中小企业融资难外文翻译
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献Title: Financing Channels for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English LiteratureIntroduction:Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, they often face challenges in accessing finance due to limited assets, credit history, and information transparency. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing existing literature in both Chinese and English.1. Overview of SME Financing Channels:1.1 Bank Loans:Traditional bank loans are a common financing option for SMEs. They offer advantages such as long-term repayment periods, lower interest rates, and established banking relationships. However, obtaining bank loans may be challenging for SMEs with insufficient collateral or creditworthiness.1.2 Venture Capital and Private Equity:Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) attract external investments in exchange for equity stakes. These financing channels are particularly suitable for high-growth potential SMEs. VC/PE investors often provide not only financial resources but also expertise and networks to support SMEs' growth. However, SMEs may face challenges in meeting the stringent criteria required by VC/PE firms, limiting accessibility.1.3 Angel Investment:Angel investors are wealthy individuals who provide early-stage funding to SMEs. They are often interested in innovative and high-potential ventures. Angel investments can bridge the funding gap during a company's initial stages, but SMEs need to actively seek out and convince potential angel investors to secure funding.1.4 Government Grants and Subsidies:Governments offer grants and subsidies to support SMEs' business development and innovation. These resources play a pivotal role in ensuring SMEs' survival and growth. However, the application process can be cumbersome, and the competition for these funds is usually high.1.5 Crowdfunding:Crowdfunding platforms allow SMEs to raise capital from a large poolof individual investors. This channel provides opportunities for SMEs to showcase their products or services and engage directly with potential customers. However, the success of crowdfunding campaigns depends on effective marketing strategies and compelling narratives.2. Comparative Analysis:2.1 Chinese Literature on SME Financing Channels:In Chinese literature, research on SME financing channels focuses on the unique challenges faced by Chinese SMEs, such as information asymmetry, high collateral requirements, and insufficient financial transparency. Studiesemphasize the importance of government policies, bank loans, and alternative financing channels like venture capital and private equity.2.2 English Literature on SME Financing Channels:English literature encompasses a broader range of financing channels and their implications for SMEs worldwide. It highlights the significance of business angel investment, crowdfunding, trade credit, factoring, and peer-to-peer lending. The literature also emphasizes the role of financial technology (fintech) in expanding SMEs' access to finance.3. Recommendations for SMEs:3.1 Enhancing Financial Literacy:SMEs should invest in improving their financial literacy to understand different financing options and strategies. This knowledge will help them position themselves more effectively when seeking external funding.3.2 Diversifying Funding Sources:To mitigate financing risks, SMEs should explore multiple channels simultaneously. A diversified funding portfolio can help SMEs access different sources of capital while reducing dependence on a single channel.3.3 Building Relationships:Developing relationships with banks, investors, and relevant stakeholders is crucial for SMEs seeking financing. Strong networks and connections can provide valuable support and increase the likelihood of securing funding.Conclusion:Access to appropriate financing channels is crucial for the growth and development of SMEs. This analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing Chinese and English literature, highlights the diverse options available. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each channel, SMEs can make informed decisions and adopt strategies that align with their unique business requirements. Governments, financial institutions, and other stakeholders should continue to collaborate in creating an enabling environment that facilitates SMEs' access to finance.。
中小企业融资难外文翻译
Sme f inancing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing statusReform and opening up china for 30 years of small andmedium-sized enterprises obtained arapid developmentof enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises inour country is also an important powerof independentinnovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises fromsmall and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreakof the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and losermonetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly forinstanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased14.9 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sizedenterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult has become the bottleneck ofrestricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and managementfaced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout 7.5the urban employment this situation is not only more difficult economic recoveryinfluence and directly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood stable target .Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financingis a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: firstthemedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awarenessof honesty similar to a few of the common phenomenonmay report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banksthis intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small and medium-sized enterprisesare not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments withall those together the first this enterprise is notsincere he will have a foothold.We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological contentof the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are notgood for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also consideredcommercial bank the risk of their own profits. To theend of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that ofthe entire banking industry relies low come mampasolving some problems bur the loans of the smalland medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem oncecountries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so theloan quality cannot guaranteed so in this managementsystem toreduce the risks the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enoughafterpawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation costof small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to extend loans tosmall andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very highlabor workload but it is the benefit of different times.Third the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity fundsindustrial investment funds venture investment fundsrisk investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the sept.25 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closedthe door just recently IPO to restart the IPO. But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing for manyenterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises inChina however can grow in the basic of financingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature can the fancy of thesecuritiesmarket and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty insolving the problem a From the Angle of the government1.The government should relax market access controlreducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategicpositioning og those smallBanks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of thebank bank established to improve the bottleneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing fivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services andmore convenient. 2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system further reducing theirinformation cost in our country the central banksince 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwasstarted by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise creditinformation to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank andsmall and medium-sized enterprises credit system toestablish the creditsystem hope to cover those andfinancial institutions have no credit relations of small andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhassome network company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaction informationinto small and medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of credit if out of the bank tofurther reduce the cost of information.. 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is smallloans6071 but the average level of banking is a twopercent while a few risk compensation just to0.8 percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bankloans reduce its tax business taxincome tax reductionCountries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makesbifbusiness loans and small and medium-sizedenterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. 4.The government should actively promotethe multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Differenttypes of small and medium-sized enterprises the development stage isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small and medium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high qualityas cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading ofindustrial structure is playing a positive role. InOctober 2009 gem officially launched. Founded boardwill provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage.But for more than for small and medium-sizedenterprises are listed tosolve this kind of conditionenterprise’s equity financing stock transfer to a valid theover-the-counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for tradingofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government should vigorously promotethe development of the bond market bond financing for small and medium enterprises to providemore convenient in the developed countries the bond market is the main financing financing inthe United States for example2008 the company bonds is circulation stock circulationof 5 timeswith the United States Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market also has the bigdevelopment space. b From the bank angleIf rely onthe existing in the banking financial products and sme loans to solve the difficulty infinancing smes is impossible we cannot change the present situation ofsmall and medium-sizedenterprises so we would changeour bank credit financial innovation is imminent. Currentlybanking is through the organization risk management technical innovation innovation andsecurity collateral product innovation so as tochange the status of financing for smes. 1. Guaranteemortgage innovation Collateral shortage is small andmedium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for securityit is notrealistic to high-tdch enterprise as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righsthepatent righ and one on the market in technology creative team is the blood to support itsdevelopmentas well as several pieces of the mortgaged property bur all need money to lendbank The small and medium-sized enterprises such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widelywarehouse inventory impawn through a mortgageloan product Tianjing coastal rural commercialbank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan. benjing bank recently launchedintellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan. 2. Credit rating innovating Big Bnaks do business of time usually see a balance sheet anincome statement and a cash flow statement small and medium-sized enterprises have even thesthree tables are not high the bank information costs zhejiang tyrone arisen commercial Banksthey look for innovative water meter customs declaration formlarge large reduce cost still canmake small loans toearn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank by focusing on theirOppone nt’s credit transaction the authenticity of the enterprise chooses a new of enterprisescredit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself the credit ratingweight only 15. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty anddownstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products orservices or transportation orlogistics can be easierto choose good credit are true of the enterprise trade background to provideenough good service mobilize various financial tools in the process of enterprise developmentshenfazhan also created the profits. 3. Business process innovation. Our country commercialbank the bank is mostly official inthe house wait fora loan to customers approval for a month three monthssuch a kind ofmanagement such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprisefinancial services it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sizedenterprises. Banks to reduce threshold theother is to simplify the process reduce link establishexamination mechanism so as to adapt to thecredit factory. The bank is factory small andmedium-sized enterprises is raw material into theline after the marketing sales and service withapproval and customer maintenance and post-loan management obtain loans. But Banks are not aperson guard line andbatch production. Through the way of examination andapproval proceduressimplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycleoverthe past 2 3 months shorten to 3 5 days now.4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to have a groupof people todo it and do it well it is to strengthen the trainingof the staff further strengthen thesme small businessloans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communicationincreasing the entire product rampd efforts with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures toprofessional team and the new service. cFrom the Angle of enterprises 1 Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. To correctly understand thesituation face establish the risk bymanagement effectiveness and development idea must paymore attention to technical innovation technological innovation pay attention to the new productdevelopment improve quality and brand construction and development of new products improvethe product quality improvement and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption to increaseincreasing earning. Increasing market development ability reduce” products accountsrec eivable” two nbre accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way not only bythe expansion of production of production but improve thequality of the industrial sector realizerapid growth.2. The enterprises should strengthen the constructionof credit system. Establish the standardof managementsystem establish she transparent reliable statementsthe accumulation ofenterprise credit system.。
中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译(可编辑)
中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译（可编辑）中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译外文翻译原文Financing SMEs and EntrepreneursMaterial Source: ////0>.Author: ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENTIntroductionSmall and medium-sized enterprises SMEs are the backbone of all economies and are a key source of economic growth, dynamism andflexibility in advanced industrialised countries,as well as in emerging and developing economies。
SMEs constitute the dominant form of business organisation, accounting for over 95% and up to 99% of enterprises depending on the country。
They are responsible for between 60-70% net job creation in OECD countries。
Small businesses are particularly important for bringing innovative products or techniques to the market。
Microsoft may be a software giant today, but it started off intypical SME fashion, as a dream developed by a young student with the help of family and friends.Only when Bill Gates and his colleagues had a saleable product were they able to take it to the marketplace and look for investment from more traditional sources.While not every small business turns into a multinational, they all face the same issue in their early days ? finding the money to enablethem to start and build up the business and test their product or service.Why is it harder for them to borrow money from banks or to find private investors than for larger firms?And why is it easier for small businesses to raise money in some countries than in others?These are important questions given the fact that small businesses, and particularly innovative SMEs, become increasingly vital to economic development and job creation as the knowledge-based economy develops.This Policy Brief looks at the extent of the SME “financing gap”, and what governments can do to make it easier for them to obtain the funding they need to start, grow and prosper, and thus contribute to creating jobs and economic growth.SMEs are vital for economic growth and development in both industrialised and developing countries, by playing a key role in creating new jobs.Financing is necessary to help them set up and expand their operations, develop new products, and invest in new staff or production facilities.Many small businesses start out as an idea from one or two people, who invest their own money and probably turn to family and friends for financial help in return for a share in the business.But if they are successful, there comes a time for all developing SMEs when they need newinvestment to expand or innovate further.That is where they often run into problems, because they find it much harder than largerbusinesses to obtain financing from banks, capital markets or other suppliers of credit.This “financing gap” is all the more important in a fast-changing knowledge-based economy because of the speed ofinnovation.Innovative SMEs with high growth potential, many of them in high-technology sectors, have played a pivotal role in raising productivity and maintaining competitiveness in recent years.But innovative products and services, however great their potential, need investment to flourish.If SMEs cannot find the financing they need, brilliant ideas may fall by the wayside and this represents a loss in potential growth for the economy.The “bagless” vacuum cleaner and the “wind-up” radio or flashlight whic h need nobatteries are now common household items, but nearly failed to see the light of day because their inventors could not find financial backing to transform their ideas into production.Already, differences are emerging between countries in terms of how easy it is for innovative SMEs to grow and develop.This sector has been very dynamic in the United States and a few other countries, but has lagged in many continental European countries and Japan, to the detriment of job creation and competitiveness.图 1Note: In many cases of debt in OECD countries, this problem is limited to a sub set of SMEs, mostly start-ups and very young firms. Data is based on the responses of 20 OECD and 10 non-OECD economies.Source: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Financing Survey.While the SME financing gap is more pervasive in emerging markets, business financing overall is not a problem in OECD countries Figure 1, where banks are adopting strategies to cope with reducing the risk of lending to SMEs and where there are well-established systems for raising money through banks and capital markets.Many countries that do not report an overall financing gap for SMEs say that they do have a financing problem when it comes to innovative SMEs, precisely because they do not fit the mould applied in traditional SME financing.Since innovative SMEs tend to be newcomers to the market, or seeking financing for a new type of product or service, and usually havenegative cash flows and untried business models, they represent a higher risk to banks and cannot be assessed in the same manner as traditional SMEs or large firms.One fundamental problem in dealing with the SME financing gap islack of basic information about just how big such a gap may be.Often the only evidence is in the form of complaints from SMEs themselves and this is difficult to use in analysis or for comparison.Moreover, thedefinition of an SME varies between countries and financial institutions, some only compile figures by size of loan, not by size of the company borrowing, and some do not keep regular statistics of SME lending atall.And this is just in OECD countries ? outside the OECD area, information is even scarcer.The difficulties that SMEs encounter when trying to access financing can be due to an incomplete range of financial products and services, regulatory rigidities or gaps in the legal framework, lack of information on both the bank’s and the SME’s side.Banks may avoid providing financing to certain types of SMEs, in particular, start ups and very young firms that typically lack sufficient collateral, or firms whose activities offer the possibilities of high returns but at a substantial risk of loss.SMEs tend by their very nature to show a far more volatile patternof growth and earnings, with greater fluctuations, than larger companies.Their survival rate is lower than for larger companies ? one analyst found that manufacturing firms with fewer than 20 employees were five times more likely to fail in a given year than largerfirms.Thus, SMEs are at a particularly severe disadvantage when trying to obtain financing relative to larger and more established firms.It can also be difficult for potential creditors or investors to distinguish the financial situation of the company from that of its owners.The entrepreneur may have re-mortgaged his or her house to acquire the start-up funds for the company, for example.If there are two cars in the driveway, can one or both be considered part of the company’s assets? If the owner dies, is there someone to ta ke over the business, or will it die with him or her?In order to assess the success of such actions, governments need to be able to measure the size of the SME financing gap and evaluate theimpact of government actions.OECD and non-OECD governments have asked the OECD to take the lead in establishing international benchmarks to facilitate comparisons of the relative performance of markets in providing financing to SMEs and entrepreneurs and to shed light on outstanding financing gaps and issues.译文中小企业融资和企业家资料来源: ////. 作者:经济合作与发展组织在先进的工业化国家,中小企业不仅是所有经济的中坚力量,也是经济增长的关键,也是一种新兴经济体和发展中的经济。
中小企业融资难外文翻译说课讲解
中小企业融资难外文翻译Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult hasbecome the bottleneck of restricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and managementfaced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout 7.5the urban employment this situation is not only more difficult economic recoveryinfluence and directly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood stable target .Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: first themedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awareness of honesty similar to a few of the common phenomenon may report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banks this intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small andmedium-sized enterprises are not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments with all those together the first this enterprise is not sincere he will have a foothold.We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also considered commercial bank the risk of their own profits. To the end of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come mampasolving some problems bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem once countries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so the loan quality cannot guaranteed so in this management system toreduce the risks the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enoughafter pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to extend loans to small andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very high labor workload but it is the benefit of different times.Third the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprisesin thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity funds industrial investment funds venture investment funds risk investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the sept.25 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closed the door just recently IPO to restart the IPO. But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing for manyenterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises in China however can grow in the basic of financingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. Thecompany is more mature can the fancy of thesecurities market and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem a From the Angle of the government 1.The government should relax market access control reducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those smallBanks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of the bank bank established to improve the bottleneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing fivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services and more convenient. 2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system further reducing theirinformation cost in our country the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwas started by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise credit information to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank andsmall and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the creditsystem hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhas some network company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaction informationinto small and medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of credit if out of the bank tofurther reduce the cost of information.. 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is small loans6071 but the average level of banking is a two percent while a few risk compensation just to0.8 percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bank loans reduce its tax business taxincome tax reduction Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makes bifbusiness loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. 4.The government should activelypromote the multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises the development stage isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small and medium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high quality as cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role. In October 2009 gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed tosolve this kind of condition enterprise’s equity financing stock transfer to a valid theover-the-counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading ofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government shouldvigorously promotethe development of the bond market bond financing for small and medium enterprises to providemore convenient in the developed countries the bond market is the main financing financing inthe United States for example 2008 the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 timeswith the United States Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market also has the bigdevelopment space. b From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans to solve the difficulty infinancing smes is impossible we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sizedenterprises so we would change our bank credit financial innovation is imminent. Currentlybanking is through the organization risk management technical innovation innovation andsecurity collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes. 1. Guarantee mortgage innovation Collateral shortage is small and medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security it is notrealistic to high-tdch enterprise as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs thepatent righ and one on the market in technology creative team is the blood to support itsdevelopment as well as several pieces of the mortgagedproperty bur all need money to lendbank The small and medium-sized enterprises such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widelywarehouse inventory impawn through a mortgage loan product Tianjing coastal rural commercialbank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan. benjing bank recently launchedintellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan. 2. Credit rating innovating Big Bnaks do business of time usually see a balance sheet anincome statement and a cash flow statement small and medium-sized enterprises have even thesthree tables are not high the bank information costs zhejiang tyrone arisen commercial Banksthey look for innovative water meter customs declaration form large large reduce cost still canmake small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank by focusing on theirOpponent’s credit transaction the authenticity of the enterprise chooses a new of enterprisescredit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself the credit ratingweight only 15. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty anddownstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation orlogistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprise trade background to provideenough goodservice mobilize various financial tools in the process of enterprise developmentshenfazhan also created the profits. 3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank the bank is mostly official inthe house wait for a loan to customers approval for a month three months such a kind ofmanagement such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprisefinancial services it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sizedenterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process reduce link establishexamination mechanism so as to adapt to the credit factory. The bank is factory small andmedium-sized enterprises is raw material into the line after the marketing sales and service withapproval and customer maintenance and post-loan management obtain loans. But Banks are not aperson guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval proceduressimplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle overthe past 2 3 months shorten to 3 5 days now. 4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to have a groupof people to do it and do it well it is to strengthen the training of the staff further strengthen thesme small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan ofcommunicationincreasing the entire product rampd efforts with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures toprofessional team and the new service. c From the Angle of enterprises 1 Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. To correctly understand thesituation face establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea must paymore attention to technical innovation technological innovation pay attention to the new productdevelopment improve quality and brand construction and development of new products improvethe product quality improvement and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption to increaseincreasing earning. Increasing market development ability reduce” pro ducts accountsreceivable” two nbre accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way not only bythe expansion of production of production but improve the quality of the industrial sector realizerapid growth. 2. The enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standardof management system establish she transparent reliable statements the accumulation ofenterprise credit system.。
中小企业融资问题与对策外文资料翻译
淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：Facts for You(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文中小型企业融资决策企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。
随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。
对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。
要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。
一、企业融资决策概述(一)企业融资决策概述企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。
它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。
典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。
而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。
融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。
而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种：1.财政融资。
财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。
2.银行融资。
从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。
3.商业融资。
其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
4.政券融资。
该方式主要包括股标融资和债券融资两大类。
(二)融资决策过程企业制定融资决策的过程，也即确定最优资本结构的过程。
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The areas of SME financing channels: an overview 1.IntroductionIn all countries, SMEs are an important source of economic growth and create jobs. In addition, these companies through their dynamism and flexibility, the power of innovation and development.The research method is to start from the literature to highlight the importance of the theme of our research. This paper analyzes the data and statistics based on mainly by the World Bank survey, small and medium-sized private enterprises in Romania by some empirical research. According to the method used, and pointed out the importance of financing of SMEs and enhance the public bodies concerned about, especially the measures taken to improve financial development.2.the literature on SMEs financing channelsA popular academic literature on the financing channels of SMEs, has witnessed a lot of research to solve this problem.Countless research studies have indicated that financing channels is a critical obstacle in the growth and development process, especially in small and medium enterprises.Through Baker Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Ivan, and Marca Smokin Popovich (2004) research, reflecting the fundamental factors of 10 000 enterprises from 80 countries mainly depend on the financing of enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between the study highlights the corporate finance and its characteristics such as age, size and structure of property rights. From this perspective, the authors found that the small size of the young company, and face greater obstacles when they seek financial resources.The iResearch Dick Mei Leke and Salta (2011) analysis of macroeconomic and institutional factors affecting SME financing loans through the statistical data found. In other similar studies, the authors found a positive correlation between the overall economic development (a measure of per capita income) and financial development (measured by private lending ratio of gross domestic product), on the other hand, the level of SME financing is the opposite. In addition, the authors show that the level of financing for SMEs depends on the legal structure and overall business environment.3.in the process of SME financing in the general obstaclesIn general, access to financial products or financial services or financial inclusion assumes that there is no trade barriers to the use of financial products or services, regardless of whether these barriers or non-related pricing (Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Baker, and Honorine root 2008:2). Therefore, to improve this means of access means increasing the degree of financial products or financial services at a fair price toeveryone.Enterprise does not use financial products or services can be divided into several categories, their identification is necessary, in order to take the necessary measures to improve their financing channels. Therefore, on the one hand, enterprises obtain financing, the financial products and services, but do not use them because they do not have a viable investment projects. On the other hand, it can distinguish between non-voluntary refuse corporate Although these business needs, but not have access to financial services. The status of independent corporate finance or financial services in some companies do not earn enough money or safeguards required by financing institutions and therefore have higher credit risk. At the same time, when some companies in need of funding, financial and banking institutions involved too costly and can not agree to financing. Finally, in the context of the enterprise refused to appear over-priced financial products or services and financial products or services that meet their requirements.Financing channels for enterprise development and the efficient allocation of funds essential. However, compared with large enterprises, SMEs seeking finance is facing many difficulties, because of several reasons, including: the judicial and legislative structure of the instability and imperfect, it does not support the enterprises in need of financing and funding the relationship between; part of the funding and corporate information is incomplete or even lack of information, which hinders the normal and efficient development of relations between enterprises and providers of finance; especially in the young company, the lack of credit history and guarantees the creditors, and sometimes limits the range of financial products that can be used.The number of surveys, especially the World Bank stressed that the financing is one of the biggest obstacle to good development and growth of the SME. For example, the World Bank in the 2006-2009 survey foundthat 31% of the worldwide study of corporate finance is a major obstacle to the current implementation, and even higher proportion of young company in the 40% of cases up to three years of experience (Chavez, kt Boer and Ireland 2010:1). In addition, a series of global surveys, including the information provided by the World Business Environment Survey show that SME financing transaction costs is the main obstacle to enterprise development.4.SME bank financing difficulties and support measuresIn most countries, especially in countries with bank-oriented financial system, the main source of external financing for SMEs by bank loans. Therefore, this type of loan is crucial to the development of SMEs. However, the survey showed, compared to the SMEs and large enterprises are using the new investment in the small extent of bank financing.As we mentioned, the use of financial products is determined by supply and demand. It is therefore important to understand why the SMEs use bank financing to a small extent only. In this regard, some studies (Banerjee and Duflo: 2004) has shown that the main reason for the supply, because every time when SMEs are able to obtain loans, they use it to increase production. This behavior is more proof of financing is an important factor in the development of enterprises. In addition, in the context of the current global financial crisis, the declining availability of bank loans and limited financing opportunities for SMEs. Therefore, it is the main problem facing small and medium enterprises.October 29, 2010, this survey of SMEs in Romania highlights the main problems faced by SMEs and banks. Therefore, 82% of the interviewed entrepreneurs obtain bank financing is very difficult, mainly because of excessive bureaucracy, unreasonable high demand, high interest rates, rigid bank credit indicators, as well as many types of commission and expenses. In addition, more than 61% of SMEentrepreneurs and managers reporting banks lack of transparency (hidden costs, lack of communication channels, etc.), there is no real consultation (using the standard contract, the bank refused to modify or complete the credit contract, etc.) and banks do not legitimate or misuse of the terms of the contract (for example, perform the unauthorized transaction accounts or bank fraud). Understanding this knowledge to take measures to support and promote SME financing.Improve SME financing is still cause for concern, but also national, European and international facing a challenge. For example, in the EU, through the implementation of the new measures established by the Small Business Administration for Europe to improve the financing channels for SMEs, by reducing the return of the structural funds requirements to promote the access of small and medium enterprises, the establishment of the Credit Ombudsman to promote small and medium-sized enterprises and dialogue between the credit institutions, to avoid the double taxation of the tax legislation, which will hinder the international venture capital plays an important role.In particular, empirical research, emphasizing the impact of the degree of financial development of a country is essential that the level of development of the SME financing. Therefore, a series of measures to support SMEs to obtain financing, to ensure the efficient development of the country's financial, which will ensure greater availability of corporate finance. Specifically, the authorities should take measures commonly used to measure the degree of financial development in the seven pillars, namely, the institutional environment, business environment, financial stability, banking and financial services, non-bank financial services, financial markets and access to finance.5 .ConclusionEffective financing for SMEs to create new business is of great significance, and existing growth and development of enterprises, whilepromoting the country's economic and social development. In addition, in the case of the economic crisis, SMEs contribute to restoring the national economy, so it is particularly important to support SME financing. However, most of the survey report stressed, always the financing channels of SMEs is one of the most important factor to affect its operation and development.SMEs trying to get the necessary financial resources to face difficulties related to the entrepreneurs and the economic environment of each country, as well as existing legal and institutional structure. To alleviate these difficulties, the measures taken by public authorities should focus on improving the financial development and to ensure that the corporate finance and economic growth, greater effectiveness.In various countries, including Romania, the decline on the availability of SME financing, or even the lack of statistical data, we believe that policy makers need to focus on and monitor a series of important indicators, depending on the size of the SMEs, experience and industry events share of its loans, which will benefit the public authorities, creditors and investors.原文来自罗马·安吉拉中小企业的融资渠道的领域:概述（奥拉迪亚大学：经济科学，2011年第一卷第一期，431-437）摘要通过中小企业在创造附加值和新的就业岗位中的贡献,使它在国家的经济和社会发展中拥有一个显著的角色。
外文翻译--中小企业融资缺口：理论和证据
外文题目：The SME Financing Gap: Theory and Evidence出处：Financial Market Trends作者：James Clunie原文：The SME Financing Gap: Theory and EvidenceSummaryI. BackgroundAt the 2nd OECD Ministerial Conference on SMEs held in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 2004, Ministers recognised in the Istanbul Ministerial Declaration "the need to improve access to financing for SMEs on reasonable terms |...|". Ministers underlined the importance of this issue by encouraging the OECD to organise a thematic conference for further discussion to seek more innovative solutions and initiatives for facilitating SME access to financing, from firm creation through all stages of development.The high-level OECD Global Conference on "Better Financing for Entrepreneurship and SME Growth"。
hosted by the Brazilian Government (Brasilia, 27-30 March 2006) in the framework of the OECD Bologna Process on SME and Entrepreneurship Policies, provided an occasion to achieve these objectives. At that conference, a keynote paper on the SME Financing Gap was presented and discussed which provided the basis fora report being published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD (The SME Financing Gap (Vo/. 1): Theory and Evidence, OECD 2006*). The following is the executive summary of the report, which analyses the financing gap, discusses challenges of debt financing of SMEs and perspectives for venture capital financing, draws conclusions and gives recommendations on how to foster SME financing.II. Executive SummaryMany commentators have postulated a "financing gap" for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), meaning that there are significant numbers of SMEsthat could use funds productively if they were available, but cannot obtain finance from the formal financial system. The OECD report on the SME financing gap, which is summarized here, analyses the "financing gap" concept, seeks to determine how prevalent such a gap may be - both for OECD countries and non-member economies –and recommends measures to foster an improved flow of financing to SMEs.SMEs and entrepreneurship are now recognised world-wide to be a key source of dynamism, innovation and flexibility in advanced industrialised countries, as well as in emerging and developing economies. SMEs constitute the dominant form of business organisation world-wide, accounting for over 95 per cent and up to 99 per cent, depending on the country; they are responsible for between 60-70 per cent net job creation in OECD countries and make important contributions to innovation, productivity and economic growth. If the SME sector does not have access to external funds for investment, the capacity to raise investment per worker, and thereby improve productivity and wages, is seriously impaired.The difficulties that SMEs experience can stem from several sources. The domestic financial market may contain an incomplete range of financial products and services. The lack of appropriate financing mechanisms could stem from a variety of reasons, such as regulatory rigidities or gaps in the legal framework. Moreover, development economists increasingly accept the proposition that, due to monitoring difficulties such as principal/agent problems and asymmetric information, suppliers of finance may rationally choose to offer an array of financial services that leaves significant numbers of potential borrowers without access to credit. Credit rationing is said to occur if: 1) among loan applicants who appear to be identical some receive credit while others do not; or 2) there are identifiable groups in the population that are unable to obtain credit at any price. Owing to their inherent monitoring problems, SMEs will be at a particularly severe disadvantage relative to larger and more established firms. SMEs' difficulty in obtaining financing will be compounded when the business environment lacks transparency, when the legal system is weak, and when monopolies are present. As well, loan originators may avoid providing financing to certain types of SMEs, in particular, start-ups and very young firms that typically lack sufficient collateral or firms whose activities offer the possibilities ofhigh returns, but at a substantial risk of loss.In a competitive market, suppliers of finance have powerful incentives to overcome barriers to SME finance. In most OECD countries, banks perceive SME finance as an attractive line of business and thus have developed effective monitoring techniques. Whether any country experiences a financing gap will ultimately depend upon whether the business environment is sufficiently robust to enable borrowers and lenders to interact with confidence on an "arm's length" basis.In order to determine how widespread the "financing gap" problem is, the OECD Secretariat circulated a questionnaire to officials in all member countries as well as to a large number of non-members (over 100 economies in all) to gain some insights into factors influencing the provision of financing to the SME sector. Much of the information sought is of a qualitative nature, and thus, the results of this survey along with related information {e.g. national surveys and development finance analyses), even when complete, permit only some tentative conclusions. The experience of OECD and non-OECD economies with SME financing gaps can be divided into three groups:1. OECD countries do not report any generalised SME financing gap. Most SMEs in OECD countries are able to obtain sufficient credit from banks and other credit institutions, supplemented in some cases by a modest volume of official guarantees.2. Most non-OECD economies, by contrast, report a widespread shortage of SME finance. Even though SMEs typically account for a large share of enterprises, employment, and output in many emerging and developing countries, they receive a very low share of credit, with the majority often denied any access to the formal markets. This development is closely related to the phenomenon of "informality" in emerging markets in which many enterprises operate outside the formal system. There are three factors favouring informality: 1) established financial institutions are not interested in dealing with SMEs and, hence, there are few positive incentives to operate transparently; 2) entrepreneurs in SMEs seek to avoid regulation and taxation in the formal sector; and 3) governments lack the administrative capacity to enforce laws and regulations.3. Most OECD countries perceive that a lack of appropriate financing has been a hindrance to the expansion of innovative SMEs (ISMEs), i.e. firms, often in technology sectors, with new business models and high growth prospects. In a small number of countries the ISME sector has expanded significantly, with positive implications for employment and technological competitiveness, but it has lagged considerably in most OECD countries, producing a gap to which policy makers often attribute low job creation and sagging competitiveness. Many OECD countries consider this gap to be an important challenge for policy.Banking and creditIn most jurisdictions commercial banks as a group are the main source of external finance for SMEs. Therefore, it is essential that the banking system be prepared to extend credit to the SME sector. However, there are a number of rigidities of a macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory nature that may bias the entire banking system against lending to SMEs. Macroeconomic policies may lead to excess demand for available domestic savings, while government policy may favour industrialisation and/or import substitution, which effectively gives large domestic firms privileged access to finance. The legal system may not provide adequate protection for rights of creditors and may be relatively inefficient in resolving cases of delinquent payments and bankruptcy. Additionally, the tax and regulatory framework may encourage firms to operate opaquely. Furthermore, the financial market may not contain the necessary range of products and services to meet the needs of SMEs.The characteristics of the banking system in emerging markets frequently inhibit SME lending. In many cases, many banks are state-owned. Histories of substandard lending may leave many banks with weak balance sheets. Significant shares of total credit are often allocated on the basis of government guarantees or under special programmes to support targeted sectors. Banks may also be subjected to interest rate ceilings that make it difficult to price credit to SMEs to fully reflect the risk of lending to SMEs. In many countries the authorities have been reluctant to allow banks to fail and the banking system was supported by implicit or explicit government guarantees. Many banks may have ownership and other ties to industrial interests and, thus, tend to favour affiliated companies.If the banking system has possibilities to earn acceptable returns by lending to other borrowers, it will not develop the skills needed to do SME lending. If the formal banking system shows little inclination to lend to SMEs, there is little incentive for firms to produce credible accounts and operate transparently.On a global level, a model of market-based banking has gained acceptance under which banks' management and boards are accountable for achieving high returns to shareholders and maintaining high prudential standards. As this model is applied and as the business environment becomes more competitive, banks have stronger incentives to find means to overcome the difficulties in SME lending. However, many emerging markets have been comparatively slow in implementing this model, which may be reflected in low volumes of SME lending. Lending to the SME sector would still be, in any case, subject to agency problems and the phenomenon of incomplete markets.The fact that SMEs in many emerging markets do not have access to bank financing is especially worrisome because SMEs typically employ a large share of the labour force and account for a large part of national income.By way of contrast, banks in the most advanced countries are adopting strategies to reduce the risk of lending to SMEs. They are investing considerable resources in seeking to overcome information asymmetry problems by using credit scoring models and other sophisticated techniques to discriminate between high and low-risk borrowers. These lending mechanisms enable banks to identify businesses likely to survive and expand, and with which it is worthwhile to develop a long-term relationship. Banks are also altering the nature of their products. An increasing proportion of bank revenue now comes from fees for services, which favours lending to entities such as SMEs.Governments of OECD countries are convinced that there are still enough instances of market failure in SME finance to justify government intervention. Thus, countries have launched a number of programmes to utilise public funds in order to facilitate SME lending. Official surveys at the national level or on a crosscountry regional basis suggest that the efforts of banks to develop the SME market, supported in some cases by a moderate amount of government guarantees, have resulted in asituation in which a large share of SMEs have access to bank finance. It is worth mentioning that in most cases the volume of funds supplied under official programmes is modest in comparison to that supplied by banks at their own risk. Risk capitalNonetheless, there are, as noted previously, still problems in directing funds to certain other categories of SMEs, particularly ISMEs. They include start-ups and very young firms in all categories and those in riskier endeavours in particular. Providing adequate finance to such SMEs is a challenge in a broad range of countries. Traditional bank finance is of limited relevance to ISMEs, which usually have negative cash flows, untried business models and high risk. Instead, investors provide risk capital through equity and quasi-equity products [e.g. "mezzanine finance" and "hybrid products"). The investor can assume high risks, but may also reap large rewards. Unlike traditional listed equity investments, ISMEs will usually progress through several stages of private equity (i.e. not listed on stock exchanges or subject to full formal regulation) finance adapted to their special needs.Geographic proximity is a factor in ISME development in the sense that investors need ongoing communication with technical innovation, innovative entrepreneurs and the marketing plans of competitors. Therefore, these investors, like the entrepreneurs they support, tend to locate near "technology clusters" in areas near universities and other research facilities. The trend toward concentration is often reinforced by policies to locate "science parks" and "business incubators" near research facilities. Some of these facilities are supported only by private funds but most use public funds as well.The ISME typically proceeds through several stages, from "seed" before production has begun through an "early stage" and then one or more "expansion" or "development" rounds. ISMEs require a range of financing vehicles as they progress through the life cycle, and investment at any stage of the life cycle is frequently contingent on there being some potential to advance to the next stage.译文：中小企业融资缺口：理论和证据摘要一、背景2004年6月在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第2次中小企业部长级会议经合组织会议中，部长们认识到在伊斯坦布尔部长级宣言“以合理的条件改善中小企业获得融资|...|的需要。
小微企业融资外文文献翻译
小微企业融资外文文献翻译小微企业融资外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Micro Enterprise Finance in Uganda: Path Dependence and Other and Determinants of Financing DecisionsDr. Winifred Tarinyeba- KiryabwireAbstractAccess to finance literature in developing countries focuses onaccess to credit constraints of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) micro enterprises because they are considered the drivers of economic growth. However, in low income countries, micro enterprises play a much more significant role than SMEs because of their contribution to non-agricultural self-employment. The predominant use of informal credit rather than formal credit shows that the manner in which micro enterprises are formed and conduct their businesses favors the former over the latter. In addition, other factors such as lengthy credit application procedures, negative perceptions about credit application processes make informal credit more attractive. On the other hand specific factors such as business diversification, the need to acquire business inputs or assets than cannot be obtained using supplier credit are associated with a tendency to use formal credit.IntroductionIt well established that in markets where access to credit is constrained, it is the smaller businesses that have the most difficulty accessing credit. Various policy interventions have been made to improve access to credit including reforming the information and contractual frameworks, macro-economic performance, competitiveness in the financial system, and regulatory frameworks that enablefinancial institutions to develop products for SMEs such as leasing and factoring. Over the past ten years, policy makers in developing and low income countries have focused on microfinance as an intervention to bridge the access to credit gap and improve access to credit for those than cannot obtain credit from mainstream financial institutions such as commercial banks. However, despite, the use of what are often termed as “innovative lending” methods that are designed to ease access to credit, such as use of group lending and other collateral substitutes, micro enterprises continue to rely heavily on informal finance as opposed to formal credit. While other studies have focused broadly on factors that inhibit access to credit, this article seeks to throw some light on specific characteristics of micro enterprises that make them more inclined to use informal credit, as well as specific factors that are more associated with use of formal credit. The former are what I term as path dependence factors.The majority of micro enterprises operate as informally established sole proprietorships. This finding is consistent with the literature on micro enterprises, particularly the fact that they operate in the informal sector. However, nearly all of the enterprises had some form of trading license issued by the local government of the area in whichthey operate. The license identifies the owner of the business and its location, and is renewable every financial year. Most respondents did not understand the concept of business incorporation and thought that having a trading license meant that they were incorporated. Several factors can be attributed to the manner in which micro enterprises are established. First, proprietors generally understand neither the concept of incorporation nor the financial and legal implications of establishing a business as a legal entity separate from its owner. Second, the majority of micro enterprises start as spontaneous business or economic opportunities, rather than as well-thought out business ventures, particularly businesses that operate by the road side, or in other strategic areas, such as telephone booths that operate along busy streets. The owners are primarily concerned with the economic opportunity that the business presents rather than with the formalities of establishing the business. Third, rule of law issues also explain the manner in which businesses generally are established and financed. Although a mechanism exists for incorporating businesses in Uganda, the process and the legal and regulatory burdens, associated with formalizing a business, create costs that, in most cases, far outweigh the benefits or even the economic opportunity created by the business.Commenting on the role of law in determining the efficiency of the economic activities it regulates, Hernando De Soto argues that if laws impede or disrupt economic efficiency, they not only impose unnecessary costs of accessing and remaining in the formal system, but costs of operating informally as well. The former include the time and cost of registering a business, taxes and complying with bureaucratic procedures. On the other hand, the costs of informality include costs of avoiding penalties, evading taxes and labor laws and costs that result from absence of good laws such as not inadequate property rights protection, inability to use the contract system, and inefficiencies associated with extra contractual law.Businesses in Uganda are registered by the Registrar of Companies under the Company’s Act. The office of the Registrar of Companies is located in the capital city of Kampala and this imposes a burden on businesses that operate in other parts of the country that would wish to be registered. However, remoteness of the business registration office was not the primary inhibitor because the tendency not to register was as pronounced in businesses close to the registration office, as it was in those that were remotely placed. In addition, the following fees are required to incorporate a company: a name search andreservation fee of Ugshs. 25,000 ($12.50), stamp duty of 0.5% of the value of the share capital, memorandum and articles of association registration fee of Ugshs. 35,000 ($17.5), and a registration fee ranging from Ugshs. 50,000 to 4,000,000 ($25 to 2000).Legal systems characterized by low regulatory burden, shareholder and creditor rights protection, and efficient bankruptcy processes are associated with incorporated businesses and increased access to finance. On the other hand, inadequate legal protection is associated with limited business incorporation, low joint entrepreneurial activity, and higher financing obstacles. These impediments are what De Soto refers to as the mystery of legal failure. He argues that although nearly every developing and former communist nation has a formal property system, most citizens cannot gain access to it and their only alternative is to retreat with their assets into the extra legal sector where they can live and do business.译文乌干达小微企业融资路径依赖和融资的决定性因素Dr. Winifred Tarinyeba- Kiryabwire摘要通过查阅发展中国家的金融文献，我们往往可以发现由于中小企业是推动发展中国家经济增长的主要动力源，其金融问趣则主要侧重于中小企业的融资受限方面。
(英文版)中小企业融资The financing problem of SMEs in China
The financing problem of SMEs in China中国中小企业融资的若干问题国际经济与贸易专业 2009-01 ×××内容简介：财政部部长谢旭人在3月5好的第五次会议第十一届全国人民代表大会的新闻发布会上指出，中国将继续加大对中小企业的发展，预计在2012年政府将为中小企业提供20亿美元的专项资金，用以支持中小企业的发展。
Key word：中小企业SMEs 融资financing 政府government 商业银行commercial banks Proactive fiscal policies will continue playing a vital part in supporting the development of smaller businesses, China's Finance Minister Xie Xuren said on March05, 2012.There was 12.87 billion yuan ($2 billion) invested in development for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the support will continue to expand this year, Xie said at a press briefing in Beijing during the National People's Congress.With the development of China's Socialist market economy. The rapid development of SMEs has become a strong driving force of economic development, especially after China's accession to the WTO in 2001 and further intensified competition in the world market, However, inconveniences in financing this global problem in our country has become the bottleneck which hinders the rapid and healthy development of SMEs1 The contribution about SMEs1.1 The contribution to GDPSome 99% of the China's the total enterprise are the SMEs . Economically, they account for 65% of the China’s gross domestic product (GDP) and contribution to the tax rate of 50%, . SMEs therefore have a key role to play in helping China emerge stronger from the finacing crisis and meet the goals of the 2011 Strategy.1.2 The contribution to employmentThe information shows that SMEs in China has more than 10 million. In recent years, industrial and commercial small and medium-sized enterprises to provide employment opportunities for about 80% of the whole society and about 65% of new patents, the vast majority of Chinese labor from the agricultural sector, employment in such enterprises in 20112 The activities of SME financing status and Problems2.1 The lack of financial support for SMEsSMEs lack financial support from the goverment, financing is very difficult, especially non-state financing of SMEs is even more prominent. It has become a major problem restricting the development of SMEs ,so 'financing' this long-standing problem is still not a fundamental solution, according to statistics, more than 90% of SMEs within the enterprise funds from the raising, family and friends, as well as various non-normal channels (eg, high-interest private loans, embrace the build, etc.) These not only increase the cost of doing business, but also disrupt the normal financial order.2.2 Financing channel is narrow, the cost is too highMainly small and medium enterprises to loans from traditional financing institutions ,mainly state-owned banks in particular are the main sources of credit is too concentrated, not conducive to the bank's risk prevention.On the other hand, the reform and opening up 20 years, the number of SMEs in China increased four times, including urban and rural credit cooperatives, including local financial institutions increased by only 1 times, demand exceeds supply is one of the reasons causing difficulties in financing.They are not willing to lend currency to the small and medium-sized enterprises makes it difficult for smaller companies to obtain finance.Small companies have difficulty borrowing from banks,so they have to lend from other larger companies for fear of bad loans.2.3 Short life cycleA statistics shows that the average life cycle of SMEs is about 3 years, which has an accelerated decline trend. According to related data, SMEs, which declare bankrupt as quickly as their birth, have made up above 90% of the totalenterprises in the country . Therefore, SMEs have been the focus of the society. To some extent, the development and strengthening of the SMEs directly relate to the energy and vitality of national economy.3 The reason of financing difficulties for SMEs3.1 Factors of the state's macroeconomic policy◆Policy support is not enough.Countries in the poor selling process, the state-owned large enterprises and enterprise groups to develop and implement a lot of progressive support policies, their funding problem has been resolved in varying degrees.However, the issue of revitalizing small and medium enterprises, although in recent years, emphasis gradually, but such factors as the market is not perfect, fit a variety of complementary measures is not enough.◆Has not attracted sufficient attention.In support of SMEs, and our government is still a lack of supporting preferential policies to provide financial services.3.2 The financial systemSmall amount of profit is thin, the lack of economies of scale.For the state-owned commercial banks, loans to SMEs do exist do not form a scale problem.As compared with large enterprises, small and medium small amount of each loan request, but the issuance of each loan program, handling areas, such as investigation, assessment, monitoring and so much the same, the results of banks and supervision unit operating cost loans costs rose.Banking supervision from the cost savings in operating costs and the Economics of starting, do not want to deal with SMEs.3.3 Their own area and the low level of financial servicesMost SMEs are small, weak, and industry low level and subject of its dominant position in the industry still is a labor-intensive industries, the various economic indicators are also a wide gap with large enterprises. Under these state their competitive is weak.The competitiveness of enterprises not only the price of the product or service, quantity, quality and other economic indicators, but also by the corporate image, social responsibility, environmental awareness, sustainable development and other factors.SMEs in these conditions is much lower than large enterprises.SMEs competitiveness and from their own social responsibility to consider, the bank can not support those weak competitive SMEs, the SMEs credit competition, difficult to get bank trust.Relative to large enterprises, small and medium small number of assets, poor quality, low credit rating, poor credit, mortgages and credit loans are more difficult.Therefore, SMEs led to strong demand for bank loans with the bank between the loanable funds is difficult to effectively integrate.But also because the state-owned commercial banks, credit rating assessment criteria there are disadvantages of SMEs credit rating, making the conflict more acute.4 The stage to solve the financing problems of SMEs4.1 To build a sound system of legal protection ,improve the laws and regulations in support of SMEsWe must seize the development of SMEs or SMEs Promotion Law, the Basic Law and other laws and regulations, so that SMEs Management on the legal track.SMEs or SME Promotion Law, the Basic Law should be established with financial institutions for SMEs, the SME financing measures such as rules, making SMEs to financial institutions and the financing of small and medium enterprises with legal status and legal requirements.On this basis, the response to small and medium banks, funds and other financial institutions to specific legislation, to regulate their responsibilities, funding sources, operational methods.4.2 To explore new forms of SME financing strategy.Most SME financing both their small size, assets less liabilities rate, weak security, the low quality of management, financial systems, credit rating is low, there are bank loans risk, high cost problems, but also the problem of insufficient government support.Therefore, the development of multi-channel for SMEs to raise capital to support the implementation of policy, government-led, based on the local, market operations, mitigate risks, increase the intensity of financing for SMEs, support the development of SMEsIn conclusion,corporate finance is a system which needs the coordination of relevant parties, with the reasonable solution is currently financing the further development of SMEs in China for an important part.March09, WORDS:1349。
中小企业融资租赁研究外文文献翻译
文献出处：Guariglia A. The Research of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Financing Lease [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2015，12（05）：41-51. 原文The Research of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Financing LeaseGuariglia A.AbstractThis paper discusses the lease financing business accounting, development ofsmall and medium sized enterprises, and analyses the advantage in the financing lease.Finally, introduces small and medium sized enterprises in perfect financing lease ofcountermeasures from legal environment, taxation system, and guarantee system inorder to implement financing measures provided to small and medium -sizedenterprises, and solve financing difficulties of emergencies, thus improve to economicgrowth.Keywords: Small and Medium -sized Enterprises Financing lease；1 IntroductionFinance lease is finance transfers the ownership of the nature and characteristicsof equipment leasing business. Required by the lesser according to the lessee to buyequipment such as performance, specifications, models, and the lease to the lessee.The lesser to lease equipment, on the basis of the purchase price calculated accordingto the time length of the lessee occupy the lesser money rent, the lessee in accordancewith the agreed to pay the rent for each contract. Ownership of the contract equipmentbelongs to the lesser; the lessee has only to the right to use the equipment. After thetermination of the contract to pay the rent, the lessee has the right to according to theresidual value to buy equipment, to have the ownership of the equipment, or return theequipment to the lesser.2 The lessee financing lease accounting treatment2.1 The lease beginning date processing(1) Type of lease. (2) Calculating the lease beginning date of the minimum leasepayments, long-term accounts payable of the minimum lease payments as the entryvalue. (3) To calculate the lease beginning date the present value of the minimumlease payments, the lessee shall transfer the fair value of the leased asset on the leasebeginning date and the present value of minimum lease payment of the two lower as rent entry value of the assets. The lessee when calculating the present value of minimum lease payment, the determination of the discount rate: if the lesson’s rate implicit in the lease, with the lesson’s rate implicit in the lease as the discount rate; Otherwise, the interest rate discount rate is stipulated in the lease contract, to the bank loan interest rates for the same period as the discount rate. Lease containing rate is on the lease beginning date, makes the present value of the minimum lease receipts and the unguaranteed residual value of the sum of present value equal to the fair value of the leased asset and the lesser discount rate of the sum of the initial direct costs. (4) The initial direct costs included in the value of the asset. Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and sign the leasing agreement which is in the process of happen, can be directly attributable to the cost of the leasing items. There are usually stamp duty, commissions, fees, travel expenses. (5) Calculate the unrecognized financing charges. Unrecognized financing charges = minimum lease payments - fair value of the leased asset (the present value of the minimum lease payments).Unrecognized financing charges.6. Prepare the lease beginning date accounting entries.2.2 The unrecognized financing chargesUnder a finance lease, the lessee to the lesser to pay the rent for each includes the principal and interest of the two parts. When the lessee pays the rent, on the one hand, reduce long-term payables; On the other hand, at the same time the unrecognized financing charges according to certain method to confirm the current financing costs. In accordance with the standards on the lease, the lessee shall adopt the effective interest rate method. In the case of adopting the actual interest rate method, based on the lease beginning date, the entry value of the leased asset is different, the choice of financing cost allocation rate is also different, the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges to determine the specific divided into the following several ways.(1) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset and the lease with interest rates as the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges.(2) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset, the provisions of the contract interest rate as the contribution rate ofunrecognized financing charges.(3) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset, the bank loan interest rates for the same period as the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges.(4) based on fair value of the leased asset costs, contribution rate shall be calculated again, the contribution rate is that the present value of minimum lease payments is equal to the discount rate of the fair value of the leased asset.2.3 Lease assets depreciation provisionsThe lessee to the financing of the rented fixed assets depreciation. Determine the leased asset depreciation period shall consider the provisions of the lease contract is concerned, if it can be reasonably determining the expiry of the lease the lessee will obtain the ownership of the leased asset, the life of the leased asset shall be on the lease beginning date as the depreciation period; If unable to reasonably determine the expiration of the lease term the lessee will obtain the ownership of the leased asset and should be in the lease term and the life of the leased asset as the depreciation period is shorter.2.4 The performance cost of processingThe performance cost is refers to the leased asset during the lease term for the payment of royalties, such as technical advice and services, personnel training, maintenance, insurance, etc. The lessee of the performance cost should be included in the current profits and losses (management cost, manufacturing cost, cost of sales and other subjects).2.5 With the rentOr have the rent is refers to the amount of uncertainty, based on factors other than the length of time (such as sales, usage) rent. Or have the rent in the actual occurs into the profits and losses of the current period.2.6 Processing when the lease term expiresThe processing of the leased asset when the lease term expires, the lessee to have three conditions: return, preferential renewals, retention.3 The advantages of financing lease analysis Small and medium-sized enterprises3.1 Leasing company is able to control the risk of small and medium-sized enterprisefinancing, and is willing to provide loans.Leasing company will be confronted with various risks in doing business, roughly the kinds of product market risk, financial risk, trade risk, economic risk, technology risk, environment pollution risks, force majored, and so on. When leasing companies with weak economic strength, low credit level of small and medium enterprises to carry out the financing lease, the risk will increase, especially small and medium-sized enterprises is the risk of the lessee cannot pay the rent on time every rental companies must focus on when doing business. Leasing companies with the characteristics of the financing lease business, can control for small and medium-sized enterprise financing risk, makes it a acceptable or tolerable risk. Leasing company risk control methods mainly include the following:(1) The ownership of the leased equipment belongs to the leasing company. An obvious feature of financing lease is Lease Company has the ownership of the leased equipment, and the lessee only has leasing the right to use the equipment. It is because the separation of ownership and use right leasing equipment makes the leasing company when tenant defaults don't pay the rent on time, with relative to bank loans and other financing more leeway. The lessee cannot accord the terms of the lease contract, pay the rent on time phenomenon mainly can be divided into the following kinds: temporarily liquidity difficulties; the lessee has enough cash flow, but deliberately rent arrears; the lessee insolvency, filed for bankruptcy. To the lessee for the first reason appears the phenomenon of the rent in arrears, leasing companies in the financial condition of a detailed study of the lessee, determine the true, can adjust the rent payment scheme with tenant, make it accord with the characteristics of the lessee's cash flow. This can help the lessee through the current situation, also is advantageous to the leasing company of the lessee and continue our cooperation. If after investigation found that the lessee is intentionally rent arrears, leasing company can communicate with tenant, told if continue to fulfill its obligation to pay the rent will face the consequences. In the case of the lessee refuses to correct, leasing company can through legal means, to exercise their rights, retrieve the lease item, and punish the rent in arrears, the point of control the losses to a minimum. Visible, simpleand flexible, low requirements for credit, financing lease affordable at the same time in the financing lease can effectively predict before, in order to avoid risks, so it is in the small and medium-sized enterprise financing can not be neglected, a kind of financing way.(2) To leasing company can control the money. Finance lease is a kind of financing and it as one of the new financing way, it is different from the general bank loans, rental company does not directly provide funds to the lessee, but according to the requirements of the lessee, the lessee the selected equipment manufacturers designated equipment purchase, to rent to the lessee to use it and reach the purpose of financing. Leasing companies to provide equipment instead of the direct funding financing can be very good to prevent enterprise change of the use of funds, the limited funds for the enterprise need productive USES, expand the production capacity of enterprises, to improve enterprise's ability to pay the rent, but also reduce the risk of the leasing company.3.2 Financing lease low cost requirementsAlthough the interest of financing lease to 2 ~ 3% higher than the same period of bank interest, but long-term bank loans often have additional constraints, such as equal pay, compensating balance on a regular basis to make small and medium-sized enterprise's actual loan interest rate increase or cannot get one hundred percent of the financing, the financing lease can provide even rather than equipment price (including freight, insurance premium, etc.) was raised, and the lessee generally enjoy the tax benefits brought by the lease. By way of financing lease, the enterprise can in the case of a small amount of money, get the right to use the equipment, saving money in early. Tenant companies at the same time can also be originally out turnover must be used for equipment use, portable, improve the utilization efficiency of the capital. Therefore, taken together, the cost of the small and medium-sized enterprises using financing lease is not higher than bank loans.3.3 Equipment selection autonomy is strongIn the process of financing lease, the lessee has the right to choose its own equipment and the supplier, do not rely on the lesson’s judgment and decision, thelesser shall not interfere in the lessee's choice of equipment and the supplier. Besides there are special provisions of the state of equipment, the lesser may recommend to the lessee and equipment manufacturer, but did not say.3.4 The rent paymentFinancial leasing is more flexible in terms of rent charge. Rent shall be according to the production nature of the lessee, the condition of capital and the sales season characteristics, in terms of reimbursement amount of time and combined with enterprise actual operating conditions, and not pay the rent in regular, fixed form. The lessee pays the rent can take the form of more, such as the payment time intervals, can be divided into annual pay, can pay half a year, quarter and monthly payment; According to whether the rent at the time of waiting for the forehead, can be divided into equal pay and equal pay. In practice, the lessee and the lesser agreed to rent payment is commonly uniform annuity to pay later.译文中小企业融资租赁研究Guariglia A.摘要本文具体探讨了融资租赁业务的会计处理方式、发展思路，分析了中小企业开展融资租赁的优势。
外文翻译---中国中小企业融资难和融资结构特点
外文翻译F inancing Difficulties and Structural文献标题Characteristics of SMEs in China作者Yanzhong Wang发表日期2004出版社或China & World Economy论文页码Vol. 12 No. 2, 2004期刊名称英文原文China’s reform and opening-up policy has created a good environment for the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially the burgeoning SMEs in the private sector. In the meantime, SMEs have been playing an important role in China’s economic reform and development and, to some extent, have become a growth engine in theChinese economy. However, SMEs are still facing many financial difficulties due to various reasons, such as lagging in the banking system, an inadequate financial structure, lack of a guarantee system, etc. This paper will analyze the structural roots of SMEs financing difficulties and put forward possible measures to mitigate such financing obstaclesSince China’s reform and opening up, the market-oriented reform of the country’seconomic system has gradually engendered labor and capital markets, which have promoted an organic combination of rich labor resources and increasingly expandedcapital resources. The development of SMEs, especially the sharp rise in non-stateownedand non-public-owned enterprises, have provided a vast space and permanent vehicle for this type of combination. Although the overall size of the state-owned economy is still increasing in terms of number of enterprises and developmentalpotential, non-state-owned SMEs have become a main part of the Chinese economy and played an increasingly important role in the national economy and social development.With the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, many kinds of SMEs have been established and gradually developed. In 1980, the number of industrial enterprises at the level of collective township and village enterprises and above (excluding village and family enterprises), was about 377,300. Among them were 1,400 large enterprises, 3,400 medium enterprises and 372, 500 small enterprises, about 0.37, 0.90 and 98.73 percent of all firms respectively ( National Bureau of Statistics, 1981, p. 204). In the same year, China had 1.81 million commercial enterprises (including private businesses), more than 99 percent of which were SMEs. The number of individually owned enterprises was 686,000. The Chinese economy experienced rapid growth in the 1980s, and there was a tremendous boost in the number of SMEs. In 1990, the total number of industrial enterprises reached 7,957,800. The proportions of large, medium and small enterprises were 0.95, 2.27 and 96.78 percent respectively.1 The significant increase in the number of SMEs reflects the objective reality of its fast development at the time. Apart from an increase in industrial enterprises, the number of construction, commercial, food-and-beverage and service enterprises all increased by over 300 percent over 1980 (NBS, 1991, p. 16-17). In the 1990s, the Chinese economy maintained a trend of steady and rapid growth and the overall scale of the economy continued to expand. According to the new standards on the scale of industrial enterprises carried out in 1998, there were 7,864 large enterprises, 14, 371 medium enterprises and 139,798 small enterprises – about 4.85, 8.87 and 86.28 percent of all firms respectively (NBS, 2000, p. 412-413). Compared to figures from 1980 and 1990, while there was an increasein the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises, the proportion of small enterprises decreased by 10 percent. There were several reasons for this: (1) Large and medium-sized enterprises increased their scale after the structural adjustment, merge and acquisition; (2) With the improvement of the enterprise differentiation standard, a great number of SMEs could not be brought into the statistical category due to their small scale. The number of SMEs decreased (the statistics for the number of firms in 1999 was 38.9percent of the 1990 figure) and, naturally, the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises increased; (3) Since the mid-1990s, China has switched from a shortage economy to a buyer’s market. The expansion of the opening-up policy and the Asian economic crisis exposed Chinese enterprises to more ardent international competition. Due to the system reforms, the number of state-owned SMEs was cut down largely. Many non-state-owned SMEs also left the market for many reasons, including the pressures of environmental protection, capital difficulties, increased tax burden and fierce market competition. On the whole, it is already difficult to maintain the previous growth momentum in the number of SMEs as seen in the 1980s and 1990s. Since the late 1970s, the reform and opening-up policy and objective terms of the phase of economic take-off have provided a good external environment for the development of SMEs. Therefore, the increasing number and variety of emerging SMEs not only impelled the development of local and national economies, but also became an important indicator for a boost in the Chinese economy. Today, SMEs are getting stronger and continue to contribute to the development ofChinese society and economy. They exert the same function as SMEs in other countries, which is mainly expressed by promoting employment, technological innovation, training of entrepreneurs, developing international economic relationships, accelerating market competition, maintaining economic vitality, and so on. Comparatively speaking, the special nature of Chinese SMEs manifests their specific influence on the transition of China’s economic system and social structure. For example, the development of non-public-owned SMEs not only changes the enterprise ownership structure, but also lays an important foundation in the process of developing China’s market economy. At present, the numberof non-public-owned Chinese enterprises far exceeds the number of state-owned firms. Excluding over 20 million individually-owned enterprises, the proportion of formally registered non-state-owned legal entities grew from 26.1 to 59.5 percent between 1996 and 2001 (Table2). The proportion of non-state-owned enterprises also far surpassed state-owned ones. According to the statistics on industrial value-added output, in the first three months of 2003, the state-owned and collective economy fell to 30 percent, while the non-publicowned economy jumped to 70 percent.Since China’s reform and opening up, SMEs have gradually enjoyed a healthy external environment for development. By reforming the system of a planned economy, the nation relaxed its limitations on the development of SMEs so that urban collective enterprises, township and village enterprises, individual businesses, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and joint ventures could rapidly develop. Regarding the various forms of SME ownership, different development policies were adopted. For state-owned SMEs, from its efforts to “decentralize authority to release benefits” (fangquan rangli) in 1978 to “grasp the large and let go of the small” (zhuada fangxiao) adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Comm ittee in 1995, the government’s policy has focused on reforming the old system which did not adapt to the demand of a market economy. In the mid-1990s, China adopted the policy of “deregulation to render agile” (fangkai gaohuo) and privatization policy for small-sized state-owned enterprises. Many state-owned and collective SMEs reinforced their competitive activities through reform and “privatization”, which transformed the system of property rights and management. As for non-state-owned SMEs, China mainly adopted policies of relaxing policy restrictions, granting political acceptance and financial support, and gradually established a market environment of fair competition andSince the mid-1990s, developing SMEs has been an important strategy in China.The Asian financial crisis of 1997 made the Chinese government and academic circles completely rethink the shortcomings of the simplistic strategy that relied on large enterprises. The government and its institutions came torecognize the need to stress the development of SMEs. Later, a unified administrative framework for all types of SMEs began to take shape. Because of the successive governmental institution reform in 1998, some government departments of various industries were incorporated intothe State Economic and Trade Commission.2 At the same time, a SME department was established in the State Economic and Trade Commission, the highest-level comprehensive management department in charge of reform and development policy of SMEs. Since the trend for the township industry to transform into an urban one is growing, the management of the village and township industry will be gradually consolidated with urban management. Government departments at different levels gradually adopted some accommodating policies to begin building a specialized support service system. From 1999, the Ministry of Finance and other departments started to actively establish a SMEs loan guarantee system. By 2001, they published some laws and regulations, such as the Provisional Regulation of SME Credit Guarantee System and Management Methods of Credit Guarantees for SMEs.3 By the end of 2000, 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China had opened pilot sites forthe SME credit-guarantee system, established more than 200 credit-guarantee institutions, raised a guarantee fund of 10 billion yuan, and put forth an important effort to improve the credit environment for SME development. The Ministry of Science and Technology provides 10 billion yuan per year to build venture capital funds for hitech enterprises. Shanghai established the Shanghai SMEs Service Center, which released 13.9 million yuan in credit to 11 SMEs from June to September 1998 (Yao Jun, 1999). The Shanghai Branch of the China Industrial and Commercial Bank set up SME credit departments and took 10 measures to support SMEs. By April 1999, it had shelledout about 300 million yuan in credit to SMEs.4Throughout the reform process and especially in recent years, China has begun placing an emphasis on the issue of supporting SME development. But there are still many problems in the relevant policies. First of all, China lacks a long-term, systematic, unified and relatively independent SME development strategy and policy system. Second, the SME management system and relevant policies are inconsistent, and basic management is weak. Furthermore, since the design of the social service system is severely behind the times, the burden of taxation and quotas is heavy. Finally, without sufficient financial support for SMEs, difficulties in obtaining loans and raising funds will block SME development.外文翻译论文标题中国中小企业融资难和融资结构特点作者王延忠发表时间2004年出版社或中国与世界经济论文页码12期201-218页期刊名称中文翻译中国的改革开放政策为中小型企业（SMEs）创造了良好的发展环境，特别是中小企业的蓬勃发展私营部门。
中小企业融资外文翻译
SME financing in ChinaUniversité Paris X-NanterreMaison Max Weber (bâtiments K et G)200, Avenue de la République92001 NANTERRE CEDEXDocument de Travail Working Paper2007-29Chen Xiang LIUE c o n om i X http://economix.u-paris10.fr/SME Financing in ChinaLIU Chen XiangUniversité Paris X-NanterreEconomiX (CNRS-UMR 7166)Bâtiment K-115200, Avenue de la République92001 Nanterre CedexTél : 01.40.97.59.10Fax : 01.40.97.59.10Courriel : liu_chenxiang@yahoo.frSME Financing in ChinaLIU Chen XiangAbstractSMEs have a great contribution in China’s economic expansion. However, the financing predicament currently faced by SMEs constitutes a great bottleneck for their development. Banks are reluctant to lend to them, mainly due to the lack of collateral and their poor capability in pricing risk. This is the reason why credit guarantee institutions play a key role in SME financing and the perfection of the credit guarantee system is important for promoting their access to credit. In addition, the lifting of the ceiling on lending rates as well as other steps taken by banking authorities will encourage bank lending to SMEs. Finally, informal finance has a significant part in SME financing.RésuméLes PME ont une grande contribution à la croissance chinoise. Pourtant, leur difficulté de financement devient un grand obstacle dans leur développement. Les banques ne veulent pas leur prêter, principalement à cause de manque de collatéraux et la faible compétence des banques pour évaluer le risque de crédit. C’est la raison pour laquelle les organismes de garantie jouent un rôle indispensable dans le financement de PME et le perfectionnement du système de garantie est important pour augmenter leur accès aux crédits. En plus, l’enlèvement du plafond de taux d’intérêt de crédits ainsi que les autres mesures prises par les autorités bancaires vont encourager les prêts bancaires aux PME. Enfin, la finance informelle a une part significative dans le financement de PME.Key Words: SME financing, credit guarantee, informal financeJEL Classification: E26, E51, G21, O531. IntroductionThe scope of private ownership has become substantial, producing well over half of GDP and an overwhelming share of exports-imports. Private companies generate most new jobs and are improving the productivity and profitability of the whole economy. The continued re-orientation of the economy towards the private sector brings considerable gains to real incomes and macro-economic activity. It should be noted that all companies which are controlled neither by state nor by collective shareholders are considered as private companies; 98% of enterprises in non-public sector are SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), and 98% of SMEs are in non-public sector.The changes in government polices explain importantly the emergence of a powerful private sector in the economy. In 2005, regulations that prevented privately-owned companies entering a number of sectors of the economy, such as infrastructure, public utilities and financial services were abolished. However, SMEs have always limited access to credits, which hinders heavily their businesses’ expansion and thus their healthy development. Why banks are reluctant to lend to them and how they have fallen into financing difficulties? How to resolve their financing problems and who can serve as their main supporters? This paper tries to respond to these questions and to draw the best SME financing service system.The paper begins by evaluating the position of SMEs in the real economy as a whole and highlighting issues facing SME financing. The following section discusses formal finance’s support for SMEs, emphasizing the role of credit guarantee institutions. Ultimately, the paper presents informal finance’s development and outlines its influences on SME financing.2. The private sector—a major driving force in economic expansionChina’s private sector has become its main driver of economic growth. In 2005, there were more than 40 million SMEs and sole industrial & commercial proprietorships (getihu enterprises), accounting for 99.6% of the total number of enterprises. They were responsible for as much as 59% of GDP. They accounted for 60% of sales value and represented 68.65% of imports & exports. They paid 48.2% of taxes, and occupied more than 75% of employment in urban areas. The regions with which SME cooperate have extended from Hong Kong & Macao to some developed countries, such as United States and Italy.The growth in private output has been the result of the higher productivity of most companies in this sector. The sharper incentives facing the private sector companies have resulted in them using less capital and labour to produce output than state companies. Overall, the aggregate productivity of private companies in the industrial sector is estimated to be almost twice that of enterprises controlled directly by the state. The profitability of private companies has also risen considerably, and the rate of return on physical assets was double that of state controlled companies in certain provinces in 2005. Such a high level of competitiveness has resulted in the private sector accounting for more than two-thirds of all exports in 2005. While the bulk of these exports are made by foreign-controlled companies, the domestically-owned private sector is increasing its exports, as more small and medium-sized enterprises are granted export licences. (OECD, 2005).The private sector plays a key role in a largely market-oriented economy owing to the changes in government polices. Government authorities have recognized the importance of the private sector for economic growth and job creation, and have moved to reduce a number of barriers that limit its expansion and to promote its equal treatment with publicly-owned sectors. On February 2005, the State Council issued “Guidelines on Encouraging and Supporting the Development of the Non Public Sector including Individual and Private Enterprises” that include 36 articles for improving the operating environment for private business. The new guidelines give much-improved market access to private companies in many industries that were previously restricted, including those that are dominated by state monopolies and heavily regulated sectors such as public utilities, financial services, social services and national defence. The directives also mandate equal treatment of private and public business, calling for rescinding of rules that discriminate against private companies and direct ministries and local governments to carry out implementation of the new constitutional amendment guaranteeing private property rights. In terms of access to financing, the new guidelines direct financial regulators to expand access to bank, equity and bond financing, through pro-active treatment of private companies under the interest rate liberalisation, and through impartial treatment of private companies in capital market access. A subsequent survey by the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce showed that entrepreneurs cited the new market entry and financing access articles to be the most important.3. The difficulty of SMEs to access to credit3.1 Structure of SME financing and their financing difficultiesAccording to the survey conducted by State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) in 2002, the domestic private companies, including the very small companies, have low ratios of liabilities to equity, supporting the view that they had limited access to credit.Indeed over 40% of such companies in the sample had no debt, and financed their activities from internal funds, while the remaining nearly 60% borrowed from banks or informal market (Table 1). The very smallest private industrial companies and private service sector companies rely extensively on informal credit. Bank credit, on the other hand, seems to be more accessible for larger companies. The survey also indicates that over 90% of the private companies had difficulty in obtaining bank credit. Over half of the respondents named their lack of collateral as a major barrier to bank borrowing. Ownership discrimination was cited by one-fifth of respondents followed by insufficient amount of bank loans and too short-term lending as major problems with bank financing. Much fewer firms chose too high interest rates or stringent requirements for credit rating as top reasons for not bank borrowing. While banks tend to lend short-term, the informal markets provide long-term financing. The informal sector also accepts receivables as collateral, which may help explain why some larger firms rely exclusively on the informal market for external finance.China International Capital Corporation Limited’s recent research (2006) indicates that equity and retained earning represent respectively 30% and 26% of capital resources in SMEs. Among external financing channels, equity market’s entry threshold is high, venture capital investment system isn’t complete, corporate bonds’ issuance entry is difficult, so SMEs can’t raise capital through capital market effectively. For instance, listing in the stock market in Shenzhen or Shanghai is a privilege of a handful of well-established, large and profitable private companies. Although the establishment of the second board on the Shenzhen market for high-tech SMEs may ease this need somewhat for such companies, for non-high-tech companies financing still remains a major problem. Moreover, bond financing seems to be even less accessible for private companies due to stringent criteria including industrial policy guidelines.Table 1 – Use of credit by Domestic Private Sector CompaniesSize category (Sales volume, million yuan)0-1 1-3 3-10 10-20 20-50 50+ all Access to borrowing Per cent of firmsPer cent with no credit 54.2 43.4 39.5 36.1 28.6 42.4 41.1Per cent with credit 45.8 56.6 60.5 63.9 71.4 57.6 58.9 Per cent of firm with bank finance only 13.8 23.3 28.3 34.8 43.7 36.1 29.3Per cent with informal finance only 20.2 18.3 15.0 11.6 9.6 7.6 14.0Per cent with bank and informal 11.8 15.0 17.2 17.5 18.0 13.9 15.6 Firms with any borrowing1Per cent of equityManufacturing 51.8 32.3 36.5 39.9 36.5 28.9 32.5Services 43.6 40.9 49.9 30.3 63.8 31.1 39.9 All 47.6 36.9 38.8 36.6 43.8 29.5 34.7Per cent of total borrowingShare of informal borrowing in totalborrowingManufacturing 23.3 24.3 19.5 26.4 9.4 3.9 17.6Services 44.2 35.1 8.7 12.1 11.6 8.7 21.4All 35.7 28.2 15.6 20.9 10.3 6.3 10.9Pre tax rate of return on equity 6.1 10.6 11.5 15.1 16.6 15.5 14.811.8 19.8 24.8 29.9 32.0 30.6 29.0 Investment relative to (previousyear) equity plus debt minusinvestment14.5 18.7 25.3 12.3 12.6 16.7 100.0 Proportion of firms in each sizegroupSource: the Chinese University of Hong Kong, OECD Economic Surveys: China (2005) With respect to banks, although lending by State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCB) and other banks to non-state enterprises has been growing rapidly, private enterprises still seem to have less access to credit than State-owned enterprises (SOE). Small and medium sized businesses, which account for more than half of GDP, receive only 16% of total bank loans. Only 30% of credits demanded by SMEs with a good quality have been satisfied. (Economic Daily, 14/06/2006) Another example. According to Shanghai Branch of CBRC (China Banking Regulatory Commission), up to the end of June 2005, 71 915 small enterprises had obtained credits, which accounted for 28.2% in the total number of small enterprises in Shanghai. There are at least 70%of small enterprises which have never demanded credit, in a conservative estimation. Among1 The enterprises, which have less than 1 million yuans of sales volume, have the highest ratio of borrowing to equity, because they have little equity instead of much borrowing.those which had demanded credit, only 10% of small enterprises failed due to their poor management, 45% were refused because they hadn’t acceptable properties as a pledge for banks.3.2 Why banks are reluctant to grant credit?Credit demanded by SMEs has the following characteristics: small amount, urgent and frequent demands, in short term. The control cost of such credit is much higher than the one of credit to big enterprises. The smaller scale of SME loans makes banks proportionately more expensive to monitor. Big banks prefer to do business with big enterprises. Yet there are small & medium banks which have much less capital and which grant credits to SMEs with a good quality. These banks are less competitive but know very well SMEs in their regions.Likewise, poor management, complex related transactions, non transparent accounting and weak anti-risk capability have aggravated their difficulties to get credits from banks. Banks don’t want to lend to them owing to information asymmetry and high costs of transaction and control.Banks’ efforts to avoid incurring new non-performing loans reduce the access of SMEs, state owned and non-state, to bank credit, while larger SOEs (State Owned Enterprises) backed by central or local governments are able to get loans largely because of the implicit guarantee that backing confers. Non performing loans granted by big four SOCBs (State owned commercial banks) to SOEs can be written off or transferred to AMCs (Asset Management Corporation). The State has infinite responsibility. But those granted to SMEs can’t benefit this advantage. The personnel who grant credits are always responsible for them. Generally, SMEs are considered to have a relatively high default risk. In 2003, average NPL ratio of lending to SMEs in principal commercial banks was 32.11%, 15.7 points more than the average NPL ratio in commercial banks. For this reason, the Big-Four which want to lessen NPL ratio in order to satisfy the regulatory rules defined by CBRC (3%-5%) will be very prudent to SME lending.Due to high risk in SME lending, banks demand SMEs to put enough properties in pledge, or to look for a guarantee as an indispensable condition to grant credit. Nonetheless, most of SMEs haven’t enough acceptable assets as a pledge. This is a great handicap in their financing. So a fully developed credit guarantee system is strongly needed.The present dependence on collateral and guarantee is indicative of the fact that banks now have limited capabilities to assess, process, and price loans to smaller customers. Improvement of these capabilities is the ultimate key to ensuring adequate access to credit for SMEs and will require substantial upgrading of internal systems for assessing and managing risk and considerable training of staff. However, it is particularly important that lenders have necessary flexibility to charge lending rates that adequately compensate for risks and costs of their loans. The SMEs have a relatively higher business failure rate than larger borrowers. Risks of lending to SMEs are further increased by their relatively poor information systems, which makes it difficult for banks to assess their creditworthiness. Official restrictions on bank’s flexibility in setting lending rates were an increasing impediment to SME lending as banks became more conservative in the effort to avoid further non performing loans.Empirical analyses by MOLNAR and TANAKA (2007) show that private firms have difficulties in obtaining financing from the formal banking system and their access to bank loans depends on their credit history, size and rating that can’t easily be manipulated through creative accounting. Loan decisions irrelevant of the financial health of the company may suggest that banks, especially the largest ones, don’t have appropriate incentives to develop monitoring and risk pricing skills as they mainly engage in lending to SOEs (i.e. they are not able to distinguish between genuine and manipulated performance indicators). Firms in manufacturing sector are more likely to get loans, probably due to the fact that manufacturing firms are more likely to possess assets that can be used as collateral compared to firms in service industries.4. Enlarging access to credits for dynamic sectors—Formal finance’s support for SME4.1 Credit guarantee Schemes (CGSs)As described above, lack of collateral is the chief difficulty in obtaining bank loans for SMEs. Collateral or loan guarantee, or both, have become an essential precondition for most SME lending in China.Improving financing for SMEs undergoing substantial expansion has become a main concern for government. The central government has taken many steps to improve the flow of credits to SMEs in urban areas. Besides urging banks to penetrate that market, the government has promoted the establishment of credit guarantee schemes for smaller firms. The largest component of such schemes is the government-sponsored credit guarantee institutions established by municipalities and provinces. In addition, there are a smaller number of member-SME-funded mutual guarantee funds and private-sector invested commercial guarantee companies, both forms of which pre-date the establishment of government credit guarantee institutions.Nearly all provincial governments have established credit guarantee institutions. Following a pilot programme starting in 1998, 30 provinces established credit guarantee institutions. There were more than 20 in 1997, more than 300 in 2000, 848 in 2002 (one third were private credit guarantee institutions), more than 3 500 in 2004 (more than 2 000 were private credit guarantee institutions), and the number of such institutions reached more than 4 000 in 2005, with the amount of loans carrying guarantees amounting to about 400 billion RMB. According to the statistics, there are 1 200 credit guarantee institutions which serve especially for SMEs (for credits and shares issue), which account for 32.28% in all of credit guarantee institutions. (The People’s Bank of China & China Finance, 23/01/2006)The credit guarantee institutions are highly diverse: some are funded from the government budgets, others by fees on participating businesses, or by private investors, or a mixture of these sources. More than 70% of the funds of the institutions originate from non-government sources. In lots of such institutions, the capital invested by private enterprises and individuals is more than 60% (Financial News, 07/09/2005). The organisational form of the institutions varies from public service units, to state or privately controlled shareholding enterprises, to fund management companies. Further, they can be non-profit or profit institutions and their business scope can be limited to guaranteeing firm borrowing or can cover a wider range of activities.The remainder of this section is organized as follows. 4.1.1 analyses guarantee business operation; 4.1.2 presents the establishment of guarantee system; 4.1.3 discusses risk managementand puts forward some proposals for reform; and finally, 4.1.4 outlines the importance of private credit guarantee institutions’ development.4.1.1 Guarantee contractThe enterprises which demand guarantee should satisfy the following conditions:-They should register in State Administration for Industry & Commerce.-They should have been created three years ago at least, and shown good performance in the three previous years.-The ratio of liabilities to assets can’t exceed 70%.-The domain in which enterprises work should be supported by State (for example, industrial policies, environmental protection policies, etc). If the domains are restrictedby State, credit guarantee institutions won’t accept their demands.Generally, credit guarantee institutions charge a price less than a half of bank’s lending interest rate2. The prices vary across different credit guarantee institutions, amounting to 0.8%-3% of guaranteed credits. In addition to this guarantee price, SMEs should also pay a guarantee fee which is calculated per year and is paid only once3. The guarantee fees vary with credit amounts and the risk level of SME. Guarantee fee rate is defined on the basis of credit risk degree, and it’s a floating rate. Guarantee fee rate is limited to 50% of banks’ lending rate in the same term at most4.Credit guarantee institutions often demand counter-guarantee as an essential condition for granting the guarantee. There are various forms of counter-guarantee, such as mortgages on land use rights and real estate; means of transportation, equipment, and other movables; cashable2The floor of bank’s lending interest rate is 6.12% for one year. There is no ceiling.3For the guarantee in short term (3 months, 6 months), the guarantee fee is calculated per month (annual guarantee fee rate/12).4 Target lending rate (adjusted by the People’s Bank of China, effective from August 19, 2006)Credits in short termduration<= 6 months: 5.58%6 months<duration<=1 year: 6.12%Credits in medium and long term1 year<duration<=3 years: 6.30%3 years<duration<=5 years: 6.48%duration>5 years: 6.84%saving instrument, actions, bills of exchange; pledges on transferable stocks, patents, and trademarks; the guarantee granted by another person or institution, the enterprise chief’s unlimited responsibility, etc.Most of guaranteed credits are in short term (<=one year). The guarantee covers normally the principal and the interests, eventually with loss undergone by creditors in certain guarantee contracts. This depends on the negotiation between bank, enterprise and credit guarantee institution. After granting the guarantee, the credit guarantee institutions should control the enterprises continuously.In case the enterprise can’t repay credit to bank on the maturity of contract, the bank will hold caution deposited by credit guarantee institution, which is called “substitutive refunding”. If the enterprise has a cash shortage, and she can refund credit later, we call it “temporary relay”. In contrast, if the enterprise hasn’t the capability to refund it, we call it “default credit”. Normally, credit guarantee institutions assume all of implied responsibility, i.e. they refund credits to banks, and then they demand enterprises to refund them. Certain banks give a time limit (for example, 3 months after the expiry of credit contract). If the enterprise can’t yet repay credit, the credit guarantee institution will repay it for the enterprise.The substitutive refunding ratio relies on the credit guarantee institutions’ risk management. It can be zero in certain credit guarantee institutions, with contrast that others will go bankrupt owing to only one substitutive refunding. Most of enterprises are responsible for their engagements, and so the substitutive refunding ratio is low.After refunding credit to the bank, the credit guarantee institution requires the enterprise to repay it, and all of interests (not only those paid to the bank, but also interests for the period after substitutive refunding), eventually with loss and fees for creditor. The interest rate demanded by credit guarantee institution for the period after repayment to bank can be the same as the one demanded by bank, or even higher than the bank’s lending interest rate. In case of no refunding, the credit guarantee institution will sell pledges. The pledges are sufficient for refunding credit generally, so the credit guarantee institution has little loss.The guarantee law (promulgated on June 30, 1995 by permanent committee National People’s Congress and effective from October 1, 1995) and the new bankruptcy law (voted in the 23rd meeting of 10th permanent committee National People’s Congress on August 27, 2006 and effective from June 1, 2007) protect well-functioning guarantee businesses and priority of guaranteed credits’ repayment.4.1.2 Guarantee systemNational Development and Reform Commission is organizing to establish a SME guarantee system. There are “one body, two wings, four levels” in this system: one body is mode body (different resources of capital, market-oriented operation, corporate governance, support for the best); two wings are commercial guarantee institutions and mutual guarantee institutions which are considered as supplementary (agricultural credit guarantee institutions included). There are four levels in credit guarantee system which have different functions-national, provincial, prefectoral and county.According to plan, the county and prefectoral credit guarantee institutions give guarantee for SMEs in their proper regions. The provincial credit guarantee institutions grant re-guarantee for these credit guarantee institutions at lower levels, and supervise them with the People’s Bank of China. They can also grant guarantee directly to SMEs. The national credit guarantee institutions are being established and will work as guarantors of last resort and grant re-guarantee to the credit guarantee institutions at lower levels.4.1.3 Risk managementIn most of guarantee businesses, the credit guarantee institutions have joint obligation5, i.e. banks transfer the whole credit risk to credit guarantee institutions. The only risk for banks is the substitutive refunding risk which comes from credit guarantee institutions. Credit guarantee institutions can also have an ordinary obligation6 or assume the risk proportionately with banks5 After the expiry of the contract, the banks can demand enterprises or credit guarantee institutions to repay credits.6After the expiry of the contract and before trial or arbitration, credit guarantee institutions can refuse to assume guarantee responsibility. After adjudication, banks use properties put in pledge to refund credits. The credit guarantee institutions bear loss with banks proportionately. The proportion is negotiated by them.together7. In a mature credit guarantee system, credit guarantee institutions should assume the risk proportionately with banks. The objective is to avoid moral hazard on any side. Banks or credit guarantee institutions can collude with enterprises to damage another side’s interest.SMEs should put their properties in pledge either in banks or in credit guarantee institutions as an indispensable condition for obtaining credits. The value of properties put in pledge covers the principal and the interests normally.Credit guarantee institutions should deposit a caution in banks as a basis of cooperation with them, which is also a precaution against risk in banks. If the enterprises can’t repay their credits at the term of the contract, banks will hold the caution. The caution rate in banks varies from 10% to 20% of the guaranteed credit amount, i.e. the credit granted by banks can’t exceed 10 times the caution deposited by credit guarantee institutions. For example, credit guarantee institution deposit 10 million yuans in a bank, this bank will lend a sum of 100 million yuans in maximum guaranteed by this institution8. Certain credit guarantee institutions are demanded a higher caution rate, at around 20%--33%. Others are demanded nothing.Sometimes, the banks demand also the enterprises to deposit a caution, which differs from the one deposited by credit guarantee institutions. These two cautions can coexist.The caution deposited by enterprises in credit guarantee institutions serves as a counter-guarantee. Some credit guarantee institutions demand enterprises to pay a caution. Most don’t do so. The caution is 2%--10% of guaranteed credit amount. If the enterprise can’t repay its credit according to the contract, credit guarantee institutions will hold part of the caution deposited by the enterprise. This part of the caution will increase along with time. Six months later, the credit guarantee institution will hold the whole caution. It’s punishment for the enterprise. Enterprises can’t require to refund the caution. This punishment differs from the substitutive refunding. The substitutive refunding is done with credit guarantee institutions’ ownership, that is the caution deposited in banks by credit guarantee institutions.7 e.g. banks bear 30% of risk.。
中小企业融资中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业融资中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Financing of SMEsJan Bartholdy, Cesario MateusOriginally Published in“Financing of SMEs”.London business review.AbstractThe main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking OrderTheory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from collecting the collateral and selling it to recover the debt. Since SMEs’ management and shareholders are often the same person, equity and internally generated funds have no asymmetric information costs and equity is therefore the cheapest source.2. Asset side theory of SME financingIn the previous section we have suggested that SME’s in Portugal are financed using internal generated cash, cheap trade credits, long and short-term bank loans and expensive trade credits and other loans. In this section the motives behind the different types of financing are discussed.2.1. Cheap Trade creditsThe first external financing source we will discuss is trade-credits. Trade credits are interesting since they represent financial services provided by non-financial firms in competition with financialintermediaries. The early research within this area focused on the role of trade credits in relation to the credit channel or the so called “Meltzer” effect and in relation to the efficiency of monetary policy. The basic idea is that firms with direct access to financial markets, in general large well known firms, issue trade credits to small financially constrained firms . The more recent research breaks the role of trade credits into a strategic motive and financial motive for issuing and using these credits.Strategic motivesThe first theory centers on asymmetric information regarding the firm’s products. Trade credits are offered to the buyers so that the buyer can verify the quantity and quality before submitting payments. By offering trade finance the supplier signals to the buyers that they offer products of good quality. Since small firms, in general, have no reputation then these firms are forced to use trade credits to signal the quality of their products. The use of trade credits is therefore driven by asymmetric information of the products and is therefore more likely to be used by small firms, if the buyer has little information about the supplier, or the products are complicated and it is difficult to asses their quality.The second strategic motive is pricing. Offering trade finance on favorable terms is the same as a price reduction for the goods. Thus firms can use trade credits to promote sales without officially reducing prices or use them as a tool for price discrimination between different buyers.Trade credits are most advantageous to risky borrowers since their costs of alternative financing are higher than for borrowers with good credit ratings. Thus trade credits can be used as tool for direct price discrimination but also as an indirect tool (if all buyers are offered the same terms) in favor of borrowers with a low credit standing.Trade credits are also used to develop long term relationships between the supplier and the buyers. This often manifests itself by the supplier extending the credit period in case the buyer has temporary financial difficulties. Compared to financial institutions suppliers have better knowledge of the industry and are therefore better able to judge whether the firm has temporary problems or the problems are of a more permanent nature.The last motive in not strictly a strategic motive but is based on transactions costs. Trade credits are an efficient way of performing the transactions since it is possible to separate between delivery and payment. In basic terms the truck drive r delivering the goods does not have to run around to find the person responsible for paying the bills. The buyer also saves transactions costs by reducing the amount of cash required on“hand” .Financing motivesThe basis for this view is that firms compete with financial institutions in offering credit to other firms. The traditional view offinancial institutions is that they extend credit to firms where asymmetric information is a major problem. Financial institutions have advantages in collecting and analyzing information from, in particular, smaller and medium sized firms that suffer from problems of asymmetric information. The key to this advantage over financial markets lies in the close relationship between the bank and the firm and in the payment function. The financial institution is able to monitor the cash inflow and outflows of the firm by monitoring the accounts of the firm.But with trade credits non-financial firms are competing with financial institutions in solving these problems and extending credit. How can non-financial institutions compete in this market? Petersen and Rajan [1997] briefly discusses several ways that suppliers may have advantages over financial institutions. The supplier has a close working association with the borrower and more frequently visit s the premises than a financial institution does. The size and timing of the lenders orders with the supplier provides information about the conditions of the borrowers business. Notice that this information is available to the supplier before it is available to the financial institution since the financial institution has to wait for the cash flow associated with the orders. The use of early payment discounts provides the supplier with an indication of problems with creditworthiness in the firm. Again the supplier obtains the information before the financial institution does. Thus the supplier maybe able to obtain information about the creditworthiness faster and cheaper than the financial institution.The supplier may also have advantages in collecting payments. If the supplier has at least a local monopoly for the goods then the ability to withhold future deliveries is a powerful incentive for the firm to pay. This is a particular powerful threat if the borrower only accounts for a small fraction of the suppliers business. In case of defaults the supplier can seize the goods and in general has a better use for them than a financial intermediary sizing the same goods. Through its sales network the supplier can sell the reclaimed goods faster and at a higher price than what is available to a financial intermediary. These advantages, of course, depend on the durability of the goods and how much the borrower has transformed them.If asymmetric information is one of the driving forces the explanation of trade credits then firms can use the fact that their suppliers have issued them credits in order to obtain additional credit from the banks. The banks are aware that the supplier has better information thus the bank can use trade credits as signal of the credit worthiness of the firm.That trade credits are in general secured by the goods delivered also puts a limit on the amount of trade credits the firm can obtain, thus the firm cannot use trade credits to finance the entire operations of the firm.In summary the prediction is that the level of asymmetric information is relatively low between the providers of trade credit and the borrowers due to the issuer’s general knowledge of the firm and the industry. In the empirical work below the variables explaining the use of trade credit are credit risk factors and Cost of Goods Sold. Since these trade credits are secured by the materials delivered to the firm, firms cannot “borrow” for more than the delivery value of the goods and services.2.2 Bank loansBanks have less information than providers of trade credit and the costs of gathering information are also higher for banks than for providers of trade credit. Providers of trade credits also have an advantage over banks in selling the collateral they have themselves delivered, but due to their size and number of transactions banks have an advantage in selling general collateral such as buildings, machinery etc. Banks therefore prefer to issue loans using tangible assets as collateral, also due to asymmetric information, they are less likely to issue loans to more opaque firms such as small and high growth firms. Banks are therefore willing to lend long term provided that tangible assets are available for collateral. In the empirical work below tangible assets and credit risk variables are expected to explain the use of long-term bank loans and the amount of long-term bank loans are limited by the value of tangibleassets.The basis for issuing Short Term Bank Loans is the comparative advantages banks have in evaluating and collecting on accounts receivables, i.e. Debtors. It is also possible to use Cash and Cash equivalents as collateral but banks do not have any comparative advantages over other providers of credit in terms of evaluating and collecting these since they consist of cash and marketable securities. In terms of inventories, again banks do not have any comparative advantages in evaluating these. Thus, we expect the amounts of debtors to be the key variable in explaining the behaviour of Short Term Bank Loans.ConclusionsCurrently there exist two theories of capital structure The Pecking Order Theory where firms first exhaust all funding of the cheapest source first, then the second cheapest source and so on. The differences in funding costs are due to adverse selection costs from asymmetric information. The second theory is the Tradeoff Theory where firms increase the amount of debt as long as the benefits are greater than the costs from doing so. The benefits of debt are tax-shields and “positive agency costs” and the costs of debt are the e xpected bankruptcy costs and the “negative agency costs”. In both of these theories, the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet is not important and in this paper, thatproposition is strongly rejected. So the main conclusion is that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet influences the composition of the liability side of the balance sheet in terms of the different types of debt used to finance the firm, or that the use of the funds is important in deciding the type of financing available.We further argue that it is asymmetric information and collateral that determines the relationship between the asset side and liability side of the balance sheet. The theory works reasonable well for Cheap Trade Credits and Long Term Bank Loans but the tests for Short Term Bank Loans are disappointing.译文：中小企业融资摘要中小企业融资的主要来源有：股权融资、按时兑现的贸易信贷融资、中长期银行信贷融资、延迟兑现的贸易信贷融资以及其他债务融资，每种融资方式的边际成本取决于与其滞纳金相关的信息不对称成本和交易成本。
外文翻译---中小企业融资难相关分析
附录Sme financing problems related to the analysisFirst, small and medium-sized enterprises financing statusReform and opening up, china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained a rapid development of enterprises, 99% of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our country more than 60% GDP contribution, tax over 50%, provides 70% of import and export trade and 80% of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important power of independent innovation, 66% of invention patent , 82% of new product development of small and medium-sized enterprises ,from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economic prosperity , expanding employment , adjusting structure, promote innovation and new industries of important strength.From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the implementation of the positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy , but no small and medium-sized enterprises from the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly , for instance, of the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year , but rose 1.4% only the loans increased 14.9%, 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion , including loans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5% .Current , loan financing difficult has become the bottleneck of restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and management faced difficulties, according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of 2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts for about 7.5%,the urban employment, this situation is not only more difficult economic recovery, influence and directly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood ,stable target .In this sense ,the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not really low, the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered.Second, the sme financing reason analysisSme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say, see, both from China, and mechanism of medium and small and medium-sized enterprises, there are three main reasons: first, the medium and small and medium-sized enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises generally weak awareness of honesty, similar to a few of the common phenomenon, may report on tax on some, less ugly statements in Banks, this intersection, some may form good-looking, such loans point is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy, we imagine, if several departments with all those together, the first this enterprise is not sincere, he will have a foothold. We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources, technology, capital, market environment faced financial crisis, there was a huge pressure, the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise, the innovation ability of high enough to enter the market is weak, the low threshold, the fierce competition in the market will increase, these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Second, from the bank, for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter, because we are most Bands, it is also considered commercial bank, the risk of their own profits. To the end of 2008, the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come m&a, solving some problems, bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises, like a big problem, once, countries will still enterprises, especially those small problems, once the bankruptcy, nobody tube, so the loan quality cannot guaranteed, so in this management system, to reduce the risks, the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enough after pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprises, do loans will pay more manpower, so also does not want to extend loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, A bank operating costs, the half is labor cost, small and medium-sized enterprises especially do small, very high labor workload, but it is the benefit of different times. Third, the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in the capital markets have direct financing ways of securities market, including small plate and gem, And private equity funds, industrial investment funds, venture investment funds, risk investment funds, and the bond market, etc. But since the sept.25, 2008, the small plate market, securities issued after huachang chemical and closed the door, just recently IPO to restart the IPO. But gem is “ten years”, good sword, people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gem listing conditions, but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing, for many enterprises, it is still a luxury. In overseas, small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of growing only rely on bank loan financing, many times is a venture investment risk or the help of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, however, can grow in the basic of financing Shenzhen has 3,000 venture company, with a registered capital of 6,000 billion, but no company is willing to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature, can the fancy of the securities market and gem.\ Third, the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem(a) From the Angle of the government1.The government should relax market access control, reducing barriers, let more smaller Bands, small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those small Banks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more than a hundred villages and towns of the bank, bank established to improve the bottleneck of the economic investment county, including improving agriculture development of small and medium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing five state-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of the specialized agencies, relax its has branches and encourage them in the land, and county, township, even closer to provide financial services and more convenient.2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system, further reducing their information cost, in our country, the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system construction was started by the specialized agencies, collection and storage, sorting, analysis, and use of enterprise credit information, to guard against credit risks, maintain stable financial marker, In2006, the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the credit system, hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small and medium-sized enterprises. Of course, the credit system is not only by the government, and now has some network company, for example, try to use labara. Com in online transaction information into small and medium-sized enterprises credit index, the index of credit, if out of the bank to further reduce the cost of information..3. The government should several of bank risk compensation, the local interest risk compensation mechanism and policy, just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing way, and cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end, fujian province of bad loans is small loans 6071%, but the average level of banking, is a two percent, while a few risk compensation, just to 0.8 percent, only a small part, So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, then according to the bank loans, reduce its tax, business tax, income tax reduction, Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest, risk and return, If the loan losses, the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it, this makes bif business loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basic yields.4.The government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system, in order to better satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs of enterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises, the development stage is endless and same, determines the sme financing needs is not the same, So small and medium-sized enterprises, groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs, then satisfy sme financing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode, such as bank loans, bonds, equity financing, etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate, founded bu promoting capital, technology, management, and the effective factors of high quality as cultivating board, also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role.In October 2009, gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independent innovation, promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises in the new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed to solve this kind of condition, enterprise’s equity financing, stock transfer to a valid the over-the-counter marker, In 2006, China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading of securities companies entering the pilot work, Besides the government should vigorously promote the development of the bond market, bond financing for small and medium enterprises to provide more convenient, in the developed countries, the bond market is the main financing, financing, in the United States, for example, 2008, the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 times, with the United States, Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market, also has the big development space.(b) From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans, to solve the difficulty in financing smes is impossible, we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, so we would change our bank credit, financial innovation is imminent. Currently banking is through the organization, risk management technical innovation, innovation, and security collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes.1. Guarantee mortgage innovation, Collateral shortage is small and medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib, they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security, it is not realistic to high-tdch enterprise, as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs, the patent righ and one on the market in technology, creative team, is the blood to support its development, as well as several pieces of the mortgaged property, bur all need money to lend, bank, The small and medium-sized enterprises, such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widely warehouse inventory impawn, through a mortgage loan product, Tianjing coastal rural commercial bank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan., benjing bank recently launched intellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan.2. Credit rating innovating, Big Bnaks do business of time, usually see a balance sheet, an income statement and a cash flow statement, small and medium-sized enterprises have even thes three tables are not high, the bank information costs, zhejiang tyrone arisen, commercial Banks, they look for innovative water meter, customs declaration form, large, large, reduce cost, still can make small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank, by focusing on their Opponent’s credit transaction, the authenticity of the enterprise, chooses a new of enterprises credit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself, the credit rating weight only 15%. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty and downstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation or logistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprise, trade background to provide enough good service, mobilize various financial tools, in the process of enterprise development, shenfazhan also created the profits.3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank, the bank is mostly official in the house, wait for a loan to customers approval for a month , three months, such a kind of management, such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprise financial services, it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process, reduce link, establish examination mechanism, so as to adapt to the credit factory. The bank is factory, small and medium-sized enterprises is raw material, into the line after the marketing, sales, and service, with approval, and customer maintenance and post-loan management, obtain loans. But Banks are not a person guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval procedures simplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle over the past 2, 3 months, shorten to 3, 5 days now.4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to have a group of people to do it, and do it well, it is to strengthen the training of the staff, further strengthen the sme, small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communication, increasing the entire product r&d efforts, with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures to professional team and the new service.\ (c) From the Angle of enterprises1, Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. To correctly understand the situation, face, establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea, must pay more attention to technical innovation, technological innovation, pay attention to the new product development, improve quality and brand construction and development of new products, improve the product quality improvement, and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption, to increase, increasing earning. Increasing market development ability, reduce”products, accounts,receivable” two nbre, accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way, not only by the expansion of production of production, but improve the quality of the industrial sector realize rapid growth.2. The enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standard of management system, establish she transparent reliable statements, the accumulation of enterprise credit system.中小企业融资难相关分析一、中小企业融资难现状改革开放30年来，我国的中小企业得到了迅速的发展，占企业总数的99%中小企业对我们国家GDP贡献超过了60%，税收超过了50%，提供了70%的进出口贸易和80%的城镇就业岗位。
中小企业融资难外文翻译
附录Financing small and medium-sized problem is not unique to China. In the United States, the existence of such an economic phenomenon of the same, the difference is that the U.S. government measures to support a market-oriented SMEs.China's very rapid development of SMEs, currently has more than 430 million small and medium enterprises, SMEs can be seen in economic activity in China to occupy more and more of the components already. In order to help the development of SMEs in China, the central government has promulgated a number of policies in recent years. However, as funding is concerned, the majority of domestic small and medium enterprises are still everywhere, "meet with a rebuff." Because of shortage of funds in many small and medium enterprises, development has been limited. Perhaps, the U.S. government to encourage small and medium-sized ways and means of financing is worth learning from.Similarly the United States there are difficulties in SME lendingAlthough the U.S. companies the proportion of bank financing through external financing accounted for about 61.8 percent, but small and medium-sized view, because of the existence of relatively high credit risk, leading financial institutions, commercial loans to small and medium-sized lack of impact on the financing of small and medium enterprises.U.S. commercial well-developed financial system, but the prevalence of small and medium-sized small scale, lack of credit, the reasons for poor business environment, small and medium-sized financial institutions are not commercial loans the preferred target. Development and stability that only those products with market and credit conditions favorable to small and medium-sized commercial banks to obtain loans. This point and treat China's commercial banks loans to SMEs with little difference between the attitudeTypically, the United States the amount of long-term financing of SMEs and 25%~ 85% from the accumulation of the enterprise. 90 In the mid-20th century, the total internal sources of funds financing the proportion rose to 61.5 percent from 82.8 percent, which shows that the United States to obtain commercial financing of small and medium-sized proportion was not high.The difference is that the U.S. government has never been to the commercial financial institutions to "issue" administrative indicators, but mainly through government policy on small and medium-sized financial institutions to provide the Guarantee Fund, and guide financial institutions in commercial lending to SMEs. In addition, the SME Credit Guarantee in the United States, the commercial banks also have a larger initiative, to decide whether or not the loan, whether to apply for government guarantees.In addition, the U.S. government and the local small and medium-sized foreign banks have not provided any financing and loan services. Would like to obtain financing unless the business has been successfully registered in the United States, and the owner of this business is a U.S. citizen or permanent residence of the U.S. federal taxpayers.Contrast, the financing structure of SMEs in the United StatesU.S. small and medium-sized and large enterprises through equity financing and debt financing to fund access to business development. Equity financing for SMEs in the United States accounted for 49.63% of total assets, debt financing for SMEs accounted for 50.37% of total assets. Financing structure of the United States through the analysis and comparison, we get the following revelation:In improving the financial industry specialization to develop at the same time small and medium-sized financial institutions, the financing of small and medium-sized changes in the status of the system also depends on the arrangements for non-financial innovation. On the one hand, including large enterprises, including the system of innovation is to broaden the financing channels for SMEs in an important way. On the other hand, the effectiveness of innovation in the financial system, also depends on the real economy to create the system.With the West is relatively sound financial system countries, China's small andmedium enterprises financing difficulties faced by SMEs in Western countries than in more difficult, not only is China's financial institutions, the impact of preferences, there are many reasons for their own financial institutions. At the same time, the market system, interest rates and charges, mortgages and guarantees, and other aspects of integration of the financial sector, China's market and the need to improve the system.China started the development of SMEs with foreign capital compared to less than significant in the development of the industry are often subject to restrictions on the adjustment. In fact, China's small and medium enterprises in the Credit Ratings in the lower grades, it is difficult to obtain the trust of financial institutions, which directly affect their lending. China's small and medium-sized to the development process in the future to address the financing difficulties, the most important issues is to establish good faith.Let's look at private financing. Although our country has been to broaden the financing channels for civil society, but still very smooth. Market-oriented operation of the informal or semi-formal financial financing models have not yet fully developed, even if the development in some areas and did not embark on the track of normal operation.The United States is encouraging the development of supporting measures for SMEsAs a result of the national economy of a country SMEs are the most active ingredient, which the governments of the world on the development and financing of small and medium enterprises attach great importance to the issue, the United States is no exception. In order to encourage the development of SMEs, the U.S. government to take a lot of ways to be used for reference.Establish and improve laws and regulations to support SME financing. The U.S. federal government to support the development of SMEs for the development of the regulations, the adoption of legislative norms in the form of financing small and medium-sized service system, including: "small and medium-sized law", "small and medium-sized investment law", "Economic Policy Act of SMEs", "small andmedium-sized Enterprise Technology Innovation Promotion Law, "" Small Business Investment Incentive Act, "" Small Business Development Center Act "and so on.The establishment of special funds. Special fund is the U.S. government to make small and medium enterprises in the national economy and social development and give full play to the role of certain aspects of the financial assistance given. In the U.S. There are two major categories: the Government's financial results for the special science and technology research and development funds, product procurement funds, small and medium-sized start-up fund, employment fund, such as the unemployed population can encourage small and medium-sized product innovation and creating jobs; risk compensation fund, the Financial special funds (as distinct from direct financial subsidies, it has strict regulatory requirements, the need for funds of funds must be clear before the number, purpose, targets, methods of payment and subsidies), special industries, such as re-insurance fund to help small and medium-sized to reduce market risks.The establishment of specialized agencies, to provide financing for small and medium-sized security and assistance. The United States to manage small and medium-sized sector is the Federal Small Business Administration (SBA), has sent in the state institutions, the role is to fight for small businesses a level playing field conditions, to serve the small business economic groups.The U.S. government's policy towards SMEs only a small number of loans, the Government mainly through the federal Small Business Administration to develop macro-control policies to guide the private capital investment to small and medium enterprises. In the United States nearly 45 years of history, Small Business Investment Company (under the federal Small Business Administration) through the investment projects 140,000 to about 90,000 small businesses provided 40 billion U.S. dollars of funds, the creation of about one million new jobs.U.S. Small Business Investment Company, former head of the Tang Christensen • A view that "China should learn from the United States or some experience in grafting, if small businesses can give full play to the role of investment companies, then, China's small enterprises will be developed into a medium-sized enterprises . "U.S. small and medium enterprises financing structureEquity financing:The main owner of the assets of the owner's equity accounted share of 2 / 3, representing approximately 31.33% of total assets.Assets are the rights and interests "other options", accounting for about 12.86 percent of total assets. This part of the shares of the owner is mainly relatives and friends. They neither have the majority of shares, nor is it a major business decision-makers.There is also a known as the "angel funding" equity, total assets of the enterprises accounted for about 3.95 percent. "Angel capital" refers to small and medium enterprises in the start-up period for the development of small and medium-sized to provide a direct personal or family funds, but also to provide certain management advice and experience.In addition, the "venture capital", this type of investment, mainly to vote for small, medium and high-tech enterprises. True in the development of small and medium enterprises have access to this type of venture capital, the amount accounted for only 1.58% of total assets. The proportion of foreign capital is not high, about 2.69 percent, but very clearly the purpose of investment is to encourage and promote the development of small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises.Debt Financing:From financial institutions:Bank credit accounted for 8.75% of total assetsFinancial companies accounted for 4.91% of total assetsOther financial institutions (including non-financial institutions) accounted for 3% of total assetsFrom non-financial institutions and government funding:15.78% for commercial credit1.74% for other enterprises0.49% GovernmentParticipation by the private investment funds, accountingfor 5.71%United States Government to provide loans to small and medium-sized security modelLoan guarantees for small and medium-sized federal Small Business Administration is an important task, and its security as follows: to the Federal Small Business Administration's reputation as a small business loan guarantees to commercial banks, under normal circumstances, the Federal Small Business Administration loans the total amount of 75% ~ 80% of the guarantee, the rest of the commercial banks. Federal Small Business Administration loans up to a maximum of 750,000 U.S. dollars. The risk of loss of loan guarantee by the Government as a risk management budget. Federal Small Business Administration in accordance with financial institutions, small business lending experience and performance, to participate in the secured loan lending institutions are classified based on different procedures.中小企业融资难的问题不是中国所特有。
中英文外文文献翻译中小企业的融资困境研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Groot M期刊：International Business Research，第5卷，第2期，pp:31-41 原文The research of financing difficulty in SMES作者：Groot M1. IntroductionThe principles of the European Union funding of SME have gradually emerged and are constantly analyzed for improvement.Unfulfilled or only partially achieved expectations to the property less, deviations from the model for better or worse, complaints, problems, deficiencies noticed in the comparison, all of them are challenges needed to be met by training operations that EU experts will bring out. Given the political interest which European structures manifested in this direction, this process will undoubtedly continue, because it allows better management of financial resources and an increase with large positive effects. Furthermore, access to finance is the most important factor promoting employment, growth and innovation in SME in Europe. Given the size of the Structural Funds, the European Commission tried not to leave to chance the "right to know". The research period focused in this paper encompasses the years 2007 - 2009. (Note 1) The research methodology used was based on document analysis, secondary data analysis and statistical analysis. The analysis of levels of funding granted through different EU financial instruments has been conducted on basis of statistical analysis of financial information from European Commission budget. 2. Structural and Cohesion Financing Sources for SME According to the Guidelines on financing of small and medium enterprises, funding may be made by calling the internal sources (equity capital) and / or external funding sources (http://www.finantare.ro/ghid-finantari.html). The internal funding sources are:* Contributions of the owners or associated members. * Resources generated by the company's activity (retaining profit). Internal funding sources have some advantages, such as preserving the independence and financial autonomy, because it creates no additional binding (interest, guarantees), or maintaining borrowing capacity, being a reliable mean of financial support of the enterprise's needs. They also bear disadvantages because the owners have fewer funds to invest in other more profitable activities than the activity which generated the financial overflow (alternative cost). External financing sources of SME include: loans, grants, and capital market instruments. The needed borrowing is obtained by the analysis of the evolution indicators of costs that are generated by the SME development. This need should be determined from the planning stage of development. Depending on the characteristics of this necessary, one develops the company's financing policy. External financing is necessary if the SME does not have sufficient internal resources to cover the investments necessary for the planned activities. Regardless of the country, it is intended to facilitate access of SME to external financing sources, especially venture capital, micro-loans, financial mezzanine, and the development of a stimulating legal and business environment. Attracting capital is one of the conditions necessary for both establishing a successful business (especially SME) and for ensuring its development. The use of own resources or loans is often insufficient for start-up firmsor those with strong growth potential. Investors hesitate to invest in start-up companies because of high transaction costs and because the returns do not compensate for risk. Therefore, these companies usually seek a venture capital, which may provide the amounts necessary for entering the market and developing faster. The venture capital is essential for the innovative SME' financing and for the assurance of the best investment opportunities. However, in Europe, venture capital market is fragmented, which affects cross-border investments and growth potential of venture capital funds and reduces the level of investment. Therefore, given the need to improve SME' access to financing (and especially for the innovative ones), the European Commission established facilitating cross-border investments as one of the main objectives, and initiated some measures to overcome regulatory and tax obstacles at EU and each Member State level. To become competitive, European venture capital markets wish to increase their efficiency and profitability, and a way to achieve this goal is by extending the benefits of a single venture capital market to facilitate cross-border transactions. The European Commission will evaluate the options for the introduction of a private placement regime to facilitate cross-border investments to stimulate the development of venture capital funds in Europe and will assist Member States to promote programs which stimulate investments.Regarding financial mezzanine, this is a hybrid financing instrumentthat combines features of equity and loan and increases the possibilities of companies' financial option. In fact, financial mezzanine can be an important complementary source of financing firms. The most important instruments of mezzanine financing include private placement instruments (private mezzanine) and capital market instruments (public mezzanine).Mezzanine capital is an appropriate solution especially when the requirements for financing may not be covered by traditional loans. Hybrid forms of financing can be employed also in less dynamic periods (e.g. maturity phase) to optimize the financial mix. Cases of refinancing are also suitable for using mezzanine capital. In these stages of the business, financial mezzanine is an attractive option for companies with positive cash flows and developing perspectives to attract additional funds. Mezzanine financing is inappropriate for restructuring, because in these phases capital flows are volatile and more difficult to predict. Further, financial mezzanine is not recommended for companies with an unstable position on the market and negative forecasts of development, with a high debt rate and accounting and financial weaknesses.The mezzanine financial instruments are little used now, compared with traditional financial loans, but amid a trend of change and rapid evolution of financial markets, where the survival and development of the companies will require substantial resources, it is estimated that this formof financing will grow significantly.3. Current Scenarios for Financing SME The increasing attention paid in the last decade to SME in most countries of the world, as a result of the recognition of their major contribution to economic development and generating new jobs in the economy, is reflected in the development of various public financing schemes. There are two significantly different concepts at the basis of their design and operation: 1. Financing schemes for SME based on governmental economic policies, which aim to achieve certain economic and social objectives by financing with priority some certain categories of firms. Adherents of this approach are the Japanese, who are currently preferentially financing through a variety of public schemes, small businesses which develop strongly and with great potential for job creation (Klein et al., 2003).2. Financing schemes for SME focused on market requirements, which aim to provide financial resources, but under the same or very close conditions to the market conditions. The main concern is to avoid causing distortions in market competition, which might advantage certain categories of firms. These schemes, which forecast modest subsidies to SME financing costs, have a less sensitive role in stimulating them. In Europe, there are especially in Germany and the UK approaches based largely on this model, while in the period 2007-2009, the previous approach was predominantly used.Romanian SME' requirements consider the types of investment needed during the development of their commercial activities, the risks related to investments which will be financed, and the factors to be considered when selecting a funding source. In choosing the source of funding for SME several aspects should be carefully considered: what kind of source of funding is best suited to the business' objectives, what financing size can meet the needs of the business and its own assessment of the company, which will be made in order to assess the ability of the business, to have access to financing and to repay it. When the financing source is chosen, the following factors should be taken into account (Nicolescu &Nicolescu, 2008). 4. An Outline of Financing SME in Romania In Romania, public schemes which promote SME financing can be divided mainly into four categories (Figure 1). Financing schemes by grants provide, under certain conditions, grants for SME. Generally, these grants address companies from certain economic sectors or areas of the country. Most often, there are financed investments in equipment and, more rarely, in capital. The basic principle of providing grants is financial co-participation, which implies the allocation by the SME of a part of the funds necessary for the whole project at a clearly stated minimum level. Such schemes were operationalized through some foundations (CRIMM, FIMAN) or governmental agencies (the National Agency of Small and Medium Enterprises, the National Agency for Regional Development, theNational Employment Agency) and ministries (Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, etc.).EU Structural Funds are managed by the European Commission and have as destination financing the structural aid measures at communitarian level, in order to promote the regions with delays in development, reconversion of areas affected by industrial decline, combating long-term unemployment, and promoting the employability of young people or rural development. If one considers that Romania would benefit by 2013 from structural funds of about 28-30 billion Euros from the EU, it is of great importance to known the level of the Romanian SME connected with the accessing of these forms of financing.5. Concluding DiscussionConsidering the results presented above, one can identify and outline areas where the following priority actions are recommended: 1. Gradual establishment of a system of guarantee funds for financing entrepreneurs at national and regional level. 2. Significant reduction of the amount of guarantees and fees required by banks in lending in accord with the EU practices. 3. Simplifying procedures for obtaining credit. 4. Interest subsidy on loans to SME, at least in certain sectors with competitive advantages and for certain groups (youth, disabled persons, etc.). 5. Developing a national training program for entrepreneurs in order toaccess structural funds based on the principle of public - private partnership. 6. Providing adequate grace period on loans for investment. It is also necessary to give credits for investment for a longer period of time, at least 5-7 years. These two measures would facilitate a comprehensive and rapid development of SME. 7. Transforming a state bank in a development bank (investments) for SME.译文中小企业的融资困境研究作者：格鲁特1.引言欧盟中小企业融资的原则问题已经显现出来并需要不断地进行分析改进。
中小企业融资外文文献翻译
外文文献：Financing of SMEsAbstractThe main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are rejected.For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from collecting the collateral and selling it to recover the debt. Since SMEs’ managementand shareholders are often the same person, equity and internally generated funds have no asymmetric information costs and equity is therefore the cheapest source.2. Asset side theory of SME financingIn the previous section we have suggested that SME’s in Portugal are financed using internal generated cash, cheap trade credits, long and short-term bank loans and expensive trade credits and other loans. In this section the motives behind the different types of financing are discussed.2.1. Cheap Trade creditsThe first external financing source we will discuss is trade-credits. Trade credits are interesting since they represent financial services provided by non-financial firms in competition with financial intermediaries. The early research within this area focused on the role of trade credits in relation to the credit channel or the so called “Meltzer” effect and in relation to the efficiency of monetary policy. The basic idea is that firms with direct access to financial markets, in general large well known firms, issue trade credits to small financially constrained firms . The more recent research breaks the role of trade credits into a strategic motive and financial motive for issuing and using these credits.Strategic motivesThe first theory centers on asymmetric information regarding the firm’s products. Trade credits are offered to the buyers so that the buyer can verify the quantity and quality before submitting payments. By offering trade finance the supplier signals to the buyers that they offer products of good quality. Since small firms, in general, have no reputation then these firms are forced to use trade credits to signal the quality of their products. The use of trade credits is therefore driven by asymmetric information of the products and is therefore more likely to be used by small firms, if the buyer has little information about the supplier, or the products are complicated and it is difficult to asses their quality.The second strategic motive is pricing. Offering trade finance on favorable terms is the same as a price reduction for the goods. Thus firms can use trade credits to promote sales without officially reducing prices or use them as a tool for pricediscrimination between different buyers. Trade credits are most advantageous to risky borrowers since their costs of alternative financing are higher than for borrowers with good credit ratings. Thus trade credits can be used as tool for direct price discrimination but also as an indirect tool (if all buyers are offered the same terms) in favor of borrowers with a low credit standing.Trade credits are also used to develop long term relationships between the supplier and the buyers. This often manifests itself by the supplier extending the credit period in case the buyer has temporary financial difficulties. Compared to financial institutions suppliers have better knowledge of the industry and are therefore better able to judge whether the firm has temporary problems or the problems are of a more permanent nature.The last motive in not strictly a strategic motive but is based on transactions costs. Trade credits are an efficient way of performing the transactions since it is possible to separate between delivery and payment. In basic terms the truck drive r delivering the goods does not have to run around to find the person responsible for paying the bills. The buyer also saves transactions costs by reducing the amount of cash required on“hand” .Financing motivesThe basis for this view is that firms compete with financial institutions in offering credit to other firms. The traditional view of financial institutions is that they extend credit to firms where asymmetric information is a major problem. Financial institutions have advantages in collecting and analyzing information from, in particular, smaller and medium sized firms that suffer from problems of asymmetric information. The key to this advantage over financial markets lies in the close relationship between the bank and the firm and in the payment function. The financial institution is able to monitor the cash inflow and outflows of the firm by monitoring the accounts of the firm.But with trade credits non-financial firms are competing with financial institutions in solving these problems and extending credit. How can non-financial institutions compete in this market? Petersen and Rajan [1997] briefly discussesseveral ways that suppliers may have advantages over financial institutions. The supplier has a close working association with the borrower and more frequently visit s the premises than a financial institution does. The size and timing of the lenders orders with the supplier provides information about the conditions of the borrowers business. Notice that this information is available to the supplier before it is available to the financial institution since the financial institution has to wait for the cash flow associated with the orders. The use of early payment discounts provides the supplier with an indication of problems with creditworthiness in the firm. Again the supplier obtains the information before the financial institution does. Thus the supplier may be able to obtain information about the creditworthiness faster and cheaper than the financial institution.The supplier may also have advantages in collecting payments. If the supplier has at least a local monopoly for the goods then the ability to withhold future deliveries is a powerful incentive for the firm to pay. This is a particular powerful threat if the borrower only accounts for a small fraction of the suppliers business. In case of defaults the supplier can seize the goods and in general has a better use for them than a financial intermediary sizing the same goods. Through its sales network the supplier can sell the reclaimed goods faster and at a higher price than what is available to a financial intermediary. These advantages, of course, depend on the durability of the goods and how much the borrower has transformed them.If asymmetric information is one of the driving forces the explanation of trade credits then firms can use the fact that their suppliers have issued them credits in order to obtain additional credit from the banks. The banks are aware that the supplier has better information thus the bank can use trade credits as signal of the credit worthiness of the firm.That trade credits are in general secured by the goods delivered also puts a limit on the amount of trade credits the firm can obtain, thus the firm cannot use trade credits to finance the entire operations of the firm.In summary the prediction is that the level of asymmetric information is relatively low between the providers of trade credit and the borrowers due to theissuer’s general knowledge of the firm and the ind ustry. In the empirical work below the variables explaining the use of trade credit are credit risk factors and Cost of Goods Sold. Since these trade credits are secured by the materials delivered to the firm, firms cannot “borrow” for more than the delive ry value of the goods and services.2.2 Bank loansBanks have less information than providers of trade credit and the costs of gathering information are also higher for banks than for providers of trade credit. Providers of trade credits also have an advantage over banks in selling the collateral they have themselves delivered, but due to their size and number of transactions banks have an advantage in selling general collateral such as buildings, machinery etc. Banks therefore prefer to issue loans using tangible assets as collateral, also due to asymmetric information, they are less likely to issue loans to more opaque firms such as small and high growth firms. Banks are therefore willing to lend long term provided that tangible assets are available for collateral. In the empirical work below tangible assets and credit risk variables are expected to explain the use of long-term bank loans and the amount of long-term bank loans are limited by the value of tangible assets.The basis for issuing Short Term Bank Loans is the comparative advantages banks have in evaluating and collecting on accounts receivables, i.e. Debtors. It is also possible to use Cash and Cash equivalents as collateral but banks do not have any comparative advantages over other providers of credit in terms of evaluating and collecting these since they consist of cash and marketable securities. In terms of inventories, again banks do not have any comparative advantages in evaluating these. Thus, we expect the amounts of debtors to be the key variable in explaining the behaviour of Short Term Bank Loans.2.3. Expensive trade credit and other loansAfter other sources of finance have been exhausted firms can delay payment on their trade credits. However, this is expensive since it involves giving up the discount and maybe incurs penalty payments. Also the use of this type of credit can havereputational costs and it may be difficult to obtain trade credit in the future. The nature of the costs, of course, depends on the number of suppliers, if there is only one supplier then these costs can be rather high whereas if the firm can obtain the same goods and services from other suppliers then these costs are not particularly high.Other debt is composed of credit card debt, car loans etc. that are dearer than bank loans. Again, the variables determining this type of debt are financial health and performance. Below, however, we do not have any good information regarding these types of loans and what they consists of thus we pay little attention to them in the empirical work.ConclusionsCurrently there exist two theories of capital structure The Pecking Order Theory where firms first exhaust all funding of the cheapest source first, then the second cheapest source and so on. The differences in funding costs are due to adverse selection costs from asymmetric information. The second theory is the Tradeoff Theory where firms increase the amount of debt as long as the benefits are greater than the costs from doing so. The benefits of debt are tax-shields and “positive agency costs” and the costs of debt are the expected bankruptcy costs and the “negative agency costs”. In both of these theories, the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet is not important and in this paper, that proposition is strongly rejected. So the main conclusion is that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet influences the composition of the liability side of the balance sheet in terms of the different types of debt used to finance the firm, or that the use of the funds is important in deciding the type of financing available.We further argue that it is asymmetric information and collateral that determines the relationship between the asset side and liability side of the balance sheet. The theory works reasonable well for Cheap Trade Credits and Long Term Bank Loans but the tests for Short Term Bank Loans are disappointing.中文译文：中小企业融资摘要中小企业融资的主要来源有：股权融资、按时兑现的贸易信贷融资、中长期银行信贷融资、延迟兑现的贸易信贷融资以及其他债务融资，每种融资方式的边际成本取决于与其滞纳金相关的信息不对称成本和交易成本。
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Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of nationalcredit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult has become the bottleneck of restricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and managementfaced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout 7.5the urban employment this situation is not only more difficult economic recoveryinfluence and direct ly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood stable target .Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: first themedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awareness ofhonesty similar to a few of the common phenomenon may report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banks this intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments with all those together the first this enterprise is not sincere he will have a foothold.We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also considered commercial bank the risk of their own profits. T o the end of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low comemampasolving some problems bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem once countries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so the loan quality cannot guaranteed so in this management system toreduce the risks the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enoughafter pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to extend loans to small andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very high labor workload but it is the benefit of different times.Third the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity funds industrial investment funds venture investment funds risk investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the sept.25 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closed the door just recently IPO to restart the IPO.But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing for manyenterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises in China however can grow in the basic of financingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature can the fancy of thesecurities market and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem a From the Angle of the government 1.The government should relax market access control reducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those smallBanks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of the bank bank established to improve the bottleneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development ofsmall andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing fivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services and more convenient. 2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system further reducing theirinformation cost in our country the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwas started by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise credit information to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the creditsystem hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhas some network company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaction informationinto small and medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of credit if out of the bank tofurther reduce the cost ofinformation.. 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is small loans6071 but the average level of banking is a two percent while a few risk compensation just to0.8 percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bank loans reduce its tax business taxincome tax reduction Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makes bifbusiness loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. 4.The government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises the development stage isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small andmedium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high quality as cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role. In October 2009 gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed tosolve this kind of condition enterprise’s equity financing stock transfer to a valid theover-the-counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading ofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government should vigorously promotethe development of the bond market bond financing for small and medium enterprises to providemore convenient in the developed countries the bond market is the mainfinancing financing inthe United States for example 2008 the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 timeswith the United States Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market also has the bigdevelopment space. b From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans to solve the difficulty infinancing smes is impossible we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sizedenterprises so we would change our bank credit financial innovation is imminent. Currentlybanking is through the organization risk management technical innovation innovation andsecurity collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes.1. Guarantee mortgage innovation Collateral shortage is small and medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security it is notrealistic to high-tdch enterprise as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs thepatent righ and one on the market in technology creative team is the blood to support itsdevelopment as well as several pieces of the mortgaged property bur all need money to lendbank The small and medium-sizedenterprises such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widelywarehouse inventory impawn through a mortgage loan product Tianjing coastal rural commercialbank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan. benjing bank recently launchedintellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan. 2. Credit rating innovating Big Bnaks do business of time usually see a balance sheet anincome statement and a cash flow statement small and medium-sized enterprises have even thesthree tables are not high the bank information costs zhejiang tyrone arisen commercial Banksthey look for innovative water meter customs declaration form large large reduce cost still canmake small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank by focusing on theirOppone nt’s credit transaction the authenticity of the enterprise chooses a new of enterprisescredit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself the credit ratingweight only 15. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty anddownstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation orlogistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprisetrade background to provideenough good service mobilize various financial tools in the process of enterprise developmentshenfazhan also created the profits. 3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank the bank is mostly official inthe house wait for a loan to customers approval for a month three months such a kind ofmanagement such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprisefinancial services it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sizedenterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process reduce link establishexamination mechanism so as to adapt to the credit factory. The bank is factory small andmedium-sized enterprises is raw material into the line after the marketing sales and service withapproval and customer maintenance and post-loan management obtain loans. But Banks are not aperson guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval proceduressimplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle overthe past 2 3 months shorten to 3 5 days now. 4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism tohave a groupof people to do it and do it well it is to strengthen the training of the staff further strengthen thesme small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communicationincreasing the entire product rampd efforts with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures toprofessional team and the new service. c From the Angle of enterprises 1 Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. T o correctly understand thesituation face establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea must paymore attention to technical innovation technological innovation pay attention to the new productdevelopment improve quality and brand construction and development of new products improvethe product quality improvement and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption to increaseincreasing earning. Increasing market development ability reduce” products accountsrec eivable” two nbre accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way not only bythe expansion of production of production but improve the quality of the industrial sector realizerapid growth. 2. Theenterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standardof management system establish she transparent reliable statements the accumulation ofenterprise credit system.。