(完整)英语名词知识点总结,推荐文档
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
第一章名词
●名词的数
一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别
1.定义:
可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分
不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词
2.可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:
1)可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不可以被a/an修饰,且没有复数形
式
2)有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能
修饰不可数名词
✓只能修饰可数名词的有:few, many= a number of, a great/good many, a great many of等
✓只能修饰不可数名词的有:much, little, a large amount of, a great deal of
✓即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of
✓只能修饰可数名词单数的有:many a, more than one
3)有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:
Bread- a loaf, work- a job, clothing- a garment, poetry- a poem, traffic- a vehicle, jewellery- a jewel
4)有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:
Time时间- times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式- manners礼貌,water
水- waters水域
二、可数名词复数的构成规则如下:
1.大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:
Cup –cups, truck-trucks
2.以因素[s] [z][ tʃ][dʒ] [ʒ] ,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加- es,如,
Bus- buses, box-boxes, bridge –bridges, watch- watches
3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
City- cities, party- parties, body- bodies
4.以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Boy- boys, play- plays, day- days, key- keys
5.以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:
1)Hero- heroes, potato- potatoes, tomato- tomatoes, negro- negroes, mango- mangoes, buffalo-
buffaloes, echo(回声)-echoes, tornado(龙卷风)- tornadoes, torpedo(鱼雷)- torpedoes, domino(多米诺
骨牌)- dominoes, veto(否决,否决权)- vetoes, mosquito(蚊子)- mosquitoes
2)一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:
Piano- pianos, solo(独唱,独奏)- solos, concerto(协奏曲)- concertos, tobacco- tobaccos, motto(座右
铭)-mottos, cello(大提琴)- cellos
3)一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:
Kilo( kilogram)-kilos, photo( photograph)- photos, memo(memorandum)- memos
6.以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Video- videos, radio- radios, studio- studios, folio(对开纸)- folios, oratorio(清唱剧)- oratorios, embryo(胚胎)- embryos, zoo- zoos, bamboo(竹子)- bamboos, kangaroo- kangaroos, taboo(戒律)- taboos
注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s也可加es,如:volcano
7.一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f, fe变成v, 再加es,如:
Half- halves, leaf- leaves, knife- knives, thief- thieves,self-selves, life- lives, wife- wives, shelf- shelves, loaf- loaves, wolf- wolves
口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半
8.一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs, serf(农奴)-serfs, belief- beliefs, chief(酋长)- chiefs, cliff(悬崖)- cliffs, proof- proofs, roof- roofs
口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶
注:以上两种情况均可的
Wharf(码头), dwarf(侏儒), scarf(围巾), handkerchief(手绢),
9.名词变复数不规则变化大体有以下变化
1)单复数形不同,如
Man –men, woman- women, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, mouse- mice, child- children, emphasis( 强调)- emphases
注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:
Englishman- Englishmen, Frenchman- Frenchmen, dustman- dustmen
但German- Gemans, human- humans因为他们不是合成词
2)单复数词形相同,如
Deer, sheep, fish, works,(工厂) means( 方式、途径), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, bellows( 风箱), series, crossroad, horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如: yuan, li, jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此
列,如:dollar- dollars, pound- pounds, metre-metres
除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意以下几个方面
有些名词只有复数形式,一般不直接受数词或a(an)修饰,如果要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes, glasses, trousers, compasses, scissors( 剪刀)等
A pair of glasses, two suits of clothes
注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如
A pair of glasses is on the table
Two pairs of glasses are on the table
3)有些名词只有复数,没有单数
Police, people, cattle
4)有些集合名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成
员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:
Family, class, group, team, party, public等。
比较下列句子
The team is made up of 12 members
The team are having a bath now
My family is going to move to Paris
My family usually watch TV after supper
5)合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如
passer-by变成passers-by, grown-up变成growns-up, father –in –law 变成fathers -in –law, boy student- boy students
6)以s 结尾的专用名词,如: the New York Times, the United Nations, the United States等,表示事物的
整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:
The United States is a highly developed country
The Alps are in Europe
7)字母、数字、引语或缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加‘s或s,如
There are two f‘s in the word ”office”
Many VIPs are coming to our city
8)名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数的(如shoes)或总用作复数的名词(如trousers)
也是如此如:
There are twenty boy students in our class
They are his girl friends
Trouser pockets
注意:
a)当sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如