托福阅读天文类背景补充

Mars
• Referred to as the Red Planet. • Atmosphere:
100x thinner than earth's 96% carbon dioxide 0.1% oxygen • It has volanic activity and tectonic motion, just like Earth.
The Sun's Interior
• Core - Gas -15,000,000℃ -Extreme pressure -Fusion reactions(聚变反应) occur here
• Radiative Zone 辐射区 -Gas -2.000,000 to 7,000,000℃ -Energy moves by electromagnetic
Venus's Climate
TPO51P2
• Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form.
Mercury
-The smallest planet, and closest to the sun -Terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere -Images of Mercury appears blue where mineral deposits are present, and orange where volcanic rock is present.
• Much of the free hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. • Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere
TPO25P1
Jupiter
• Jupiter is a gas gaint; it does not have a solid surface.
• Atmosphere is made up of helium and hydrogen.
• Jupiter has seventy-nine known satellites.
太阳系旅行手册
太阳系旅行手册
Sun
• The Sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma (热等离子 体球).
• Roughly three quaters of the Sun's mass consist of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.
• Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart.
托福阅读天文类背景补充
UTT
contents
02
THE TWO
天文类基本概念
目
01
录 THE ONE 概述
03
THE THREE
太阳系旅行手册
04
THE FOUR
补充
概述
概述
• TPO8 P3 Running Water on Mars • TPO16 P3 Planets in our Solar System • TPO22 P3 The Allende Meteorite （阿伦德陨星） • TPO25 P1 The Surface of Mars • TPO41 P2 Climate of Venus • TPO42 P3 Callisto and Ganymede （木卫四和木卫三） • TPO50 P3 Star Death • TPO51 P2 Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth • TPO54 P3 Elements of Life
TPO25P1
The Surface of Mars
Another prominent feature of Mars's surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space.... The ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
The Surface of Mars
The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, and enormous geologic area near Mars's equator.....Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base.....None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plate motion on Mars.....Instead, they are shield volcanoesvolcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock.
filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals.
• Jupiter is the most massive planet.
Ganymede 木卫三
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Callisto 木卫四
• Ganymede is the seventh and largest of Jupiter's known satellite.
天文类基本概念
Comet
Asteroid
彗星是进入太阳系内亮度和形状会随日距变化而 变化的绕日运动的天体，呈云雾状的独特外貌。
小行星是太阳系内类似行星环绕太阳运动，但体 积和质量比行星小得多的天体。
Asteroid Belt
天文类基本概念
Cluster
Nebula
星团是指恒星数目超过10颗以上，并且相互之间 存在物理联系（引力作用）的星群。
Venus
-The brightest object in our sky besides the Sun and the Moon. -The atmosphere that would be toxic to humans, as it is made of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. -It is the hottest world in the solar system. -It has often been called Earth's “twin” because of its similar size.
• Chromosphere 色球层 -”Color sphere” -Glows red
• Corona 日冕层 -outermost layer -visible during total solar eclipse -sends out solar wind
Sunspot/ Prominence/solar flares
天文类基本概念
天文类基本概念
• The universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
waves or radiation
• Convection Zone 对流层 -Gas -2,000,000℃ -Energy moves by convection cells
heated by the radiative zone
The Sun's Outer Layers
• Photosphere 光球层 -inner layer -”Sun's Surface” -”Sphere of Light” -Visible surface -Sunspots are found here
天文类基本概念
Star
Planet
恒星是由引力凝聚在一起的球型发光等离子体， 太阳是最接近地球的恒星。
行星通常指自身不发光，环绕着恒星的天体。
天文类基本概念
Moon/Natural Satellites
Meteorite
卫星是环绕一颗行星按闭合轨道做周期性运行的 天体。
陨石是地球以外脱离原有运行轨道的宇宙流星或 尘碎块飞快散落到地球或其它行星表面的未燃尽 的石质、铁质或是石铁混合的物质。。
星云是稀薄的气体或尘埃构成的天体之一。它们 的主要成份是氢，其次是氮.
Terrestrial Planets
类地行星的中央是一个以铁为主，且大部分为 金属的核心，围绕在周围的是以硅酸盐为主的 地壳。他们都是体积小，质量小，含金属元素 比较多的星体。
Jovian Planets
类木行星为类似木星的气体行星，体积较其他 岩质的行星来的大。
Earth
• 77% of Earth is covered by water. • The atmosphere is made up of 77%
nitrogen and 21% oxygen with other traces of argon, carbon dioxide and water. • Earth has one satellite, the Moon. • Earth is the only planet right now where life can survive.