3 Written representation

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高译教育-上海海事大学考研英语翻译基础真题2013

高译教育-上海海事大学考研英语翻译基础真题20132013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：英语翻译基础I．Set Phrase Translation（1 score for each item, 20 scores in total）1.穿越剧2.春晚3.计划生育4.外来务工人员5.年夜饭6.发展体育运动，增强人民体质7.消除皱纹8.回家养病9.培养道德意识10.发展是硬道理11.非居民用水12.潜规则13.Better Cities, Better Life14.吃团圆饭15.中国能源的困局16.特大地震17.倡导学术诚信18.三公经费19.择校20.社会事业II．Blank Filling（fill in each blank with English, 1 score for each blank, 20 scores in total）1.It is believed that the earliest translated Bible in translationhistory of the West is called ________.2.______ is believed to be the first theorist in the West to discuss theoretical issues in translation.3.Prior to the Tang Dynasty, ______ was widely translated majorly from _____ into Chinese.4.The Latin Vulgate was translated by _______.5.The first English version of whole Bible was translated by a group of people led by _____.6.The most important and influential of English Bible is the ______ version.7.The Reformation in the West is largely initiated by _____ who translated Bible from its original languagesinto ______.8.Nida believes that there are fundamentally two different types of equivalence, one which may be called____, and another which is primarily _____.9.In his theoretical construction, Peter Newmark puts forward two diametrically different translationmethods, one of which is ______ translation and another ______ translation.10.Yan Fu, a famous modern Chinese thinker and reformer, was at the same time well-known for his proposalof tri-principles of translation, i.e. _____, ______ and _______.11.The seminal paper ____________ written by ______ was called the Independence Declaration ofTranslation Studies as a discipline.12.Literary translation in late-Qing China was started by ______, who translated a romance story originallywritten in _____ into Chinese in cooperation with his interpreter Wei Yi.III．Simple Sentence Translation （2 scores for each，20 scores in total）1.像这种情况，医院就是没考虑到一些特殊病人的需要，没能为患者提供一种人性化的服务。

英美散文选读课后部分答案整理

UNIT 1 Of Marriage and Single Life Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯。

培根1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of a married life according to Bacon? Advantages:1.Be responsible for family and careful;2.Hortative, put men in mind of their wives and children ,for soldiers;3. A kind of discipline of humanity , grave natures led by custom are commonly lovinghusbands;4.Wives are young men’s mistress , companions for middle age , and old men’s nurses Disadvantages:1.giving hostages to fortune2.impediments to great enterprises3.an abatament of a man’s riches and a family will bing a man bonds and shacklesUNIT 4 Letter to Lord Chesterfield Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔。

约翰逊2.What is the importance of this letter in the history of English literature?1.John’s letter has been described as literature’s “Declaration ofIndependence”;Independence of writers2. It’s a poor writer to the big man’s indictment-like , showing contempt for the writer ofthe elite.3. It has been the subject of critical comment over since in the literary world.4.It represents the English new bourgeoisie(资产阶级)’ resistance against feudalism（封建主义）.5.It embodies the author’s rebellion.*6、事实上，此后英国文坛上的保护制度（Patronage）在英国，在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了。

艺人经纪英文合同范本三篇

艺人经纪英文合同范本三篇篇一Artist Management ContractThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date"), and between:Artist: [Full Name of Artist], with a principal address at [Address of Artist] (hereinafter referred to as the "Artist").Manager: [Full Name of Manager], with a principal address at [Address of Manager] (hereinafter referred to as the "Manager").WHEREAS, the Artist is a talented individual in the field of [specify the field of art, such as music, acting, etc.] and desires to engage the services of the Manager for the purpose of managing and promoting the Artist's career; and WHEREAS, the Manager has the expertise, experience, and resources to provide such management and promotional services.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contned herein, the parties agree as follows:1. Term of the ContractThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number] years (the "Term"). The Term may be renewed mutual written agreement of the parties.2. Manager's ServicesThe Manager shall provide the following services to the Artist:(a) Strategic career planning and development.(b) Negotiation and execution of contracts and agreements on behalf of the Artist.(c) Promotion and publicity efforts, including but not limited to press releases, social media management, and event coordination.(d) Management of the Artist's schedule and bookings.(e) Financial management and advice related to the Artist's ine and expenses.3. CompensationIn consideration of the Manager's services, the Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage] of the Artist's gross ine derived from all sources during the Term of this Contract. The Artist shall make such payments within [number] days of receiving the ine.4. ExpensesThe Manager shall be end to reimbursement for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the performance of the Manager's duties hereunder, provided that such expenses are approved in advance the Artist in writing.5. Representation and Warranty of the ArtistThe Artist represents and warrants that:(a) The Artist has the full legal capacity and authority to enter into this Contract.(b) The Artist will ply with all applicable laws and regulations in connection with the Artist's career.(c) The Artist will cooperate fully with the Manager in the performance of the Manager's duties.6. Representation and Warranty of the ManagerThe Manager represents and warrants that:(a) The Manager has the necessary expertise and experience to perform the services contemplated herein.(b) The Manager will act in the best interests of the Artist at all times.7. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to keep all information relating to the Artist's career and the terms of this Contract confidential and not to disclose such information to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.8. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated either party upon written notice in the event of a material breach of this Contract the other party, which breach remns uncured for a period of [number] days after written notice thereof. Additionally,the Artist may terminate this Contract upon written notice at the end of the Term if the Artist is not satisfied with the Manager's services.9. Governing Law and JurisdictionThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [specify the jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising under this Contract shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [specify the jurisdiction].10. Entire AgreementThis Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations, understandings, and agreements, whether written or oral.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.Artist: [Signature of Artist]Manager: [Signature of Manager]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed a legal professional to ensure it plies with all applicable laws and meets your specific needs.篇二Artist Management ContractThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date") and between:Artist: [Full Name of Artist], with address at [Artist Address], and contact detls: [Phone Number] and [E Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Artist") Manager: [Full Name of Manager], with address at [Manager Address], and contact detls: [Phone Number] and [E Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Manager")1. Services and Duties of the ManagerThe Manager agrees to provide the following services to the Artist:1.1 Representation and negotiation of all entertnment-related contracts, including but not limited to recording, performance, endorsement, and licensing agreements.1.2 Strategic career planning and development.1.3 Marketing and publicity efforts to enhance the Artist's public image and career opportunities.2. Term of the ContractThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number of years] years.3. Compensation and Commission3.1 The Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage]% of all gross earnings derived from the Artist's entertnment activities during the term of this Contract.3.2 The mission shall be calculated and pd on a regular basis as mutually agreed.4. Expenses4.1 All reasonable and necessary expenses incurred the Manager in the performance of his/her duties under this Contract shall be reimbursed the Artist, subject to prior approval and proper documentation.4.2 The Artist shall have the right to review and question any expense clmed the Manager.5. Accountings and ReportsThe Manager shall provide the Artist with regular accountings and reports detling the Artist's earnings and the mission deductions.6. Artist's ObligationsThe Artist agrees to:6.1 Cooperate with the Manager in all career-related matters.6.2 Perform all obligations under contracts negotiated the Manager.7. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated either party under the following circumstances:7.1 Material breach of the Contract the other party, provided that written notice of the breach and an opportunity to cure are given.7.2 Mutual agreement in writing.8. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to keep all information related to the Artist's career and this Contract confidential.9. Governing Law and JurisdictionThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising under this Contract shall be resolved in the courts of [jurisdiction].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.Artist: [Signature]Manager: [Signature]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed and customized a legal professional to meet the specific needs and circumstances of the parties involved.篇三ARTIST MANAGEMENT CONTRACTThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date"), and between [Artist's Name] (the "Artist") and [Manager's Name] (the "Manager").1. SERVICESThe Manager agrees to provide the following services to the Artist:(a) Negotiate and secure performance engagements, recording contracts, endorsement deals, and other professional opportunities on behalf of the Artist.(b) Manage the Artist's career, including but not limited to planning and strategizing career development.(c) Handle financial and business matters related to the Artist's career, such as invoicing, collecting payments, and budgeting.2. TERMThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number] years (the "Term").3. COMPENSATION(a) The Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage] of the gross ine received the Artist as a result of the Manager's services.(b) Commissions shall be payable within [number] days of the Artist's receipt of payment.4. EXPENSESThe Manager shall be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in the course of providing services under this Contract, provided that such expenses are pre-approved the Artist in writing.5. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES(a) The Artist represents and warrants that they have the full legal capacity and authority to enter into this Contract.(b) The Manager represents and warrants that they have the necessary skills, experience, and resources to provide the services contemplated herein.6. CONFIDENTIALITYBoth parties agree to keep all information related to the Artist's career and this Contract confidential and not to disclose it to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.7. TERMINATIONThis Contract may be terminated either party upon written notice in the event of a material breach of this Contract the other party, or upon the expiration of the Term.8. NOTICESAll notices required or permitted under this Contract shall be in writing and shall be deemed delivered when sent registered or e to the addresses provided below:Artist's Address: [Artist's Address]Manager's Address: [Manager's Address]9. GOVERNING LAWThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction].10. ENTIRE AGREEMENTThis Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations, understandings, and agreements.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.ARTIST: [Artist's Signature]MANAGER: [Manager's Signature]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed and customized a legal professional to ensure it plies with applicable laws and meets the specific needs of the parties involved.。

文学几大主义

1. Naturalism 自然主义•American literary naturalism emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism.•Naturalism is sometimes claimed to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism.•It is more than that, for it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance witha particular philosophical thesis.Philosophical foundations 哲学基础This thesis is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.1) a human being exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world.2) a human being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.3) A person inherits compulsive instincts--especially hunger, the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality--and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born.•Briefly, Naturalist writers believed that a human being is no more than a higher-order animal, who is governed by heredity and environment, natural or socioeconomic, thus, acquirng no free will and living in an amoral world.•"the survival of the fittest", "the human beast"•Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.Naturalist WritersStephen CraneFrank NorrisTheodore DreiserEdwin Arlington RobinsonJack LondonO’ HenryStephen Crane (1871-1900)•Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)•The Red Badge of Courage (1895)•"The Open Boat"•"The Monster"•"The Brides Comes to Yellow Sky"•"The Blue Hotel"poems:•The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》•War is Kind《战争是仁慈的》•Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson are now recognized as the two presursors of Imagist poetry.2. TRANSCENDENTALISM (Transcendentalism超验主义)◆When did Transcendentalism come into being?◆Who were the spokesmen of Transcendentalism?◆What is Transcendentalism?◆Where did Transcendentalism originate?WHEN:◆In 1836 an informal group, the Transcendentalist Club, met in Concord, Massachusetts, to discusstheology, philosophy, and literature.◆Between 1840 and 1844, the Club published sixteen issues of The Dial, a quarterly. They established in1841 Brook Farm, a utopian community in which individuals were suppoesd to be better enabled towards self-realization. The experiment ended in failure in 1847.WHO:◆William Ellery Channing◆Ralph Waldo Emerson◆Henry David Thoreau◆Bronson Alcott◆Margaret Fuller◆Nathaniel HarthorneWHAT:◆Centered in Concord and Boston from 1836 till just before the Civil War, Transcendentalism is a NewEngland literary movement which held that spiritual realtiy, discernible through intution, transcended empirical or scientific knowledge.◆There are three major features of New England Transcendentalism being summarized as follows:◆Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul(超灵), as the most importantthing in the universe.◆Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.◆Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.◆The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which allthings came and of which all were a part.◆It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe.◆It was a reaction to the eighteenth-century Newtonian concept of the universe.◆It was also a reaction against the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking.◆As the regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, hisperfection, his self-culture and self-improvement, and not the frenzed effort to get rich, should become the first concern of his life.◆The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual.◆The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.◆This new notion of the individual and his importance represented a new way of looking at man.◆It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depraved, he is sinful and perseveres insinhood, and can not hope to be saved except through the grace of God.◆It was also a reaction against the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developingcapitalism.◆Nature was, to the Transcendentalists, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God's overwhelmingpresence. It was the garment of the Oversoul.◆Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influences on the human mind.◆Things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual."Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence, and you'll become spiritually whole again." WHERE:◆New England Transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influences and theAmerican Puritan tradition. It was, in actuality, Romanticism on the Puritan soil. It could be called Romantic idealism.◆ First, neo-Platonism , the belief that spirit prevails over matter and there is an ascending scale of spiritualvalues rising to absolute Good.◆ Second, German Romanticism as transmitted through the writings of Coleridge and Carlyle, whichemphasized intuition as a means of piercing to the real essence of things.◆ Third, an Oriental mysticism as embodied in such Hindu works as Upanishads (《奥义书》)andBhagavad-Gita (《薄伽梵歌》）, and to the doctrine and philosophy of the Chinese Confucius and Mencius. ◆ Fourth, Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement.3. Impressionism 印象主义• Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Theirindependent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.• The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression,Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the4. Local Color 乡土特色◆ The detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress, and ways of thinking andfeeling which are distinctive of a particular region. --M.A.Abrams in the late 1860s and early seventies The distinction between regionalism and local colorism:◆ A regional work relies on the cultural, social and historical settings of a region. If the setting is removed,the work is destroyed.◆ Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but theygive moreemphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism(特殊习惯), customs, beliefs and speech. Dailect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings.Character analysis 主要人物Carrie Meeber or Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹•Carrie Meeber: the protagonist of the novel, an ordinary girl who rises from a low-paid, arduous position in a factory to a famous, high-paid actress in New York city.•She is driven by desire and catches blindly at any opportunity for a better exsitence, first offered by Drouet and then by Hursthood. She is totally at the mercy of forces that she cannot understand. She is a slave to her heredity and environment.•Strong determination to have a better life•Her goals are clothes, money and fame, and the means by which she achieves them are relatively unimportant.•Rise by the means of a male stepladder• A seeker, not satisfied, always has a new world to conquer, new goals to achieve.•“a naive, dreaming girl from the country, driven this way and that by the promptings of biology and economy, and pursued on her course by the passions of her rival lovers.”•“Her desire is illimitable, but her imagination is limited to the worlds o f goods. Carrie is always looking to see what else in the world she could want, and as Dreiser shows, she is conditioned biologically and culturally to want and buy what she sees.”Timid•“To avoid a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand.”“为了避免在找工作中的那种莫名其妙的害羞，她加快了步子，装出一副不在乎的样子，她像是要办什么事似的。

美国文学史期末论文终极版

Contents摘要 (1)Abstract (1)Chapter 1 American Romanticism(1810--1865) (2)1.Background reasons (2)1.1 Politically this period was ripe (2)1.2 Economically American had never been wealthier (2)1.3 Culturally American own value emerged (2)2.Basic features and styles (2)2.1 Expressiveness (2)2.2 Imagination (2)2.3 Worship of nature (2)2.4 Simplicity (3)2.5 Cultural nationalism (3)2.6 Liberty,freedom,democracy and individualism (3)3.Influence (3)Chapter 2 American Realism(1865--1914) (3)1. Background changes (3)1.1 Politics (4)1.2 Economics (4)1.3 Cultural and social changes (4)2. Basic features and styles (4)2.1 Truthful description of the actualities of the real life andmaterial (4)2.2 Focus on ordinariness (4)3. Three dominant figures (4)4. Influence (5)Chapter 3 American Naturalism(1890--1914) (5)1. Background information (5)1.1 Cultural and Social Background (5)1.2 Religion and theoretical basis (5)2. Major ideas and features of Naturalism (5)2.1 Determinism (5)2.2 World: godless, indifferent, hostile (6)2.3 Style: scientific objectivity (6)2.4 Subjects and themes (6)3. A representative work that show the ideas and features above (6)3. Influence (6)Chapter 4 American Modernism(1914--1945) (6)1. Background information (6)1.1 Politics (6)1.2 Economy (7)1.3 Cultural and social background (7)2. Characteristics and features of Modernism (7)3. Major genres and a representative of each one (7)3.1 Modern poetry——Ezra Pound (7)3.2 Modern fiction——Ernest Hemingway (7)4. Influence (8)Chapter 5 American Postmodernism(1914--1945) (8)1. Background information (8)1.1 Politics (8)1.2 Economics (8)1.3 Social and international background (8)2. Characteristics and major features (8)2.1 Experimental writing techniques (8)2.3 Irony, playfulness and black humor (9)3.Influence (9)Bibliographies (9)摘要具有自身特点的新文学的出现，是一个国家真正形成的标志。

审计英语7

TOPIC 07 The Finalization of Audit【字体：大中小】【打印】（完成审计工作）[与中文教材2008版第十八章相关]Part I Subsequent Events（期后事项）Auditors should consider the effect of subsequent events（after the balance sheet date）on the accounts.‘Subsequent events’include:Events occurring between the period end and the date of the auditor’s report Facts discovered after the date of the auditor’s report;审计人员应考虑期后事项对报表的影响。

期后事项包括:资产负债表日后至审计报告出具日审计报告出具日之后Procedures（程序、流程）Auditors have a responsibility to review subsequent events before they sign their audit report, and may have to take action if they become aware of subsequent events between the date they sign their audit report and the date the financial statements are laid before members.在签署审计报告前审计人员有责任检查考虑在资产负债表日后至出具报告日期间发生的相关事项,并有可能会采取相关措施。

The date of signing the audit report represents a change from active evidence gathering to passive evidence awareness.审计报告出具日代表着审计人员从主动收集证据向被动知晓的转变。

研究生学术英语读写教程unit3

Unit 3: Writing a Research PaperIn this unit, we will focus on the essential skills and techniques required for writing a research paper in academic English. Writing a research paper is a crucial aspect of graduate study, as it demonstrates the ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and effectivelymunicate ideas in written form. This unit will cover the following topics:1. Understanding the Structure of a Research Paper2. Developing a Research Question3. Conducting Literature Review4. Organizing Your Thoughts and Ideas5. Writing a Strong Introduction6. Presenting Your Methodology7. Reporting Your Findings8. Constructing a Compelling Conclusion9. Referencing and Citations10. Editing and Proofreading1. Understanding the Structure of a Research PaperA research paper typically follows a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results,discussion, and conclusion. Understanding the purpose of each section and how they relate to the overall research is essential for writing a cohesive and coherent paper.2. Developing a Research QuestionA well-crafted research question is the foundation of a successful research paper. It should be clear, concise, and focused, guiding the direction of the study and facilitating the identification of relevant literature and methodologies.3. Conducting Literature ReviewA literature review is a critical analysis of existing research related to your topic. It provides context for your study, identifies gaps in existing knowledge, and justifies the significance of your research. Learning how to effectively review and synthesize literature is essential for building a strong theoretical framework for your paper.4. Organizing Your Thoughts and IdeasOrganizing your thoughts and ideas is essential for creating a logical and coherent research paper. This can be achieved through outlining, mind mapping, or other organizational techniques. Clear organization will help you m本人nt本人nfocus and ensure that your paper flows logically.5. Writing a Strong IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper, providing background information, stating the research problem, and outlining the structure of the paper. A strong introduction should captivate the reader's attention and provide a clear rationale for the study.6. Presenting Your MethodologyThe methodology section det本人ls the research methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should beprehensive, transparent, and replicable, allowing other researchers to understand and evaluate the validity of your study.7. Reporting Your FindingsIn this section, you will present the results of your research in a clear and systematic manner. This may involve the use of tables, figures, and statistical analysis to convey the key findings of your study.8. Constructing a Compelling ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key findings of your research, discusses their implications, and makes rmendations for future research or practice. Apelling conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of your study.9. Referencing and CitationsAccurate referencing and citation of sources are essential for m 本人nt本人ning academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. Familiarizing yourself with the specific citation style required by your discipline is crucial for properly acknowledging the work of others.10. Editing and ProofreadingEditing and proofreading are essential steps in the writing process to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. It is important to review your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as to refine the overall clarity and effectiveness of your writing.In conclusion, writing a research paper in academic English requires abination of critical thinking, analytical skills, and effectivemunication. Mastering the skills and techniquescovered in this unit will not only enhance your academic writing abilities but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study. By understanding the structure of a research paper, developing a strong research question, conducting a thorough literature review, organizing your thoughts and ideas, and mastering the art of writing a strong introduction, presenting a clear methodology, reporting your findings, constructing apelling conclusion, referencing and citations, and editing and proofreading, you will be well-equipped to produce high-quality research papers that make a meaningful contribution to your academic discipline.。

莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译

莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译1，朱湘译文我来比你作夏天，好不好？不，你比它更可爱，更温和：暮春的娇花有暴风侵扰，夏住在人间的时日不多：有时候天之目亮得太凌人，他的金容常被云霾掩蔽，有时因了意外，四季周行，今天的美明天已不再美丽：你的永存之夏却不黄萎，你的美丽亦将长寿万年，你不会死，死神无从夸嘴，因为你的名字入了诗篇：一天还有人活着，有眼睛，你的名字便将于此常新。

2，李霁野译文我来将你比作夏天吗?你比夏天更为可爱,更为温和:暴风摇落五月的柔嫩花芽,夏季的租赁期限要短得多:有的时候太阳照得太热,他的金色面孔常变阴暗;每种美有时都会凋零衰谢,由于机缘,或者由于自然变幻;但是你的永久夏季不会衰败,你的美也永远不会丧失;死亡不至夸口:你在他的阴影里徘徊, 当你在不朽的诗行中度日:——只要人还能呼吸，眼睛还能看望，这些诗行就会永存，使你万寿无疆。

3，梁宗岱译文我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。

但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。

只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。

4，梁实秋译文我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地，夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过：有时太阳照得太热，常常又遮暗他的金色的脸；美的事物总不免要凋落，偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。

但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色；你不会失去你的俊美的仪容；死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着，如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生；只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。

5，屠岸译文能不能让我把你比拟作夏日？你可是更加温和，更加可爱：狂风会吹落五月的好花儿，夏季的生命又未免结束得太快：有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热，他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗；每一样美呀，总会离开美而凋落，被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残；但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯，你永远不会失去你美的仪态；死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅，你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在；只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。

英语美文书法范文

英语美文书法范文English: Calligraphy, as an art form, is a beautiful and visual representation of the written word. The flowing lines and elegant strokes of calligraphy create a sense of balance and harmony on the page. It is a way of expressing the meaning and emotion behind the words through the careful arrangement and execution of each stroke. Calligraphy is not just about creating beautiful letters, but it is also about cultivating patience, discipline, and mindfulness. The process of practicing calligraphy requires focus and intention, allowing the artist to become fully present in the moment. It is a meditative practice that can bring a sense of calm and tranquility to both the artist and the viewer. In a world filled with fast-paced digital communication, calligraphy reminds us of the beauty and power of handcrafted art and the importance of slowing down and savoring the moment.中文翻译: 书法作为一种艺术形式，是书写文字的美丽和视觉呈现。

诉讼代理合同英文模板

诉讼代理合同英文模板Litigation Representation Agreement。

This Litigation Representation Agreement ("Agreement") is entered into as of [Date], by and between [Client Name], located at [Client Address] ("Client") and [Attorney Name], located at [Attorney Address] ("Attorney").1. Scope of Representation。

Attorney agrees to represent Client in the following matter(s): [Description of the legal matter(s) being represented]. Attorney will provide legal advice, prepare necessary documents, and represent Client in court proceedings related to the above-mentioned matter(s).2. Duties of Attorney。

Attorney agrees to diligently and competently represent Client's interests in the legal matter(s) described in this Agreement. Attorney will keep Client informed of all developments in the case, provide regular updates on the progress of the matter, and consult with Client on important decisions related to the case.3. Duties of Client。

Unit-2 高级英语第2册

pupil, but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature,
doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions
Section 3: Detailed Reading
new dictionary had been made for decades
before a group of London booksellers contracted
Johnson in June 1746 to
Section 1: Warm Up
Lead-in
Background Information
Section 2: Global Reading
Main Idea
Structural Analysis
Part II (Paragraphs 4-5) Problems in the English language and the general rules for the Dictionary
than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to
censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced by
miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would
2. Which English dictionary do you use most frequently? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this dictionary?

人教版新教材高中英语选择性必修三单词表知识点讲解Unit1Art

〔人教版教材〕选择性必修三单词表Unit 1 Art1.precise adj. 准确的；准确的to be (more) precise 更准确地说a precise record of events 对大事的准确记载adj.(人)细心的；精细的 a precise worker 一丝不苟的工作者precisely adv.准确地；准确地；确实如此precision n. 精准〔性〕；准确〔性〕2.Christianity n. 基督教3.r ealistic adj. 现实的；逼真的——unrealistic adj. 不切实际的it is realistic to do sth 做某事是现实的a realistic novel 现实主义小说realistic scenes 真是场景a realistic plan 切实可行的打算realism n.逼真；现实主义；务实作风realist n.现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者realistically adv. 现实地4.p rimitive adj. 进展水平低的；原始的；远古的n.文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品)a primitive society/man 原始社会/人 a primitive engine 老式的发动机primitiveness n. 原始性；原始本能5.t wo-dimensional adj. 二维的6.d imension n.维；规模；范围7.i n particular 尤其；特别=particularly=especiallybe particular about/over…对……挑剔8.s et apart from 使与众不同；使突出；使优于…(使分别)set sth apart (for sth) 留出；拨出〔作某种用途〕9.humanistic adj.人文主义的10.humanity n.人性；人道；(统称)人类11.breakthrough n.重大进展；突破make a great breakthrough in 在某方面取得重大突破12.i nfluential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的be influential in…对……有影响influence vt. 影响；起作用n.影响；作用(an effect/an impact)have a strong influence on sb/sth 对某人/某事产生重大影响under the influence of…在……的影响下13.r eputation n.名誉；名声have a good/bad reputation 名声好/坏of good/great/high reputation 良好的/高的声望reputation fame 名声好坏均可。

Unit3单词讲义高中英语选择性3

Unit3单词讲义decade词性：名词中文意思：十年，十年期英文释义：a period of ten years词源：来自拉丁语"deca" 表示十，"ade" 表示年龄或时期。

例句：The last decade has seen significant technological advancements.固定搭配：in a decade（在十年内）近义词：tenyear period, decenniallegendary词性：形容词中文意思：传奇的，传说中的英文释义：famous or well known for a long time; existing only in legend 词源：来自拉丁语"legenda"，意为“传说”。

例句：He is a legendary figure in the music industry.固定搭配：legendary status（传奇地位）近义词：mythical, famous, renownedfixture词性：名词/形容词中文意思：固定装置，固定设备；固定的，预定的英文释义：a fixed object or part; established or regular词源：来自古英语"fixian"，意为“固定”。

例句：The light fixture needs to be replaced.（灯具需要更换。

）固定搭配：fixture installation（固定装置安装）近义词：installation, appliance, establishedelderly词性：形容词中文意思：年老的，上了年纪的英文释义：having lived a long time or being at an advanced age词源：来自古英语"eld"，意为“老年”。

北京大学考博英语真题2013年

北京大学考博英语真题2013年Part ⅠListening Comprehension略Part ⅡStructure and Written ExpressionDirections: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting ______ to the throne in British history, has spoken of his "impatience" to get things done.A.heirB.heirshipC.heritageD.heiress答案：A[解答] 句意是：查尔斯王子是英国史上等待王位继承时间最久的人，他说自己已经“等不起了”。

heir“继承人”；heirship“继承权，继承人的地位”；heritage“遗产，继承权”；heiress“女继承人”。

因此本题选A。

2. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to scream out their feelings for their wives, promising ______ and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudetitude答案：C[解答] 句意是：爱意在东京公园上空飘荡，平时稳重的日本丈夫聚在一起，大声喊出了对他们妻子的multitude“多数，群众”；gratitude“感谢的心情”；latitude“(思想、行动等的)自由范围，自由”。

written用法

written用法
Written是一個常用的英文單詞，可以用來形容書面的、文字的、已寫下來的。

下面是一些可能會用到written的例句，以及其在中文中的意思：
可以看出，written用法的翻譯是比較多樣的，具體要看實際的用法場合來決定。

大多數情況下，written都是用來形容一份已經寫好、以文字形式呈現的文件。

在英文中，你會經常看到written這個詞出現在各種不同的場合，比如：
1. Written communication （書面溝通）- 這是指透過書面文字進行的溝通方式。

在商業和行政領域，書面溝通是非常重要的，因為它可以幫助確保進行溝通的雙方都明確理解對方的要求和期望。

2. Written agreement （書面協議）- 這是指雙方在某些商務交易或法律事務中簽署的一份正式文件。

書面協議可以確保交易雙方都明確地瞭解交易的條件和內容，並且在交易出現問題時提供明確的證據。

3. Written exam （筆試）- 這是指一種考試形式，在這種考試中，考生需要用文字回答問題。

書面考試通常要求考生成熟掌握語言表達能力和邏輯思維能力，因此在很多國家和地區都是重要的教育考試。

4. Written record （書面記錄）-這是指一份會議、教學、歷史事件等的記錄文件。

書面記錄可以作爲歷史研究的重要依據，它可以幫助人們更加全面、客觀地瞭解事件的發展過程，並從中得出適當的結論。

總之，written這個詞在英文中的用法非常廣泛。

它可以用來形容各種不同的文件、文件類型和溝通方式。

如果你想在英語中使用這個詞，你需要瞭解它的用法和意思，以確保你使用它的上下文和意思是正確的。

written的汉语是什么意思

written的汉语是什么意思written的汉语是什么意思我们要知道英语单词written的发音，还要知道它具体的汉语意思。

下面就让店铺给大家分享英文written详细所指的汉语意思吧，希望能对你有帮助!written的汉语意思英 [rtn] 美 [rtn]原级：write第三人称单数：writes现在分词：writing过去式：wrotewritten 基本解释形容词书面的; 写成文字的; 明显受到…影响; (感情)全挂在脸上动词写( write的过去分词); 写信例句1. Have you seen the written document?你见过该书面文件吗?written的词典解释1. (协议、规定、法律等)成文的.，书面的A written agreement, rule, or law has been officially written down.e.g. The newspaper broke a written agreement not to sell certain photographs...这家报纸违反了不出售某些摄影作品的书面协议。

e.g. We're waiting for written confirmation from the Americans.我们在等美国人的书面确认。

2. (测验、作业等)书面的，笔头的A written test or piece of work is one which involves writing rather than doing something practical or giving spoken answers.e.g. Learners may have to take a written exam before theypass their driving test...学员在通过驾照考试前可能得参加笔试。

Alstom全光纤电流互感器介绍

NXCT 全光纤电流互感器绿色、低炭、环保、节能智能化电网的重要基石! 智能化电网的重要基石!TechnologyGRID阿海珐输配电 ITR 拥有丰富的技术资源支持RPV Italy RMM Mexico ITR+Capacitors Bushing RMW USA ITR RMG Brazil ITR+Coil阿海珐输配电 AREVA T&D 互感器集团 ITR LINENxtPhase O/E ITRITR+Bushing+Capacitors+Air Core Coil阿海珐输配电互感器（上海）有限公司RMC China ITR+Bushing +CapacitorRMK India RML Germany ITRRMT Finland Nokian CapacitorsITR+Coil+BushingPresentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 2© ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.电流互感器分类电磁式电流互感器（材料耗用大，绝缘复杂）混合型光电互感器 (有源式光电互感器 ) 电流互感器在高压侧采用Rogwski线圈, 将被测电流转换成电压信号，再将电压信号转换成光信号传输。

英语语言学考试重点题型

第一章Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de SaussureⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.第二章1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. V oicedC. vowelD. consonantal3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6.The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones第三章1. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “mother wit”refers to inborn wit. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A.WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences10. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.第四章Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to forma complete statement, question or command.3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.6._______ relation is a kind of relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.7. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called _______.1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory6. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical7. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite8. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational9._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structure第五章1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.2. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.3. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.4. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.5. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.8. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.True or False1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.2. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reducemeaning to observable contexts.4. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.5. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.6. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether a entails b in each case.a: John is a bachelor. b: John is a man.a: Eliza plays the fiddle. b: Someone plays a musical instrument.a: I’ve done my homework. b: I haven’t brushed my teeth.a: Some of the students came to my party. b: Not all of the students came to my party.a: Mary owns three canaries. b: Mary owns a canary.a: John picked a tulip. b: John didn’t pick a rose.第六章1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.13. _________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes _______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is _______, and decontextualized.18. ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. ________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A _________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.22. A _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityIII.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.D。

representation名词

representation名词
representation是一个名词，它有多种含义和用法。

首先，representation可以指代一种表现或描述的方式，即用符号、图像
或言语来呈现某种事物或观念的过程。

在艺术领域，
representation也可以指代艺术作品中对客观事物的再现或描绘。

此外，representation还可以指代代理或代表的角色，比如政府代
表团或法律代表。

在数学和科学领域，representation还有特定的
含义，比如在代数学中，表示某个结构的方式。

在心理学和社会学中，representation还可以指代个体对外部世界的认知和理解，以
及社会群体的利益和观点的代表。

总的来说，representation这个
名词涵盖了多个领域和层面的含义，是一个非常丰富和多义的词汇。

代表制专辑导言

代表制专辑导言赵晓力“代表的观念是近代的产物；它起源于封建政府，起源于那种使人类屈辱并使‘人’这个名称丧失尊严的、既罪恶而又荒谬的政府制度。

在古代的共和国里，而且是甚至于在古代的君主国里，人民是不曾有过代表的，他们并不知道有这样一个名词。

”[1]这是卢梭在《社会契约论》里对代表的抨击。

诚如卢梭所言，在古代西方，无论是在古希腊罗马的政治实践中，还是在柏拉图、亚里士多德、西塞罗的政治思想中，我们都找不到代表和代表制的影子。

根据皮特金的考证，representation这个词开始具备“代表”含义的时间相当晚。

这个词来源于拉丁语repraesentare，原始含义是“使某个东西再现或在场”的意思，比如可以说某一德性“再现”于一张头像上；直到十三十四世纪，在基督教文献中，出现了教皇和主教是基督和使徒的位格的“再现”这种说法；十三世纪中叶，一位既熟悉罗马法又熟悉教会法的作家会说官员是国家形象的“再现”。

在法语中，到十三世纪，可以说一位管家使他的主人的人格“在场”、“再现”，等于说管家代表他的主人。

[2]这一转变在英语中发生得更晚，一直到十六世纪晚期，在《英格兰共和国》一书中，托马斯·斯密斯爵士说“英格兰议会代表着（representeth）整个英格兰，拥有其全部领域的权力，包括头脑和躯体。

因为每个英格兰人，或者是亲自，或者是委托他人，都出席了（present）议会……因此议会的同意就被看作是每个人的同意。

”[3]曼斯菲尔德认为，现代代表制有两个中世纪渊源，一是大公会议主义，一是中世纪的议会。

[4]基尔克强调前者，[5]而基佐强调后者，并将英国议会作为欧洲代议制政府的典型。

[6]然而，尽管有中世纪的渊源，现代代表制还是在1688年与中世纪代表制发生了断裂。

用曼斯菲尔德的话说，“真正的区别却在于对被代表的人民的不同理解。

近代的争论假定人民是一个整体，必须通过政府来代表他们；中世纪的争论则假定人民是一个部分，必须有人在政府面前代表他们。