feudalism feudalism feudalism under under under the the the rule rule rule of William of William the the Conqueror Conqueror Conqueror; ; ; 2 2 2 Contents Contents Contents and and and the the the significance significance significance of of of the the the Great Charter; 3 Great Charter; 3 Origins Origins of of of the the the English English English Parliament; Parliament; Parliament; 4 4 4 The The The Hundred Hundred Hundred Years‘ War Years‘ War with with France France France and and and its consequences its consequences ; ; 5 5 5 Consequences of Consequences of the the Black Black Death; 2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter; English Parliament; 3课本内容课本内容i. i. England‘s feudalism under t England‘s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned the land personally. William gave his barons 男爵男爵 large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‘s produce.The barons parceled out 分配分配分配 land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. ★Class structure 等级结构: the king ; barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villains\serfs (补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词for the king: ―we who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accep accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁt you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁ国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.) 2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council (大会议) William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned. 3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书) In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day. 注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence. 4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years. Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years. In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over -rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another. The The common common common law law law is is is the the the unwritten unwritten unwritten law law law common common common to to to the the the whole whole whole people people people as as as distinct distinct distinct from from from law law law governing governing governing only only only sections sections sections of of of it, it, it, and and and is is ―case -madeǁ, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom. In Henry‘s day the jury system -whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle. ii. contents and the significance of the Great charter 1. Crusades (十字军东征十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215. 2. Magna Carta, 1215 The The barons‘ charter, barons‘ charter, or or Magna Magna Magna Carta Carta Carta as as as it came it came to to be known, be known, was was presented presented presented by by by a a a delegation delegation delegation of of of their their their class class class to to to the the the king king king and and and his his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor. 3. contents -63 -63 clauses: clauses: clauses: No No No tax tax tax should should should be be be made made made without without without the the the approval approval approval of of of the the the Grand Grand Grand Council; Council; Council; no no no freeman freeman freeman should should should be be be arrested, arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; elections; London London London and and and other other other towns towns towns should should should retain retain retain their their their ancient ancient ancient rights rights rights and and and privileges, privileges, privileges, and and and there there there should should should be be be the the the same same same weights weights weights and and measures throughout the country. Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 4. significance : regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king iii. o rigins of the English Parliament 1. king John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled. King john defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled. 2. provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act. A civil war broke out between the king‘s support ers, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner. 3. ★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses (citizens) from each town.The Great Council developed later into the lords and the Commons known as parliament. 3. Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice. At this point parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. 4. under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was conquered (1277-1284) and came under the English Crown. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. iv. t he hundred years‘ war with France and its consequences1. the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453. 2. the causes: partly territorial and partly economic 3. Edward III declared war. When Edward III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war. 4. England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德) After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France. 5. By 1453, only Calais By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. 6. a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity. The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth wealth of of of France France France would would would certainly certainly certainly have have have hindered hindered hindered the the the development development development of of of a a a separate separate separate English English English national national national identity, identity, identity, while while while French French French national national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. V. consequences of the Black Death 1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350. 2. It killed between one half and one third of the population, reduced England‘s population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century. 3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages. The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages. IV . 总结: William the Conqueror and feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power: Great Charter and Parliament ; the Hundred Years‘ war; Black Death Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. 本章知识点本章知识点1. 重点: the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the English reformation; Elizabeth I and Parliament; Elizabeth‘ Elizabeth‘ s s s religious religious religious reform reform reform and and and her her her foreign foreign foreign police; police; police; Distinctive Distinctive Distinctive features features features of of of the the the English English English renaissance; renaissance; renaissance; The The The Civil Civil Civil Wars Wars Wars and and and their their consequences; The commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The restoration and the Glorious Revolution; 2. 难点\考点: the English reformation; Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The restoration; The Glorious revolution; III. 课本内容课本内容一 the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses 1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity; the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose ) between 1455 and 1485. This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. 2. the name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott. The name wars of the roses was ,in fact ,coined by the great 19th century novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and that of York, symbolized by the white. 3. the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged. 4. the last last battle battle battle was was was fought fought fought between between between Richard Richard Richard III III III and and and Henry Henry Henry Tudor Tudor Tudor in in in 1485. 1485. 1485. Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, after after after his his his victory victory victory ,married ,married ,married Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth of of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of the roses was fought between Richard III and another another claimant claimant claimant to to to the the the throne, throne, throne, Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, part-welsh part-welsh part-welsh grandson grandson grandson of of of Owen Owen Owen Tudor Tudor Tudor and and and descendant descendant descendant of of of John John John of of of Gaunt, Gaunt, Gaunt, Duke Duke Duke of of Lancaster. Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. 5. Consequences: Consequences: feudalism feudalism feudalism received received received its its its death death death blow; blow; blow; the the the nobility nobility nobility was was was much much much weakened weakened weakened and and and discredited; discredited; discredited; the the the king‘s king‘s king‘s power power power now now became supreme. Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business business as as as usual. usual. usual. From From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power now became supreme.6. parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon. 二 Henry VIII and the English reformation 1. 6wives, divorced 2and executed 2 Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. 2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money. 3. purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.4. two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535 The power of the mon arch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before. Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology. 5. real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time . People call this ―the reformationǁ ---the switch to protestant theology.6. Mary Tudor, ―bloody Maryǁ: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais. 7. Elizabeth I, a protestant queen The reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since. 三 Elizabeth I and Parliament 1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single. Elizabeth‘s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle. 2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestant Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform. 3. avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约) besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court. 4. but often turbulent.(动荡不安) Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 四 Elizabeth‘s Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy religious reform and her foreign policy 1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but op inion should be left freeǁ. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to b oth the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics. 2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict. For For nearly nearly nearly 30 30 30 years years years Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth successfully successfully successfully played played played off off off against against against each each each other other other the the the two two two great great great catholic catholic catholic powers, powers, powers, France France France and and and Spain, Spain, Spain, and and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict. 3. the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588 showed England‘s superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country. 五 distinctive features of the English renaissance 1. renaissance ---t he revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European historythe revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history ; the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650; it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual. 2. in England, beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor in 1485. In England, the renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 3. 5 characteristics: English English culture culture culture was was was revitalized revitalized revitalized mainly mainly mainly by by by contemporary contemporary contemporary Europeans; Europeans; Europeans; insular insular insular country; country; country; native native native literature literature literature (14(14thcentury poet Chaucer) ;English renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the reformation. 4. the English renaissance was largely literary –Elizabethan drama 5. William Shakespeare 莎士比亚莎士比亚 is the greatest writer in the English language. 注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes Day; 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kingsǁ(君权神授) Puritanism 清教; simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian 平等平等 attitude. 1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the 2nd Magna Carta. 六 the civil wars and their consequences 1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament from southeast England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king , while the parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the supporters of parliament were called Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their short haircuts. 2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁骑军), new Model Army. Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsidesǁ cavalry regiment at Marston Moor.Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the new model army. 3. second civil war, 1648 Charles was tried by a high court of justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. 4. Charles was executed (beheaded) on a scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇宫)on Jan 30, 1649. 5. also called the puritan revolution the English civil war is also called the puritan revolution ,because the king‘s opponents were mainly puritan, and his suppor ters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic. 6. as a conflict between the parliament and the king , but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the crown. 7. it not only overthrew feudal system in England , but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. 8. as the beginning of modern world history. 七 the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell 1. 1. Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump rump ((残余国会) ) declared declared declared England England a a commonwealth. commonwealth. commonwealth. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump –members of the long parliament who had voted for Charles‘s execution declared England a commonwealt h. 2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均派) One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the levelers. 3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth of England. He became Lord protector of the commonwealth of England. 4. direct military rule –tyrant; tough control of the nation‘s morals八 the restoration and the Glorious revolution 1. the re storation : the parliament asked the late king‘s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685). 2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不信奉英国国教者) 3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资格审查法> excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind; the disabling act <无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in either house of parliament . 4. John Bunyan-P ilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton Pilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton -paradise lost -paradise lost 5. the glorious revolution : the English politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and appealed to a protestant king , William of Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James‘s daughter. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed.6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise: excluding any roman catholic from the succession; confirmed the principle of parliamentary 。

《英语国家》(1)(2)学习纲要

《英语国家概况》(1(2学习纲要一、课程内容与基本要求1.英国部分:了解英国的国土构成、地理特征、政府机构、政治、历史、经济、文化、外交、体育、教育,新闻媒体等概况,熟悉英国的社会问题,如住房、阶级、种族等情况。

2.澳大利亚部分:了解澳大利亚的国土、人民、历史、政治、经济、文化和社会生活。

3.新西兰部分:了解新西兰的自然地理、人民、历史、政治制度、教育和经济概况。

4.美国部分:熟悉美国的起源,了解美国的政治制度、经济、宗教、文学、教育、社会运动、社会问题、科学技术、体育、音乐和自然环境等情况。

5.加拿大部分:了解加拿大的国土、人民、政府、政治、经济、文学,国际关系等情况。

二、学习要点和考核目标第一编英国概况 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Introduction: The United Kingdom1.A complicated country with a complicated name2.The effects of its imperial past3.A member of the European Union4.A multiracial society5.Remarkable class, regional and economical differences6.Significant role of LondonChapter 1: Great Britain1.A cultural and economic dominance of England2.Invasion from the Roman empire3.Settlement of the Anglo-Saxons4.William the Conqueror5.Parliament’s dominance over the throne6.Physical features of Scotland7.A cultural division between highland and lowland8.The battle of Bannockburn9.Independence of Scotland for 300 years10.Union with England in 170711.A strong Scottish identity12.A brief introduction of Wales13.A history of invasions14.Wale’s unification with the UK15.Campaigns for independenceChapter 2: Northern Ireland1.Physical features of Northern Ireland2.Economy of Northern Ireland3.The Home Rule Bill4.The Easter Rising of 19165.The Sinn Fein Party6.The religious conflicts between the Irish and the British7.A partition of Ireland in 19218.Civil Rights Movement9.The presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 196910.IRA’s vio lence in the 1970s11.Bloody Sunday12.The collapse of the power-sharing13.Cooperation between the British and Irish governments Chapter3: The Government of the United Kingdom1.King Egbert2.Divine right of kings3.The civil war4.Charles I5.Roundheads6.Magna Carta7.The Great Council8.William of Orange9.The Bill of Rights of 168910.The Cabinet11.The prime minister12.George I13.The Constitution14.The power and the functions of the Parliament15.The roles of the monarch16.The house of Lords17.Life peers18.The House of CommonsChapter 4: Politics1. The importance of general elections2. The formation of the government3. Vote of no confidence4. The electoral campaigns5. The procedure of general elections6. The Conservative party and the Labour party7. The Liberal Democrats8. The National Health Service9. Margaret Thatcher10. John Major11. Tony BlairChapter 5: The UK Economy1. The privatization in the 1980s2. The main sectors of the UK economy3. Primary industries4. Secondary industries5. Tertiary/service industries6. Agriculture7. Energy production8. The offshore oil industries9. The manufacturing industry10. The city of London11. The London Stock Exchange12. The aerospace industry13. ConcordeChapter 6: British Literature1. Early British literature concerned with Christianity2. Beowulf3. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer4. The stories of King Arthur and his knights5. The development of drama in the Renaissance6. William Shakespear7. Characteristics of the Romance writers in the 19th century8. The Brontes9. Charles Dickens10. Sir Walter Scott11. Robert Louis Stevenson12. Characteristics of the twentieth century literature13. Modernism14. Postmodernism15. Joseph Conrad16. Virginia Woolf17. D.H. Lawrence18. E.M. Foster19. George Orwell20. John FowlesChapter 7: Sports in Britain1. Popular sports in Britain2. The FA and the FA Cup3. Wimbledon4. Equestrianism5. The Grand National6. The Royal Ascot7. Hunt saboteursChapter 8: British Holidays and Festivals1. Christmas and its traditions2. The Boxing Day and its traditions3. Easter4. Ramadan5. Trooping the Colour6. Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night and the traditions7. Hogmanay8. Halloween and the traditionsChapter 9: British Education System1. The purpose of the British education system2. The relationship between education and social class3. The influence of the church on schooling4. Comprehensive school5. Grammar school6. The national Curriculum7. Public school8. Open UniversityChapter 10: British Society: Housing, Class and Race1. Owner-occupation2. Four main types of British home3. Class system in the British society4. Upper middle-class and lower middle-class5. The hereditary aristocracy6. Oxbridge7. Life peers8. Ethnic relations in BritainChapter 11: British Foreign Relations1. Active in setting up the United Nations2. Foreign policy influenced by its history and geopolitical traits3. A parliamentary democracy4. Relations with other countries and organizationsChapter 12: The British Media1. Popularity and functions of the media2. British main newspapers3. The tabloids4. The broadcast media第二编澳大利亚概况 Australia1. Land, people and history2. The political life3. Economy4. The cultural and social life第三编新西兰概况 New Zealand1. Land, people and history2. Political system, education and economy第四编美国概况 The United States of AmericaChapter 1: American Beginnings1. Two immigration movements to the Americas2. American Indians3. Discovery of America4. The heritage of the settlement of Virginia5. The influence of Puritanism on American culture6. Lord Baltimore and his feudal plan7. Quakerism8. The heritage of the Holy Experiment in American culture9. The causes and major leaders of the American Revolution10. The Declaration of IndependenceChapter 2: The Political System in the United States1. The Articles of Confederation2. The making of the US Constitution3. The three branches of the federal governments1. 4. Checks and balances5. The Bill of Rights6. Political partiesChapter 3: American Economy1. Samuel Slater2. Eli Whitney3. Industrial Revolution in America4. Corporation5. Service industries6. Stock7. Agribusiness8. Migrant workersChapter 4: Religion in the United States1. American history and religious liberty2. The US Constitution and religion3. Protestants and Catholics in the US4. Religious diversity5. Characteristics of American religious beliefs Chapter 5: American Literature1. Famous writers in the US and their major works2. Transcendentalists3. The naturalists4. The “Modern Movement” in poetry5. The “Lost Generation”6. The Harlem Renaissance7. The “Beat Generation”8. Black writers and women writersChapter 6: Education in the United States1. The goal of education2. Different educational laws for different states3. Several levels of schooling4. curricula for students5. The complex system of higher education6. Varieties of colleges and universities7. Trends in degree programs8. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act9. Affirmative action programs10. nontraditional studentsChapter 7: Social Movements of the 1960s-in”1. Greensboro “sit2. The Civil Rights Movement3. Martin Luther King, jr.4. The Anti-war Movement5. Free Speech Movement6. The Counter Culture7. Women’s Liberation MovementChapter 8: Social Problems in the United States1. Racial problems2. The black “underclass”3. Poverty, drug abuse and crime4. The abuse of power by government and corporations Chapter 9: Technology in America1. American system of production2. John H Hill3. Cyrus H McCormick and mechanical reaper4. The Stevens5. Samuel F B Morse6. The Pony Express System7. Alexander Graham Bell8. Thomas Alva Edison9. Frederick Winslow Taylor10. Henry Ford11. Robert Hutchings Goddard12. Household inventions in mid-20th century13. Television and PC14. Use of nuclear energyChapter 10: Scenic America1. The Grand Canyon2. Yellowstone National Park3. Disneyland4. The National Monument5. The Gulf of Mexico6. The Everglades7. Niagara FallsChapter 11. Sports in America1. Super Bowl2. AFC3. 4. 5. 6. 7. NFC The National League and the American League Home run NBA East Division and West Division Chapter 12: Early American Jazz 1. Jazz music 2. New Orleans jazz 3. Louis Armstrong 4. Ragtime music 5. Count Basie 6. Boogie Woogie 第五编 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 加拿大概况 Canada The country and its people The government and politics The Canadian economy Canadian literature International relations。

英语国家概况考试大纲

《英语国家概况》考试大纲课程性质和学习目的《英语国家概况》是高等教育自学考试英语专业基础科段（专科）的一门必考课程。

设置本课程是为了使英语专业专科学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。

本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。

学生通过阅读主要英语国家（英国和美国）的北京材料，一方面可以扩大知识面，另一方面也可以提高英语阅读能力。

有关说明和实施要求高等教育自学考试的教育形式是个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合。

根据这种教育形多，结合本课程的特点，现对有关的几个问题说明如下：一、自学考试大纲的目的和作用《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》是根据英语专业考试计划的要求，结合自学考试的特点而确定的。

其目的是对个人自学、社会助学和国家考试命题进行指导和规定。

《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》明确了课程学习的内容以及深广度，规定了自学考试的范围和标准。

因此，它是编写自学考试教材和辅导书的依据，是社会助学组织进行自学辅导的依据，是自学者学习教材、掌握课程知识范围和程度的依据，也是进行自学考试命题的依据。

二、自学考试大纲与教材的关系《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》是进行学习和考核的依据，《英语国家概况》教材用于学习并掌握课程知识的基本内容与范围，教材的内容是大纲所规定的课程知识和内容的扩展与发挥。

三、学习内容本课程教材为《英语国家概况》（全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会组编，余志远主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2005）。

四、考核目标为了使本课程的自学考试达到科学化、规范化的要求，本大纲规定了全书的考核目标。

明确考核目标，可使应考者进一步了解考试内容和要求，知识怎么学和怎么考，从而更有目的、有计划地学习教材；可使社会助学单位知道如何组织教学，并根据应考者的实际状况进行辅导，使之达到既定的要求；可使命题单位正确把握试题的广度、深度和难易程度。

五、命题原则1．本课程考试的命题，应根据大纲所规定的考核目标，确定考试范围和考核标准，不要扩大或缩小考试范围，也不要提高或降低考核标准。

00522自考英语国家概况-试卷(答案全面)

自考课程综合测验英语国家概况试卷（课程代码 00522 ）一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共40分） 1. is the largest island in Europe.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. IrelandD. Great Britain 2. The UK is bordered on the south by . A. the North Sea B. the English Channel C. the Irish Sea D. the Atlantic Ocean 3. The capital of the UK is .A. EdinburghB. LondonC. LiverpoolD. Birmingham 4. The longest rivers in Britain are the Thames and .A. the MerseyB. the River HumberC. the SevernD. the Tyne River 5. The first known settlers of Britain were the .A. CeltsB. Anglo-SaxonsC. RomansD. Iberians 6. It is that brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.A. the RomansB. the CeltsC. the Anglo-SaxonsD. the Viking and Danish Invasions 7. Among the following groups of people, the came to Britain first. A. Jutes B. Angles C. Saxons D. Normans8. The Conquest in 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. A. Roman B. Viking C. Anglo-Saxon D. Norman9. Under , the feudal system in England was completely established. A. Edward I B. Henry II C. King Alfred D. William the Conqueror 10. The Magna Carta was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between .A. the Crown and the BaronsB. the king and the parliamentC. the aristocrats and the middle classD. the monarch and the working people 11. The name of the Hundr ed Years’ War is given to the intermittent war between .A. France and EnglandB. Spain and EnglandC. Germany and EnglandD. America and England12. in the 14th century was the modern name given to the plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.A. Brid FluB. Black DeathC. Yellow FeverD. Scarlet Fever 13. was above all responsible for the religious reform in England.A. Alfred the GreatB. Edward IC. Henry VIIID. William the Conqueror 14. declared that he, and not the Pope, was the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535. A. James I B. Charles I C. James II D. Henry VIII 15. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was Elizabeth I ’s . A. sister B. daughter C. cousin D. half-sister 16. The English Renaissance was largely .A. literaryB. politicalC. religiousD. philosophical 17. The Chartist movement was the first nationwide movement.A. working classB. lower middle classC. upper middle classD. upper class18. The Seven Years’ War was fought between Britain and for the colonization in North America. A. Spain B. Russia C. Holland D. France19. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the system ended when the Enclosure Acts were introduced. A. tenant B. feudal C. open-field D. enclosed field 20. modified and improved the design of the steam engine in 1765.A. James WattB. Abraham DarbyC. Richard ArkwrightD. Henry Court二、论述题（15分）Describe the geographical position of the UK.三、论述题（15分）What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great?年级班级准考证号姓名四、论述题（15分）What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?五、论述题（15分）What do you know about land enclosures in Britain?答案：。

《英美学选》和《英语国家概况》大纲调整自英语.doc

《英美文学选读》和《英语国家概况》大纲调整-自考英语高教自考英语语言文学专业两门全国统考课程将作调整全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后，决定对高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业英美文学选读（课程代码：0604）和英语国家概况（课程代码：0522）两门课程的自学的部分内容进行调整。

调整后的《英美文学选读自学》和《英语国家概况自学》将于2009年4月考试试行。

具体调整《英美文学选读自学》的考核知识点与考核要求（一）关于考核知识点的调整考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。

英国文学：Chapter 1 III. William Shakespeare John Milton Chapter 2 III. Daniel Defoe IV. Jonathan Swift V. Henry Fielding Chapter 3 I. William Blake II. William Wordsworth V. Percy Bysshe Shelley VII. Jane Austen Chapter 4 I. Charles Dickens II. Charlotte Bronte VI. Thomas Hardy Chapter 5 I. George Bernard Shaw IV. T. S. Eliot V.D. H. Lawrence 美国文学：Chapter 1 III. Nathaniel Hawthorne IV. Walt Whitman V. Herman Melville Chapter 2 I. Mark Twain II. Henry James III. Emily Dickinson IV. Theodore Dreiser Chapter 3 II. Robert Lee Frost IV. F. Scott Fitzgerald V. Ernest Hemingway VI. William Faulkner （二）关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整：该时期的重要作家只包含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。

2022年自考00522英语国家概况核心考点资料

7. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348, and killed between one half and one third of the population of England. 黑死病是致命性淋巴腺鼠疫的现代名称。这是--种经由鼠蚤传播的传染性疾病,在 14 世纪传播到欧洲。1348 年夏天，它横扫全英国,并夺去三分之一到一半的英国人的生命。
2022 年自考 00522 英语国家概况核心考点资料
第一章国土与人民
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire land. 官方名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
2. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern lreland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠是欧洲最大的岛屿,由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。它和北爱尔兰-起构成了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
的土地,并将其分发给追随他的诺曼人。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了薄弱的撒克逊统治。于是,封建制度在英国完全确立。

广东科技学院外国语学院《英语国家概况》考试大纲(专升本)

广东科技学院2020年本科插班生专业课考试大纲《英语国家概况》课程考试大纲Ⅰ.考试性质普通高等学校本科插班生招生考试是由专科毕业生参加的选拔性考试。

高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。

该考试所包含的内容将大致稳定，试题形式多种，具有对学生把握本课程程度的较强识别、区分能力。

Ⅱ.考试内容及要求一、考试基本要求重点考核学生对主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治、文化传统、风俗习惯和社会生活等方面的了解，考查学生是否达到了《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》所规定的具备扎实的英语语言基本功、英语专业知识和较丰富的人文学科知识的要求，本考试既测试学生对主要英语国家基本知识的识记，也测试学生的词汇、语法、逻辑思维和语言表达能力。

二、考试命题原则1. 命题根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》规定的考试目标和考核内容，考试命题应具有一定的覆盖面，突出课程重点，难易度适中，侧重考核考生对主要英语国家（如英国）等基本情况的了解。

2．试卷的题型有：单项选择、判断正误、简答题。

根据考核的要求，适当安排各种题型数量的比例，达到考核考生对知识点的识记、理解和应用的水平和能力。

Ⅲ.考试形式及试卷结构一、考试形式及要求1. 考试形式为闭卷，笔试，考试时间为120分钟，试卷满分为100分。

2. 试卷题型比例：单项选择题占20%，判断正误题占20%，简答题占60%。

3. 试题对不同能力层次要求的分数比例：识记为40%，理解40%，应用20%。

4. 试卷中难易程度的分数比例为：易约占30%，中等约占50%，难约占20%。

二、试卷结构及要求1. 单项选择题（Multiple Choice Questions--Choose Only One Correct Answer）（20%）（1）考核目的：考核考生基本掌握英语国家的地理、历史、政治、教育以及人文知识的能力。

（2）考核形式：采用客观题形式。

形式为选择题，从4个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

自考 00522 英语国家概况课文翻译

第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。

Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况复习00522

英语国家概况复习00522AⅠ.Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. (50 points,2points for each)1．There are two established Churches in Britain, that is, ______.A．the Church of Wales and the Church of IrelandB．the Church of England and the Church of WalesC．the Church of Scotland and the Church of IrelandD．the Church of England and the Church of Scotland2. The leader of the House of Lords is ______.A. the Archbishops of CanterburyB. the MonarchC. the Prime MinisterD. the Lord Chancellor3. In the United Kingdom, police officers are NOT allowed to join ______ or to go on strike.A. a trade unionB. a political partyC. a clubD. a society4. The British universities are governed by ______ or by ______ and enjoy academic freedom.A. royal charters, Act of ParliamentB. the People’s Charter, the Reform Act of 1832C. the Great Charter, the Bill of RightsD. the Petition of Right, the Test Act5. Now about 80% to 90% of immigration to the United States is from ______.A. Asian and Hispanic countriesB. African countriesC. European countriesD. Central and South American countries6. Which of the following is NOT true about the Bill of Rights?A. It was meant to protect the blacks for the right to vote, to use the public facilities and to enjoy the sameeducation as white people.B. It was the first ten amendments to the American Constitution.C. It was not until the federalists agree to the Bill of Rights Amendments that ratification of the Constitutionwas assured.D. It guarantees the basic rights for the individual such as the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedomof the press, and so on.7. In America, the two major parties are really not very different today. But on economic issues, the ______traditionally favors government intervention while the ______ stresses the role of the market more.A. Democratic Party, Republican PartyB. Republican Party, Democratic PartyC. Whig Party, Democratic PartyD. Whig Party, Republican Party8. According to the Constitution, the American President must take care that all laws be faithfully executed. Tocarry out this responsibility, he presides over ______ of the federal government.A. the legislative branchB. the executive branchC. the judicial branchD. the American Congress9. According to the American Constitution, the Vice President shall be President of ______.A. the SenateB. the CongressC. the House of RepresentativesD. the Cabinet10. Although relatively small in area, Ireland is large enough to show distinct regional variations in ______.A. climateB. ethnic minoritiesC. religionD. language11. Ireland’s population has been ______ during the past 100 years.A. stableB. increasingC. on declineD. doubled12. Which of the following statements about the Commonwealth of Nations is NOT true?A. It has no special powers.B. It has 50 member countries in 1991.C. Its member nations are joined together for military purpose.D. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.13. Which of the following statements about UK’s m onarchy is NOT true?A. The Sovereign reigns, but doest not rule.B. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.C. The continuity of the monarchy has been broken only once.D. The monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the 7th century.14. Except that ______ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices in Britain are open without distinction tomembers of all churches or of none.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the Home SecretaryD. the Attorney General15. In the United States, the largest minority group is ______ while the fastest-growing minority group is______.A. the Asian-American group, HispanicsB. the African-American group, European ethnic groupsC. the African-American group, the Asian-American groupD. the Asian-American group, the African-American group16. The chief reasons for early settlers to come to the New Continent were the following EXCEPT ______.A. to escape from povertyB. to seek better opportunityC. to practice religious tolerationD. to escape religious persecution17. ______ realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just waragainst slavery.A. Abraham LincolnB. James MadisonC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson18. Which of the following is NOT true of the U. S. economy?A. There is little government involvement in the economy.B. The American economy is based largely on a free enterprise system.C. The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly.D. Unemployment, inflation, financial deficit are the main problems in American economy.19. In order to prevent the government from misusing its power, the writers of the Constitution worked out______.A. Bill of RightsB. checks and balancesC. the Articles of ConfederationD. The Civil Rights Act of 196420. The origin of the American party system can be traced to ______.A. the conflict between Democrats and RepublicansB. the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti-FederalistsC. the struggle between those who supported slavery and those who opposed slaveryD. the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of Independence21. In America, it is ______ that establishes policies for the education within its boundary.A. the stateB. the mayorC. the federal governmentD. the governor of the state22. Of all the symbols, ______ which are considered to represent fertility and new life, are most frequentlyassociated with Easter.A. the lamb and the beefB. the egg and the rabbitC. the pumpkin and the turkeyD. the spring peas and box of chocolate23．The Prime Minister of Britain was ______.A．appointed by the QueenB．elected by the ParliamentC．voted directly by the people of the countryD．selected from the members of the Parliament24．Apart from Britain, the Queen is also the head of state of the following countries EXCEPT ______. A．Australia B．CanadaC．New Zealand D．South Africa25．No.10 Downing Street in London is ______.A．the official residence of the QueenB．the office building of Lord ChancellorC．the meeting place of the British ParliamentD．the official residence of British Prime MinisterII.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. (30 points, 3 points for each)26.What is a "copyright" library in Britain?27.Why is December 26th called "Boxing Day" in Britain?28.What happened in London in 1952 when 4,000 people were left dead or dying? one of the two major mountain ranges in the United States.30.What are the causes of success for Asian-Americans?31.What is The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot considered?32.Who were the first British settlers in Canada?33.How do children in remote areas of Australia receive their education?34.What is largely responsible for the lack of extreme summer heat and winter cold in Ireland?35.What is New Zealand’s system of governme nt?III. Explain each of the following terms in English. (20 points, 5 points for each)36.The City of London37.Tomb of the Unknown Soldier38.Earl Warren39.MaoritangaBⅠ.Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. (50 points,2points for each)1. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland2. soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of itsposition of industrial leadership.A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World WarD. 19603. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest _____rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth4. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords5. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons6. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A. independent schoolsB. junior schoolsC. general schoolsD. primary schools7. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all8. With regard to its size, the USA is the _____ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest9. The Midwest in America’s most important _____ a rea.A. agriculturalB. industrialC. manufacturingD. mining industry10. The first immigrants in American history came from ____ and ____.A. Ireland/FranceB. England/ChinaC. Scotland/EnglandD. England/Holland11. The aim of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to “save American _____.”A. economyB. politicsC. societyD. democracy12. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights13. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.A. the exhaustion of old minesB. costly extractionC. little money being investedD. the labor shortage14. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with _____.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. European Community15. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister16. The chief reasons for early settlers to come to the New Continent were the following EXCEPT ______.A. to escape from povertyB. to seek better opportunityC. to practice religious tolerationD. to escape religious persecution17. ______ realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just waragainst slavery.A. Abraham LincolnB. James MadisonC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson18. Which of the following is NOT true of the U. S. economy?A. There is little government involvement in the economy.B. The American economy is based largely on a free enterprise system.C. The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly.D. Unemployment, inflation, financial deficit are the main problems in American economy.19. In order to prevent the government from misusing its power, the writers of the Constitution worked out______.A. Bill of RightsB. checks and balancesC. the Articles of ConfederationD. The Civil Rights Act of 196420. The origin of the American party system can be traced to ______.A. the conflict between Democrats and RepublicansB. the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti-FederalistsC. the struggle between those who supported slavery and those who opposed slaveryD. the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of Independence21. In America, it is ______ that establishes policies for the education within its boundary.A. the stateB. the mayorC. the federal governmentD. the governor of the state22. Of all the symbols, ______ which are considered to represent fertility and new life, are most frequentlyassociated with Easter.A. the lamb and the beefB. the egg and the rabbitC. the pumpkin and the turkeyD. the spring peas and box of chocolate23．The Prime Minister of Britain was ______.A．appointed by the QueenB．elected by the ParliamentC．voted directly by the people of the countryD．selected from the members of the Parliament24．Apart from Britain, the Queen is also the head of state of the following countries EXCEPT ______. A．Australia B．CanadaC．New Zealand D．South Africa25．No.10 Downing Street in London is ______.A．the official residence of the QueenB．the office building of Lord ChancellorC．the meeting place of the British ParliamentD．the official residence of British Prime MinisterII. Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. (30 points, 3 points for each)26. What is the official name of Great Britain?27. What does “Oxbridge” refer to in Great Britain?28. What are the responsibilities of British government education departments?29. What does SA T stand for?30. What are the two most important acts passed in the 1960s that helped to improve the political equality ofthe black people?31. What is know n as the “winner-take-all” system?32. What does ACT stand for in Australian political division?33. Why does New Zealand remain green all the year round?34. What are the three main groups of settlers living north of 55 degree north latitude in Canada?35. What is the most significant feature of Irish landscape, which covers all the mountains and large areas oflowlands?III. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words. (20 points, 5 points for each)36. the Industrial Revolution37. the Commonwealth38. checks and balances39. Electoral College。

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附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter 2 The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter 3 The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1. William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1. The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’ War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter 4 Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII. The Civil WarsVIII. The CommonwealthIX. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist Movement VII．Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainChapter 7 Government and Administration Ⅰ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1. The House of Lords2. The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter 8 Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter 9 Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health Service Ⅲ．Religion1．Established churches Ⅳ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter 10 Cultural Affairs Ⅰ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter 11 Geography and HistoryI. Geographical FeaturesII. Climate and WeatherIII. Population and ReligionIV. Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter 14 Population, Race and Ethnic GroupsI. IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter 15 American History (I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter 16 American History (II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the 1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter 17 American History (III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom: 1945-1960sVIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’ Relations with China XII．Watergate ScandalChapter 18 The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United States V．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S. EconomyChapter 19 Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S. Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers: checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2. Powers of the House and Senate3. Officers of the Congress4. Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties (two-party system)Chapter 20 EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American Education Ⅱ．Elementary and Secondary Education Ⅲ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter 21 Literature, Architecture and Music Ⅰ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T. S. Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter 22 Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four CanadaChapter 23 Geography and History Ⅰ．Geographic Features4. Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter 26 Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five AustraliaChapter 27 Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3. Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distribution Ⅴ．Australia’s Built Envir onment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter 32 Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New ZealandChapter 33 The Making of New Zealand Ⅰ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi 1840VI. Maoritanga5. Race relations。