英语总结的写法SUMMARY__WRITING

• Why should we summarize? • •An important writing skill: to summarize your own research work • •A valuable learning tool: to pick out the most essential idea of the work of someone else
• d. You are not being asked to imitate the author whom you are writing about. On the contrary, you are expected to maintain your own voice throughout the summary. Don't simply quote the author; instead use your own words to express your own understanding of what you have read. After all, your summary is based on your interpretation of the writer's points or ideas. However, you should be careful not to create any misrepresentation（n.误传, 误说）or distortion(扭曲 )by introducing comments or criticisms of your own.
• What is a good summary? • •A summary must be comprehensive（全 面） • •A summary must be concise（简练） • •A summary must be coherent（连贯） • •A summary must be independent（独立）
• Rewrite and rearrange your paragraph(s) as needed to make your writing clear and concise, to eliminate relatively minor or repetitious points, and to provide transitions. Make sure your summary includes all the major supporting points of each idea. The final version should be a unified, complete, and coherent whole.
SUMMARY WRITING
• What is a summary? • •A summary is a shortened or condensed version, in your own words, of something you have read • •Although written in your own words, the summary does not include your own opinions about what you read • •A summary is intended to highlight objectively the main points of another writer's work
• c. It should make sense as a piece of writing in its own right; it should not merely be taken directly from your list of notes or sound like a list of sentences that are strung together in paragraph or essay format. •
• a. You should isolate all the important points in the original passage and note them down in a list. Review all the ideas on your list, and include in your summary all the ones that are indispensable to（ be indispensable to 必需)the author's development of his/her thesis (or main point). •
• How to summarize? • •Outline the text. Break it down into its major sections--groups of paragraphs focused on a common topics--and list the main supporting points for each section. • •Write a one or two sentence summary of each section.
Sample
• Unable to remember where he had parked the car the writer went down street after street looking carefully at each car At last, he saw a small green one which looked like his own but belonged to someone else. He now gave up the search and went for lunch. On leaving the restaurant some time later he walked down the street and suddenly found his car just around the comer As he drew near; he noticed a police ticket on the wind-screen. (82 words)
• •Formulate a single sentence to summarize the whole text, looking at the author's thesis or topic sentences as a guide. • • Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the section summary sentences.
Sample
• At noon, just as I was leaving my friend's office, it suddenly struck me that I had no idea where I had parked my car I could hardly go up to a policeman and tell him that I had lost a small green car somewhere. I would simply have to look for it myself. Walking down street after street, I examined each car closely and was greatly relieved to see a small green car just behind an old cart. But how disappointed I was to discover that though the car was exactly like my own, it belonged to someone else. Feeling quite tired now, I gave up the search and went off for lunch. Some time later I left the restaurant and walked idly down the street. Turning the corner I nearly jumped for joy: my car was right in front of me - and there was no mistaking it this time. I could not help smiling as I drew near Pasted on the wind-screen was a little ticket which informed me that the car had been visited by a policeman in my absence. To add to it all, I was now guilty of a parking offense. (196 words)
• b. Eliminate repetitions in your list, even if the author restates the same points. Your summary should be considerably shorte百度文库 than the source. You are hoping to create an overview; therefore, you need not include every repetition of a point or every supporting detail.
• 摘要题型写作要点： • ① 动笔之前，一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄 懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。 • ② 摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一， 考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。 • ③ 在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。 • ④ 摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的 逻辑顺序排列。 • ⑤ 重点反映主要观点，删除细节。 • ⑥ 简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。 • ⑦ 检查与修改时，重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点 或包含了细节。
Sample
• • Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words. We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled（复杂） and evasive（逃避） attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy（粗俗）, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.